Over the past eight years, a series of books on the bibliography of Crimean studies have been published in Simferopol. During this time, 18 volumes were published. The implementation of the large-scale project was headed by Andrey Nepomnyashchy, a professor at Vernadsky Taurida University. Management of the Central Library. L.N. Tolstoy organized a meeting of Andrei Anatolyevich with representatives of the creative intelligentsia and librarians of our city. Andrei Nepomniachtchi, along with the authors of some (already published) works, did not come to Sevastopol empty-handed. In the reading room of the Central Library. L.N. Tolstoy, they launched an exhibition of books in the series. In the center of the exposition was a volume with a recognizable portrait of Arseniy Markevich on a hard cover. 125 years ago, Arseniy Ivanovich was one of the organizers of TUAK - the Taurida Scientific Archival Commission. He wrote: “Recently, the number of people who specifically study the Crimea and Taurida has begun to increase. And no wonder. This region is a vast and very rewarding field for the research scientist, as well as it is of deep interest to any educated and inquisitive person.
More than a century has passed since Arseniy Markevich entrusted these words to paper. And all this time, that “deep interest” in the past of the peninsula, about which the famous ascetic of science wrote, did not weaken. Proof of this is the idea of Professor Andrey Nepomniachtchi, which deserves approval and our admiration, and the number of his like-minded colleagues, growing every year.
Andrey Anatolyevich is not only the initiator and organizer, but also the most prolific author of the books of the project, which deserves every support. And a fairly voluminous work about his outstanding predecessor was written by Andrei Nepomniachtchi. This work was highly appreciated by the reviewers of a dozen and a half leading Simferopol and Kyiv publications. The success of the book about Arseniy Markevich was explained by the author himself. He said that by working on extensive material, he managed to get creative freedom from narrow biographical constructions. Before the reader, his hero appeared against the backdrop of the fates of dozens of other Crimean experts. Since many of them lived in Kyiv, St. Petersburg and other large cities of the Russian Empire, then, deprived, for obvious reasons, of our modern means of communication, they were forced to actively correspond. Most of their letters have survived to this day, which Andrei Nepomniachtchi took advantage of with knowledge of the matter. Of course, he highlighted the teaching activity of the hero of the book in the men's and women's gymnasiums that lasted three decades. His work as a teacher of the Russian language and literature was so successful that he was awarded the rank of real state councilor. The rarest case.
His many years of service as the leader of TUAK were also noticed. He was involved in the opening of the Taurida University in 1918, in the creation of the Crimean Central Archive, the Central Museum of Taurida. In 1927, Arseniy Markevich organized and led visiting all-Union conferences of archaeologists in Kerch and Chersonese. At the same time, he was unanimously elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, although, oddly enough, he officially did not have a degree.
We, the people of Sevastopol, are probably close to the fact from the biography of Arseny Markevich, which, perhaps, is not reflected in the voluminous work of Andrei Nepomniachtchi. From August 20 to August 31, 1886, a study tour of one hundred pupils to Sevastopol, organized by the 31-year-old teacher of the Simferopol male gymnasium A. Markevich, lasted. Although more than thirty years had passed since the end of the defense of the city, it still kept traces of destruction. Arseniy Ivanovich and his young friends toured the sights of Sevastopol and its immediate environs.
It is noteworthy that from March 28 to April 4, 1855, the second bombardment of Sevastopol lasted. And somewhere in Brest-Litovsk on March 31, 1855, Arseniy Markevich was born.
Of the great many printed works of Arseniy Markevich, someone considers the main large-scale work “Tavrika. The experience of the index of works relating to the Crimea and the Taurida province in general. But the author of these modest notes in the first place puts the work of the same age as the most dramatic days of the defense of Sevastopol - the book "Tauride Province during the Crimean War." She is devoid of emotional outbursts. But how many feelings and awakening motives for reflection are contained in its cover! In another separate line of the book, the contents of a stack of original documents are compressed.
A lot has been written about the first defense of Sevastopol, but Areny Markevich, if not the only one, then one of the few authors showed how the events of the Crimean (Eastern) War affected not only Sevastopol, but also Yekaterinoslav, Lugansk, Belgorod, Kursk, Kazan ... If we also mention such towns as Bakhchisaray, Genichesk, then this list in our story would take up a lot of space.
Andrei Nepomnyashchy considers Nikolai Ernst, a professor at the Tauride University in two departments at once (of history and the German language), to be a historian and local historian equal to Arseny Markevich. By the way, he took over from Arseniy Markevich, assuming the post of head of the Tauride Society of History, Archeology and Ethnography, created on the basis of TUAK. Andrei Anatolyevich also wrote a book about Nikolai Ernst.
Peru Professor A.A. Nepomniachtchi also owns the books “History and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Crimea”, “Notes of Travelers and Guides in the Development of the History of Crimean Local Lore” and other publications of the series, which are distinguished by their thoroughness.
Doctor of Historical Sciences A.A. Nepomniachtchi was twice awarded the Vernadsky Prize. Andrei Anatolyevich is a laureate of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea award, an honored worker of science and technology of the autonomy. These and other honorary titles are not only for the tireless pen of a scientist. Eight years after the release of the first book in the series, the school created by the master of young scientists and graduate students, such as V. Bobkov, V. Kalinovsky, U. Musaeva, S. Volnova, and other ambitious researchers, is more and more clearly visible.
At a meeting in the reading room of the Central Library. L.N. Tolstoy from the lips of Andrei Nepomniachtchi and his companions could be heard more than once: "Introduced into scientific circulation." And how could science not be burdened with new information, if the authors, who caught courage, brought documents into the light of God, which for a century had not been touched by a human hand. These are not only letters, but also formulary lists, memorable books, including those for the Sevastopol city administration. The fund of the liquidated Center of Restoration Workshops with deposits of documents on the Crimean monuments was discovered by one of the stubborn residents of Simferopol in an unexpected place - in the Central State Archive of the Russian Federation in Moscow.
Professor Andrei Nepomniachtchi and his companions kindly donated to the Central Library. L.N. Tolstoy book series. As you remember, some of them - not even one copy.
Our city has developed its rich traditions in local history. But the residents of Simferopol taught the hosts an instructive lesson in teamwork within the framework of the target program.
On the pictures: Professor A.A. Nepomniachtchi; Corner of the exhibition of books of Simferopol residents.
For the first time the word "sociology", denoting the field of scientific knowledge, was introduced into scientific circulation by the French thinker Auguste Comte in his work "Course of Positive Philosophy" (1842). Considering the problems of society and social behavior, he, firstly, raised the motto "Order and Progress" to the shield, where the order was understood by analogy with physics as the symmetry and balance of the structural elements of society (individuals and groups), and progress - as the use of knowledge about society primarily to solve specific problems.
Secondly, O. Comte believed that sociology should consider society as a kind of organism with its own structure, each element of which should be studied from the point of view of utility for the public good. O. Comte divided all sociology into social statics and social dynamics and allowed the application of the laws of mechanics to the study of society and its basic elements.
In addition, speaking of gaining knowledge about society and the laws of its functioning and development, O. Comte assumed, first of all, the need to study individual social facts, compare and verify them, almost completely denying the role of general theory in sociology. Instead of theoretical generalizations of empirical data and their reduction into something whole, the French thinker assumed only a primary generalization and built a picture of society mainly in the form of a mosaic of separate interconnected facts. Such an approach to obtaining and using scientific knowledge is usually qualified as empiricism in sociology.
The historical and scientific role of Auguste Comte lies primarily in the fact that he raised the problem of studying society and the relationships within it within the framework of a separate science, which he called sociology. Unfortunately, O. Comte was not able to clearly define the subject of the new science and find a scientific method that would allow a comprehensive study of the laws of social development. His complete analogy of social phenomena with phenomena observed in physics, chemistry and medicine was questioned and criticized already during his lifetime. Even the initial study of society has shown that social life differs to a large extent from the regularities with which the natural sciences deal.
Classical period of development of sociology. Sociology received real development and recognition only when the main scientific concepts were developed and formulated and it became possible to create the theoretical foundations for the study of social phenomena. The honor of the actual "discovery" of sociology belongs to three outstanding thinkers who lived and worked in the period from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. These are the German scientists Karl Marx and Max Weber, as well as the Frenchman Emile Durkheim.
The work of Karl Marx. Karl Marx (1818-1883) made a significant contribution to the development of sociology. One of his main merits is considered to be the scientific analysis of contemporary capitalist society. As a tool for this analysis, Marx used the class structure of society: all individuals belong to certain social classes, the division into which occurs on the basis of ownership of the means of production and the amount of remuneration received from this ownership. The division into classes is based on inequality, which means that one class (the class of owners of the means of production) is in a better position than the rest, and appropriates part of the results of the labor of another class (the working class).
K. Marx considered the structure of society in dynamics, assuming that classes are historically changing components of the social structure. Qualitative changes in the major components of the social structure occur as a result of a change in socio-economic formations. All changes in a society divided into classes are based on the laws of dialectics, on the constant struggle between the classes of the poor, the oppressed and the oppressors.
Marx comprehensively substantiated the mechanism of the emergence and development of social conflict, which occurs as a result of inequality, which is constantly intensifying with the dominance of some classes over others. The struggle of the working class to change the distribution of the product produced leads to the achievement of an unstable equilibrium on the basis of a temporary agreement between the exploiters and the exploited. In the future, contradictions accumulate, which leads to new clashes leading to a new agreement on conditions different from the previous ones. At the same time, there is a quantitative accumulation of discontent among the representatives of the oppressed classes and their awareness of the injustice of their position, and at the same time their strength. All this ultimately causes a global class conflict and the emergence of a new qualitative certainty - a classless society, where the produced product is distributed fairly and there is no exploitation.
Thus, K. Marx for the first time presented society as a product of historical development, as a dynamically developing structure. He substantiated the emergence of social inequality and analyzed social conflicts as a phenomenon necessary for social development and progress.
Sociology of Max Weber. The work of Max Weber (1864-1920), a German economist, historian and sociologist, is characterized primarily by deep penetration into the subject of research, the search for initial, basic elements with which one could come to an understanding of the laws of social development. Under the influence of Marx and Nietzsche, Weber nevertheless developed his own sociological theory, which still has a decisive influence on all scientific sociological theories and on the activities of sociologists in all countries of the world.
One of the central points of Max Weber's theory was his allocation of an elementary particle of the individual's behavior in society - social action, which is the cause and effect of a system of complex relationships between people. At the same time, society, according to the teachings of Weber, is a collection of acting individuals, each of which, acting, seeks to achieve its own goals. The actions of individual individuals cooperate, and associations (groups or societies) are formed on the basis of this cooperation. Despite their selfish aspirations, people act together because their actions are meaningful, rational, and they understand that individual goals are best achieved through joint action. This understanding comes to them due to the fact that in the course of social practice, unnecessary patterns of behavior are always discarded and only those that can be foreseen, calculated and that bring benefits with the least risk are left. Thus, meaningful behavior resulting in the achievement of individual goals leads to the fact that a person acts as a social being, in association with others, thus achieving significant progress in interaction with the environment.
A very important aspect of Weber's work can be considered his study of basic relations in social associations. This is primarily a relationship of power. Since the organized behavior of individuals, the creation and functioning of institutions is impossible without effective social control and management, a necessary condition for the implementation of such actions are the relations of power that permeate all social structures. Weber analyzed in detail the relations of power, as well as the nature and structure of organizations, where these relations manifest themselves most clearly. He considered bureaucracy as an ideal mechanism for embodying and maintaining relations of power in an organization - an artificially created apparatus for managing an organization, extremely rational, controlling and coordinating the activities of all its employees.
The theoretical works of Max Weber not only clearly defined the subject of sociology as a science, but also laid the foundations for its development both in theoretical and practical terms. Weber's ideas still inspire many sociologists to further theoretical developments, he has many followers, and his books are considered classic examples of scientific research.
Ideas of Emile Durkheim. Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) - founder of the French sociological school. He strove, first of all, for the autonomy of sociology, the separation of its subject from the subject of other social sciences, and also for the explanation of all the phenomena of social life exclusively from sociological positions.
Unlike M. Weber, E. Durkheim believed that society is a supra-individual being, the existence and laws of which do not depend on the actions of individual individuals. Uniting in groups, people immediately begin to obey the rules and norms, which he called "collective consciousness". Each social unit must perform a certain function necessary for the existence of society as a whole. However, the functioning of individual parts of the social whole can be disrupted, and then these parts will be a distorted, poorly functioning form of social organization. Durkheim paid much attention to the study of such forms, as well as types of behavior that deviate from generally accepted rules and norms. The term "anomie" introduced by him into scientific use serves to explain the causes of deviant behavior, defects in social norms, and makes it possible to classify in detail the types of such behavior.
The doctrine of E. Durkheim's society formed the basis of many modern sociological theories and, above all, structural-functional analysis. Numerous followers created the Durkheim sociological school, and modern sociologists rightly recognize Durkheim as a classic in the field of sociology.
Summing up, we can say that the name of the science "sociology" (literally - the science of society), so successfully applied by Auguste Comte, was subsequently saturated with scientific, theoretical content thanks to the works of K. Marx, M. Weber and E. Durkheim. It is as a result of their efforts that sociology has become a science that has its own subject, its own theory, and opportunities for empirical confirmation of various aspects of this theory.
- G. Lebon
- M. Weber
- E. Durkheim
- G. Tardom
"Anomie" in the interpretation of E. Durkheim...
- There is always
- Occurs as a result of a coup d'état
- Occurs as a result of a natural disaster
- Occurs as a result of social crisis
According to the concept of E. Durkheim, are not element of collective consciousness
- collective feelings
- collective instincts
- collective beliefs
- collective representations
The functionality of deviant behavior for society, according to the concept of E. Durkheim, is manifested in the fact that it ...
- leads to improved social norms
- leads to increased conflicts in society
- reinforces social disintegration
- hinders the socialization of the individual
The ideal of social development in the sociology of E. Durkheim is ...
1. social justice
2. social equality
3. personal development
4. increase in solidarity
According to the concept of E. Durkheim, they are an element of the collective consciousness ....
- collective representations
- collective instincts
- collective fears
- collective drives
Social pathology from the point of view of E. Durkheim is associated with ....
- biological heredity
- Normal or abnormal social conditions
- Personal inclinations
- The structure of the genome
G. TARD
The characteristic of the crowd, according to the concept of G. Tarde is not...
- rationality
- faith in one's own power
- impunity
- wildness
For the first time in sociology, he developed the concept of mass behavior - ...
- E. Durkheim
- M. Weber
- G. Tarde
- K. Marx
G. LEBON
- Common place and common curiosity
According to G. Lebon, the distinctive qualities of the crowd are ....
- Anonymity, contagion, suggestion, imitation
- Having a charismatic leader
- Dispersion in space
- Curiosity, idleness, infantilism
The work "Psychology of the crowd" belongs to - ...
- G. Spencer
- G. Lebon
- F. Tennis
- G. Simmel
The study of the behavior of the masses and the crowd was engaged in ...
- T. Parsons and P. Sorokin
- O. Comte and G. Spencer
- G. Tarde and G. Lebon
- K. Marx and F. Engels
The peculiarities of the behavior of the crowd and the masses of people were the first to pay attention
- T. Parsons and R. Merton
- O. Comte and G. Spencer
- G. Tarde and G. Lebon
- J. Meade and J. Homans
M. WEBER
The ideal types of social action in the theory of M. Weber include ... (2 variant)
- emotional action
- Purposeful rational action
- Boolean action
- affective action
A characteristic feature of the theoretical model of bureaucracy, according to the concept of M. Weber, is ....
- Moral and psychological unity
- The presence of full-time employees who are constantly busy with the affairs of the organization all day
- unpaid labor
- autonomy
According to M. Weber, communities are formed on the basis of ...
- common sociocultural space
- common similarities
- socialization
- division of labor
What two signs of affective social action are distinguished in accordance with the typology of M. Weber ...
- Actions have a clear purpose
- Actions are driven by feelings
- Actions are subjectively irrational
- Actions confirm moral ideals
What two signs of value-rational social action are distinguished in accordance with the typology of M. Weber...
- action is characterized by the fact that the possibility of achieving a result is not necessary
- an action is characterized by a conscious belief in the ethical inherent value of a certain behavior
- action is subjectively irrational
The concept of evolutionary, progressive development of society adhered to ...
- A. Toynbee
- P. Sorokin
- J. Vico
- M. Weber
According to the concept of M. Weber, the factor of social change, which had a decisive influence on the formation of a capitalist society, is ...
- Great geographical discoveries
- political fragmentation of Germany
- values and norms of Protestantism
- rapid population growth
Two features that, from the point of view of M. Weber, are the main ones in the formation of status groups in society are ...
- social prestige
- Lifestyle
- age
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism was written by ...
- G. Simmel
- M. Weber
- G. Lukacs
- E. Durkheim
M. Weber singled out two types of social actions ...
- suggestion
- Purposeful rational
- Value-rational
- imitation
Two signs of value-rational social action, which are distinguished in accordance with the typology of M. Weber .... (2 variant)
- an action is characterized by a conscious belief in the ethical inherent value of a certain behavior
- action is done under the influence of emotions
- action is habitual
- action is characterized by the fact that the possibility of achieving a result is not necessary
In accordance with the typology of M. Weber, two signs of affective social action are distinguished .... (2 variant)
- actions have a clear goal
- actions are subjectively irrational
- actions contain rational means
- actions are driven by feelings
T. PARSONS
In the concept of T. Parsons, the process of formation and maintenance of social interactions and relationships between actors, which is one of the functional conditions for the existence and balance of a social system, is called ...
- adaptation
- integration
- insulation
- goal achievement
In the concept of T. Parsons, the process of preserving value patterns and regulating tension, which is one of the functional conditions for the existence and balance of a social system, is called ....
- isolation
- Integration
- adaptation
- Latency
According to the concept of T. Parsons, the subsystem of society, which performs the function of adapting to the environment, providing material benefits, is a subsystem. . .
- economic
- political
- cultural
- legal
According to the concept of T. Parsons, the subsystem of society, which performs the function of integration and suppression of deviations, is a subsystem of …..
- Regulatory (SOCIAL)!?
- Economic
- Political
- cultural
According to T. Parsons, the social system includes the function ...
- coordination
- communications
- adaptation
- self-organization
In the concept of T. Parsons, the process of determining the tasks to which social activity is directed, which is one of the functional conditions for the existence and balance of a social system, is called ...
- integration
- adaptation
- insulation
- goal achievement
The founder of the theory of structural-functional analysis is ....
- T. Parsons
- R. Mills
- M. Weber
- E. Durkheim
In the concept of T. Parsons, the process of material-energy interaction with the external environment, which is one of the functional conditions for the existence and balance of a social system, is called …….
- adaptation
- Integration
- isolation
- goal achievement
R.MERTON
Social interactions predetermine the nature of social action in the theories of two Western sociologists...
- J. Mill
- R. Merton
- G. Plekhanov
- T. Parsons
- T. Parsons
- G. Simmel
- F. Tennis
- R. Merton
Introduced into scientific circulation the concept of "social institution dysfunction" and substantiated it...
- F.Tennis
- T. Parsons
- G. Simmel
- R. Merton
In the theory of deviance by R. Merton, "ritualism" is ...
- when a person does not agree with either the goals or the means to achieve
- when a person agrees with both the goals and the means of achieving an action
- actions of a person who does not agree with the goals of society, but agrees with the institutional means of achieving goals
- when a person agrees with the goals, but disagrees with the institutional means to achieve them
"Rebellion" as a form of deviation considered...
- TO. Marx
- R. Merton
- E. Durkheim
- J. Mead
The two trends that, according to the sociological concept of structural-functional analysis, prevail in the system of modern Western society are ...
Test
1 option
What does the term "sociology" mean?
1) the doctrine of society as an integral system; 3) a science that studies a person;
2) a science that studies individual social groups of society 4) the science of cognition
Which of the following is true of Aristotle's views on society?
1) representatives of the upper classes should not have a family, own property
2) the division of society into three social classes: wise rulers, warriors and farmers with artisans
3) private property was allowed, and the middle strata were called the backbone of society
4) to create a right society, it is necessary to observe three principles: humanity, observance of rituals and the embodiment of moral principles in life
4. Indicate the philosophical tradition, which is characterized by the following idea:
“Take a certain stage of development of production, exchange and consumption, and you will get a certain social system, a certain organization of the family, estates and classes.”
1) the philosophy of antiquity; 2) the philosophy of the Renaissance;
3) the Marxist doctrine of society; 4) Russian philosophy of the twentieth century.
5. Rigid selection of the elite with the help of the education system suggested in his treatise:
A) Confucius B) Buddha C) Plato D) Lao Tzu
The connection with the philosophical works of the Byzantines is characteristic of philosophy
A) ancient Russian B) ancient Chinese C) ancient Roman D) ancient Indian
7. The mythological consciousness of ancient people is inherent in:
1) the perception of the world as an arena for the struggle of divine and demonic forces;
2) perception of the world through scientific knowledge;
3) perception of the world through theoretical generalizations;
4) this consciousness is no different from the consciousness of modern man.
This teaching is aimed at finding ways of spiritual liberation of a person.
1) Islam; 2) paganism; 3) Buddhism; 4) Taoism.
Is the judgment correct?
A. In ancient myths, the idea of creation stands out. B. Ancient myths are based on the idea of development.
1) only A is true. 2) only B is true. 3) A and B are true. 4) both judgments are wrong.
What relations did K. Marx and F. Engels single out as the main ones in industrial relations?
1) ownership relations 2) distribution relations
3) exchange relations 4) consumption relations
11. An influential philosophical trend of the twentieth century. Its supporters see the historicity of human existence in the fact that he is always in a certain situation, which he has to reckon with.
A) technocracy B) existentialism C) materialism D) idealism
Name one of the main ideas underlying utopian socialism.
1) the idea of establishing the dictatorship of the proletariat 2) the idea of a socialist revolution
3) the idea of equality 4) the idea of natural human rights
13. Read the text below. Determine which positions of the text have
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
(A) The question of what freedom is, and whether a person can be free, is one of the eternal questions of philosophy. (B) In the philosophical literature, the understanding of freedom as a possibility of choice is widespread. (B) It seems that the possibilities of choice are not unlimited. (D) Every person's freedom probably has its limits. (E) As one wise man said, "My freedom to swing my fists ends where my neighbor's nose begins."
Insert a term
A)_______________ - according to this direction, the decisive factor in social development is equipment and production technologies.
B) ______________ - supporters of this direction see the historicity of human existence in the fact that he is always in a certain situation, which he has to reckon with. At the same time, a person is able to go beyond the limits allotted to him by time, a specific situation, and become free. A person is free when he “projects” himself.
Match the names of the philosophers of the New Age and their ideas
| A) J.J. Rousseau | 1. This philosopher called for a return to nature. He attached exceptional importance to the influence of society on a person: he accused contemporary society of suppressing the best human qualities. |
| B) A. Smith | 2. Creator of economic theory. He believed that the following conditions were necessary for economic prosperity: the dominance of private property, non-interference of the state in the economy, etc. |
| C) O. Comte | 3. Introduced the concepts of "sociology", "social statics", "social dynamics". |
| D) G. Spencer | 4. The fundamental principle of social life is labor, production activity aimed at meeting material needs. |
| E) K. Marx and F. Engels | 5. He was the first to use the concepts of system, institution, structure in relation to society. |
Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.
“___________ (A) French thinkers of the 18th century saw progress in the development of human __________ (B), in the spread of __________ (C). Such an optimistic view of history was replaced in the 19th century by more complex ideas. So Marxism saw progress in the transition from one socio-economic __________ (D) to another, higher one. Some sociologists considered the complication of social _________ (D) society, the growth of social heterogeneity, to be the essence of progress. In modern sociology, historical progress is associated with the process of ______ (E), that is, the transition from an agrarian society to an industrial one, and then a post-industrial one.
Text analysis
N. Machiavelli "The Emperor"
A dispute may arise as to which is better: to be loved by the sovereign or to be feared. They say that it is best when they are afraid and love at the same time; however, love does not coexist badly with fear; so if you have to choose, it is safer to choose fear. For it can be said of people in general that they are ungrateful and fickle, prone to hypocrisy and deceit, that they are frightened off by danger and attracted by gain: as long as you do them good, they are yours with all their souls, they promise to spare nothing for you: neither blood nor life, no children, no property, but when you need them, they will immediately turn away from you. And it will be bad for the sovereign who, trusting in their promises, will not take any measures in case of danger. For friendship, which is given for money, and not acquired by the greatness and nobility of the soul, can be bought, but cannot be kept in order to use it in difficult times. Moreover, people are less afraid of offending someone who inspires them with love than one who inspires them with fear, for love is supported by gratitude, which people, being bad, can neglect for their own advantage, while fear is supported by the threat of punishment, which cannot be neglected. ..
So, returning to the dispute about what is better: to love the sovereign or to be afraid of him, I will say that they love sovereigns at their own discretion, and fear - at the discretion of sovereigns, therefore it is better for a wise ruler to rely on what depends on him, and not from someone else; it is only important not to incur the hatred of subjects in any case ...
Questions and assignments to the text
Which ruler is considered wise?
What types of government are we talking about and how were these types represented in world history?
Test
"Social and humanitarian knowledge and professional activity of a person"
Option 2
Who was the first in the history of European thought to put forward the idea of an ideal utopian state?
1) T. More 2) Aristotle 3) Plato 4) J. Locke
The doctrine of knowledge
A) ethics B) epistemology C) philosophical anthropology D) sociogenesis
He put forward the idea of the need for an independent judiciary
A) Montesquieu B) Locke C) Hobbes D) Galbraith
Insert a term
A) _____________ - the designation of teachings in which the implementation of the principles of social justice, freedom and equality is put forward as a goal and ideal.
B) _____________ is a direction of economic theory, the purpose of which is to study the laws of capitalism and determine its historical place, "the discovery of the economic law of the movement of modern society."
15. Correlate the provisions of Russian philosophical thought with their representatives:
| 1) A.S. Khomyakov | A) Russia is represented by a backward country, standing on the sidelines of the civilized world. The event that violated the single line of development with Europe was, according to the philosopher, the adoption of Orthodoxy from the hands of the decrepit Byzantine Empire. But Russia has its historical mission |
| 2) V.N. Tatishchev | B) Satirist, translator. Man is fully responsible for his actions. |
| 3) P.Ya. Chaadaev | C) Defended the idea of Russia's identity, its fundamental difference from Western Europe; any attempts to direct its development into the mainstream of Western civilization were regarded by them as the imposition of alien values. |
| 4) Cantemir | D) He considered the existence of peoples and cultures by analogy with the life of an individual: the “infant state” of society, which is being replaced by “youth” (it was then that writing arose). The period of "courage" - the adoption of Christianity. And finally comes full maturity. |
| 5) Philotheus | E) The idea of "Moscow - the Third Rome" |
16. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Choose from the proposed list of words to be inserted in place of gaps.
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once. There are more words in the list than you need to select to fill in the gaps.
There are many differences between philosophy and science. On this basis, many researchers consider philosophy as a very special way of understanding the world.
However, one should not lose sight of the fact that philosophical knowledge is A) ___________: in addition to the indicated issues, which can be attributed to value, B) ______________ and which can hardly be comprehended scientifically, philosophy studies a number of other problems that are no longer focused on due, but to existence. Within philosophy, relatively independent areas of knowledge were formed quite a long time ago: the doctrine of being - C) __________ ;
the doctrine of knowledge - D) _____________ ;
the science of morality - E) _____________ ;
a science that studies the beautiful in reality, the laws of the development of art, - E) _______________ .
1. Aesthetics
2. Existentialism
3.Ontology
4. Ethics
5. Epistemology
6. Pluralism
7. Layering
Text analysis
Personality, according to the Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard, is first of all a choice. The choice of life path, the choice of circumstances, actions. But above all, the choice of oneself, the answer to the question: what life strategy to choose? S. Kierkegaard outlines three main options: aesthetic, ethical, religious. For an aesthetician, life is both an experience of nature, and the joy of communicating with others, and the enjoyment of love. He deeply feels the value of the moment, knows how to rejoice "here and now." But "aesthetic life" breaks up into moments, disparate episodes, in which the past, present and future are not interconnected. Such a life does not bring satisfaction: the ultimate version of aesthetics is a tyrant, to whom everything is subject, everything is permitted (according to Kierkegaard, this is the Roman emperor Nero). It would seem that he should be happy. However, alas, he is the most unfortunate of people, he is afraid, and there is emptiness around him ... The pursuit of pleasure is meaningless and fruitless, and ahead is depression, melancholy horror ...
Another, higher variant of the life path is the ethical one, which is based on service to duty. In an ethical life, a person can be satisfied even if he does not receive pleasure as a result of the performance of his duty. For him, the meaning of his own existence is to live according to some higher law, accepting life as it is ...
But there is also an ethical and aesthetic existence, the essence of the variants of earthly life, the fair of worldly vanity. It seems to a person that they are life. However, it often turns out that understanding the meaning of life is associated with the realization of the fact of death and mortality, the one-time nature of our arrival in this world. What keeps a person "afloat", in the face of non-existence, in a state of anxiety and fear, it seems that there is no strength to overcome all suffering? the role of the savior is performed by faith - a special state in which a person directly "sees through" the self-evidence and spiritual indisputability of the revealed truths. However, can "religious life" (this "third way of life", "third life strategy") help a person to find the meaning of life? for faith is "absurd," it cannot be supported or refuted by arguments of reason.
Questions to the text:
1. Evaluate the options for choosing a life strategy proposed by S. Kierkegaard.
2. Are there other options available?
3. Does a person need to search for the meaning of life at all?
4. Is it possible to live without these searches?
Test
"Social and humanitarian knowledge and professional activity of a person"
1 option
Who first introduced the term "sociology" into scientific circulation?
1) M. Weber; 2) K. Marx; 3) O. Comte; 4) Aristotle
sociology - the study of society;
sociology is the doctrine of man;
sociology is the science of society;
sociology is the study of the behavior of large social groups.
Which of the following definitions of sociology is the most complete, accurate?:
prognostic;
worldview;
to cognitive;
to management.
What function of sociology should include the following action: the creation of sound scientific forecasts for the development of society as a whole and its individual areas?:
In the sociological concept of E. Durkheim, the goal of social development is ...:
social equality;
personal development;
growing solidarity;
social justice.
P.L. Lavrov and N.K. Mikhailovsky.
G.V. Plekhanov and V.I. Lenin;
M.A. Bakunin and P.N. Tkachev;
MM. Kovalevsky and P.A. Struve;
The subjective method of Russian sociology was created by...:
farmers;
middle class;
rich people.
Aristotle considered the pillar of stability and order ...:
G. Spencer;
E. Durkheim;
O.Kont;
F. Engels.
Which of the named scientists is the recognized founder of sociological positivism:
to the worldview;
to prognostic;
To cognitive;
What function of sociology should include the following action: the production of new knowledge about people and society?:
to practical management.
civil society and the rule of law;
the supremacy of reason in history, society and man;
human capacity for social construction;
divine destiny of history.
Which of the following ideas is not characteristic of the worldview of the people of the New Age?:
development of science and formation of positive thinking;
development of productive forces;
Personal development;
In the sociology of O. Comte, as a criterion of social progress, ...:
differentiation and integration of the social system.
imperialism.
globalism;
pre-monopoly capitalism;
modernism;
In the Marxist concept of the development of society, the stage of the capitalist formation, which is characterized by the emergence of monopolies, the creation of a financial oligarchy, is called ...:
To the worldview;
cognitive;
prognostic;
What function of sociology should include the following action: the implementation of conscious social control and the development of practical recommendations for improving the efficiency of managing various social processes?:
practical management.
sociology of O.Kont;
organic sociology of G. Spencer;
sociology of Marxism;
sociology of E. Durkheim.
The sociological direction, which considers social conflict as the driving force of social progress, is ...:
culture;
personality;
division of labor;
ideology.
E. Durkheim connects social progress with development…:
K. Marx.
O. Spengler;
P. Lavrov;
He considered the economy as a source of social change - ...:
O. Comtom.
I. Kant;
C. Saint-Simon;
The term "sociology" was introduced into scientific circulation ...:
16. Direction in sociology based on the position that the new "positive"knowledge must be free from all conjectures, based onin natural science is called ...:
understanding sociology;
positivism;
interactionism;
ethnomethodology.
17. The term "theories of the middle level" was introduced into practice ...:
R. Merton;
P. Sorokin;
E. Durkheim;
K. Marx.
18. The law of increasing connectivity and transition from homogeneity to heterogeneity is formulated ...:
G Spencer;
F. Engels.
J. Millem;
19. According to the theory of exchange of J. Homans, the structure of social exchange does not include ...:
exchange place;
exchange rules;
the result of the exchange;
exchange agents.
20. The basis of the worldview of a person of the Middle Ages was ...:
faith in the indestructible order of the cosmos;
faith in a person, his strength and capabilities;
Faith in God;
belief in many gods.
21. Which of the listed Russian social thinkers could say: “Everyone judges history subjectively, according to their view of moral ideals, and they cannot judge otherwise”?:
S. Bulgakov;
M. Bakunin;
N. Berdyaev;
P. Lavrov.
22. What statement belongs to T. Hobbes?:
"Nature has made men equal in physical and mental faculties";
"The war of all against all" puts individuals on an equal footing...;
"The rational part of the soul makes people unequal";
"The problem of equality is far-fetched."
23. Which of the following concepts did Aristotle consider as synonyms and identify their content?:
society and community;
society and family;
society and state;
society and clan.
24. The work "Suicide" is written ...:
R. Skinner;
J. Mead;
E. Durkheim;
J. Homans.
25. The concept of cultural-historical types in Russian sociologyXIXin. was developed…:
N.Ya. Danilevsky;
MM. Kovalevsky;
P.L. Lavrov;
P.A. Sorokin.
26. O. Comte considered sociology as ...:
social chemistry;
empirical knowledge;
social physics;
social static.
27. A sociological concept that takes the interaction of people between individuals or groups as the basis and essence of social reality is called ...:
structural functionalism;
evolutionism;
interactionism;
structuralism.
28. The idea that has been adopted by sociologists from the natural sciences is ...:
the idea that social development is subject to objective laws;
the idea that there is a mechanical dependence between social groups;
the idea that the development of society is genetically predetermined;
the idea that natural selection operates in society.
29. The concept of "anomie" was introduced into scientific circulation ...:
E Durkheim.
G. Lebon;
G. Tardom;
M. Weber;
30. A Western sociologist who was of the opinion that all social interactions are subject to the principle of equivalence of exchange is ...:
R. Skinner;
B. Malinovsky;
I. Hoffman;