Soil scientist Glinka short biography. Life and scientific activity of Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka

Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka(June 23 (July 5), 1867, the village of Koptevo, Dukhovshchinsky district, Smolensk province (now Dukhovshchinsky district, Smolensk region) - November 2, 1927, Leningrad) - Russian and Soviet professor, geologist and soil scientist, organizer of science, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1927 ).

Biography

He was born on July 5, 1867 (according to the new style), according to other sources: July 23 (August 5, according to the new style), or August 1 (according to the old style), in the village of Koptevo, Smolensk province.

Education

In 1876-1885. studied at the Smolensk classical gymnasium.

In 1885 he entered the Natural Department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University. In 1889 he graduated from the University with a diploma of the 1st degree. At the request of V. V. Dokuchaev, he was left at the Department of Mineralogy to prepare for a professorship. In 1890 he was appointed curator of the mineralogical cabinet at the University.

PhD - 1896, Moscow University: "Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering."
Doctoral - 1909, Moscow University: "Research in the field of weathering processes."

In 1889-1906. was in the reserve of the army infantry. Dismissed for reaching the mandatory term in the reserve.

Scientific work

Geological and soil research began at the University under the guidance of VV Dokuchaev. Participated in his Poltava (1889-1890) and in the expedition of the Forest Department (1892). He organized research in Smolensk, Novgorod (early 1890s), Pskov (1898-1899) and Voronezh (1899, 1913) provinces.

In 1906-1910. K. D. Glinka directs soil and geological research on the evaluation of the lands of the Poltava, Tver, Smolensk, Novgorod, Kaluga, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Simbirsk provinces. In 1908-1914. headed soil research in Asiatic Russia and participated in expeditions of the Resettlement Administration of the Ministry of Agriculture in connection with the Stolypin agrarian reform.

In 1909, he took part in the organization of the I International Agrogeological Conference in Budapest.

In 1912, K. D. Glinka transformed the Soil Commission of the Free Economic Society into the Dokuchaev Soil Committee.

He continued the development of the Dokuchaev school of soil science. He had students not only in Russia, but also in Hungary, Germany and Finland.

Teaching work

Since 1890, he conducted practical classes with students of the 1st and 2nd courses in crystallography and crystal optics.

In 1894, K. D. Glinka, on the recommendation of V. V. Dokuchaev, was appointed a staff assistant at the Novoaleksandria Institute of Agriculture and Forestry as an assistant in the departments of mineralogy and geology. On June 13, 1897, he was appointed associate professor of mineralogy and geology, and from 1899 he began to lecture on soil science. In 1900 he became a professor of geology, and since 1901 - a professor of soil science. In 1901, he headed the Department of Soil Science. For long service in 1908 he was appointed chairman of the professorial disciplinary court.

In 1911, he retired and moved to St. Petersburg, where he opened a privat-docent course in soil science at the University. In 1912 he was elected professor at the Higher Women's Courses, where he lectured on soil science.

In 1913-1917. founded and headed the Voronezh Agricultural Institute.

In 1922 he was appointed rector and organizer of the Petrograd (later Leningrad) Agricultural Institute and professor of soil science. In 1923 he was the head and professor of the State Institute of Experimental Agronomy.

Work at the Academy of Sciences

On January 2, 1926, K. D. Glinka was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences - Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (in the physical category). On April 2, 1927, K. D. Glinka was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (Soil Science). He became the first soil scientist elected to the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

GLINKA KONSTANTIN DMITRIEVICH

Glinka, Konstantin Dmitrievich - soil scientist and geologist (born in 1867). He graduated from the course at St. Petersburg University. He was a professor of soil science at the Novo-Alexandria Institute of Agriculture and Forestry. Since 1908, he was in charge of soil research in Asiatic Russia, organized by the resettlement departments, and was the editor of the Proceedings of Soil Expeditions in Asiatic Russia. The most important works: "On the Question of Forest Soils" ("Materials for the Study of Russian Soils", issue V, 1889); "Steppe afforestation in connection with the question of the reasons for the settlement of the Russian steppes with predominantly herbaceous vegetation" ("Materials for the Study of Russian Soils", issue VII, 1893); "On a new twin fusion in gypsum" ("Proceedings of the St. Petersburg Society of Natural History", 1894); "New deposit of pyromorphite" (ib., 1895); "Analcim from the outskirts of Baku" ("Proceedings of the Warsaw Society of Natural History", 1895); "Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering" (1896, master's thesis); "Zur Frage uber die Aluminiumsilicate und Thone" ("Zeitschr. f. Kryst.", 1899, vol. 32); "Research in the field of weathering processes" (1906); "Soil Science" (1908); "Brief summary of data on the soils of the Far East" (1909); "On the Question of the Soils of Turkestan" (1910); "On the so-called burozems" (1910); "On the difference between podzolic and marsh types of weathering" (1911).

Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012

Biography

Family of K. D. Glinka:

Education

In 1876-1885. studied at the Smolensk classical gymnasium. In 1885 he entered the Natural Department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University. In 1889 he graduated from the University with a diploma of the 1st degree. At the request of V. V. Dokuchaev, he was left at the Department of Mineralogy to prepare for a professorship. In 1890 he was appointed curator of the mineralogical cabinet at the University.

Dissertations

PhD - 1896, Moscow University: "Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering."
Doctoral - 1909, Moscow University: "Research in the field of weathering processes."

In 1889 - 1906. was in the reserve of the army infantry. Dismissed for reaching the mandatory term in the reserve.

Scientific work

In 1906-1910. K. D. Glinka directs soil and geological research on the evaluation of the lands of the Poltava, Tver, Smolensk, Novgorod, Kaluga, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Simbirsk provinces.

In 1908-1914. headed the soil research of Asiatic Russia and participated in the expeditions of the Resettlement Administration of the Ministry of Agriculture in connection with the Stolypin agrarian reform.

In 1913-1917. founded and led

Organizational activity

Participated in the organization of international conferences:

1909 - I International Agrogeological Conference in Budapest.
1927 - I International Congress of Soil Scientists in Washington.

Awards

Ranks and titles

1891 - Collegiate secretary with seniority, according to the University diploma of the 1st degree.
1894 - Titular Councilor with seniority, for long service.
1897 - Master of mineralogy and geology, in rank.
1897 - Associate Professor
1898 - Collegiate assessor with seniority, for long service.
1900 - Professor of the Novo-Alexandria Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Mineralogy and Geology.
1909 - State Councilor with seniority

Membership in organizations

Member of the Soil Commission at the Imperial Free Economic Society since 1889.
Member of the St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists since 1892.
Honorary Member of the International Society of Soil Scientists, State Institute of Experimental Agronomy
Member of the Library Commission of the Institute (1899), Chairman of the Commission since 1900
Member of the Moscow Soil Committee
Member of the Agronomic Society at the Leningrad Agricultural Institute
Member of the Hungarian Geological Society
Full member of the Russian Geographical Society
International magazine editor Internat Mitteluns fur Boden from the first year of its publication

Family

Memory

In the USSR, the name of K. D. Glinka was assigned, where he was rector in 1913-1917 and 1921-1922 (In 2011 it was renamed)
A street in the Levoberezhny district of the city of Voronezh was named after K. D. Glinka
In 1990, a monument was unveiled near the Voronezh State Agrarian University.

Bibliography

K. D. Glinka from 1889 to 1927 wrote about 100 scientific papers on soil science, mineralogy and geology in Russian, German, French and Italian.

Glinka K. D. On the issue of forest soils. St. Petersburg: type. t-va Societies. benefit. 1889. 20 p.
Glinka K. D. About forest soils. St. Petersburg: type. t-va Societies. benefit. 1889. , 109 p. (Materials on the study of Russian soils; Issue 5).
Glinka K. D. Romensky district. St. Petersburg: ed. Poltava. lips. Zemstvo, 1891. 75 p. (Materials for the assessment of the lands of the Poltava province: Report to the Poltava provincial zemstvo; Issue 4).
Glinka K. D. Lokhvitsky district. St. Petersburg: ed. Poltava. lips. Zemstvo, 1892. 66 p. (Materials for the assessment of the lands of the Poltava province. Natural-historical part: Report to the Poltava provincial zemstvo; Issue 12).
Glinka K. D., Sibirtsev N. M., Ototsky P. V. Khrenovsky area. St. Petersburg: ed. Ministry of agriculture and state. property, 1894. 124 p. (Proceedings of the expedition equipped by the Forest Department under the leadership of Professor Dokuchaev: Report to the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property; Issue 1).
Agafonov V. K., Adamov N. P. Bogushevsky S. K., Vernadsky V. I., Glinka K. D. and others. Soil map of the Poltava province. Scale 1:420,000. St. Petersburg: ed. Poltava. lips. zemstvos. 1894. 1 sheet. (Materials for the assessment of the lands of the Poltava province. Natural-historical part: Report to the Poltava provincial zemstvo; Issue 16).
Glinka K. D. Geology: Course of lectures. Warsaw: type. Warsaw. textbook okr., 1896.
Glinka K. D. Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering. St. Petersburg: type. E. Evdokimova, 1896. , 128, p. : tab.
Glinka K. D. Preliminary report on soil-geological studies in the Novorzhevsky and Velikolutsky districts of the Pskov province. Pskov: ed. Pskov. lips. Zemstvo, 1897. 20 p.
Glinka K. D. The most important features in the history of the development of the globe and its inhabitants. Warsaw: type. Warsaw. textbook Okr., 1898. 41 p.
Glinka K. D., Klepinin N. N., Fedorovskiy S. L. Novorzhevsky district. Pskov: ed. Pskov. lips. zemstvo, 1899. , 103 p. (Materials for the assessment of the lands of the Pskov province. Natural and historical part: Report to the Pskov province zemstvo).
Glinka K.D. Zur Frage über Aluminium-Hydrosilicate und Thone // Z. Kryst., Mineral. 1899. Bd. 32. S. 79-81.
Glinka K. D. Fedorovsky S. L. Geological structure and soil of the Valdai district. Novgorod: ed. Novgorod. Zemstvo, 1900. 86 p.
Barakov P. F., Glinka K. D., Bogoslovsky N. A. and others. N. M. Sibirtsev, his life and work // Soil Science. 1900. V. 2. No. 4. S. 243-281. ; Dep. ed. St. Petersburg: type. Herold, 1901. 40 p. : port.
Glinka K. D. Preliminary report to the Smolensk provincial zemstvo on the soil-geological studies of the Vyazemsky and Sychevsky counties. Smolensk: ed. Smolensk. lips. Zemstvo, 1900. S. 27 p.
Kolokolov M. F., Glinka K. D. Vyazemsky district. Smolensk: ed. Smolensk. lips. zemstvo, 1901. , 107 p. (Materials for assessing the lands of the Smolensk province: Natural-ist. part; Vol. 1)
Glinka K. D. soil formation; Soil coloring; Organisms in the soil; Organic constituent of the soil; Ortstein; Soil absorption capacity; Soil and subsoil; soil science; Soils: swampy, lateritic, humus-carbonate, floodplain, skeletal, dry steppes (semi-deserts) and deserts, gray forest and tundra; soil permeability; Soil connectivity; Condensation of soil water vapor; Soil porosity; Salt licks // Complete encyclopedia of Russian agriculture: In 12 volumes. St. Petersburg: ed. A. F. Devrien. 1901-1905. T. 5-9.
Glinka K. D. Several pages from the history of theoretical soil science // Soil Science. 1902. V. 4. No. 2. S. 117-152.
Glinka K. D. The subject and tasks of soil science (pedology) // Soil Science. 1902. V. 4. No. 1. S. 1-16.
Glinka K. D. Laterites and krasnozems of tropical and subtropical latitudes and related soils of temperate latitudes // Eurasian Soil Sci. 1903. V. 5. No. 3. S. 235-264.
Glinka K. D. Research in the field of weathering processes: At 2 pm // Soil Science. 1904-1905: Part 1. Weathering in Chakva near Batum. 1904. V. 6. No. 4. S. 294-322; Part 2. . 1905. Vol. 7. No. 1. C. 35-62.
Glinka K. D., Sonda A. A. Sychevsky district. Smolensk: ed. Smolensk. lips. Zemstvo, 1904. 90 p. (Materials for assessing the lands of the Smolensk province: Natural-ist. part. T. 2; Issue 1.)
Glinka K. D., Kolokolov M. F. Gzhatsky district. Smolensk: ed. Smolensk. lips. Zemstvo, 1906. 56 p. (Materials for assessing the lands of the Smolensk province: Natural and historical part; Vol. 3)
Glinka K. D. Research in the field of weathering processes. SPb., 1906. 179 p. (Proceedings of St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists; T. 34. Issue 5. Department of Geol. and Mineral.).
Glinka K.D. Untersuchungen im Gebiet der Verwitterimgsprozesse. St.-Pb.: Merkushev, 1906. , 178 p.
Glinka K. D. Soil science. St. Petersburg: ed. A. F. Devriena, 1908. XI, 596 p.; Pg., 1915. XIX, 708 p. ; M.: "New Village", 1927. 580 p. ; 4th ed. M.; L.: Selkolkhozgiz, 1931. 612 p.; 1932. 602 p. ; 6th ed. 1935. 631 p.
Glinka K. D., Abutkova L. V., Bessonova A. I. and others. Preliminary report on the organization and execution of work on the study of soils in Asian Russia. St. Petersburg: ed. Resettlement upr., 1908. 82 p.
Rudnitsky V. E., Glinka K. D. Soil-geological sketch of the Krestetsky district. Novgorod: type. M. O. Selivanova, 1908. , 54, 79 p.
Glinka K. D. Schematic soil map of the globe. Scale 1:50 000 000 // Yearbook on geology and mineralogy of Russia. 1908. Vol. 10: incl. l.
Glinka K. D. On the classification of Turkestan soils // Eurasian Soil Science. 1909. No. 4. S. 255-318. Dep. ed. Yuriev: type. K. Mattisena, 1909. 64 p.
Glinka K. D. Brief summary of data on soils of the Far East. St. Petersburg: type. Yu. N. Erlikh, 1910. , 81 p.
Glinka K. D. The latest trends in soil science // Soil Science. 1910. No. 1. S. 1-25.
Glinka K. D. On the question of the difference between podzolic and bog type weathering. Soil science. 1911. No. 2. S. 1-13.
Glinka K.D. Die Verwitterungsprozesse und Böden in der Umgebung des Kurortes Bikszád // Földtani Közlöny. 1911. Bd. 41. S. 675-684.
Glinka K. D. Geographical results of soil research in Asiatic Russia // Eurasian Soil Science. 1912. No. 1. S. 43-63.
Glinka K. D. Dukhovishchensky district. Smolensk: ed. Smolensk. lips. Zemstvo, 1912. Vol. 5. 90 p. Map. (Materials for assessing the lands of the Smolensk province: Natural-ist. part; T. 5)
Glinka K. D. Natural-historical characteristics of a part of the Kirghiz region: The area of the railway. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the Moscow Railways, 1912. 57 p.
Glinka K. D., Fedchenko B. A. Brief description of the soil and plant zones of Asian Russia: Explanations to the schematic soil and botanical-geographical map of Asian Russia. St. Petersburg: type. F. Weisberg and P. Gershunin, 1912. 35 p.
Glinka K. D. On the disturbance of the general zonality of Eurasian soils in Western Transbaikalia and the Yakutsk Region, Eurasian Soil Sci. 1912. No. 4. S. 60-68.
Porkhovsky district. Pskov: ed. Pskov. lips. Zemstvo, 1912. 53 p. (Pskov province: Summary of data from an estimated statistical study. V. 8; Issue 1)
Glinka K. D., Vikhman D. N., Tikheeva L. V. Pskov district. Pskov: ed. Pskov. lips. Zemstvo, 1912. 68 p. (Pskov province: Summary of data from an estimated statistical study. Vol. 7; Issue 1)
Glinka K. D. To the question of the establishment of the soil department of the Voronezh Regional Agricultural Station. St. Petersburg: ed. Voronezh. lips. zemstvos. 1913. 12 p.
Glinka K. D.. St. Petersburg: type. Yu. N. Erlikh, 1913. , 132 p.; 2nd ed. M.: "New Village", 1923. 122 p.
Glinka K. D., Pankov A. M., Malyarevsky K. F. Soils of the Voronezh province / Ed. K. D. Glinka. St. Petersburg: ed. Voronezh: lips. Zemstvo, 1913. 61 p. (Materials on the natural-historical study of the Voronezh province. Book 1.)
Glinka K. D. Preliminary report on the organization and execution of work on the study of the soils of Asiatic Russia in 1912. St. Petersburg: ed. Resettlement upr., 1913. 479 p.
Glinka K. D.// Atlas of Asian Russia. St. Petersburg: ed. Resettlement upr., 1914. S. 36-37.
Glinka K. D. Soil zones of Asiatic Russia. Voronezh: Voronezh. lips. Zemstvo, 1914. 62 p.
Glinka K.D. Die Typen der Bodenbildung, ihre Klassifikation und geographische Verbreitung. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger, 1914. 365 S.
Glinka K. D. Liming the soil in connection with the application of fertilizers. M.: B.I., 1919. 178 p.
Glinka K. D. Kaolin clays of the Voronezh province. Voronezh: ed. Voronezh. Gubzemotdel, 1919. 34 p.
Glinka K. D. Geology and soils of the Voronezh province. Voronezh: B.I., 1921. 60 p. (Voronezh Provincial Economic Conference; Issue 4) ; 2nd ed. 1924. 60 p.
Glinka K. D. A short course in clay science: a manual for students of the ceramic department of the Voronezh State Technical School. Voronezh: B.I., 1921. 80 p.
Glinka K. D.. M.: Publishing House of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture "New Village", 1922. 77 p. ; 3rd ed. L.: LSHI, 1925. 79 p.
Glinka K. D. Soils. M.; Pg.: Gosizdat. 1923. 94 p.
Glinka K. D. Soils of the Kyrgyz Republic. Orenburg: Rus.-Kyrgyz. type. Kirgosizdat, 1923. 85 p.; 2nd ed. M.; L.: Gosizdat, 1929. 85 p.
Glinka K. D.. M.; Pg.: Gosizdat, 1923. 348 p.
Glinka K. D. The current state of soil science in Russia, its shortcomings and needs // Priroda. 1923. No. 1/6. Stlb. 12-19.
Glinka K.D. Différents types d'apres lesquels se forment les sols et la classification de ces derniers // Com. int. pedologie. 1923 Com. 4. No. 20. P. 271-282.
Glinka K. D. Degradation and podzolic process // Eurasian Soil Science. 1924. No. 3/4. pp. 29-40.
Glinka K. D. L.: Cultural and enlightening. work. Comrade "Education", 1924. 79 p.
Glinka K.D. Die Degradation und der podsolige Prozess // Int. Mittl. Bodenkunde. 1924. Bd. 14. H. 2. S. 40-49
Glinka K.D. Divers types de formation des sols et la classification de ces derniers // Rev. rensign. agricoles. 1924 Vol. 2. N 1. P. 1-13.
Glinka K. D.. M.: "New Village", 1926. 74 p.
Glinka K.D. The great soil groups of the world and their development. Michigan: Edwards Bros. 1927. 235 p.
Glinka K.D. Allgemeine Bodenkarte Europas. Danzig, 1927. 28 S.
Glinka K. D. Mineralogy, genesis and geography of soils: [Sat. works]. M.: Nauka, 1978. 279 p.

Literature about K. D. Glinka

Berg L. S. Glinka as a geographer // Tr. Soil in-ta im. V. V. Dokuchaev, 1930. Issue. 3/4. pp. 29-30.
Vernadsky V.I.// Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Ser. 6. 1927. Vol. 21. No. 18. S. 1529-1536.
Zavalishin A. A., Dolotov V. A. In memory of Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka // Soil Science. 1942. No. 9. S. 117-120.
Zakharov S. A. Scientific activity of acad. K. D. Glinka // Tr. Kuban agricultural in-ta, 1929. V. 6. S. 1-12.
Zonn S.V. Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka. Moscow: Nauka, 1993. . 127 p.
Karpinsky A. P., Levinson-Lessing F. Yu.// Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Ser. 6. 1926. V. 20. No. 18. Retrieved. from the duct. S. 1683-1685.
Kovalevsky V.I. A few words in memory of K. D. Glinka // Tr. Soil in-ta im. V. V. Dokuchaev, 1930. Issue. 3/4. pp. 26-28.
Keller B. A. Academician K. D. Glinka as a person and researcher // Zap. Voronezh. s.-x. in-ta. 1928. No. 11. S. 7-11.
Krupenikov I. A. The role of K. D. Glinka in the development of soil science in the 20th century: (To the 120th anniversary of his birth) // Eurasian Soil Science. 1987. No. 12. S. 5-14.
Levinson-Lessing F. Yu. K. D. Glinka // Tr. Soil in-ta im. V. V. Dokuchaev, 1930. Issue. 3/4. pp. 3-18.
Levirovskiy Yu. A. Creative way of Academician K. D. Glinka // Soil Science. 1948. No. 6. S. 381-394;
Levirovskiy Yu. A. The creative path of K. D. Glinka // Ibid. 1968. No. 5. S. 7-16;
Levirovskiy Yu. A. Academician K. D. Glinka’s career // Mineralogy, genesis and geography of soils. M.: Nauka, 1978. S. 7-15.
Neustruev S. S. Ideas of academician K. D. Glinka on the genesis and classification of soils // Tr. Soil in-ta im. V. V. Dokuchaev, 1930. Issue. 3/4. pp. 32-45.
Organization of soil research // Organization of science in the first years of Soviet power (1917-1925). L.: Science. 1968. S. 186-189.
In memory of K. D. Glinka [Sat. Linen. s.-x. in-ta]. Leningrad: Selkhozgiz, 1928. 224 p.
Plaksin V.N. Life and scientific activity of Academician K. D. Glinka in the historical and social dimension // Vestn. Voronezh. state agricultural university. 2012 No. 3 (34). pp. 132-138.
Polynov B. B. Academician Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka: [Obituary] // Nature. 1927. No. 12. Stlb. 935-942.
Polynov B. B. Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka: On the occasion of the 35th anniversary of scientific and pedagogical activity // Zap. Leningrad. s.-x. in-ta. 1925. Vol. 2.
Polynov B. B. Works of K. D. Glinka in the field of studying the processes of weathering of minerals // Tr. Soil in-ta im. V. V. Dokuchaev, 1930. Issue. 3/4. pp. 19-25.
Prasolov L.I. In memory of K. D. Glinka // Izv. State. Institute of Experimental Agronomy. 1927. V. 5. S. 396-398.
Prasolov L.I. KD Glinka in Asian soil expeditions and in the Dokuchaev Committee // Ibid. pp. 46-50.
Prasolov L.I. World soil map of K. D. Glinka // Priroda. 1928. No. 6. Stlb. 573-579.
Prokhorov N.I. Pages of memories of K. D. Glinka // Tr. Soil in-ta im. V. V. Dokuchaev, 1930. Issue. 3/4. pp. 51-57.
Rode A. A. Dokuchaev soil science at the Academy of Sciences in the 20-30s // Priroda. 1974. No. 5. S. 59-67.
Sedletsky I.D. New days in soil science: [In memory of K. D. Glinka] // Priroda. 1938. No. 5. S. 19-22.
Shkolnik G.A. The first academician-soil scientist K. D. Glinka // Our countrymen-naturalists. Smolensk: book. publishing house, 1963. S. 69-81.
Yarilov A. A. Legacy of V. V. Dokuchaev // Soil Science. 1939. No. 3. S. 7-19.
Russell E. J. Prof. K. D. Glinka: [Obituary] // Nature. 1927 Vol. 120. No. 3033. P. 887-888.

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Notes

Academician K.D. Glinka. History reference, .
The inscription on the monument on the grave of K.D. Glinka.
Certificate of the New Alexandria Institute of Agriculture dated December 31, 1911
Zonn S.V. Stages of the lived; The main dates of the life and work of Konsantin Dmitrievich Glinka // Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka. M.: Nauka, 1993. S. 11; 110.
Glinka Konstantin Dmitrievich. Great Russian Encyclopedia. M.: Publishing House Bolshaya Ross. encycle. T. 7. S. 233.
Zavalishin A. A., Dolgotov V. A. In memory of Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka // Soil science, 1942. No. 9. P. 117-120.
Zonn S.V. App. 3: Certificate of the Novo-Alexandria Institute of Agriculture dated December 31, 1911 // Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka. M.: Nauka, 1993. S. 120-125.
// Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 4 volumes - St. Petersburg. , 1907-1909.
Zonn S.V. Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka. M.: Nauka, 1993. , 127 p.
Characteristics of K. D. Glinka, compiled by V. V. Dokuchaev for submission to the Novo-Alexandria Institute of Agriculture and Forestry. May 6, 1894 Zonn S.V. Appendix 2 // Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka. M.: Nauka, 1993. S. 120.
K. D. Glinka. Curriculum vitae prof. K. D. Glinka // Archive of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. LO. F. N. Op. 4. D. 728. (according to Zonn S.V. Applications // Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka. M.: Nauka, 1993. S. 118-119.)
lung cancer from smoking
Levinson-Lessing F. Yu. K. D. Glinka // Proceedings of the Soil Institute. V. V. Dokuchaev. 1930. Issue. 3/4. pp. 3-18.
Information system GGM "", 2014.

An excerpt characterizing Glinka, Konstantin Dmitrievich

Qui eut le triple talent,
De boire, de battre,
Et d "etre un vert galant ...
[Having a triple talent,
drink, fight
and be kind...]
- But it's also difficult. Well, well, Zaletaev! ..
“Kyu…” Zaletaev said with an effort. “Kyu yu yu…” he drew out, diligently protruding his lips, “letriptala, de bu de ba and detravagala,” he sang.
- Oh, it's important! That's so guardian! oh… ho ho ho! “Well, do you still want to eat?”
- Give him some porridge; after all, it will not soon eat up from hunger.
Again he was given porridge; and Morel, chuckling, set to work on the third bowler hat. Joyful smiles stood on all the faces of the young soldiers who looked at Morel. The old soldiers, who considered it indecent to engage in such trifles, lay on the other side of the fire, but occasionally, rising on their elbows, looked at Morel with a smile.
“People too,” said one of them, dodging in his overcoat. - And the wormwood grows on its root.
– Oo! Lord, Lord! How stellar, passion! To frost ... - And everything calmed down.
The stars, as if knowing that now no one would see them, played out in the black sky. Now flashing, now fading, now shuddering, they busily whispered among themselves about something joyful, but mysterious.

X
The French troops were gradually melting away in a mathematically correct progression. And that crossing over the Berezina, about which so much has been written, was only one of the intermediate steps in the destruction of the French army, and not at all the decisive episode of the campaign. If so much has been written and written about the Berezina, then on the part of the French this happened only because on the Berezinsky broken bridge, the disasters that the French army had previously suffered evenly, suddenly grouped here at one moment and into one tragic spectacle that everyone remembered. On the part of the Russians, they talked and wrote so much about the Berezina only because far from the theater of war, in St. Petersburg, a plan was drawn up (by Pfuel) to capture Napoleon in a strategic trap on the Berezina River. Everyone was convinced that everything would actually be exactly as planned, and therefore they insisted that it was the Berezinsky crossing that killed the French. In essence, the results of the Berezinsky crossing were much less disastrous for the French in the loss of guns and prisoners than the Red, as the figures show.
The only significance of the Berezina crossing lies in the fact that this crossing obviously and undoubtedly proved the falsity of all plans for cutting off and the validity of the only possible course of action required by both Kutuzov and all the troops (mass) - only following the enemy. The crowd of Frenchmen ran with an ever-increasing force of speed, with all their energy directed towards the goal. She ran like a wounded animal, and it was impossible for her to stand on the road. This was proved not so much by the arrangement of the crossing as by the movement on the bridges. When the bridges were broken through, unarmed soldiers, Muscovites, women with children, who were in the French convoy - everything, under the influence of inertia, did not give up, but ran forward into the boats, into the frozen water.
This endeavor was reasonable. The position of both the fleeing and the pursuing was equally bad. Staying with his own, each in distress hoped for the help of a comrade, for a certain place he occupied among his own. Having given himself over to the Russians, he was in the same position of distress, but he was placed on a lower level in the section of satisfying the needs of life. The French did not need to have correct information that half of the prisoners, with whom they did not know what to do, despite all the desire of the Russians to save them, were dying of cold and hunger; they felt that it could not be otherwise. The most compassionate Russian commanders and hunters of the French, the French in the Russian service could not do anything for the prisoners. The French were ruined by the disaster in which the Russian army was. It was impossible to take away bread and clothes from hungry, necessary soldiers, in order to give them not to harmful, not hated, not guilty, but simply unnecessary Frenchmen. Some did; but that was the only exception.
Behind was certain death; there was hope ahead. The ships were burned; there was no other salvation but a collective flight, and all the forces of the French were directed to this collective flight.
The farther the French fled, the more miserable their remnants were, especially after the Berezina, on which, as a result of the St. Petersburg plan, special hopes were placed, the more passions of the Russian commanders flared up, blaming each other and especially Kutuzov. Believing that the failure of the Berezinsky Petersburg plan would be attributed to him, dissatisfaction with him, contempt for him and teasing him were expressed more and more strongly. Joking and contempt, of course, was expressed in a respectful form, in a form in which Kutuzov could not even ask what and for what he was accused. He was not spoken seriously; reporting to him and asking his permission, they pretended to perform a sad ceremony, and behind his back they winked and tried to deceive him at every step.
All these people, precisely because they could not understand him, it was recognized that there was nothing to talk about with the old man; that he would never understand the full depth of their plans; that he would answer his phrases (it seemed to them that these were only phrases) about the golden bridge, that it was impossible to come abroad with a crowd of vagabonds, etc. They had already heard all this from him. And everything he said: for example, that you have to wait for provisions, that people are without boots, it was all so simple, and everything they offered was so complicated and clever that it was obvious to them that he was stupid and old, but they were not powerful, brilliant commanders.
Especially after the unification of the armies of the brilliant admiral and the hero of St. Petersburg Wittgenstein, this mood and staff gossip reached its highest limits. Kutuzov saw this and, sighing, shrugged his shoulders. Only once, after the Berezina, did he get angry and write to Bennigsen, who delivered the following letter to the sovereign separately:
“Due to your painful seizures, if you please, Your Excellency, upon receipt of this, go to Kaluga, where you await further command and appointment from His Imperial Majesty.”
But after Benigsen's departure, the Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich came to the army, who made the beginning of the campaign and was removed from the army by Kutuzov. Now the Grand Duke, having arrived at the army, informed Kutuzov about the displeasure of the Emperor for the weak successes of our troops and for the slowness of movement. The Sovereign Emperor himself intended to come to the army the other day.
An old man, just as experienced in court affairs as in military affairs, that Kutuzov, who in August of that year was chosen commander-in-chief against the will of the sovereign, the one who removed the heir and the Grand Duke from the army, the one who, by his power, in opposition to the will of the sovereign, ordered the abandonment of Moscow, this Kutuzov now immediately realized that his time was over, that his role had been played and that he no longer had this imaginary power. And it was not just from court relations that he realized this. On the one hand, he saw that the military business, the one in which he played his role, was over, and he felt that his calling had been fulfilled. On the other hand, at the same time he began to feel physical weariness in his old body and the need for physical rest.
On November 29, Kutuzov entered Vilna - his good Vilna, as he said. Twice in his service, Kutuzov was governor in Vilna. In the rich surviving Vilna, in addition to the comforts of life, which he had been deprived of for so long, Kutuzov found old friends and memories. And he, suddenly turning away from all military and government concerns, plunged into an even, familiar life as much as he was given rest by the passions that boiled around him, as if everything that was happening now and about to happen in the historical world did not concern him at all.
Chichagov, one of the most passionate cutters and overturners, Chichagov, who wanted to first make a diversion to Greece, and then to Warsaw, but did not want to go where he was ordered, Chichagov, known for his bold speech with the sovereign, Chichagov, who considered Kutuzov blessed by himself, because when he was sent in the 11th year to conclude peace with Turkey, in addition to Kutuzov, he, convinced that peace had already been concluded, admitted to the sovereign that the merit of making peace belongs to Kutuzov; this Chichagov was the first to meet Kutuzov in Vilna at the castle where Kutuzov was supposed to stay. Chichagov in a naval uniform, with a dagger, holding his cap under his arm, gave Kutuzov a drill report and the keys to the city. That contemptuous respectful attitude of young people towards the old man who had gone out of his mind was expressed to the highest degree in the entire appeal of Chichagov, who already knew the accusations leveled against Kutuzov.
Speaking with Chichagov, Kutuzov, among other things, told him that the carriages with dishes he had recaptured from him in Borisov were intact and would be returned to him.
- C "est pour me dire que je n" ai pas sur quoi manger ... Je puis au contraire vous fournir de tout dans le cas meme ou vous voudriez donner des diners, [You want to tell me that I have nothing to eat. On the contrary, I can serve you all, even if you wanted to give dinners.] - flaring up, said Chichagov, who wanted to prove his case with every word and therefore assumed that Kutuzov was also preoccupied with this. Kutuzov smiled with his thin, penetrating smile and, shrugging his shoulders, answered: - Ce n "est que pour vous dire ce que je vous dis. [I only want to say what I say.]
In Vilna, Kutuzov, contrary to the will of the sovereign, stopped most of the troops. Kutuzov, as his close associates said, unusually sank and physically weakened during his stay in Vilna. He reluctantly took care of the affairs of the army, leaving everything to his generals and, while waiting for the sovereign, indulged in a dispersed life.
Having left with his retinue - Count Tolstoy, Prince Volkonsky, Arakcheev and others, on December 7 from Petersburg, the sovereign arrived in Vilna on December 11 and drove straight to the castle in a road sleigh. At the castle, despite the severe frost, there were about a hundred generals and staff officers in full dress uniform and an honor guard of the Semenovsky regiment.
The courier, who galloped to the castle on a sweaty troika, ahead of the sovereign, shouted: "He's on his way!" Konovnitsyn rushed into the hall to report to Kutuzov, who was waiting in a small Swiss room.
A minute later, a fat, large figure of an old man, in full dress uniform, with all the regalia covering his chest, and his belly pulled up by a scarf, swaying, came out onto the porch. Kutuzov put on his hat along the front, took gloves in his hands and sideways, stepping with difficulty down the steps, stepped down from them and took in his hand the report prepared for submission to the sovereign.
Running, whispering, the troika still desperately flying by, and all eyes were fixed on the jumping sleigh, in which the figures of the sovereign and Volkonsky were already visible.
All this, according to fifty years of habit, had a physically unsettling effect on the old general; he anxiously hurriedly felt himself, straightened his hat, and at that moment, as the sovereign, getting out of the sleigh, raised his eyes to him, cheered up and stretched out, filed a report and began to speak in his measured, ingratiating voice.
The emperor glanced at Kutuzov from head to toe, frowned for a moment, but immediately, overcoming himself, came up and, spreading his arms, hugged the old general. Again, according to the old, familiar impression and in relation to his sincere thoughts, this embrace, as usual, had an effect on Kutuzov: he sobbed.
The sovereign greeted the officers, with the Semyonovsky guard, and, shaking the old man's hand once more, went with him to the castle.
Left alone with the field marshal, the sovereign expressed his displeasure at the slowness of the pursuit, for the mistakes in Krasnoye and on the Berezina, and told him his thoughts on the future campaign abroad. Kutuzov did not make any objections or comments. The same submissive and senseless expression with which, seven years ago, he listened to the orders of the sovereign on the field of Austerlitz, was now established on his face.
When Kutuzov left the office and with his heavy, diving gait, head down, walked down the hall, someone's voice stopped him.
“Your Grace,” someone said.
Kutuzov raised his head and looked for a long time into the eyes of Count Tolstoy, who, with some small thing on a silver platter, stood in front of him. Kutuzov did not seem to understand what they wanted from him.
Suddenly, he seemed to remember: a barely perceptible smile flickered on his plump face, and he, bending low, respectfully, took the object lying on the dish. It was George 1st degree.

The next day, the field marshal had a dinner and a ball, which the sovereign honored with his presence. Kutuzov was granted George 1st degree; the sovereign gave him the highest honors; but the sovereign's displeasure against the field marshal was known to everyone. Decency was observed, and the sovereign showed the first example of this; but everyone knew that the old man was to blame and good for nothing. When at the ball Kutuzov, according to the old Catherine's habit, at the entrance of the sovereign into the ballroom ordered the taken banners to be thrown down at his feet, the sovereign grimaced unpleasantly and uttered words in which some heard: "the old comedian."
The displeasure of the sovereign against Kutuzov intensified in Vilna, especially because Kutuzov, obviously, did not want or could not understand the significance of the upcoming campaign.
When the next day in the morning the sovereign said to the officers gathered at his place: “You saved more than one Russia; you saved Europe,” everyone already understood then that the war was not over.
Only Kutuzov did not want to understand this and openly expressed his opinion that a new war could not improve the position and increase the glory of Russia, but could only worsen its position and reduce the highest degree of glory on which, in his opinion, Russia now stood. He tried to prove to the sovereign the impossibility of recruiting new troops; talked about the plight of the population, about the possibility of failure, etc.
In such a mood, the field marshal, naturally, seemed only an obstacle and a brake on the upcoming war.
To avoid clashes with the old man, a way out was found by itself, consisting in, as in Austerlitz and as at the beginning of the Barclay campaign, to take out from under the commander-in-chief, without disturbing him, without announcing to him that the ground of power on which he stood , and transfer it to the sovereign himself.
To this end, the headquarters was gradually reorganized, and all the essential strength of Kutuzov's headquarters was destroyed and transferred to the sovereign. Toll, Konovnitsyn, Yermolov received other appointments. Everyone said loudly that the field marshal had become very weak and upset with his health.
He had to be in poor health in order to hand over his place to the one who interceded for him. Indeed, his health was poor.
How naturally, and simply, and gradually Kutuzov appeared from Turkey to the state chamber of St. a new, needed figure appeared.
The war of 1812, in addition to its national significance dear to the Russian heart, was supposed to have another - European.
The movement of peoples from west to east was to be followed by the movement of peoples from east to west, and for this new war a new figure was needed, having other properties and views than Kutuzov, driven by other motives.
Alexander the First was as necessary for the movement of peoples from east to west and for the restoration of the borders of peoples as Kutuzov was necessary for the salvation and glory of Russia.
Kutuzov did not understand what Europe, equilibrium, Napoleon meant. He couldn't understand it. The representative of the Russian people, after the enemy was destroyed, Russia was liberated and placed on the highest level of its glory, the Russian person, as a Russian, had nothing more to do. The representative of the people's war had no choice but death. And he died.

Pierre, as is most often the case, felt the brunt of the physical hardships and stresses experienced in captivity only when these stresses and hardships were over. After his release from captivity, he arrived in Orel, and on the third day of his arrival, while he was going to Kyiv, he fell ill and lay ill in Orel for three months; he became, as the doctors said, bilious fever. Despite the fact that the doctors treated him, bled him and gave him medicines to drink, he still recovered.
Everything that happened to Pierre from the time of his release to his illness left almost no impression on him. He remembered only gray, gloomy, sometimes rainy, sometimes snowy weather, inner physical anguish, pain in his legs, in his side; remembered the general impression of the misfortunes and sufferings of people; he remembered the curiosity of the officers and generals who questioned him, which disturbed him, his efforts to find a carriage and horses, and, most importantly, he remembered his inability to think and feel at that time. On the day of his release, he saw the corpse of Petya Rostov. On the same day, he learned that Prince Andrei had been alive for more than a month after the Battle of Borodino and had only recently died in Yaroslavl, in the Rostovs' house. And on the same day, Denisov, who reported this news to Pierre, mentioned the death of Helen between conversations, suggesting that Pierre had known this for a long time. All this only seemed strange to Pierre at the time. He felt that he could not understand the meaning of all this news. At that time he was only in a hurry, to leave these places where people were killing each other as soon as possible, to some quiet refuge and there to come to his senses, rest and think over all the strange and new that he had learned during this time. But as soon as he arrived in Orel, he fell ill. Waking up from his illness, Pierre saw around him his two people who had come from Moscow - Terenty and Vaska, and the elder princess, who, living in Yelets, on Pierre's estate, and learning about his release and illness, came to him to walk behind him.
During his recovery, Pierre only gradually weaned from the impressions that had become habitual to him of the last months and got used to the fact that no one would drive him anywhere tomorrow, that no one would take away his warm bed, and that he would probably have lunch, and tea, and supper. But in a dream he saw himself for a long time in the same conditions of captivity. Just as little by little, Pierre understood the news that he learned after his release from captivity: the death of Prince Andrei, the death of his wife, the destruction of the French.
A joyful feeling of freedom - that complete, inalienable freedom inherent in a person, the consciousness of which he first experienced at the first halt, when leaving Moscow, filled Pierre's soul during his recovery. He was surprised that this inner freedom, independent of external circumstances, was now, as it were, surrounded with excess, with luxury, by external freedom. He was alone in a strange city, without acquaintances. Nobody demanded anything from him; they didn't send him anywhere. Everything he wanted he had; The thought of his wife, which had always tormented him before, was no more, since she was no more.
- Oh, how good! How nice! he said to himself when a cleanly laid table with fragrant broth was moved to him, or when he lay down at night on a soft, clean bed, or when he remembered that his wife and the French were no more. - Oh, how good, how nice! - And out of old habit, he asked himself the question: well, then what? What will i do? And at once he answered himself: nothing. I will live. Ah, how nice!
The very thing that he had tormented before, what he was constantly looking for, the purpose of life, now did not exist for him. It was no coincidence that this desired goal of life now did not exist for him only at the present moment, but he felt that it did not exist and could not exist. And this lack of purpose gave him that full, joyful consciousness of freedom, which at that time constituted his happiness.
He could not have a goal, because he now had faith - not faith in any rules, or words, or thoughts, but faith in a living, always felt god. Previously, he had sought it for the purposes he had set for himself. This search for a goal was only a search for God; and suddenly, in his captivity, he recognized, not by words, not by reasoning, but by direct feeling, what his nanny had told him for a long time: that God is here, here, everywhere. In captivity, he learned that God in Karataev is greater, infinite and incomprehensible than in the Architecton of the universe recognized by the Masons. He experienced the feeling of a man who found what he was looking for under his feet, while he strained his eyes, looking far away from him. All his life he looked somewhere, over the heads of the people around him, but he had not to strain his eyes, but only look in front of him.
He was not able to see before the great, incomprehensible and infinite in anything. He only felt that it must be somewhere and looked for it. In everything close, understandable, he saw one thing limited, petty, worldly, meaningless. He armed himself with a mental telescope and looked into the distance, to where this shallow, worldly distance, hiding in the fog, seemed to him great and infinite only because it was not clearly visible. This is how he imagined European life, politics, freemasonry, philosophy, philanthropy. But even then, in those moments that he considered his weakness, his mind penetrated into this distance, and there he saw the same petty, worldly, meaningless. Now, however, he had learned to see the great, eternal, and infinite in everything, and therefore, naturally, in order to see it, to enjoy its contemplation, he threw down the trumpet into which he had looked up to now over the heads of people, and joyfully contemplated around him the ever-changing, eternally great , incomprehensible and infinite life. And the closer he looked, the more he was calm and happy. The terrible question that previously destroyed all his mental structures was: why? no longer existed for him. Now to this question - why? a simple answer was always ready in his soul: then, that there is a god, that god, without whose will a hair will not fall from a person’s head.

Pierre hardly changed in his outward manners. He looked exactly the same as he had before. Just as before, he was absent-minded and seemed preoccupied not with what was before his eyes, but with something of his own, special. The difference between his former and present state was that before, when he forgot what was in front of him, what he was told, he wrinkled his forehead in pain, as if trying and could not see something far away from him. . Now he also forgot what was said to him, and what was before him; but now, with a barely perceptible, as if mocking, smile, he peered at the very thing that was in front of him, listened to what was being said to him, although he obviously saw and heard something completely different. Formerly he seemed, though a kind man, but unhappy; and therefore involuntarily people moved away from him. Now a smile of the joy of life constantly played around his mouth, and in his eyes there shone concern for people - the question is: are they happy just like he is? And people enjoyed being in his presence.

Soil scientist and geologist; genus. in 1867. At the end of the course in St. Petersburg. University was left in 1890 in the department of mineralogy and geology, and in the same year was appointed curator of mineralogy. office. In 1894 he moved to the Novoaleksandria Institute of Agriculture. household and forestry as an assistant in the departments of mineralogy with geology and soil science, and in 1895 he was appointed adjunct professor at the department of mineralogy with geology at the same Institute. In 1901, after the death of Prof. Sibirtsev, moved to the Department of Soil Science. Soil research began under the guidance of prof. Dokuchaev, taking part in two expeditions in the Poltava province. and in Voronezh. The most important works: "On the Question of Forest Soils" ("Mat. according to the study of Russian soils", issue V, 1889); "Steppe afforestation in connection with the question of the reasons for the settlement of the Russian steppes with predominantly herbaceous vegetation" ("Mat. according to the study of Russian soils", issue VII, 1893); "About a new twin intergrowth in gypsum" ("Tr. St. Petersburg. General. Natural.", 1894); "New deposit of pyromorphite" (ib., 1895); "Analcim from the neighborhood. Baku" ("Tr. Warsaw. Common. Est.", 1895); "Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering" (1896, master's thesis); "Zur Frage über die Aluminiumsilicate und Thoûe" ("Zeitschr. f. Kryst.", 1899, vol. 32).

(Brockhaus)

Glinka, Konstantin Dmitrievich

Rus. soil scientist, acad. (since 1927, corresponding member since 1926). Student of V. V. Dokuchaev. In 1889 he graduated from St. Petersburg. un-t, specializing in mineralogy. Under the influence of Dokuchaev, he became interested in soil science and from the very beginning of his scientific activity, along with mineralogical. and geochemical research, studied the soil. In 1895, he took the chair of mineralogy and geology at the Novo-Alexandriysk Agricultural Institute. in-those, and in 1901, after the death of H. M. Sibirtsev, - the Department of Soil Science. In 1913 he organized Voronezh. s.-x. in-t, was his dir. and at the same time taught a course in soil science. Since 1922 - rector and prof. Len s.-x. in-ta. G. was the first dir. Soil Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

The main, deeply fruitful idea, expressed for the first time G. in his master's thesis. "Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering" (1896), was to establish the stages in the processes of weathering and the transformation of primary minerals into secondary ones. G. believed that in the process of weathering of aluminosilicates and silicates, hydrolysis is a typical reaction, as a result of which salts are converted into acids by replacing their bases with hydrogen. This process takes place gradually and goes through intermediate forms such as acid salts. The end products of weathering - silicoaluminous acids - as well as intermediate products, can retain crystalline. structure. G. first developed the method of mineralogical. studies of fine fractions of soils. His work in the field of weathering laid the foundations of the original Rus. school of soil mineralogy, which was widely developed in the Soviet era. G.'s first work on soil science (1889) was devoted to gray forest soils. In it, he considered these soils as a special independent type of soil formation that occurs under grassy broad-leaved forests. Thus, he refuted the view of S.I. Korzhinsky about the origin of gray forest soils as a result of the degradation of chernozems. Under the guidance of G. Dokuchaev conducted a soil survey in Poltava. (1894), Pskov. (1899-1906), Novgorod. (1903) and Smolensk. (1902-03) lips. He was the organizer and leader of numerous soil-geographical. expeditions to Siberia and Central Asia (1908-14), as a result of which huge land funds were opened for agricultural. development. The results of G.'s research made it possible to compile the first soil map of the Asian part of the USSR. G. paid much attention to the study of the zonality of the soil cover, questions of the genesis and classification of soils. The classification of soils proposed by G., in present. time has only a historical importance, but at one time it contributed to the general development of this problem.

In direct connection with the classification is the problem of soil evolution. In an article on the tasks of the historical Soil Science (1904) G. wrote that every particle of the soil is in perpetual motion. G. connected the "eternal variability" of the soil with the activity of living organisms. Later, however, he departed from a broad and correct understanding of the problem of soil evolution.

G. is the founder of paleosol science, which is of great importance for paleogeography.

Cit.: Soil formation, characteristics of soil types and soil geography. (Introduction to the study of soil science), P., 1923; Soils of Russia and adjacent countries, M.-P., 1923; Salt licks and solonchaks of the Asian part of the USSR (Siberia and Turkestan), M., 1926; Schematic soil map of the globe, "Yearbook of Geology and Mineralogy of Russia", 1908, v. 10, no. 3-4; Dispersed systems in soil, L., 1924; Essay on the soils of Yakutia, in the book: Yakutia, Leningrad, 1927; On the question of the classification of Turkestan soils, "Soil Science", 1909, vol. 11, no. 4; Soils, 2nd ed., M.-L., 1929; Russian soil science (A brief historical essay), "Notes of the Leningrad Agricultural Institute", 1924, vol. 1; Tasks of historical soil science, "Notes of the Novo-Alexandriysk Institute of Agriculture and Forestry", 1904, vol. 16, no. 2; Brief summary of data on soils of the Far East, St. Petersburg, 1910; Soil science, 6th ed., M., 1935.

Lit .: Prasolov L. I., K. D. Glinka in Asian soil expeditions and in the Dokuchaev Committee, "Proceedings of the Soil Institute named after V. V. Dokuchaev", 1930, no. 3-4; Polynov B., Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka (To the 35th anniversary of scientific and pedagogical activity), "Notes of the Leningrad Agricultural Institute", 1925, v. 2; his own, Works of K. D. Glinka in the field of studying the processes of weathering of minerals, "Proceedings of the Soil Institute named after V. V. Dokuchaev", 1930, no. 3-4, (App., pp. 19-25); Neustruev S. S., Academician K. D. Glinka’s ideas on the genesis and classification of soils, ibid.; Berg L. S., K. D. Glinka as a geographer. there; In memory of K. D. Glinka, Collection, L., 1928; Liverovsky Yu., Creative path of academician K. D. Glinka, "Soil science", 1948, No. 6.

Ch and nka, Konstantin Dmitrievich

Genus. 1867, mind. 1927. Soil scientist, mainly engaged in soil science (zonality of soil cover, genesis and classification of soils). Since 1927 he has been an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

Known as:

The first soil scientist - Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR

Known as: Awards and prizes: Website:

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Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka(June 23 (July 5), Koptevo village, Dukhovshchinsky district, Smolensk province (now Dukhovshchinsky district, Smolensk region) - November 2, Leningrad) - Russian professor, geologist and soil scientist, organizer of science, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1927).

Biography

Family of K. D. Glinka:

Education

In 1876-1885. studied at the Smolensk classical gymnasium.

Dissertations

PhD - 1896, Moscow University: "Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering."
Doctoral - 1909, Moscow University: "Research in the field of weathering processes."

In 1889 - 1906. was in the reserve of the army infantry. Dismissed for reaching the mandatory term in the reserve.

Scientific work

In 1906-1910. K. D. Glinka directs soil and geological research on the evaluation of the lands of the Poltava, Tver, Smolensk, Novgorod, Kaluga, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Simbirsk provinces.

In 1913-1917. founded and led

Organizational activity

Participated in the organization of international conferences:

1909 - I International Agrogeological Conference in Budapest.
1927 - I International Congress of Soil Scientists in Washington.

Awards

Ranks and titles

1891 - Collegiate secretary with seniority, according to the University diploma of the 1st degree.
1894 - Titular Councilor with seniority, for long service.
1897 - Master of mineralogy and geology, in rank.
1897 - Associate Professor
1898 - Collegiate assessor with seniority, for long service.
1900 - Professor of the Novo-Alexandria Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Mineralogy and Geology.
1909 - State Councilor with seniority

Membership in organizations

Member of the Soil Commission at the Imperial Free Economic Society since 1889.
Member of the St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists since 1892.
Honorary Member of the International Society of Soil Scientists, State Institute of Experimental Agronomy
Member of the Library Commission of the Institute (1899), Chairman of the Commission since 1900
Member of the Moscow Soil Committee
Member of the Agronomic Society at the Leningrad Agricultural Institute
Member of the Hungarian Geological Society
Full member of the Russian Geographical Society
International magazine editor Internat Mitteluns fur Boden from the first year of its publication

Family

Memory

In the USSR, the name of K. D. Glinka was assigned, where he was rector in 1913-1917 and 1921-1922 (In 2011 it was renamed)
A street in the Levoberezhny district of the city of Voronezh was named after K. D. Glinka
In 1990, a monument was unveiled near the Voronezh State Agrarian University.

Bibliography

K. D. Glinka from 1889 to 1927 wrote about 100 scientific papers on soil science, mineralogy and geology in Russian, German, French and Italian.

Glinka K. D. On the issue of forest soils. St. Petersburg: type. t-va Societies. benefit. 1889. 20 p.
Glinka K. D. About forest soils. St. Petersburg: type. t-va Societies. benefit. 1889. , 109 p. (Materials on the study of Russian soils; Issue 5).
Glinka K. D. Romensky district. St. Petersburg: ed. Poltava. lips. Zemstvo, 1891. 75 p. (Materials for the assessment of the lands of the Poltava province: Report to the Poltava provincial zemstvo; Issue 4).
Glinka K. D. Lokhvitsky district. St. Petersburg: ed. Poltava. lips. Zemstvo, 1892. 66 p. (Materials for the assessment of the lands of the Poltava province. Natural-historical part: Report to the Poltava provincial zemstvo; Issue 12).
Glinka K. D., Sibirtsev N. M., Ototsky P. V. Khrenovsky area. St. Petersburg: ed. Ministry of agriculture and state. property, 1894. 124 p. (Proceedings of the expedition equipped by the Forest Department under the leadership of Professor Dokuchaev: Report to the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property; Issue 1).
Agafonov V. K., Adamov N. P. Bogushevsky S. K., Vernadsky V. I., Glinka K. D. and others. Soil map of the Poltava province. Scale 1:420,000. St. Petersburg: ed. Poltava. lips. zemstvos. 1894. 1 sheet. (Materials for the assessment of the lands of the Poltava province. Natural-historical part: Report to the Poltava provincial zemstvo; Issue 16).
Glinka K. D. Geology: Course of lectures. Warsaw: type. Warsaw. textbook okr., 1896.
Glinka K. D. Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering. St. Petersburg: type. E. Evdokimova, 1896. , 128, p. : tab.
Glinka K. D. Preliminary report on soil-geological studies in the Novorzhevsky and Velikolutsky districts of the Pskov province. Pskov: ed. Pskov. lips. Zemstvo, 1897. 20 p.
Glinka K. D. The most important features in the history of the development of the globe and its inhabitants. Warsaw: type. Warsaw. textbook Okr., 1898. 41 p.
Glinka K. D., Klepinin N. N., Fedorovskiy S. L. Novorzhevsky district. Pskov: ed. Pskov. lips. zemstvo, 1899. , 103 p. (Materials for the assessment of the lands of the Pskov province. Natural and historical part: Report to the Pskov province zemstvo).
Glinka K.D. Zur Frage über Aluminium-Hydrosilicate und Thone // Z. Kryst., Mineral. 1899. Bd. 32. S. 79-81.
Glinka K. D. Fedorovsky S. L. Geological structure and soil of the Valdai district. Novgorod: ed. Novgorod. Zemstvo, 1900. 86 p.
Barakov P. F., Glinka K. D., Bogoslovsky N. A. and others. N. M. Sibirtsev, his life and work // Soil Science. 1900. V. 2. No. 4. S. 243-281. ; Dep. ed. St. Petersburg: type. Herold, 1901. 40 p. : port.
Glinka K. D. Preliminary report to the Smolensk provincial zemstvo on the soil-geological studies of the Vyazemsky and Sychevsky counties. Smolensk: ed. Smolensk. lips. Zemstvo, 1900. S. 27 p.
Kolokolov M. F., Glinka K. D. Vyazemsky district. Smolensk: ed. Smolensk. lips. zemstvo, 1901. , 107 p. (Materials for assessing the lands of the Smolensk province: Natural-ist. part; Vol. 1)
Glinka K. D. soil formation; Soil coloring; Organisms in the soil; Organic constituent of the soil; Ortstein; Soil absorption capacity; Soil and subsoil; soil science; Soils: swampy, lateritic, humus-carbonate, floodplain, skeletal, dry steppes (semi-deserts) and deserts, gray forest and tundra; soil permeability; Soil connectivity; Condensation of soil water vapor; Soil porosity; Salt licks // Complete encyclopedia of Russian agriculture: In 12 volumes. St. Petersburg: ed. A. F. Devrien. 1901-1905. T. 5-9.
Glinka K. D. Several pages from the history of theoretical soil science // Soil Science. 1902. V. 4. No. 2. S. 117-152.
Glinka K. D. The subject and tasks of soil science (pedology) // Soil Science. 1902. V. 4. No. 1. S. 1-16.
Glinka K. D. Laterites and krasnozems of tropical and subtropical latitudes and related soils of temperate latitudes // Eurasian Soil Sci. 1903. V. 5. No. 3. S. 235-264.
Glinka K. D. Research in the field of weathering processes: At 2 pm // Soil Science. 1904-1905: Part 1. Weathering in Chakva near Batum. 1904. V. 6. No. 4. S. 294-322; Part 2. . 1905. Vol. 7. No. 1. C. 35-62.
Glinka K. D., Sonda A. A. Sychevsky district. Smolensk: ed. Smolensk. lips. Zemstvo, 1904. 90 p. (Materials for assessing the lands of the Smolensk province: Natural-ist. part. T. 2; Issue 1.)
Glinka K. D., Kolokolov M. F. Gzhatsky district. Smolensk: ed. Smolensk. lips. Zemstvo, 1906. 56 p. (Materials for assessing the lands of the Smolensk province: Natural and historical part; Vol. 3)
Glinka K. D. Research in the field of weathering processes. SPb., 1906. 179 p. (Proceedings of St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists; T. 34. Issue 5. Department of Geol. and Mineral.).
Glinka K.D. Untersuchungen im Gebiet der Verwitterimgsprozesse. St.-Pb.: Merkushev, 1906. , 178 p.
Glinka K. D. Soil science. St. Petersburg: ed. A. F. Devriena, 1908. XI, 596 p.; Pg., 1915. XIX, 708 p. ; M.: "New Village", 1927. 580 p. ; 4th ed. M.; L.: Selkolkhozgiz, 1931. 612 p.; 1932. 602 p. ; 6th ed. 1935. 631 p.
Glinka K. D., Abutkova L. V., Bessonova A. I. and others. Preliminary report on the organization and execution of work on the study of soils in Asian Russia. St. Petersburg: ed. Resettlement upr., 1908. 82 p.
Rudnitsky V. E., Glinka K. D. Soil-geological sketch of the Krestetsky district. Novgorod: type. M. O. Selivanova, 1908. , 54, 79 p.
Glinka K. D. Schematic soil map of the globe. Scale 1:50 000 000 // Yearbook on geology and mineralogy of Russia. 1908. Vol. 10: incl. l.
Glinka K. D. On the classification of Turkestan soils // Eurasian Soil Science. 1909. No. 4. S. 255-318. Dep. ed. Yuriev: type. K. Mattisena, 1909. 64 p.
Glinka K. D. Brief summary of data on soils of the Far East. St. Petersburg: type. Yu. N. Erlikh, 1910. , 81 p.
Glinka K. D. The latest trends in soil science // Soil Science. 1910. No. 1. S. 1-25.
Glinka K. D. On the question of the difference between podzolic and bog type weathering. Soil science. 1911. No. 2. S. 1-13.
Glinka K.D. Die Verwitterungsprozesse und Böden in der Umgebung des Kurortes Bikszád // Földtani Közlöny. 1911. Bd. 41. S. 675-684.
Glinka K. D. Geographical results of soil research in Asiatic Russia // Eurasian Soil Science. 1912. No. 1. S. 43-63.
Glinka K. D. Dukhovishchensky district. Smolensk: ed. Smolensk. lips. Zemstvo, 1912. Vol. 5. 90 p. Map. (Materials for assessing the lands of the Smolensk province: Natural-ist. part; T. 5)
Glinka K. D. Natural-historical characteristics of a part of the Kirghiz region: The area of the railway. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the Moscow Railways, 1912. 57 p.
Glinka K. D., Fedchenko B. A. Brief description of the soil and plant zones of Asian Russia: Explanations to the schematic soil and botanical-geographical map of Asian Russia. St. Petersburg: type. F. Weisberg and P. Gershunin, 1912. 35 p.
Glinka K. D. On the disturbance of the general zonality of Eurasian soils in Western Transbaikalia and the Yakutsk Region, Eurasian Soil Sci. 1912. No. 4. S. 60-68.
Porkhovsky district. Pskov: ed. Pskov. lips. Zemstvo, 1912. 53 p. (Pskov province: Summary of data from an estimated statistical study. V. 8; Issue 1)
Glinka K. D., Vikhman D. N., Tikheeva L. V. Pskov district. Pskov: ed. Pskov. lips. Zemstvo, 1912. 68 p. (Pskov province: Summary of data from an estimated statistical study. Vol. 7; Issue 1)
Glinka K. D. To the question of the establishment of the soil department of the Voronezh Regional Agricultural Station. St. Petersburg: ed. Voronezh. lips. zemstvos. 1913. 12 p.
Glinka K. D.. St. Petersburg: type. Yu. N. Erlikh, 1913. , 132 p.; 2nd ed. M.: "New Village", 1923. 122 p.
Glinka K. D., Pankov A. M., Malyarevsky K. F. Soils of the Voronezh province / Ed. K. D. Glinka. St. Petersburg: ed. Voronezh: lips. Zemstvo, 1913. 61 p. (Materials on the natural-historical study of the Voronezh province. Book 1.)
Glinka K. D. Preliminary report on the organization and execution of work on the study of the soils of Asiatic Russia in 1912. St. Petersburg: ed. Resettlement upr., 1913. 479 p.
Glinka K. D.// Atlas of Asian Russia. St. Petersburg: ed. Resettlement upr., 1914. S. 36-37.
Glinka K. D. Soil zones of Asiatic Russia. Voronezh: Voronezh. lips. Zemstvo, 1914. 62 p.
Glinka K.D. Die Typen der Bodenbildung, ihre Klassifikation und geographische Verbreitung. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger, 1914. 365 S.
Glinka K. D. Liming the soil in connection with the application of fertilizers. M.: B.I., 1919. 178 p.
Glinka K. D. Kaolin clays of the Voronezh province. Voronezh: ed. Voronezh. Gubzemotdel, 1919. 34 p.
Glinka K. D. Geology and soils of the Voronezh province. Voronezh: B.I., 1921. 60 p. (Voronezh Provincial Economic Conference; Issue 4) ; 2nd ed. 1924. 60 p.
Glinka K. D. A short course in clay science: a manual for students of the ceramic department of the Voronezh State Technical School. Voronezh: B.I., 1921. 80 p.
Glinka K. D.. M.: Publishing House of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture "New Village", 1922. 77 p. ; 3rd ed. L.: LSHI, 1925. 79 p.
Glinka K. D. Soils. M.; Pg.: Gosizdat. 1923. 94 p.
Glinka K. D. Soils of the Kyrgyz Republic. Orenburg: Rus.-Kyrgyz. type. Kirgosizdat, 1923. 85 p.; 2nd ed. M.; L.: Gosizdat, 1929. 85 p.
Glinka K. D.. M.; Pg.: Gosizdat, 1923. 348 p.
Glinka K. D. The current state of soil science in Russia, its shortcomings and needs // Priroda. 1923. No. 1/6. Stlb. 12-19.
Glinka K.D. Différents types d'apres lesquels se forment les sols et la classification de ces derniers // Com. int. pedologie. 1923 Com. 4. No. 20. P. 271-282.
Glinka K. D. Degradation and podzolic process // Eurasian Soil Science. 1924. No. 3/4. pp. 29-40.
Glinka K. D. L.: Cultural and enlightening. work. Comrade "Education", 1924. 79 p.
Glinka K.D. Die Degradation und der podsolige Prozess // Int. Mittl. Bodenkunde. 1924. Bd. 14. H. 2. S. 40-49
Glinka K.D. Divers types de formation des sols et la classification de ces derniers // Rev. rensign. agricoles. 1924 Vol. 2. N 1. P. 1-13.
Glinka K. D.. M.: "New Village", 1926. 74 p.
Glinka K.D. The great soil groups of the world and their development. Michigan: Edwards Bros. 1927. 235 p.
Glinka K.D. Allgemeine Bodenkarte Europas. Danzig, 1927. 28 S.
Glinka K. D. Mineralogy, genesis and geography of soils: [Sat. works]. M.: Nauka, 1978. 279 p.

Literature about K. D. Glinka

Berg L. S. Glinka as a geographer // Tr. Soil in-ta im. V. V. Dokuchaev, 1930. Issue. 3/4. pp. 29-30.
Vernadsky V.I.// Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Ser. 6. 1927. Vol. 21. No. 18. S. 1529-1536.
Zavalishin A. A., Dolotov V. A. In memory of Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka // Soil Science. 1942. No. 9. S. 117-120.
Zakharov S. A. Scientific activity of acad. K. D. Glinka // Tr. Kuban agricultural in-ta, 1929. V. 6. S. 1-12.
Zonn S.V. Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka. Moscow: Nauka, 1993. . 127 p.
Karpinsky A. P., Levinson-Lessing F. Yu.// Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Ser. 6. 1926. V. 20. No. 18. Retrieved. from the duct. S. 1683-1685.
Kovalevsky V.I. A few words in memory of K. D. Glinka // Tr. Soil in-ta im. V. V. Dokuchaev, 1930. Issue. 3/4. pp. 26-28.
Keller B. A. Academician K. D. Glinka as a person and researcher // Zap. Voronezh. s.-x. in-ta. 1928. No. 11. S. 7-11.
Krupenikov I. A. The role of K. D. Glinka in the development of soil science in the 20th century: (To the 120th anniversary of his birth) // Eurasian Soil Science. 1987. No. 12. S. 5-14.
Levinson-Lessing F. Yu. K. D. Glinka // Tr. Soil in-ta im. V. V. Dokuchaev, 1930. Issue. 3/4. pp. 3-18.
Levirovskiy Yu. A. Creative way of Academician K. D. Glinka // Soil Science. 1948. No. 6. S. 381-394;
Levirovskiy Yu. A. The creative path of K. D. Glinka // Ibid. 1968. No. 5. S. 7-16;
Levirovskiy Yu. A. Academician K. D. Glinka’s career // Mineralogy, genesis and geography of soils. M.: Nauka, 1978. S. 7-15.
Neustruev S. S. Ideas of academician K. D. Glinka on the genesis and classification of soils // Tr. Soil in-ta im. V. V. Dokuchaev, 1930. Issue. 3/4. pp. 32-45.
Organization of soil research // Organization of science in the first years of Soviet power (1917-1925). L.: Science. 1968. S. 186-189.
In memory of K. D. Glinka [Sat. Linen. s.-x. in-ta]. Leningrad: Selkhozgiz, 1928. 224 p.
Plaksin V.N. Life and scientific activity of Academician K. D. Glinka in the historical and social dimension // Vestn. Voronezh. state agricultural university. 2012 No. 3 (34). pp. 132-138.
Polynov B. B. Academician Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka: [Obituary] // Nature. 1927. No. 12. Stlb. 935-942.
Polynov B. B. Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka: On the occasion of the 35th anniversary of scientific and pedagogical activity // Zap. Leningrad. s.-x. in-ta. 1925. Vol. 2.
Polynov B. B. Works of K. D. Glinka in the field of studying the processes of weathering of minerals // Tr. Soil in-ta im. V. V. Dokuchaev, 1930. Issue. 3/4. pp. 19-25.
Prasolov L.I. In memory of K. D. Glinka // Izv. State. Institute of Experimental Agronomy. 1927. V. 5. S. 396-398.
Prasolov L.I. KD Glinka in Asian soil expeditions and in the Dokuchaev Committee // Ibid. pp. 46-50.
Prasolov L.I. World soil map of K. D. Glinka // Priroda. 1928. No. 6. Stlb. 573-579.
Prokhorov N.I. Pages of memories of K. D. Glinka // Tr. Soil in-ta im. V. V. Dokuchaev, 1930. Issue. 3/4. pp. 51-57.
Rode A. A. Dokuchaev soil science at the Academy of Sciences in the 20-30s // Priroda. 1974. No. 5. S. 59-67.
Sedletsky I.D. New days in soil science: [In memory of K. D. Glinka] // Priroda. 1938. No. 5. S. 19-22.
Shkolnik G.A. The first academician-soil scientist K. D. Glinka // Our countrymen-naturalists. Smolensk: book. publishing house, 1963. S. 69-81.
Yarilov A. A. Legacy of V. V. Dokuchaev // Soil Science. 1939. No. 3. S. 7-19.
Russell E. J. Prof. K. D. Glinka: [Obituary] // Nature. 1927 Vol. 120. No. 3033. P. 887-888.

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Notes

Academician K.D. Glinka. History reference, .
The inscription on the monument on the grave of K.D. Glinka.
Certificate of the New Alexandria Institute of Agriculture dated December 31, 1911
Zonn S.V. Stages of the lived; The main dates of the life and work of Konsantin Dmitrievich Glinka // Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka. M.: Nauka, 1993. S. 11; 110.
Glinka Konstantin Dmitrievich. Great Russian Encyclopedia. M.: Publishing House Bolshaya Ross. encycle. T. 7. S. 233.
Zavalishin A. A., Dolgotov V. A. In memory of Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka // Soil science, 1942. No. 9. P. 117-120.
Zonn S.V. App. 3: Certificate of the Novo-Alexandria Institute of Agriculture dated December 31, 1911 // Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka. M.: Nauka, 1993. S. 120-125.
Glinka // Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 4 volumes - St. Petersburg. , 1907-1909.
Zonn S.V. Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka. M.: Nauka, 1993. , 127 p.
Characteristics of K. D. Glinka, compiled by V. V. Dokuchaev for submission to the Novo-Alexandria Institute of Agriculture and Forestry. May 6, 1894 Zonn S.V. Appendix 2 // Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka. M.: Nauka, 1993. S. 120.
K. D. Glinka. Curriculum vitae prof. K. D. Glinka // Archive of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. LO. F. N. Op. 4. D. 728. (according to Zonn S.V. Applications // Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka. M.: Nauka, 1993. S. 118-119.)
lung cancer from smoking
Levinson-Lessing F. Yu. K. D. Glinka // Proceedings of the Soil Institute. V. V. Dokuchaev. 1930. Issue. 3/4. pp. 3-18.
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in the Electronic Library "Scientific Heritage of Russia"
Glinka, Konstantin Dmitrievich // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Glinka Konstantin Dmitrievich // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
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An excerpt characterizing Glinka, Konstantin Dmitrievich

“Farewell, my Joy…” whispered Magdalena softly. - Farewell, my dear. I will do your will. You just live... And I will always be with you.
The golden light flared brightly again, but now for some reason it was already outside. Following him, Radomir slowly went out the door...
Everything around was so familiar!.. But even feeling completely alive again, Radomir somehow knew that this was no longer his world... And only one thing in this old world still remained real for him - it was his wife. .. His beloved Magdalene....
- I will return to you... I will definitely return to you... - Radomir whispered very quietly to himself. Above his head, a huge "umbrella" hung wightman...
Bathed in the rays of golden radiance, Radomir slowly but surely moved after the sparkling Elder. Just before leaving, he suddenly turned around to see her for the last time... To take her amazing image with him. Magdalene felt a dizzying warmth. It seemed that in this last look Radomir sent her all the love accumulated over their long years! .. He sent her so that she would also remember him.
She closed her eyes, wanting to endure... Wanting to appear calm to him. And when I opened it, it was all over...
Radomir is gone...
The earth lost him, being unworthy of him.
He stepped into his new, still unfamiliar life, leaving Maria Duty and children ... Leaving her soul wounded and lonely, but still the same loving and the same stamina.
Sighing convulsively, Magdalene stood up. She didn't have time to grieve just yet. She knew that the Knights of the Temple would soon come for Radomir to betray his dead body to the Holy Fire, thus seeing off his pure Soul to Eternity.

The first, of course, was John, as always... His face was calm and joyful. But Magdalena read sincere concern in her deep gray eyes.
– Great gratitude to you, Maria... I know how hard it was for you to let him go. Forgive us all, dear...
“No… you don’t know, Father… And no one knows that…” Magdalena whispered softly, choking on her tears. – But thank you for your participation... Please, tell Mother Mary that HE is gone... That he is alive... I will come to her as soon as the pain subsides a little. Tell everyone that HE LIVES...
Magdalena couldn't take it anymore. She had no more human strength. Collapsing right to the ground, she burst into loud, childish sobs ...
I looked at Anna - she stood petrified. Tears streamed down his stern young face.
How could they let this happen?! Why didn't they all work together to convince him? This is so wrong, mother! .. - Anna exclaimed, looking indignantly at Sever and me.
She still childishly uncompromisingly demanded answers to everything. Although, to be honest, I also thought that they should have prevented the death of Radomir ... His friends ... Knights of the Temple ... Magdalene. But how could we judge from afar what was then right for everyone? .. I just, as a human being, really wanted to see HIM! Just as I wanted to see Magdalene alive...
Perhaps that is why I never liked to dive into the past. Since the past could not be changed (in any case, I could not do this), and no one could be warned about the imminent misfortune or danger. The past - it was just the PAST, when everything good or bad had already happened to someone long ago, and I could only observe someone's lived good or bad life.
And then I saw Magdalene again, now sitting alone on the night shore of the calm southern sea. Small light waves gently washed her bare feet, quietly whispering something about the past... Magdalena looked intently at the huge green stone that lay calmly in her palm, and thought about something very seriously. Behind me, a man approached quietly. Turning sharply, Magdalene immediately smiled:
“When will you stop frightening me, Radanushka?” And you're still sad! You promised me!.. Why be sad if HE is alive?..
“I don’t believe you, sister! Radan said sadly, smiling kindly.
It was him, still handsome and strong. Only in the faded blue eyes now lived not the former joy and happiness, but a black, ineradicable longing nestled in them ...
“I don’t believe you’ve come to terms with this, Maria! We had to save him despite his will! Later, I myself would have realized how much I was mistaken! .. I cannot forgive myself! Radan exclaimed in his hearts.
Apparently, the pain from the loss of his brother firmly settled in his kind, loving heart, poisoning the coming days with irreparable sadness.
“Stop it, Radanushka, don’t open the wound…” Magdalena whispered softly. “Here, take a better look at what your brother left me... What Radomir ordered us all to keep.
Holding out her hand, Maria revealed the Key of the Gods...
It again began to slowly, majestically open, striking the imagination of Radan, who, like a small child, was dumbfounded watching, unable to tear himself away from the unfolding beauty, unable to utter a word.
– Radomir ordered to protect it at the cost of our lives... Even at the cost of his children. This is the Key of our Gods, Radanushka. Treasure of the Mind... It has no equal on Earth. Yes, I think, and far beyond the Earth ... - Magdalena said sadly. – Let's all go to the Valley of Magicians. We will teach there... We will build a new world, Radanushka. A bright and kind world ... - and after a little silence, she added. - Do you think we can do it?
“I don't know, sister. Haven't tried. Radan shook his head. I have been given another order. Svetodar would be saved. And then we'll see ... Maybe your Good World will turn out ...
Sitting next to the Magdalene, and forgetting his sadness for a moment, Radan enthusiastically watched how the wonderful treasure sparkled and “built” with wondrous floors. Time stopped, as if pitying these two people, lost in their own sadness... And they, closely clinging to each other, sat alone on the shore, fascinated watching how the sea sparkled with emeralds more and more... And how wonderfully it burned on Magdalena's hand The Key of the Gods is an amazing "smart" crystal left by Radomir...
Several long months have passed since that sad evening, which brought another heavy loss to the Knights of the Temple and Magdalena - Magus John, who was their indispensable friend, Teacher, faithful and powerful support, unexpectedly and cruelly died ... The Knights of the Temple sincerely and deeply mourned for him. If the death of Radomir left their hearts wounded and indignant, then with the loss of John, their world became cold and incredibly alien...
Friends were not even allowed to bury (according to their custom - by burning) the mangled body of John. The Jews simply buried it in the ground, which horrified all the Knights of the Temple. But Magdalene managed to at least redeem (!) his severed head, which the Jews did not want to give away for anything, because they considered it too dangerous - they considered John a great Magician and Sorcerer ...

So, with the sad burden of heavy losses, Magdalene and her little daughter Vesta, guarded by six Templars, finally decided to embark on a long and difficult journey - to the wondrous country of Occitania, so far known only to Magdalene ...
Then there was a ship... There was a long, hard road... Despite her deep grief, Magdalena, during the entire endlessly long journey, was invariably friendly, collected and calm with the Knights. The Templars were drawn to her, seeing her bright, sad smile, and adored her for the peace they experienced, being next to her ... And she gladly gave them her heart, knowing what a cruel pain burned their tired souls, and how they were severely executed by the misfortune that happened to Radomir and John ...
When they finally reached the coveted Valley of the Magicians, everyone, without exception, dreamed of only one thing - to rest from troubles and pain, as far as it was possible for everyone.
Too much has been lost...
The price was too high.
The Magdalene herself, who left the Valley of the Magicians, being a small ten-year-old girl, now with trepidation anew "recognized" her proud and beloved Occitania, in which everything - every flower, every stone, every tree, seemed to her family! .. Longing for the past, she greedily inhaled the Occitan air raging with "good magic" and could not believe that she had finally come Home...
This was her native land. Her future Bright World, which she promised Radomir to build. And now she brought her grief and sorrow to her, like a lost child, seeking protection, sympathy and peace from her Mother ...
Magdalena knew that in order to fulfill Radomir's order, she had to feel confident, collected and strong. But for now, she only lived, closed in her deepest sorrow, and was crazy lonely ...
Without Radomir, her life became empty, worthless and bitter... He now lived somewhere far away, in an unfamiliar and wondrous World, where her soul could not reach... And she missed him so insanely as a human being, as a woman !.. And no one, unfortunately, could help her with anything.
Then we saw her again...
Magdalena sat alone on a high cliff, completely overgrown with wildflowers, clutching her knees to her chest... lots of. And she knew she would have to get used to it. Despite all the bitterness and emptiness, Magdalena understood well that a long, difficult life lay ahead of her, and she would have to live it alone... Without Radomir. What she could not imagine so far, because he lived everywhere - in every cell of her, in her dreams and wakefulness, in every object that he once touched. It seemed that the entire surrounding space was saturated with the presence of Radomir ... And even if she wished, there was no escape from this.
The evening was quiet, calm and warm. The nature coming to life after the heat of the day was raging with the smells of heated flowering meadows and needles... Magdalena listened to the monotonous sounds of the ordinary forest world – it was surprisingly so simple and so calm!.. Exhausted by the summer heat, the bees buzzed loudly in the neighboring bushes. Even they, industrious, preferred to get away from the burning daytime rays, and now joyfully absorbed the life-giving coolness of the evening. Feeling the human kindness, the tiny colored bird fearlessly sat on Magdalena's warm shoulder and burst into ringing silvery trills in gratitude... But Magdalena did not notice this. She again took off into the familiar world of her dreams, in which Radomir still lived...
And she remembered him again...
His incredible kindness... His violent thirst for Life... His bright gentle smile and the piercing look of his blue eyes... And his firm confidence in the rightness of the path he has chosen. I remembered a wonderful, strong man who, while still a child, already subjugated entire crowds! ..
She remembered his caress... The warmth and fidelity of his big heart... All this now lived only in her memory, not succumbing to time, not going into oblivion. All of it lived and ... hurt. Sometimes it even seemed to her - a little more, and she would stop breathing ... But the days fled. And life still went on. She was obliged by the DEBT left by Radomir. Therefore, as far as she could, she did not consider her feelings and desires.
Her son, Svetodar, whom she missed madly, was in distant Spain with Radan. Magdalena knew that it was harder for him... He was still too young to put up with such a loss. But she also knew that even with the deepest grief, he would never show his weakness to strangers.
He was the son of Radomir...
And it obliged him to be strong.
Several months passed again.
And so, little by little, as happens even with the most terrible loss, Magdalena began to come to life. Apparently, it was the right time to return to the living...

Having taken a fancy to the tiny Montsegur, which was the most magical castle in the Valley (as it stood at the “transition point” to other worlds), Magdalena and her daughter soon began to slowly move there. They began to settle in their new, still unfamiliar, House ...
And, finally, remembering Radomir's persistent desire, Magdalena gradually began to recruit her first students ... This was probably one of the easiest tasks, since every person on this marvelous piece of land was more or less gifted. And almost everyone was hungry for knowledge. Therefore, very soon Magdalene already had several hundred very diligent students. Then this figure grew into a thousand... And very soon the entire Valley of Magicians was covered by her teachings. And she took as many people as possible to divert herself from her bitter thoughts, and she was inexpressibly glad at how greedily the Occitans were drawn to Knowledge! She knew that Radomir would be glad of this from the bottom of his heart... and recruited even more applicants.
- Sorry, Sever, but how did the Magi agree with this ?!. After all, they so carefully protect their Knowledge from everyone? How did the Lord let this happen? Did Magdalene teach everyone, not choosing only the initiates?
– Vladyka never agreed with this, Isidora... Magdalena and Radomir went against his will, revealing this knowledge to people. And I still don't know which one of them was really right...
– But you saw how greedily the Occitans listened to this Knowledge! And the rest of Europe too! I exclaimed in surprise.
– Yes... But I also saw something else - how simply they were destroyed... And this means that they were not ready for this.
– But when, in your opinion, will people be “ready”?.. – I was indignant. Or will it never happen?
- It will happen, my friend ... I think. But only when people finally understand that they are able to protect this same Knowledge... – here Sever unexpectedly smiled like a child. – Magdalena and Radomir lived in the Future, you see... They dreamed of a wonderful One World... A world in which there would be one common Faith, one ruler, one speech... And in spite of everything, they taught... Resisting Magi... Without obeying the Lord... And for all that, understanding well that even their distant great-grandchildren will probably not yet see this wonderful "single" world. They just fought... For the light. For knowledge. For the Earth. Such was their Life... And they lived it without betraying.
I again plunged into the past, in which this amazing and unique story still lived ...
There was only one sad cloud that cast a shadow on the brightening mood of Magdalena - Vesta suffered deeply from the loss of Radomir, and no "joys" could distract her from this. When she finally learned about what had happened, she completely closed her little heart from the world around her and experienced her loss alone, not even allowing her beloved mother, the bright Magdalene, to come to her. So she wandered for days on end, restless, not knowing what to do with this terrible misfortune. There was also no brother with whom Vesta used to share joys and sorrows. Well, she herself was still too small to be able to overcome such a heavy grief, an exorbitant burden that fell on her fragile childish shoulders. She wildly missed her beloved, the best dad in the world, and could not understand in any way where those cruel people who hated him and who killed him came from? There was nothing left at all that was connected with their warm and always joyful communication. And Vesta suffered deeply, in an adult way ... She only had a memory left. And she wanted to return him alive! .. She was still too small to be content with memories! .. Yes, she remembered very well how, curled up in his strong arms, with bated breath, she listened to amazing stories, catching every word, afraid to miss the most important... And now her wounded heart demanded it all back! Dad was her fairy-tale idol... Her wonderful world, closed from the rest, in which only the two of them lived... And now this world is gone. Evil people took him away, leaving only a deep wound that she herself could not heal.

All adult friends surrounding Vesta tried as best they could to dispel her dejected state, but the little girl did not want to open her grieving heart to anyone. The only one who could certainly help was Radan. But he was far away, along with Svetodar.
However, there was one person with Vesta who tried his best to replace her uncle Radan. And this man's name was Red Simon - a cheerful Knight with bright red hair. Friends called him harmlessly because of the unusual color of his hair, and Simon was not offended at all. He was funny and cheerful, always ready to come to the rescue, in this, indeed, reminiscent of the absent Radan. And his friends truly loved him for it. He was a "flavor" from the troubles, which in the life of the Templars at that time were very, very many ...
The Red Knight patiently appeared to Vesta, daily taking her on exciting long walks, gradually becoming a real trusted friend to the little girl. And even in little Montsegur they got used to it very soon. He became a familiar welcome guest there, to whom everyone was happy, appreciating his unobtrusive, gentle character and always in a great mood.
And only one Magdalene behaved warily with Simon, although she herself probably could not explain the reason ... She rejoiced more than anyone else, seeing Vesta more and more happy, but at the same time, she could not get rid of the incomprehensible feeling of danger, coming from the Knight Simon. She knew that she should have felt only gratitude for him, but the feeling of anxiety did not go away. Magdalena sincerely tried not to pay attention to her feelings and only rejoice at Vesta's mood, strongly hoping that over time the daughter's pain would gradually subside, just as she began to subside in herself ... And then only deep, bright sadness would remain in her exhausted heart for the departed, kind dad ... And there will still be memories ... Pure and bitter, as sometimes the purest and brightest LIFE is bitter ...

Svetodar often wrote messages to his mother, and one of the Knights of the Temple, who guarded him together with Radan in distant Spain, took these messages to the Valley of the Magicians, from where news with the latest news was immediately sent. So they lived without seeing each other, and could only hope that someday that happy day would come when they would meet all together at least for a moment ... But, unfortunately, then they did not yet know that this happy day never will be for them...
All these years after the loss of Radomir, Magdalena nurtured a cherished dream in her heart - to go someday to a distant Northern country to see the land of her ancestors and bow there to the house of Radomir ... To bow to the land that raised her dearest person. She also wanted to take the Key of the Gods there. For she knew that it would be right... Native land will save HIM for people much more reliably than she herself tries to do.
But life ran, as always, too quickly, and Magdalena still did not have time to carry out her plan. And eight years after the death of Radomir, trouble came ... Acutely feeling its approach, Magdalena suffered, unable to understand the reason. Even being the strongest Witch, she could not see her Fate, no matter how much she wanted to. Her Fate was hidden from her, as she had to live her life to the fullest, no matter how difficult or cruel it was...
- How is it, mother, that their Fate is closed to all Veduns and Vedunyas? But why? .. - Anna was indignant.
“I think it’s because we don’t try to change what is destined for us, dear,” I answered not too confidently.
As far as I could remember, from an early age I was outraged by this injustice! Why did we, the Knowers, need such a test? Why couldn't we get away from him, if we could?.. But, apparently, no one was going to answer this to us. This was our Life, and we had to live it the way it was written for us by someone. But we could make her happy so easily, let those “from above” see our Fate! .. But, unfortunately, I (and even Magdalena!) did not have such an opportunity.
– Also, Magdalena was more and more disturbed by the unusual rumors spreading… – Sever continued. - Among her students, strange "cathars" suddenly began to appear, quietly calling the rest to a "bloodless" and "kind" teaching. Which meant - called to live without struggle and resistance. It was strange, and certainly did not reflect the teachings of Magdalene and Radomir. She sensed a catch in this, felt the danger, but for some reason she could not manage to meet at least one of the “new” Cathars ... Anxiety grew in Magdalena’s soul ... Someone really wanted to make the Cathars helpless! .. Sow in their brave hearts of doubt. But who needed it? Churches?.. She knew and remembered how quickly even the strongest and most beautiful powers perished, as soon as they gave up the fight for just a moment, relying on someone else's friendliness!.. The world was still too imperfect... And it was necessary to be able to fight for your home, for your beliefs, for your children and even for love. That is why the Cathars of Magdalene were warriors from the very beginning, and this was fully consistent with her teachings. After all, she never created a gathering of humble and helpless "lambs", on the contrary - Magdalena created a powerful society of Battle Mages, whose purpose was to KNOW, as well as to protect their land and those living on it.
That is why the real ones, her Cathars, the Knights of the Temple, were courageous and strong people who proudly carried the Great Knowledge of the Immortals.

Seeing my protesting gesture, Sever smiled.
– Do not be surprised, my friend, as you know, everything on Earth is in the old natural way - the true History is still being rewritten over time, the brightest people are still being redrawn ... So it was, and I think it will always be so ... That is why, just like from Radomir, from the warlike and proud first (and real!) Cathars today, unfortunately, only a helpless Teaching of Love, built on self-denial, remains.
“But they really didn’t resist, Sever!” They had no right to kill! I read about it in Esclarmonde's diary!.. Yes, and you yourself told me about it.

- No, my friend, Esclarmonde was already from the "new" Cathars. I will explain to you... Forgive me, I did not reveal to you the true reason for the death of this wonderful people. But I never opened it to anyone. Again - apparently, the “truth” of the old Meteora is affecting ... She settled too deeply in me ...

Soil scientist Glinka short biography. Life and scientific activity of Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka

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