Cossack uprisings in the second quarter of the 17th century. The Complete Newest Student Handbook

REASONS FOR THE RISE OF THE LIBERATION MOVEMENT

LIBERATION MOVEMENT IN UKRAINE AT THE END OF THE 16TH-FIRST QUARTER OF THE 17TH CENTURY

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COSSACKS

Mastered the desert steppe lands; guarded the southern borders of the state; took part in anti-feudal demonstrations; became the beginning of a new Ukrainian (Cossack) statehood; made a major contribution to the liberation of Ukraine from the power of the Commonwealth during the war of 1648-1654.

At the end of the 16th century the class struggle in Ukraine intensified, caused by the strengthening of Polish feudal, national and religious oppression (1569 - the Union of Lublin, according to which the Ukrainian lands fell under the rule of Poland; 1588 - the introduction of serfdom in Ukraine (20-year term for the search for fugitives); 1596 - Union of Brest and forced transfer of Ukrainians under the rule of Catholicism, etc.).

Uprising 1591 - 1593 under the leadership of the Zaporizhzhya hetman Kryshtof Kossinsky - covered the regions of Kiev region, Volhynia, Zhytomyr. The reason was the forcible seizure by Prince Ostrozhsky of the possessions of Kosinsky, received by him among other Cossacks for his merits in the fight against the Tatars. In response, Kosinsky captured Belaya Tserkov (the residence of Ostrozhsky), Pereyaslavl and other cities. In addition to the Cossacks, he was supported by peasants and townspeople, who began to smash the estates of Polish magnates and introduce Cossack orders on their lands. The frightened gentry gathered a huge army, which, after a week-long battle with Kosinsky, unable to defeat, signed an agreement with him that Kosinsky was deprived of hetmanship, the rebels returned the captured weapons, stopped robbery and expelled from the army everyone who joined him during the uprising for which they deserve forgiveness. After the agreement, Kosinsky went to Zaporozhye, asked for the help of the Russian tsar (Russia was at war with Sweden, so she could only send money and cloth, and also promised help from the Don Cossacks) and organized a new campaign, during which Kosinsky was lured by magnate Vishnevetsky to negotiations, where he was treacherously killed (immured in the steppe of the monastery). The uprising ended in defeat, but paved the way for subsequent uprisings, primarily the uprising led by S. Nalivaiko.

Revolt 1594-1596 under the leadership of Severin Nalivaiko - acquired even greater scope, covering almost all the lands of Ukraine and Eastern Belarus. It was headed by S. Nalivaiko, who, being the centurion of the court Cossacks at Prince Ostrozhsky, suggested that the latter form a volunteer army to repel the Turkish attack. Having gathered several tens of thousands of people (armed by Ostrozhsky), Nalivaiko drove off the Turks, took rich trophies and returned home, raised an uprising, defeating the gentry who had come to the judicial congress, seized the castle and the weapons stored in it. Supported by peasants, townspeople and Cossacks, Nalivaiko took Vinnitsa, Bar, Kremenets, Lutsk, and then, having sent the Cossacks to the Southern Dnieper to fight the local gentry, he turned north - to Belarus, took Pinsk, Bobruisk, Mogilev, thereby expanding the territory of the uprising, and then continued to maneuver not far from the border with Russia, in order to hide behind it at any moment. The joint Polish-Lithuanian-Ukrainian-Belarusian punitive expedition under the command of the Polish hetman Zholkievsky inflicted several defeats on the troops of Nalivaiko in Belarus, then in Ukraine and finally defeated the rebels in 1596 in a 2-week battle near the city of Lubna, just 100 miles from the border with Russia. As a result of the betrayal of the top of the registered Cossacks, Nalivaiko was captured, sent to Warsaw, where in 1597 he was cut off his head and quartered.

Activities of Peter Sahaidachny - outstanding hetman of Ukraine, who fought for the national revival of Ukrainian statehood and culture. He became famous for military campaigns against the Turkish fortresses of Izmail, Kafu, Sinop, Tsargrad. Under the conditions of the prohibition of the Orthodox Church, he fought for its revival (in 1620-1621 he received the Jerusalem Patriarch Feofan, who recreated the leadership of the Orthodox Church in Ukraine: he promoted 5 Ukrainian and Belarusian bishops to the rank of Metropolitan of Kiev, which aroused the hatred of the Commonwealth). Together with the Zaporizhzhya army, Sahaidachny joined the Kiev Brotherhood, which meant the subordination of Zaporozhye to the idea of serving the interests of Ukraine. (Brotherhoods - organizations of the Orthodox Ukrainian population that fought against the offensive of Catholicism and Uniatism). In an effort to achieve greater independence of Zaporozhye, he flirted either with Moscow (which gave him and the army money and fabrics), then with the Commonwealth (which increased the number of registered Cossacks from 1 to 3 thousand). He objectively expressed the interests of the wealthy sections of the Cossacks, which is confirmed by his contradictions with the "people's" Hetman Borodavka (who was at the head of the non-registered Cossacks and called for a popular uprising and the extension of Cossack rights to the entire population of Ukraine). During the Khotyn War of 1621, in conditions when the Commonwealth remained defenseless against Turkish aggression (after the defeat of the Polish army in Moldova by the Turks), Sahaidachny and Borodavka unite their detachments (a total of 40 thousand Cossacks) and in the month-long battle near Khotyn, together with 16 -Thousands of Polish army stop the Turkish aggression. Under the peace treaty, Turkey undertook to stop the raids on Ukraine, the Commonwealth promised to ban the Cossacks from attacking Turkey. (The defeat of Turkey caused an uprising in Istanbul, during which the Turkish Sultan Osman II, the leader of the campaign against Ukraine, was overthrown and killed). During the battle, Sahaidachny showed himself to be a skilled commander. He insisted on the arrest of Wart and sent him in shackles to Warsaw. Sahaidachny himself near Khotyn was mortally wounded and died from his wounds.

Conclusion: Sahaidachny's personality was controversial, but despite a number of mistakes, he fought for the revival of Ukrainian statehood and culture, raised the glory of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks and protected the Ukrainian people from the establishment of the Turkish yoke.

Lecture No. 8 for lesson No. 10

Subject. Cossacks in the fight against Polish aggression.

PLAN

Introduction

1. Cossack-peasant uprisings of the late 16th - first half of the 17th centuries.

2. War of liberation led by B. Khmelnitsky.

2.1 Causes of the war

2.2.Nature, driving forces and goals of the National Liberation War.

2.3.Start and course of the National Liberation War.

Introduction

At the end of the XVI century. the struggle of the peasantry and the Cossacks against serfdom and national-religious oppression intensified. The anti-feudal protests of the burghers also became more frequent. Relations of common interests, mutual understanding and mutual support have already been formed between the Cossacks, peasants and philistines. In the 80s of the 16th century, several local uprisings of Cossacks, peasants and philistines took place.

Cossack-peasant uprisings of the late 16th - first half of the 17th centuries.

The first major anti-feudal Cossack-peasant uprising began in 1591 and continued until 1593. It took place in Podolia, Volhynia and Kiev region. The rebels were supported by the philistines of some cities and registered Cossacks. Led a rebellion Krystof Kosinski - nobleman from Podlasie. For military merit, he received from the Seimas the Rokitnu estate on the Ros River. In 1591, Kosinsky became the hetman of the Zaporizhzhya Sich. At the same time, the headman of the White Church, Polonized and Catholicized Prince Janusz Ostrozhsky took the estate from Kosinsky. Outraged Cossacks and Cossacks led by Kosinsky at the end of 1591 occupied Bila Tserkva. And later they conquered Pereyaslav, Tripoli and other cities, where they seized weapons, military equipment, ammunition.

The hetman with a large detachment of Cossacks fortified himself in the Trypillia castle. The head of the registered Cossacks, Yazlovetsky, moved to Trypillya, who gathered local elders and gentry with their detachments. However, he did not dare to storm the castle, but negotiated with the besieged. Meanwhile, the uprising was growing. The peasants created small detachments, smashed the landowners' estates, captured the town and declared themselves Cossacks. Gradually, many of them joined the detachment of Kosinsky, who went to Volhynia.

The feudal lords, with the help of the king, gathered well-armed forces from the gentry of Volhynia, the Kiev region and Bratslav. They were headed by the Kyiv governor Konstantin Ostrozhsky. The headman of Cherkasy and Kanev Alexander Vishnevetsky came to his aid. Near the town of Pyatki (now Chudnovsky district, Zhytomyr region), the rebels entered into a battle that lasted more than a week. The rebels inflicted great damage on the troops of the feudal lords, but were defeated. Negotiations began, which ended with a compromise agreement. By agreement, the Cossacks were to retreat to the Sich, re-elect Kosinsky and stop the uprising. However, the Cossack hetman did not lay down his arms, but, having gathered forces for the Sich, he again marched on Ukraine. In May 1593, the rebels laid siege to Kyiv.

The uprising covered more and more new areas of the Dnieper region. The headman of Cherkasy, Prince Vishnevetsky, was forced to negotiate, during which Kosinsky was treacherously killed. However, even after his death, peasant and Cossack uprisings continued for some time. The gentry suppressed them, brutally cracked down on the participants and continued to increase the duties of the peasants.

In 1594, a new Cossack-peasant uprising broke out, caused by the restrictions and oppression of the Cossacks and the intensification of feudal and national-religious oppression. Its leader was Severin Nalivaiko , a native of the city of Gusyatin (Podolia), which belonged to the magnate O. Kalinovsky. Kalinovsky took away the land from Father Severin, and the servants of the magnate beat him to death. Nalivaiko was in the Zaporizhzhya Sich, took part in Cossack campaigns against the Tatars and Turks, then served with Prince Ostrozhsky as a centurion of the court Cossacks, and during the battles of the gentry with the rebels near Pyatki, he was in the protection of the prince. He organized a detachment of Cossacks to participate in the war with the Tatars and Turks in Moldova in 1594.

In the summer of 1594, Nalivaiko, returning from the war in Moldova, did not disband his troops, but called on the Cossacks to jointly oppose Poland. They sent a detachment of Cossacks led by Hetman Loboda. Nalivaiko was the leader of the poor non-registered Cossacks, peasants and the urban poor. In September 1594, the Nalivaikos captured Bratslav and defeated the gentry. Mass uprisings began throughout the Bratslav region. The rebels, reinforced by the Cossacks of Loboda, captured the largest fortress in Podolia, Bar, and then Vinnitsa. They sacked the estates, destroyed the gentry and Catholic priests. Until the end of autumn 1595, Nalivaiko's troops captured the cities of Kremenets, Lutsk, Bobruisk, Slutsk and Mogilev. Peasant unrest swept the whole of Eastern Belarus. Loboda's army captured Cherkassy and Kanev. The detachment of M. Shauli took Kyiv and went to Belarus. Now the entire Right Bank and Eastern Belarus were in the hands of the rebels. This was facilitated by the fact that the Polish army, led by the crown hetman Zolkiewski, fought in Moldova.

However, the situation is starting to change. The uprising of the peasants spread to some parts of Poland. The king took drastic measures to mobilize the nobility to fight the rebels. The Lithuanian government also gathered a large army, which launched an offensive against Mogilev, from where some of the peasants managed to go home for the winter. Lithuanian troops tried to encircle the Nalivaiko detachment, but he escaped to Ukraine and here he met with the army of Zholkievsky, who had forces significantly superior to the army of the rebels. Therefore, Nalivaiko hurriedly turned south, trying to connect with the troops of Loboda and Shaula.

In March 1596, near Kyiv, the rebels united, however, having much smaller forces than the Polish army, they retreated to the Dnieper. The army of Zholkiewski caught up with the Cossacks near the tract of Sharp Stone. The Cossacks, having created a fortified camp, gave the Poles a battle in which both sides suffered heavy losses. The Poles withdrew, and the rebels crossed the Dnieper and moved east. Some leaders suggested moving to the Moscow state. There were long discussions in the camp near Pereyaslav. The Cossacks replaced Nalivaiko as hetman with Loboda. Now the rebels, among whom were many city Cossacks with their families, began negotiations with Zolkiewski. However, the Polish commander demanded that all leaders be handed over, to which the Cossacks refused and began to retreat deep into the Poltava steppes towards the border with Muscovy. Zholkevsky surrounded the rebels, among whom were 10 thousand women, children, the elderly and about 3 thousand combat-ready Cossacks. The rebels fenced themselves with carts, made ramparts and ditches, and staunchly defended themselves. Zholkiewski began a siege of the camp, which lasted about two weeks. The situation of the besieged was getting worse: from the May heat and lack of water, diseases raged in the camp, there was not enough ammunition and food. Enmity broke out again between the Nalivaikists and supporters of Loboda, who was accused of treason and killed. K. Krempsky was elected hetman.

Since the situation of the Polish troops was difficult (the people were tired, there was not enough food and fodder, and the Cossacks went from Zaporozhye to help the rebels), Zholkievsky began negotiations, promising an amnesty. At the same time, all artillery fired continuously at the camp. After a particularly heavy two-day shelling, the Cossacks capitulated. Nalivaiko, Shaula, jewelry and weapons were given to the Poles. However, this did not save them: the Zhovners, breaking all the promises of an amnesty, rushed to the unarmed and began atrocious reprisals not only against the Cossacks, but also over their families, and exterminated everyone. Only 1,500 cavalry Cossacks under the leadership of Krempsky managed to break through and retreat to the Sich.

In 1597 Severin Nalivaiko was brutally tortured in Warsaw.

The first Cossack-peasant uprisings against Polish feudal and national oppression, although defeated, were still of great importance. In them, the masses gained experience, deepened their national consciousness and political maturity. At the same time, they showed the insufficient organization of the Cossacks, its internal contradictions associated with the division into wealthy, inclined to compromise with the Poles, and the poor, opposed to the rich, implacably hostile to the Polish feudal lords. The Polish gentry set a course for the complete extermination and eradication of the Cossacks. In the spring of 1597, the Seim proclaimed the Ukrainian Cossacks "enemies of the state", and the crown hetman of Poland was instructed to use all the forces and methods necessary for their complete destruction. However, the decision of the Sejm remained on paper, and the Zaporizhzhya Sich continued to be a support and refuge for all those who fled from feudal oppression, their number was constantly growing. The army of Zholkiewski was exhausted by a difficult war against the rebels and could not attack the Sich. After unsuccessful uprisings among the Cossacks, a split intensified into the rich, mostly registered, and the poor, who did not have land or any property. Wealthy Cossacks tried to expand their rights in a peaceful way, begging for privileges from the Polish government, trying to cooperate with it. The struggle between these groups - radical (golota) and conciliatory-moderate (wealthy) subsided only during the preparation and conduct of regular campaigns against Turkey, the Crimea or other lands. Soon such a war began - the Polish intervention in Moldovan affairs in 1600 and the conflict between Poland and Sweden in Livonia. In 1601, the Seim formally cancels the orders to destroy the Cossacks. And the Cossacks take an active part in the numerous wars that Poland waged in the first three decades of the 17th century.

The growth of the Cossacks in the Sich again began to disturb the Poles, and they decided to conquer Zaporozhye. However, the Cossacks were ahead of them, choosing intolerant of the Poles Taras Fedorovich hetman, and in 1630 moved to the "volost". Most registry supported them. Simultaneously, peasant unrest began. The uprising led by Fedorovich was the beginning of the Cossack-peasant uprisings in the 30s of the XVII century, caused by the strengthening of feudal serf oppression. Exploitation is especially intensified in the new lands seized by the magnates and the gentry. Now those 30-40 years (“settlements” and “freedoms”) that were given to the peasants by inviting them to free lands were ending, and they all became serfs, who were more and more cruelly oppressed by the feudal lords.

The rebellious Cossacks captured the registered hetman Grigory Cherny, who demanded obedience from the Sich, tried and executed him as a traitor. They captured Cherkassy, Pereyaslav, Kanev and other cities. Many small groups joined them. Part of the rebels acted separately. The rebellious peasants killed the gentry, tenants, seized their palaces, divided their property and started the Cossack order. Konetspolsky with 12,000 troops began fighting against the fortified Cossack camp in Pereyaslav. During the three weeks of the siege, the Poles suffered heavy losses, and the commander-in-chief himself barely escaped. This forced Konetspolsky to agree to an increase in registered Cossacks to 8 thousand people. Taras Fedorovich with part of the Cossacks with trophies returned to Zaporozhye. And although the Pereyaslav agreement gave almost nothing to the Cossacks, the Poles did not achieve their goal - to destroy the Cossacks.

In 1632, after the death of King Sigismund III, a fanatical Catholic, his son Vladislav IV, in order to win over the Cossacks, published Articles for the Calm of the Russian People, approved by the Sejm in 1633. These articles legitimized the Orthodox Church with its own hierarchy. It was allowed to open schools, brotherhoods, build Orthodox churches, etc. However, feudal oppression intensified, and the Cossacks and the peasantry are showing discontent. The government introduces a large army into Ukraine for permanent residence, builds a Kodak fortress over the Dnieper rapids. In a large area around Kodak, the Cossacks were forbidden to fish and hunt. This irritated the Cossacks, and they, under the leadership of the hetman Ivan Sulima August 4, 1635 captured and destroyed the fortress . The Polish government, threatening with reprisals, demanded that the leaders of this action be extradited. The foreman of the registry treacherously grabbed Sulima and five leaders and sent them to Warsaw, where they were executed.

In 1637 a new Cossack-peasant uprising began, which was led by Pavlyuk (Pavel But) , Hetman of the non-registered Zaporozhye Cossacks. He appealed with a wagon to the Cossacks, peasants and philistines with a call to destroy the registered foreman as traitors. In response, a popular uprising broke out on the Left Bank and the Dnieper.

The Polish army under the command of Potocki met with the Cossack-peasant detachments near the village of Kumeyki near Cherkassy. The battle was hot, but the numerical superiority of the Poles forced the rebels to retreat.

A new battle took place near Borovitsa (Obukhov district, Cherkasy region), and again the rebels showed great courage and steadfastness, although they did not have enough food and weapons. Potocki offered negotiations. And again, the Cossack elite grabbed Pavlyuk and handed him over to the Poles. One of his associates - Gunya with part of the rebels managed to retreat and avoid defeat.

AT February 1638 . the Polish Sejm adopted Ordination of the Zaporizhzhya army ... ". The registered army lost its self-government: its leader was no longer the hetman, but the Polish commissar; colonels must also be appointed from the Polish gentry. The register was reduced to 6,000 people. Petty bourgeois and peasants were forbidden to be called Cossacks and even to marry their daughters to Cossacks. Without a commissar's passport, not a single Cossack had the right to pass to Zaporozhye.

Ordination caused a new wave of protests and uprisings. AT March 1638 . detachments of the Cossacks under the leadership Ostryanina who was elected hetman, Guni and others again went to Ukraine and raised an uprising in the Dnieper region.

Fierce fighting began near the town of Goltva in the Poltava region, where the Cossacks created a fortified camp. The Poles retreated to the city of Lubny, where the Cossacks inflicted significant blows on them. However, they could not defeat the Poles and retreated to the village of Zhovnin (now the Chernobaevsky district of the Cherkasy region), where they created a fortified camp. A fierce battle ensued again. Deciding that the case was lost, Ostryanin crossed the Sula, crossed into the Russian state and settled with the permission of the Russian government on the Chuguev settlement (now the city of Chuguev, Kharkov region).

However, the rebels under the leadership of Guni fought a few more battles and also went to the borders of the Moscow state (to the Don). The resettlement of Ukrainian Cossacks and peasants in the Muscovite state was traditional and widespread at that time. Scientists note that in 1640, up to 20 thousand settlers arrived from Ukraine only to the Don.

After the defeat at the Cossack councils in Kyiv (September 1638) and at Maslovy Pond (December 1638), the registered Cossacks agreed to the ordination and submitted. But the poor Cossacks did not want to return under the rule of the Poles. Some moved to the borders of Russia, others hid in the floodplains and on the Dnieper islands. In order to block the way for the fugitives to Zaporozhye, the government in 1639 built the Kodak fortress, which housed a large garrison.

Along with the socio-economic and national-religious struggle in Eastern Ukraine, the peasant and petty-bourgeois masses waged the same struggle in Western Ukraine. She had her own characteristics. From Galicia, Transcarpathia and Bukovina, the peasants fled to the Zaporozhian Sich, as well as far into the Carpathians. Those who showed themselves took an active part in the Cossack-peasant uprisings in the Dnieper region.

At the same time, a specific form of struggle of the Western Ukrainian peasantry unfolded in the Carpathian region - opryshkivism (the name "rebel" means the destroyer of the gentry). For the first time this name is mentioned in the documents of 1529. In the middle of the XVI century. opryshkas operated in the Kolomyia district, and in the second half of the 16th and in the first half of the 17th centuries. expand their borders, covering the mountainous areas of the Przemysl and Syanock lands, as well as part of Podolia (Kamianets-Podolsky region).

Rebellion 1630-1638 did not destroy the national oppression and the feudal system in Ukraine. The popular masses were not yet able to overcome the strong, well-organized state-political and socio-economic system of one of the most powerful countries in Europe. Poland had a powerful state apparatus, an army. its feudal class acted in an organized manner, as a united front, while the insurgent masses acted in isolation, not always offensively and actively. There was not a single uprising that would simultaneously cover the whole of Ukraine. This is explained not only by the insufficient organization of the masses, but also by the different levels of development of feudalism and serfdom. In addition, the Ukrainian people fought against the Turkish-Tatar invaders. The driving forces of the uprisings were the Cossacks and peasants, with the leading role of the Cossacks. The struggle was aimed at liberating Ukraine from feudal and national-religious oppression.

Tell us about your first role and what stage are you at now as an actor?

Bacteriological weapons: principles and signs of defeat, means of protection, provision of first aid to medical aid.

Attempts by the Polish government to take control of the Cossacks led to an active protest against the existing regime. The first wave of uprisings was short (1591-1596), and the second - long (1625-1638). The Cossacks became the main driving force behind the popular uprisings.

The uprising of Krzysztof Kosinski (1591-1593) became one of the first major peasant-Cossack uprisings. The Cossacks took possession of the entire Bratslav region, Kiev region and other lands. Kosinsky titled himself hetman and forced people to swear allegiance to the Cossack authorities instead of noble ones. Near the town of Pyatka at the beginning of 1593 a decisive battle took place between the Cossacks and the Poles, after which the first stage of this wave of uprisings ends.

In 1594, uprisings began under the leadership of S. Nalivaiko, M. Loboda, M. Shaula, and others. A characteristic feature of this stage of the struggle was the combination of social struggle with the defense of the Orthodox Church. A significant part of the priests went over to the side of the rebels, including the brother of S. Nalivaiko, the Orthodox priest D. Nalivaiko.

However, these popular uprisings were defeated. There were no major uprisings for the next thirty years. Poland did not have a permanent relationship with the Cossacks, so repression often changed to "mercy" - an increase in the register, the provision of privileges, etc. Personally, Poland needed military force, because it often waged war with Turrechina, the Muscovite state. And she constantly turned to the Cossacks for help. So, on the eve of the battle of Khotyn, the Polish government agreed with P. Sahaydachny to increase the register to 3 thousand people and pay them a salary in the amount of 40 thousand zlotys a year.

A new wave of uprisings began in 1625 in the Kiev region, where the population refused to fulfill feudal obligations and self-proclaimed themselves Cossacks. The speeches of the Cossacks and peasants took place under the leadership of Zhmailo, Taras Fedorovich (Shake), Pavel But (Pavlyuk), Yakov Ostryanytsya, Dmitry Guni. These uprisings developed into Cossack-peasant wars. They were defeated, but raised the slogan of the struggle for the liberation of Ukraine.

The defeat led to new repressions and oppression. In January 1638, the Polish Sejm adopted the "Ordination (drawing up) of the Zaporizhzhya Registered Troops", which deprived the registered Cossacks of autonomy and increased the persecution of the registered Cossacks and the fugitive peasantry. These oppressions forced many Cossacks and peasants to leave Ukraine and flee to Sloboda, which was part of the Muscovite state and where the Cossacks received benefits. In 1638 to 1648, there was almost no military confrontation between the Polish authorities and the Cossacks, and the Poles called them "the years of golden peace."

So, the Cossack-peasant uprisings that took place at the end of the 16th - 17th centuries. ended in defeat. The main reasons for the failures were: spontaneity; disorganization; imperfect weapons of the rebels; local character of actions; the paucity of the ranks of the rebels; friction between the Cossacks; inconsistency in the actions of registered and non-registered Cossacks; fuzzy program settings; the flexible policy of the Polish government aimed at splitting the rebels, etc. However, despite the defeat, the Cossack-peasant uprisings played a significant role in the history of Ukraine, since they significantly slowed down the processes of Polonization and Catholicization, reduced the pressure of feudal oppression, increased the prestige and authority of the Cossacks, contributed to the accumulation of experience in the struggle, served as an example for future generations of fighters for the liberation of the Ukrainian people. accelerated the formation of national self-consciousness.

At the end of the XVI century. the struggle of the peasantry and the Cossacks against serfdom and national-religious oppression intensified. The anti-feudal protests of the philistines also became more frequent. Relations of common interests, mutual understanding and mutual support have already been formed between the Cossacks, peasants and philistines. In the 80s of the 16th century, several local uprisings of Cossacks, peasants and philistines took place.

The first big anti-feudal Cossack-peasant uprising began in 1591 and lasted until 1593. It took place in Podolia, Volhynia and Kiev region. The rebels were supported by the philistines of some cities and registered Cossacks. The uprising was led by Krishtof Kosinski, a gentry from Podlasie. For military merit, he received from the Seimas the Rokitnu estate on the Ros River. In 1591, Kosinsky became the hetman of the Zaporizhzhya Sich. At the same time, the headman of the White Church, Polonized and Catholicized Prince Janusz Ostrozhsky took away the estate in Kosinsky. The outraged Cossacks and Cossacks, led by Kosinsky, at the end of 1591 approached the White Church, accepted it, and then Pereyaslav, Trypillya and other cities, and also seized weapons, military equipment, ammunition in the Bila Tserkva and Kiev castles.

The hetman with a large detachment of Cossacks fortified himself in the Trypillia castle. In Trypillia, Yazlovetsky, the senior over the registrars, moved, who gathered local elders and gentry with their Cossacks. However, he did not dare to storm the castle, but negotiated with the besieged. Meanwhile, the uprising was growing. The peasants created small detachments, smashed the landowners' estates, captured the town and declared themselves Cossacks. Gradually, many of them joined the detachment of Kosinsky, who went to Volhynia.

The feudal lords, with the help of the king, gathered well-armed forces from the gentry of Volhynia, the Kiev region and Bratslav. They were headed by the Kyiv governor Konstantin Ostrozhsky. The headman of Cherkasy and Kanev Alexander Vishnevetsky came to his aid. Near the town of Pyatki (now Chudnovsky district, Zhytomyr region), the rebels entered into a battle that lasted more than a week. The rebels inflicted great damage on the troops of the feudal lords, but were defeated. Negotiations began, which ended with a compromise agreement. By agreement, the Cossacks were to retreat to the Sich, had to re-elect Kosinsky and stop the uprising. However, the Cossack hetman did not lay down his arms, but, having gathered forces for the Sich, he again marched on Ukraine. In May 1593, the rebels laid siege to Kyiv.

The uprising covered more and more new areas of the Dnieper region. The headman of Cherkasy, Prince Vishnevetsky, was forced to negotiate, during which Kosinsky was treacherously killed. However, even after his death, peasant and Cossack uprisings continued for some time. The gentry suppressed, severely cracked down on the participants and continued to increase the duties of the peasants.

In 1594, a new Cossack-peasant uprising broke out, caused by the restrictions and oppression of the Cossacks and the intensification of feudal and national-religious oppression. Its leader was Severin Nalivaiko, a native of the city of Gusyatyn (Podolia), which belonged to the magnate O. Kalinovsky. Kalinovsky took away the land from Father Severin, and the servants of the magnate beat him to death. Nalivaiko was in the Zaporizhzhya Sich, took part in Cossack campaigns against the Tatars and Turks, then served with Prince Ostrozhsky as a centurion of court Cossacks, and during the battles of the gentry with the rebels near P "yatki, he was in the protection of the prince. He organized a detachment of "wishing" Cossacks and participated in war with the Tatars and Turks in Moldova in 1594

In the summer of 1594, Nalivaiko, returning from the war in Moldova, did not disband his troops, but called on the Cossacks to jointly oppose Poland. Jan sent a detachment of Cossacks, led by Hetman Loboda. However, Loboda was a sedate Cossack, had a large estate and supported the interests of the wealthy Cossacks. Nalivaiko was the leader of the poor unregistered Cossacks, peasants and the urban poor. This predetermined enmity and hostility between Nalivaiko and Lebeda and their supporters. In September 1594, the Nalivaikivtsi captured Bratslav and defeated the gentry. Mass uprisings began throughout the Bratslav region. The rebels, reinforced by the Cossacks of Loboda, captured the largest fortress in Podolia, Bar, and then Vinnitsa. They sacked the estates, destroyed the gentry and Catholic priests. Until the end of autumn 1595, Nalivaiko's troops captured the cities of Kremenets, Lutsk, Bobruisk, Slutsk and Mogilev. Peasant unrest swept the whole of Eastern Belarus. Loboda's army captured Cherkassy and Kanev. The detachment of M. Shauli took Kyiv and went to Belarus. Now the entire Right Bank and Eastern Belarus were in the hands of the rebels. This was facilitated by the fact that the Polish army, led by the crown hetman Zolkiewski, fought in Moldova.

However, the situation is starting to change. The uprising of the peasants turned over to some parts of Poland. The king took drastic measures to mobilize the nobility to fight the rebels. The Lithuanian government also gathered a large army, which launched an offensive against Mogilev, from where some of the peasants managed to go home for the winter. Lithuanian troops tried to encircle the Nalivaiko detachment, but he escaped to Ukraine and here he met with the army of Zholkevsky, who had forces that were significantly dominated by the army of the rebels. Therefore, Nalivaiko hurriedly turned south, trying to connect with the troops of Loboda and Shaula.

In March 1596, near Kyiv, the rebels united, however, having much smaller forces than the Polish army, they retreated to the Dnieper. The army of Zholkiewski caught up with the Cossacks and near the tract of Sharp Stone, the Cossacks, having created a fortified camp, gave the Poles a battle in which both sides suffered heavy losses. The Poles withdrew, and the rebels crossed the Dnieper and moved east. Some leaders suggested moving to the Moscow state. There were long discussions in the camp near Pereyaslav. The Cossacks replaced Nalivaiko as hetman with Loboda. Now the rebels, among whom were many city Cossacks with their families, began negotiations with Zolkiewski. However, the Polish commander demanded that all leaders be published, to which the Cossacks refused and began to retreat deep into the Poltava steppes towards the border with Muscovy. Zholkevsky surrounded the rebels, among whom were 10 thousand women, children, the elderly and about 3 thousand combat-ready Cossacks. The rebels fenced themselves with carts, made ramparts and ditches, and staunchly defended themselves. Zholkiewski began a siege of the camp, which lasted about two weeks. The situation of the besieged was getting worse: from the May heat and lack of water, diseases raged in the camp, there was not enough ammunition and food. Enmity broke out again between the Nalivaikists and Loboda's supporters, who was accused of treason and killed. K. Krempsky was elected hetman.

Since the situation of the Polish troops was difficult (the people were tired, there was not enough food and fodder, and the Cossacks went from Zaporozhye to help the rebels), Zholkievsky began negotiations, promising an amnesty. At the same time, all artillery fired continuously at the camp. After a particularly heavy two-day shelling, the Cossacks capitulated. Nalivaiko, Shaula, jewelry and weapons were given to the Poles. However, this did not save them: the zholners, breaking all the promises of an amnesty, rushed to the unarmed and began atrocious reprisals not only against the Cossacks, but also over their families, and exterminated everyone. Only 1,500 mounted Cossacks under the leadership of Krempsky managed to break through and retreat to the Sich.

In 1597, Severin Nalivaiko, a talented, strong national leader in the struggle for the social and national freedom of the Ukrainian people, was brutally tortured to death in Warsaw.

The first Cossack-peasant uprisings against Polish feudal and national oppression, although defeated, were still of great importance. In them, the masses gained experience, deepened their national consciousness and political maturity. At the same time, they showed the insufficient organization of the Cossacks, its internal contradictions associated with the division into wealthy, inclined to compromise with the Poles, and the poor, opposed to the rich, implacably hostile to the Polish feudal lords. The Polish gentry set a course for the complete extermination and eradication of the Cossacks. In the spring of 1597, the Seim proclaimed the Ukrainian Cossacks "enemies of the state", and the crown hetman of Poland was instructed to use all the forces and methods necessary for their complete destruction. However, the decision of the Sejm remained on paper, and the Zaporizhzhya Sich continued to be a support and refuge for all those who fled from feudal oppression, their number was constantly growing. The army of Zholkiewski was exhausted by a difficult war against the rebels and could not attack the Sich. After unsuccessful uprisings among the Cossacks, a split intensified into the rich, mostly registered, and the poor, who did not have land or any property. Wealthy Cossacks tried to expand their rights in a peaceful way, begging for privileges from the Polish government, trying to cooperate with it. The struggle between these groups - radical (holota) and ugly-moderate (wealthy) subsided only during the preparation and conduct of regular campaigns against Turkey, the Crimea or other lands. Soon such a war began - the Polish intervention in Moldovan affairs in 1600 and the conflict between Poland and Sweden in Livonia. In 1601, the Seim formally cancels the orders to destroy the Cossacks. And the Cossacks take an active part in the numerous wars that Poland waged in the first three decades of the 17th century.

In 1604, a long-term war between Poland and the Moscow kingdom began, where the Polish protege pseudo-Dmitry fought for the royal throne. Large detachments of Cossacks passed to his troops. At the same time, the Cossacks almost every year made successful campaigns against the Tatars and Turks. This raised the authority of the Cossacks, and the number of "disobedient" Cossacks began to grow again in all cities of Ukraine (in "volosts"), who did not want to obey the feudal lords and officials and did not pay taxes. These "arbitrary", "disobedient", as they were called by Polish documents, the Cossacks lived mainly on state lands (in the "royalty"). They did not recognize the power of the elders, chose their leadership - atamans and introduced Cossack legal proceedings. The show was accompanied by numerous uprisings of Cossacks and peasants against the feudal lords.

In order to prevent the development of the rebel movement, in 1614, a Polish army arrived in the Dnieper region, led by the Polish crown hetman Zolkiewski. However, the "pokozachennya" continued. In fact, in most regions of Ukraine, a spontaneous system was formed, similar to the one that existed in Zaporozhye.

Again the Polish government is looking for ways to rein in the Cossacks. Negotiations begin with Peter Sahaidachny. We have already mentioned the activities of Sahaidachny in organizing support for the Orthodox Church and brotherhoods, as well as the fight against the Turks and Tatars. But this wise politician and military leader played the most important role in the reorganization and improvement of the administrative-political and military structure of the Zaporizhian Sich. He turned the Cossack detachments into a regular army with a clear organization, hierarchy and severe military discipline.

In relations with Poland, Sahaidachny showed thoughtfulness, prudence and moderation. Understanding that the Ukrainian people are powerless to simultaneously fight against Turkey, the Crimea and Poland, they do not allow large mass insurrectionary movements against the Polish government and feudal lords. In this way he won a certain degree of his confidence. A feature of his tactics was the ability to agree to small concessions and firmly defend the independence of the Zaporozhian Sich.

In October 1617, in the Dry Olshanka tract near Belaya Tserkov, an agreement was signed between the Cossack leadership of the Sich and Zholkevsky, called Vilshanskaya: the Cossack register was restored in the composition of 1 thousand people. All other Cossacks were to return to the power of elders and gentlemen. Registered people had the right to live only in Zaporizhia. they were strictly forbidden to go to the Crimea and Turkey. Registers were allowed to elect a hetman, who was approved by the king. The government promised to pay a fee for the service. However, this caused massive dissatisfaction among the Cossacks, who had to return to the feudal lords.

Sahaidachny understood that this deal would not last long, because after a while the Polish government would ask the Cossacks for help. Indeed, in order to seize the royal throne of the Muscovite state, Prince Vladislav went to Moscow in 1618, but found himself in a critical situation. Only immediate help could save him, which the Polish government could not quickly collect. Sagaidachny rescued him, who, with a 20,000-strong Cossack army, marched quickly to Moscow, defeating the Russian troops near Putivl, Yeletsk and Livny. He appeared on time, viryatuvav Polish prince and took part in the unsuccessful assault on Moscow. Some historians believe that Sagaidachny did not want the capture of Moscow and the victory of Poland, because, as a far-sighted politician, he understood that this would significantly worsen the position of Ukraine (see: I, K. Rybalka. History of Ukraine. - Kharkov, 1995. - P. 161 ). Poland and Russia signed a truce for 14 years. And the Cossacks, returning to Ukraine, again fell under the yoke of the Polish feudal lords and government officials. Therefore, at present, Cossack-peasant uprisings are again spreading, which already in 1618 engulfed the Kiev region and Volhynia. The Polish government immediately sends troops to suppress them. But the Cossacks were not big forces that were able to resist them. Therefore, the Poles did not dare to start hostilities against the rebels, but started negotiations. They took place in the camp of Polish troops on the Rostavitsa River (Zhytomyr region). Rostavitska agreement similar to Wilshanskaya: only 3 thousand people were included in the register, and thousands of registered Cossacks returned under the yoke of feudal lords. This angered the Cossacks, and they threw Sahaidachny from the post of hetman and elected Ya. Borodavka. Sahaidachny remained among the foremen of the Sich.

And already in 1621, the war with Turkey and the Battle of Khotyn again strengthened the position of the Cossacks, restored the leading role of Peter Sahaidachny.

It should be noted that in 1620 Peter Sahaydachny sent a delegation to the Moscow Tsar Mikhail, secretly from the Poles, with a proposal to strengthen ties. However, the Muscovite kingdom, weakened by recent wars, was afraid of worsening relations with Poland and did not support this idea. The great merit of Sagaidachny was that he was able to establish a kind of alliance of the Cossacks, the bourgeoisie, the advanced part of the Ukrainian petty gentry and the intelligentsia (mainly religious). Under his leadership, the Cossacks finally turned into the main support of the Orthodox Church and the entire Ukrainian nation and became an important factor in national and cultural development. Along with this, in the last years of his life, he personally engaged in patronage of Ukrainian culture and the church. In particular, five days before his death, he made a will, according to which he transferred several thousand gold pieces to the Kiev Brotherhood and one and a half thousand - to the educational needs of Lvovsky. It should be especially emphasized that in the activities of the Cossacks, which was led by Sahaidachny, the course towards the independence of Ukraine, its liberation from the foreign yoke, is more and more clearly traced. However, Peter Sahaidachny achieved this goal gradually and only by peaceful means. The hetman's foreign policy was also largely subordinated to this goal, characterized by caution, and at the same time independence.

In the history of the Ukrainian people, the memory of Hetman Sahaidachny has been preserved as a brave, talented commander, balanced politician and patriot of Ukraine.

After the Khotyn War and the death of Peter Sahaidachny, the Polish gentry intensified social and national oppression in Ukraine and caused a new Cossack-peasant war (1625). Kazakov was headed by Hetman Zhmailo, a supporter of the poor, a representative of the radical forces of the Sich. The Polish government sent a large army to Ukraine under the leadership of the Polish hetman Konetspolsky, who began the persecution and extermination of the rebels. The Cossacks, united with the rebellious peasants, fought stubborn battles with the Poles. The largest battles took place in Krylov and at Lake Kurukovo (opposite Kremenchug). The Cossacks stubbornly repulsed the attacks of the Poles, but there was no strength to advance and finish them off. Therefore, negotiations began. Under pressure from the wealthy Cossacks, Zhmailo was re-elected, and M. Doroshenko, a cautious and balanced politician, inclined to protect the interests of the Cossack elite and the moderate forces of the Sich, was elected the new hetman. He signed the Kurukovskaya agreement, according to which the Polish government agreed to 6,000 registered Cossack troops, but the rest were to return to the power of the Polish gentry. Registered had the right to elect a hetman, but he was confirmed by the king. Amnesty was declared to the participants of the uprising. The Cossacks were forbidden to go on campaigns to Turkish possessions and maintain ties with other states.

One of the consequences of the Kurukivska agreement was the final distribution of the Cossacks into two groups - the wealthy (registered) and the naked, the poor ("vipishchiv" - those who were written out of the register). The Cossacks stood in regiments in the main cities of Ukraine - in Chigirin, Cherkassy, Kanev, Korsun, Bila Tserkva and Pereyaslav. These city Cossacks were under the control of Poland, obeyed his orders in order to keep their "liberties".

"Vipishchiks" concentrated in the Zaporizhian Sich, trying to create here the main center of the Cossacks, independent of Poland. They continued to maintain ties with the Don Cossacks, the Moscow state and Western European countries. They turned the main edge of the struggle against the Tatars and Turks, continuing their campaigns against them.

The growth of the Cossacks in the Sich again began to disturb the Poles, and they decided to conquer Zaporozhye. However, the Cossacks were ahead of them, choosing Taras Fedorovich, intolerant of the Poles, as hetman, and in 1630 moved to the "volost". Most registry supported them. Simultaneously, peasant unrest began. The uprising led by Fedorovich was the beginning of the Cossack-peasant uprisings in the 30s of the XVII century, caused by the strengthening of feudal serf oppression. Exploitation is especially intensified in the new lands seized by the magnates and the gentry. Now those 30-40 years (“settlements” and “freedoms”) that were given to the peasants by inviting them to free lands were ending, and they all became serfs, who were more and more cruelly oppressed by the feudal lords.

Konetspolsky with 12,000 troops began fighting against the fortified Cossack camp in Pereyaslav. During the three weeks of the siege, the Poles suffered heavy losses, and the commander-in-chief himself barely escaped. This forced Koniecpolsky to make a deal, according to which the main provisions of the Kurukovskaya treaty were kept. Only the number of registered was increased to 8 thousand people. Taras Fedorovich with part of the Cossacks with trophies returned to Zaporozhye. And although the Pereyaslav agreement gave almost nothing to the Cossacks, the Poles did not achieve their goal - to destroy the Cossacks. The failures of the Poles near Pereyaslav were regarded as a victory, and it was argued that the Ukrainian people had faith in the possibility of throwing off the Polish yoke.

And this deal was greatly influenced by compromising elements from the Cossack elite. Ordinary Cossacks was again dissatisfied, because it was not enough to return to the feudal lords. The Cossack elite became even more dependent on the Polish government.

In 1632, after the death of King Sigismund III, a fanatical Catholic, his son Vladislav IV, in order to win over the Cossacks, published Articles for the Calm of the Russian People, approved by the Sejm in 1633. These articles legalized the Orthodox Church with its own hierarchy. It was allowed to open schools, brotherhoods, build Orthodox churches, etc. However, feudal oppression intensified, and the Cossacks and the peasantry are showing discontent. The government introduces a large army into Ukraine for permanent residence, builds a Kodak fortress over the Dnieper rapids, which had to isolate Jan from Ukraine. In a large area around Kodak, the Cossacks were forbidden to fish and hunt. This irritated the Cossacks, and on August 4, 1635, under the leadership of Hetman Ivan Sulima, they captured and destroyed the fortress. The Polish government, threatening with reprisals, demanded that the leaders of this action be extradited. The foreman of the registry treacherously grabbed Sulima and five leaders and sent them to Warsaw, where they were executed.

In 1637, a new Cossack-peasant uprising began, led by Pavlyuk (Pavel Bug), the hetman of the non-registered Zaporozhian Cossacks. He appealed with a wagon to the Cossacks, peasants and townspeople with a call to destroy the registered foreman as traitors. In response, a popular uprising broke out on the Left Bank and the Dnieper.

A new battle took place in Borovitsa (Obukhov district, Cherkasy region), and again they rebelled with considerable courage and stamina, although they did not have enough food and weapons. Potocki offered negotiations. And again, the Cossack elite grabbed Pavlyuk and handed him over to the Poles. One of his associates - Gunya with part of the rebels managed to retreat and avoid defeat.

In February 1638, the Polish Sejm adopted the "Ordination of the Zaporizhian Army ...". The registered army lost its self-government: its leader was no longer the hetman, but the Polish commissar; colonels must also be appointed from the Polish gentry. The register was reduced to 6,000 people. Petty bourgeois and peasants were forbidden to be called Cossacks and even to marry their daughters to Cossacks. Without a commissar's passport, not a single Cossack had the right to pass to Zaporozhye.

Ordination caused a new wave of protests and uprisings. In March 1638, detachments of the Cossacks led by Ostryanin, who was elected hetman, Hune and others again went to Ukraine and raised an uprising in the Dnieper region.

Fierce fighting began near the town of Goltva in the Poltava region, where the Cossacks created a fortified camp. The Poles retreated to Lubny, where the Cossacks inflicted significant blows on them. However, they could not defeat the Poles and retreated to the village of Zhovnin (now the Chernobaevsky district of the Cherkasy region), where they created a fortified camp. A fierce battle ensued again. Deciding that the case was lost, Ostryanin crossed the Sula, crossed into the Russian state and settled with the permission of the Russian government on the Chuguev settlement (now the city of Chuguev, Kharkov region).

However, the rebels under the leadership of Hune fought a few more battles and also went to the borders of the Muscovite state (to the Don). The resettlement of Ukrainian Cossacks and peasants in the Muscovite state was traditional and widespread at that time. Scientists note that in 1640, up to 20 thousand settlers arrived from Ukraine only to the Don (V. A. Smolii, V. S. Stepankov. Bogdan Khmelnitsky. - Kyiv, 1993. - P. 55).

After the defeat at the Cossack councils in Kyiv (September 1638) and at Maslovu Pond (December 1638), the registered Cossacks agreed to the ordination and submitted. But the "Vipishchiks", the Cossack poor, did not want to return under the rule of the Poles. Some moved to the borders of Russia, others hid in the floodplains and on the Dnieper islands. In order to block the way for the fugitives to Zaporozhye, the government in 1639 built the Kodak fortress, which housed a large garrison.

Along with the socio-economic and national-religious struggle in Eastern Ukraine, the peasant and petty-bourgeois masses waged the same struggle in Western Ukraine. She had her own characteristics. From Galicia, Transcarpathia and Bukovina, the peasants fled to the Zaporozhian Sich, as well as far into the Carpathians. Those who pokozachivsya took an active part in the Cossack-peasant uprisings in the Dnieper region.

At the same time, a specific form of struggle of the Western Ukrainian peasantry unfolded in the Carpathian region - opryshkivism (the name "rebel" means the destroyer of the gentry). For the first time this name is mentioned in the documents of 1529. In the middle of the XVI century. oprishkivtsi acted in the Kolomyia district, and in the second half of the 16th and in the first half of the 17th centuries. expand their borders, covering the mountainous areas of the Przemysl and Syanotsky lands, as well as part of Podolia (Kamianets-Podolsky region).

In spring and summer, opryshki descended from the mountains, attacked the estates of the gentry, killed their owners, and divided the property among the peasants. With the full support of the peasants and philistines, they suddenly appeared and just as imperceptibly disappeared.

Ukrainian partisans on the border with Moldova acted together with the Moldavian ones, in Transcarpathia - with the Polish and Slovak ones.

The defeat of the uprisings convinced the Polish feudal lords that the Cossacks, peasantry and philistinism of Ukraine were forever curbed. However, they underestimated the powerful potential energy possessed by the rebellious masses in the struggle for social and national liberation. The broad masses of the people, defeated in the uprisings, hid, gathering strength for new uprisings. On the experience of the insurgent struggle, they became more and more convinced that success would come with unity and an unhealthy will to win.

Uprisings of the 30s of the 17th century

Taras Fedorovich, Pavlyuk, Ostryanitsa

Already from the end of the first quarter of the 17th century, a new uprising began to brew. In a surviving letter from the Polish magnate Prince Zbarazhsky, the unstable situation in Ukraine is described in detail and the possibility of a new “storm” is foreseen. “The danger of a war with slaves,” as Zbarazhsky writes, “has never threatened the Polish state with such obviousness as at the moment” (July 1625). “All those Russian regions that consider themselves oppressed, partly by the power of private owners, partly indignant against the Church Union, will undoubtedly take revenge on us together with the Cossacks.”

In the same 1625, the Sevsky governor reported to Moscow that an uprising was being prepared in Ukraine, that the Cossacks called for the help of the Don Cossacks and wanted to “fight the Poles” with them, and in case of failure, “move to the royal name”, then is to go to the Muscovite state.

Not expecting the beginning of the uprising, the Polish government decided to warn him and sent a military commission and large military forces to the “volost” (as the settled part of Ukraine was called). At the head of the commission was the magnate Konetspolsky, who was joined with his detachments by about 30 more magnates - owners of the largest estates in Ukraine.

The purpose of the commission was to minimize the number of Cossacks, and turn the rest of the population into serfs.

It is characteristic that some Orthodox magnates of Russian origin also took part in this campaign, for example, Prince Chetvertinsky. His class interests took precedence over national-religious ones, as was often the case during the national liberation struggle of Ukraine-Rus. Not only the Orthodox magnates, but even the higher clergy, and, in part, the registered Cossacks gravitated towards the social system of Poland and were inclined to far-reaching compromises with its government.

Prince Zbarazhsky wrote about Prince Chetvertinsky as follows: “although he is of the Greek faith, he is not of Cossack disposition and not of Cossack origin, and I know that he was glad to see all the Cossacks drowned in one spoonful.” It must be assumed that there were quite a few people of such moods.

Kurukovo agreement

However, the Poles and their Ukrainian "collaborators" failed to completely defeat the Cossacks. After the bloody battles near Kurukovsky Lake (1625), the matter ended with a compromise, however, very unfavorable for the Cossacks. With the Cossack foreman, Konetspolsky signed the so-called “Kurukovsky Agreement” or “Ordination of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks”.

Under this agreement, the number of registered Cossacks was limited to 6,000, the rest (about 40,000) were to become serfs. Registered Cossacks had the right to live only in royal possessions; from the possessions of the magnates, the gentry and the church, they had to move out within 12 weeks. Registered Cossacks received the right to choose a hetman, but his king approved. The sergeant-major was promised an increased allowance, and some of them were also promised “nobilitation,” that is, elevation to gentry dignity.

All the Cossacks who were not included in the register, the so-called “scribes”, were outraged by the conditions of the “Ordination” and did not have the slightest desire to obey them. They rushed to Zaporozhye, began to seek ties with the Don in order to fight together against Poland and, having liberated their land, go over to Moscow's citizenship. The archives preserved a detailed message about this from the Kiev priest Philip, who immediately after the “Ordination” arrived in Moscow.

It was much more difficult to put into practice the points of the “Ordination” (Kurukovsky Agreement) than to draft and sign them. To do this, it was necessary to break the united front of the “prescribers” and the entire population (with the exception of a small number of “collaborators” and “compromisers”). But the Polish troops at that time were withdrawn to participate in the war with Sweden, and without them there was nothing to think about the implementation of the "Ordination", which, thanks to this, remained on paper for several years.

Only in 1629, Konetspolsky returned with an army to the “volost”, quartered him in towns and villages in small detachments and began to prepare for the implementation of the “Ordination”, but he did not succeed, as an uprising of “scribes” broke out, led by the Cossacks, to which the masses of the peasantry began to join.

Rise of Shaker

The uprising was led by the leader of the Cossacks Taras Fedorovich (Shake). Registered Cossacks, who took the side of the Polish government, were thrown back to Korsun, and their hetman, Grigory Cherny, was tried “for treason against the Russian people” (as the Cossacks themselves formulated the accusation) and executed.

At Korsun, Fedorovich defeated a united detachment of Poles and registrars, and during the battle, many registrars went over to the side of the rebels, and the population of Korsun helped Fedorovich in every possible way. Only a small number of Poles and registrars managed to escape.

After that, the uprising engulfed many areas and spread to the Left Bank, where Fedorovich went, having concentrated 37,000 troops in Pereyaslav. Konetspolsky hurried there, gathering his strength. Fierce fighting began, lasting three weeks and exhausting both sides. Neither the Poles nor the rebels achieved decisive success.

In the midst of the fighting, thanks to the intrigues of compromising Cossacks, to whom the Poles promised all sorts of benefits, Fedorovich was removed and Anton But was nominated as hetman, who concluded a truce with Konetspolsky on terms similar to the “Kurukovsky Agreement” (“Ordination”), with some, however, relief : under the Pereyaslav Agreement, the register was increased from 6,000 to 8,000; the participants in the uprising, if they peacefully dispersed to their homes, were promised "security"; the salary of the registrants has been increased.

Thus ended the uprising of Fedorovich. Ukraine-Rus did not achieve liberation, but the Poles were forced to tacitly admit their impotence to break Ukraine-Rus.

In the minds of the people, this uprising, although unsuccessful, strengthened faith in their own forces, showing that the rebellious people can not only fight, but also defeat the troops of the invaders. “Taras night” in his epic people called the defeat of the Poles, which was committed by the rebels.

Just as the Poles failed to put into practice the “Kurukovsky Ordination,” so did the Pereyaslav Agreement fail to be fully enforced. Separate attempts only irritated the population even more and intensified its rebuff and flight to Zaporozhye.

And the Polish government itself was not particularly in a hurry to demand the implementation of the Pereyaslav Treaty. It was preparing for war with Moscow, since the term of the Deulino truce (concluded in 1617 for 14-1/2 years) was expiring, and therefore they did not want to irritate their Orthodox subjects.

Meanwhile, general dissatisfaction with the Pereyaslav agreement was growing not only among the “scribes”, but also among the registered Cossacks, in relation to whom the Poles were in no hurry to fulfill their generous promises under Pereyaslav. Several secret Cossack meetings (rads) took place, in which the heads of the Orthodox Church also took part, which took an uncompromising position in relation to, inseparable from each other, Catholicism and Poles.

Metropolitan Isaiah Kopinsky himself (heir to the deceased Metropolitan Job Boretsky) took part in the negotiations between the leaders of the discontented population and acted as an ardent supporter of the reunification of Ukraine with Moscow, seeing this as the only way to get rid of the Polish-Catholic aggression.

At this time, the Polish king Sigismund died (1632) and a period of queenlessness began in Poland. The population of Ukraine-Rus hoped that with the death of the persecutor and hater of Orthodoxy and everything Russian, Sigismund, the government's policy would change and it would be possible to achieve its mitigation at the Seimas.

However, neither the Cossacks nor the highest Orthodox hierarchs were allowed to the Sejm, and without their participation they elected the son of Sigismund, Vladislav, the king, the one who, during the Time of Troubles, Moscow chose the king, as a result of which he claimed the Moscow throne.

King Vladislav. "Reconciliatory letter"

Vladislav, a man not as intolerant as his father, wanted to somehow mitigate the aggravated religious hostility between his subjects - Orthodox and Catholics - and managed to convince influential magnates to make concessions on this issue. As a result, the so-called “conciliatory letter” or “Articles for the reassurance of the Russian people” was published. According to these “articles”, Orthodox and Uniates were equalized in rights, two metropolitan sees were established - Orthodox and Uniate; some of the monasteries taken from them were returned to the Orthodox, a number of purely Orthodox dioceses were created, along with purely Uniate dioceses. Orthodox living in a Uniate diocese were under the jurisdiction of an Orthodox bishop and, conversely, the same for Uniates.

On paper, everything was fine and the Orthodox hoped that better times would come. But it didn't turn out that way. The self-willed magnates and Catholic gentry did not particularly reckon with the royal charter and, as before, pursued their own irreconcilably aggressive policy in the religious question. On the other hand, the Poles, even those who were inclined to compromise on the religious issue, were irreconcilable on the social issue and did not want to give up the attempt to turn the entire population of Ukraine-Rus into serfs-slaves. And Orthodoxy, the religion of the common people, was inseparable from its social aspirations. Both the metropolitans - Job Boretsky, and his heir Isaiah Kopinsky were spokesmen for the will of the people and fighters not only for Orthodoxy, but for the best lot of their people. They, as mentioned above, saw this better share in the reunification of Ukraine-Rus with Moscow.

With this in mind, the Polish government, through intrigues, achieved the removal of Metropolitan Kopinsky and the replacement of the chair by a Moldavian aristocrat who was in friendship and kinship with many Polish magnates - Peter Mogila.

Being an Orthodox, a highly educated, strong-willed person, Mohyla did a lot to strengthen and strengthen Orthodoxy, although at first his choice was not particularly friendly to the Orthodox. But in matters of social and national aspirations, Mohyla was a church magnate of the Commonwealth, with a psychology characteristic of magnates and an attitude towards ordinary people.

Therefore, he did not become a spokesman for the aspirations of the people and could not fight against magnate-gentry aggression, although his merits in the field of Orthodox cultural are undeniable and enormous.

Since the substitution of episcopal sees depended on the metropolitan, then, naturally, Mogila tried to fill them with people of compromise moods and thereby significantly weakened the resistance of the Orthodox population, which previously had mostly bishops who expressed the mood of the people. (These were bishops ordained on the recommendation of Job Boretsky). Only the lower Orthodox clergy remained with the people and together with them endured all the hardships of aggression.

But the people did not give up and did not reconcile. The idea of a new struggle, of an uprising, not only did not fade away, but grew stronger and stronger. The non-registered Cossacks (“signers”), over whom the sword of Damocles of converting into serfs hung, and their ideological center - Zaporozhye, were ready to flare up at any moment.

The uprising of Sulima and Pavlyuk

And, indeed, already in 1635, non-registered Cossacks, together with the Cossacks under the command of Sulima, attacked the Polish fortress of Kodak, destroyed the entire garrison without exception, and the fortress was destroyed to the ground. Kodak was built in order to prevent the flight from the "volost" to Zaporozhye.

Registered Cossacks loyal to Poland seized Sulima and his assistants by deceit and handed them over to the Poles, who executed them all in Warsaw. All the captured ordinary Cossacks Sulima, the Poles cut off their ears and sent them to forced labor - the construction of a fortress.

But it didn't end there. Soon, one of Sulima's assistants, who managed to escape from the Poles, Pavel But (Pavlyuk), raised a new uprising.

Pavlyuk appealed to the Cossacks and the “poslsgv” (philistines and peasants) with a universal, in which he called on them to catch them as traitors and deliver him the foreman of the registered Cossacks, and join his army. Universal stirred up Ukraine. Part of the registered Cossacks joined Pavlyuk. The hetman of the registrars Kononovich and a number of foremen were captured, delivered to Pavlyuk and executed. The peasantry began to rise and ravage castles and estates. The peasant movement was especially strong on the Left Bank.

Battle over Kumeiki

The Crown Hetman (Polish) Koniecpolsky quickly mobilized large forces and threw them, under the command of the Polish Hetman Potocki, against Pavlyuk, who had not yet managed to gather all his supporters together. On December 6, 1637, a battle took place near the village of Kumeyki, in which, despite the manifestation of heroism, the Cossacks were defeated and retreated to Cherkassy, where they soon capitulated, and Pavlyuk fell into the hands of Pototsky and, like his predecessor, Sulima, was publicly executed in Warsaw.

The Cossacks lost the battle of Kumeyki due to the fact that a detachment of thousands of rebels could not cross from the left bank of the Dnieper to the right due to the beginning of the ice drift.

Interesting details about this uprising are told in his diary by the military chaplain at Pototsky's army, Simeon Okolsky. left bank of the Dnieper. In case of victory, Pavlyuk had to ask Moscow to accept the liberated regions into its borders; in case of failure - to leave with the troops across the Moscow border. This agreement, according to Okolsky, had the tacit approval of Moscow, which itself did not consider it expedient to speak openly.

An indirect confirmation of Okolsky's information is, confirmed by many documents, the indisputable fact of the flight of numerous small groups of participants in the Pavlyuk uprising to the Moscow State and to the Don.

Ukrainian separatist chauvinists and their “stories” diligently hush up this irrefutable fact of Ukrainians fleeing to their “eternal enemies” – Muscovites. Because it is in complete contradiction with their unfounded assertion of hostility and hatred towards Moscow on the part of Ukraine-Rus.

Having dealt with the rebels of Pavlyuk on the Right Bank, Pototsky moved to the left bank of the Dnieper, where numerous rebel detachments were still operating: Kazim (about 4,000), Skidan, Skrebets and others. These rebels even managed to temporarily capture Vishnevetsky's castle in Lubny, and killed all the gentry and Catholic monks captured there, and, first of all, the Uniates.

After a series of bloody clashes, Potocki defeated the rebel detachments one by one. The registrars, who helped Pototsky, fraudulently, like Pavlyuk before, seized Kazim and handed him over to Pototsky, who then undertook a punitive campaign through the cities and villages of the Left Bank, hanged and impaled the participants in the uprising. The population, who could, alone and in groups, fled beyond the Moscow border.

“Having established lawful order in the provinces,” as Pototsky wrote in his report, he, as a victor, solemnly entered Kyiv and there impaled Kazim and his son, who had been brought with him.

Potocki was greeted with solemn greetings by the Orthodox Metropolitan Peter Mohyla, accompanied by a group of Kiev city nobility and gentry who collaborated with the Polish government. The masses of the people were secretly silent.

Leaving garrisons all over Ukraine, Pototsky hurried to Warsaw to the Sejm, with the intention of passing through the Sejm a law that would once and for all eliminate the Cossack-peasant uprisings, which, with short interruptions, dragged on from the beginning of the 90s of the 16th century.

Ordination

At the beginning of January 1638, the law was adopted by the Seimas under the title “Ordination of the Zaporizhzhya Registered Army, in the service of the Commonwealth”.

The conditions of this "Ordination" were so difficult that in fact they turned registered Cossacks (whose number was limited to 6,000) into a hired Polish army under the command of Polish officers. The election of foremen (command-administrative positions) and their own Cossack jurisdiction were abolished. The title of hetman was abolished. Instead of him, a special “commissar” was appointed by the king from the gentry to command the registered Cossacks. In the same way, colonels and captains were appointed from the gentry. Only the lowest posts were allowed to choose people from among the registered Cossacks. These positions were: centurion (in a hundred place) and ataman (in a Cossack village). But even they could enter into the performance of their duties only with the approval of the commissar.

Under the commissar and the colonels, special detachments of hired, well-paid "guards" were created. The Cossacks were allowed to settle only in the regions of Cherkasy, Chigirin, Korsun and to the southeast of them in the border towns and villages.

The colonels with their regiments were obliged to alternately carry out guard service in Zaporozhye in order to prevent the Cossacks from arbitrarily organizing campaigns against the Tatars and Turks. And in order to prevent the replenishment of Zaporozhye by fugitives from the "volost", the Kodak Fortress was rebuilt and equipped with a strong Polish garrison.

The Polish government hoped that with the implementation of the points of the “Ordination”, calm would finally come in Ukraine-Rus and the prerequisites would be created for its final enslavement, as had long ago been done in the “Russian Voivodeship”, as the Poles called Galicia.

However, they miscalculated. The people in the Dnieper Ukraine, both on the right and on the left bank, did not give up so easily.

Ostryanica Uprising

Immediately after the announcement of the “ordination”, a new wave of uprisings broke out. First, the Cossacks and the “scribes” (non-registered Cossacks) who gathered there defeated and put to flight the Polish army under the command of Mieletsky, sent to “put things in order” in Zaporozhye.

Following that, the Zaporizhzhya hetman Yakov Ostryanin, together with Skidan, one of the leaders of the uprising of 1637 (Pavlyuk), who managed to escape, raised a new Cossack-peasant uprising. In the spring of 1638, Ostryanin and Skidan sent letters throughout Ukraine calling on the people to revolt. At the same time, an embassy was sent to the Don in the hope that it would be possible to agree with the Don Cossacks on joint actions against Poland.

The people responded to Ostryanin's call and began to flock to his banner. Ostryanin quickly occupied Kremenchug, Khorol and pitched his camp at the confluence of the Goltva and Psiol. The Poles - Potocki's troops - tried on May 1, 1638 to take Goltva, but suffered a terrible defeat and were forced to retreat to Lubny to join other Polish detachments. Ostryanin, not waiting for the arrival of reinforcements from the Don Cossacks and Cossacks, as well as replenishment from the rebellious peasants, rushed after Pototsky, hoping to catch up with him and finish him off. But Pototsky managed to connect with his reinforcements near Lubny and, after an unsuccessful battle for the rebels, Ostryanin was forced to retreat along the course of the Sula River to the town of Zhovnin (not far from the confluence of the Sula into the Dnieper). Reinforced by the arriving reinforcements, the Polish army broke into the Cossack camp on June 3, 1638 and a fierce battle began. Considering the battle lost, Ostranin with a detachment of Cossacks rushed north to the Moscow border, which he successfully reached and the Russian government accepted him and settled him in Sloboda Ukraine near the city of Chuguev.

Dimitry Gunya

The Poles, thinking that the main forces of the rebels were leaving with Ostryanin, chased after him, which made it possible for the rebels who remained in Zhovnina to go and resume the fight. They chose Dimitry Gunya, a talented and courageous commander, as their hetman. Gunya, given the difficult position of the rebels, tried to negotiate with Potocki, but Potocki's demands turned out to be unacceptable to the rebels and the struggle continued. With a skillful maneuver, Huna managed to transport his army through the Sula and take advantageous positions at the mouth of the Starets River (south of the Sula). The Poles tried to take the Cossack camp, but were repulsed, having suffered heavy losses. Then the siege of the camp began. Pototsky ravaged all the villages and farms around, hoping to starve the Cossacks so that they could not get the necessary food from anywhere. The rebels withstood the siege for almost two months, but their strength began to weaken and capitulation moods appeared.

Not expecting an impending general catastrophe, Gunya with a detachment of implacable Cossacks broke through the ring of siege and left for the Muscovite state, leaving the capitulators to their own fate. This time the Poles, contrary to custom, treated the capitulating Cossacks relatively mercifully. They limited themselves to the execution of several minor leaders, and all the rest, after taking an oath of allegiance to the king, were sent home. The main leaders of the uprising - Ostryanin and Gunya were out of reach.

After the completion of operations with the rebels, Pototsky convened a Cossack council in Kyiv, which unconditionally recognized the "Ordination" and chose an embassy to the Polish king, which was supposed to welcome the king, express loyalty to him and ask him to keep their lands for the Cossacks and appoint a salary. One of the four members of this embassy was centurion Bogdan Khmelnitsky, the future Great Hetman.

Soon after, a register of 6,000 Cossacks was drawn up at the second Cossack council in Maslovy Stav, commissioners appointed by the king, colonels, captains were appointed, and persons designated by the Cossacks for the positions of centurions and atamans. Bohdan Khmelnitsky was among the persons scheduled to become centurions, who received the Chigirin hundred.

"Ordination" has become an accomplished fact. 6,000 registrars, who fell into a privileged position and became, as it were, a “half-gentry”, definitely and unambiguously took the side of the Polish government in its dispute with the people of Ukraine-Rus.

The organized center of popular resistance to the Polish-Catholic aggression, which was for half a century the registered Cossacks, disappeared, despite the compromising mood of its part, mainly the top. The people were beheaded, especially since they did not find defenders against cruel social oppression in the higher clergy, headed by Peter Mohyla.

The decade has come, which the Poles proudly call the time of “golden rest”. For the Poles and the social elite who collaborated with them, these were indeed years of peace. No riots, no uprisings, not even protests in one form or another. But for the people it was probably the blackest decade (1638-48) in its previous and subsequent history. This decade, which was not only the decade of the greatest oppression and oppression, but also the decade of the accumulation of popular anger and popular strength - preparation for the liberation struggle - should be considered in more detail.

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