Sidorchuk Ekaterina
Adam Smith: biography, main ideas.
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Adam Smith
Adam Smith (1723-1790) - Scottish economist and philosopher, one of the largest representatives of classical political economy. He created the theory of labor value and substantiated the need for a possible liberation of the market economy from government intervention. In the "Study on the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (1776) he summarized the century-long development of this trend of economic thought, considered the theory of value and distribution of income, capital and its accumulation, the economic history of Western Europe, views on economic policy, state finances. A. Smith approached the economy as a system in which there are objective laws that can be known. During the life of Adam Smith, the book went through 5 English and several foreign editions and translations. Biography
Smith's entire system of economic views is based on the idea that the wealth of society is created by labor in the production process. It depends 1. On the proportion of the population employed in productive labor. 2. From the level of labor productivity. Smith considered the division of labor to be the most important factor in economic progress and made it the starting point of his research. Using the example of a pin manufactory, he showed an enormous increase in labor due to the specialization of certain groups of workers to perform only one operation: The main idea of Adam Smith
K. Marx, for example, characterized A. Smith as follows: “On the one hand, he traces the internal connection of economic categories, or the hidden structure of the bourgeois economic system. competition…". According to Marx, the duality of Smith's methodology (which K. Marx was the first to point out) led to the fact that not only "progressive economists who sought to discover the objective laws of the movement of capitalism, but also apologist economists who tried to justify the bourgeois system by analyzing the outward appearance of phenomena and processes. Noteworthy is the assessment of Smith's works, which is given by S. Gide and S. Rist. It is as follows. Smith borrowed all the important ideas from his predecessors in order to "pour" them into a "more general system." By outstripping them, he rendered them useless, since in place of their fragmentary views, Smith put a true social and economic philosophy. Thus, these views are given a completely new value in his book. Instead of being isolated, they serve to illustrate the overall concept. From it, they, in turn, borrow more light. Like almost all great "writers", A. Smith, without losing his originality, could borrow a lot from his predecessors ... And the most interesting opinion about Smith's work, in my opinion, was published by M. Blaug: "Adam Smith should not be portrayed as the founder of political economy Cantillon, Quesnay and Turgot can be awarded this honor with much greater justification. However, Cantillon's Essays, Quesnay's articles, Turgot's Meditations are at best lengthy pamphlets, dress rehearsals of science, but not yet science itself. Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" is the first full-fledged work in economics that sets out the general basis of science - the theory of production and distribution, then an analysis of the operation of these abstract principles on historical material, and, finally, a number of examples of their application in economic policy, and all this work imbued with the lofty idea of "an obvious and simple system of natural liberty," towards which, as it seemed to Adam Smith, the world was heading. The value of the economic works of A. Smith
The economic theory that Smith expounded in The Wealth of Nations was closely connected with his system of philosophical ideas about man and society. Smith saw the main driver of human actions in selfishness, in the desire of each individual to improve his position. However, according to him, in society, the selfish aspirations of people mutually limit each other, forming together a harmonious balance of contradictions, which is a reflection of the harmony established from above and reigning in the Universe. Competition in the economy, the desire of each for personal income ensure the development of production and, ultimately, the growth of social welfare. One of the key provisions of Adam Smith's theory is the need to free the economy from state regulation, which hinders the natural development of the economy. He sharply criticized the then dominant economic policy of mercantilism, aimed at ensuring a positive balance in foreign trade through a system of prohibitive measures. According to Smith, the desire of people to buy where it is cheaper, and to sell where it is more expensive, is natural, and therefore all protectionist duties and incentive premiums for exports are harmful, like any obstacles to the free circulation of money. Smith's interpretation of economic laws
Arguing with the theorists of mercantilism, who identified wealth with precious metals, and with the physiocrats, who saw the source of wealth exclusively in agriculture, Smith argued that wealth is created by all types of productive labor. Labor, he argued, also acts as a measure of the value of a product. At the same time, however, Adam Smith had in mind not the amount of labor that was spent on the production of a commodity, but that which can be purchased for this commodity. Money is just one type of product, not being the main goal of production. Adam Smith associated the well-being of society with the growth of labor efficiency. He considered the division of labor and specialization to be the most effective means of increasing it, referring to the pin manufactory, which has since become a classic example. However, the degree of division of labor, he emphasized, is directly related to the size of the market: the wider the market, the higher the level of specialization of the producers acting on it. This led to the conclusion that it was necessary to abolish such restrictions for the free development of the market as monopolies, guild privileges, settled laws, compulsory apprenticeship, etc. According to Adam Smith's theory, the initial value of a commodity during distribution is divided into three parts: wages, profit and rent . With the growth of labor efficiency, he noted, there is an increase in wages and rent, but the share of profit in the newly produced value decreases. The total public good is divided into two main parts: the first - capital - serves to maintain and expand production (this includes the wages of workers), the second goes to consumption by the unproductive classes of society (owners of land and capital, civil servants, military men, scientists, freelancers). etc.). The well-being of society also depends on the ratio of these two parts: the larger the share of capital, the faster social wealth grows, and, conversely, the more funds are spent on unproductive consumption (primarily by the state), the poorer the nation.
Adam Smith Economist,
ethical philosopher,
One of the founders
modern economic
theories
Biography
A. Smith was born June 5, 1723 in Kirkcaldy(Scotland) in the family of a customs official.
At the age of 14 (1737) he entered the University
Glasgow, where he studied ethics for two years
philosophy, logician, ancient languages, mathematics,
astronomy.
In 1740-1746. - Studied at Baileyall College
Oxford (in these years he was not yet interested in
economy)
In the summer of 1746, after the uprising of supporters of the Stuarts, he
went to Kirkcaldy, where he studied for two years
self-education.
The only treasure of a man is his memory. Only in it - his wealth or poverty. A. Smith
In 1748 Smith began lecturing at Edinburgh onnatural law (including jurisprudence,
political doctrines, sociology and economics).
It was then that Smith began to form his
ideas about the problems of the economy.
The basis of Smith's scientific theory was the desire to look
per person on three sides:
from the standpoint of morality and morality
from civil and state positions
from an economic point of view
Later he began to prepare lectures on the subject of "achieving wealth", where he first expounded in detail the economic philosophy of "obvious and
Later he began to prepare lectures on the subject of "achievementwealth", where he first detailed
economic philosophy "obvious and simple
system of natural freedom”, which was reflected in his
best-known work, An Inquiry into the Nature and
causes of the wealth of nations"
In 1759 Published the article "The Theory of Moral
feelings." In which he discussed ethical standards
behaviors that keep society in a state of
stability (opposing Christian morals
based on the fear of punishment and appeals of paradise),
proposed the "principle of sympathy" (according to which
it was worth putting yourself in the place of another person in order to
better understand it), and also expressed the ideas of equality,
according to which the principles of morality should
apply equally to everyone.
In the 1930s, sketches of the first chapters of Wealth were found; they date back to 1763. These sketches contain ideas about the role of the division of labor
Sketches were found in the 1930sthe first chapters of "Wealth"; they date
1763. These sketches contain
ideas about the role of the division of labor, concepts
productive and
unproductive labor, etc.
mercantilism is criticized and given
substantiation of the principle of non-intervention.
In 1763-66, Smith lived in France, where he personally became acquainted with the ideas of the Physiocrats.
Initially, it was believed that the mainWealth of Nations ideas were
borrowed by Smith from the Physiocrats; and
therefore the discovery of Glasgowski's lecture
students were extremely important as
proof that the main ideas
already formed with Smith before
French trip.
After returning from France, Smith lived in London for six months as an informal expert to the Minister of Finance, and from 1767. he is six years old
After returning from France, Smithlived in London for six months as
unofficial expert under the minister
finance, and since 1767. he lived for six years
in Kirkcaldy while working on a book.
Smith gained fame only after
publication of the book "Research on
the nature and causes of the wealth of nations"
in 1776
Died 17 July 1790 in Edinburgh (
Scotland, UK)
The main ideas of the economic doctrine of A. Smith
"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations"The book details the consequences
economic freedom.
Includes discussions of concepts such as
the principle of non-intervention, the role of selfishness,
division of labor, market functions and
international significance of free
economy. The book opened the economy
as a science by launching the doctrine of free
entrepreneurship.
"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" begins with an analysis of the problem of the division of labor. Source of Smith's division of labor
"An inquiry into the nature and causesWealth of Nations” begins with an analysis
division of labor problems. Source
Smith's division of labor saw exchange.
With the growth of the division of labor with the development of exchange
he connected and the origin of the money that Smith
regarded as a technical means of exchange.
He considered money a commodity, a product of natural
objective process of development of society,
common tool of trade.
Smith gave a great deal of attention to questions of cost. He singled out random market prices depending on supply and demand.
The basis of the price is a certainquantity of labor embodied in a commodity
- i.e. exchange value.
According to Smith, the value is equal to the sum of three
types of income: wages,
profits and rents.
By wages, Smith understood the amount of money that a commodity producer receives for his product. Wages in his teaching are characterized by
as the cost of labor.Profit according to Smith, is a deduction
from the product of the worker's labor. This is
the result of unpaid labor,
appropriation of someone else's capitalist.
Smith described an annuity as a deduction from
product of the worker's labor
assigned by the landowners.
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Text content of presentation slides: ANCIENT SPARTA LESSON PRESENTATION Riddles He wrote about Ilion and Odysseus, And the Greeks honor him with love, But they still wonder where, when He composed poems while living there. What was the name of such a power, When the people elected a position, And the one whom he elected He kept a report to the people For all free Athenians- And not only for the peasants- There is a lot in the state For solving important matters. We must all come together, Find a common solution. He earned the respect of everyone for being smart and honest. But he didn’t seek fame. In Athens, he served everyone honestly. In what year did Solon come to power in Athens? Solve the problem: How many years have passed since the reforms? In what century were Solon's reforms carried out? At the beginning, end or middle of the century were they carried out? Replace with one word: City - state ……… Power of the people ………. Free Athenians ……… The topic of the lesson is “Ancient Sparta” Find on the map where Ancient Sparta was located. A rebus will help you answer this question. Work on the map: Paint over the territory of Laconica with green color. Mark the city of Sparta Sparta was located here in ancient times POPULATION OF SPARTA The entire population of Sparta was divided into: SPARTANS PERIEKI HELOTS FREE POPULATION Craftsmen and TOR-GOTS, DID NOT HAVE CIVIL RIGHTS SLAVES ILOTOV. SPARTANS AND HELOTS CHOOSE ELDERS, DECLARES WAR OR PEACE MAKES IMPORTANT DECISIONS AUTHORITIES COMMANDERS WAX, JOIN THE COUNCIL OF ELDERS 2 KINGS COUNCIL OF ELDERS PEOPLE'S ASSEMBLY STATE ORGANIZATION oligarchy (from the Greek word "oligo" - oligo). the power of few. And now WARNING! MINUTE REST! Here's a challenge for your eyes! Are these circles moving? Does the drawing float? Does this drawing move? Working with a document: How was the younger generation brought up in Sparta? What did you like about education, and what did you not like and why? THE MAIN BUSINESS WAS MILITARY, EVERYTHING ELSE WERE LITTLE ATTENTION Peculiarities of upbringing in Sparta REINFORCEMENT OF THE STUDYED MATERIAL: COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TASKS: № 1 1. Choose the correct answer: Spartans: a) were the original inhabitants of Laconica; b) at the invitation of the original inhabitants, they came to Lakonika; c) conquered Lakonika and subjugated its original inhabitants to their power. No. 22. Choose the wrong answer: In the Greek states, Sparta was famous as a country in which: a) arts and science flourished; b) all inhabitants were subject to almost military discipline and strict order; c) babies, recognized by the elders as not healthy enough, were thrown off a mountain cliff into the abyss. № 3 3.Find the mistake: In ancient Sparta: a) beautiful palaces and temples were built; b) the inhabitants kept their fellow tribesmen - the Greeks - in slavery; c) babies, recognized by the elders as not healthy enough, were thrown from a mountain cliff into an abyss. № 4 4. Name the concept that fits this definition: Slaves belonging to the Spartan state: a) helots; b) demos; c) citizens. No. 5 5. Guess the word: The political system in Ancient Sparta I and h r a g l o Thank you for your work in the lesson!
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The economic doctrine of Adam Smith Prepared by: student of the SS-202 group Alexey Korneev
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Adam Smith economist, ethical philosopher; one of the founders of modern economic theory.
3 slide
A. Smith was born on June 5, 1723 in Kirkcaldy (Scotland) in the family of a customs official. At the age of 14 (1737), he entered the University of Glasgow, where he studied the ethical foundations of philosophy, logic, ancient languages, mathematics, and astronomy for two years. In 1740 - 1746. - studying at Baileyall College, Oxford (in these years he was not yet interested in economics) In the summer of 1746, after the uprising of supporters of the Stuarts, he left for Kirkcaldy, where he was engaged in self-education for two years. Biography
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In 1748 Smith began lecturing in Edinburgh on natural law (including jurisprudence, political doctrine, sociology and economics). It was then that Smith began to formulate his ideas about the problems of economics. The basis of Smith's scientific theory was the desire to look at a person from three sides: from the standpoint of morality and ethics, from civil and state positions, from economic positions.
5 slide
Later he began to prepare lectures on the subject of “achieving wealth”, where he first detailed the economic philosophy of the “obvious and simple system of natural freedom”, which was reflected in his most famous work “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations”. In 1759, he published the article "The Theory of Moral Sentiments", in which he discussed the standards of ethical behavior that maintain society in a state of stability (opposite to Christian morality, based on fear of punishment and promises of paradise), proposed the "principle of sympathy" (according to which it was worth putting himself in the place of another person in order to better understand him), and also expressed the ideas of equality, according to which the principles of morality should be applied equally to all.
6 slide
In the 1930s, sketches of the first chapters of Wealth were found; they date from 1763. These sketches contain ideas about the role of the division of labor, the concepts of productive and unproductive labor, and so on; mercantilism is criticized and justification for the principle of non-intervention is given.
7 slide
In 1763-66, Smith lived in France, where he personally became acquainted with the ideas of the Physiocrats. It was originally believed that the main ideas of The Wealth of Nations were borrowed by Smith from the Physiocrats; and so the discovery of the Glasgow student's lectures was of the utmost importance as evidence that Smith's main ideas were already in place before the French trip.
8 slide
After returning from France, Smith lived in London for six months as an informal expert to the Minister of Finance, and from 1767 he lived in Kirkcaldy for six years, working on a book. Smith gained fame only after the publication of the book "A Study on the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" in 1776. He died on July 17, 1790 in Edinburgh (Scotland, Great Britain).
9 slide
The main ideas of the economic doctrine of A. Smith The book describes in detail the consequences of economic freedom. Discussions of such concepts as the principle of non-intervention, the role of selfishness, the division of labor, the functions of the market, and the international significance of a free economy are included. The book opened economics as a science by launching the doctrine of free enterprise. "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations"
10 slide
"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" begins with an analysis of the problem of the division of labor. Smith saw the source of the division of labor in exchange. With the growth of the division of labor and the development of exchange, he also linked the origin of money, which Smith regarded as a technical means of exchange. He considered money to be a commodity, a product of the spontaneous objective process of the development of society, a universal instrument of trade.
11 slide
Smith gave a great deal of attention to questions of cost. He singled out random market prices depending on supply and demand. The basis of the price is a certain amount of labor embodied in the product - i.e. its exchange value. According to Smith, value is equal to the sum of three types of income: wages, profits and rents.
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A presentation on the topic "Adam Smith" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Subject of the project: Social science. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 7 slide(s).
Presentation slides
slide 1
slide 2
Biography
Scottish economist, one of the founders of modern economic theory. Studied 3 years at the University of Glasgow, then 6 years at Oxford. Main works: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) Lectures on Jurisprudence (1766) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) An Account of the Life and Works of David Hume (1777) Thoughts on the State of Competition with America (1778) An Essay on Philosophical Subjects (1785) )
Adam Smith (1723 - 1790)
slide 3
What is the source of wealth
According to A. Smith, the source of the growth of the wealth of the people is: Gross national product Growth of the population of the state Increase in production Free competition Division of labor Transition from manufactories to factory production
slide 4
Three Factor Theory
"Theory of three factors" - the theory of the formation of the value of goods
CAPITAL LABOR LAND COST PROFIT WAGE RENT DISTRIBUTION:
slide 5
"THE INVISIBLE HAND"
Internal aspiration encourages progress through the mechanisms of competition.
The desire of individuals for personal gain contributes to the general progress, without the intention of the individual.
slide 6
The principles of taxation according to A. Smith: Generality Certainty Distribution For labor For land For capital Convenience Fairness
“Injustice tempts and induces to break the law, this leads to punishment, which in turn leads to new injustice ...”
Slide 7
The end of the presentation
Thank you for your attention
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