You will probably be surprised to see this headline and think: “Is it really that difficult to cross the road?” Some pedestrians believe that they just need to run across the road very quickly and everything will be in order.
Others, on the contrary, patiently wait until there is not a single car on the road at all. But this happens so rarely that you can stand for several hours waiting for the moment when it will be possible to cross the road.
What to do? How to cross the street?
You already know that you can cross the road at an elevated or underground pedestrian crossing, as well as at a green - permissive - traffic light. But before you start crossing the road, determine whether the traffic on it is one-way or two-way. After all, the rules for crossing different roads are different from each other.
But above all, you must know very well general rules :
- Before crossing the road, stop at the edge of the sidewalk.
- Look carefully left and right and find out if this is a one-way or two-way road.
- Before you start crossing the road, make sure that all vehicles are at a safe distance from you to cross.
- Cross the road at a brisk pace, but don't run.
- Cross the road at right angles to the sidewalk, not at an angle.
And the most important thing: be careful all the time while you are crossing the road!
You already know that when crossing any road, you must be very careful and follow the general rules. But, in addition to the general ones, there are also rules when crossing roads with two-way traffic.
How should you behave when crossing a two-way road?
It may seem to you that there are too many rules and it is difficult or even impossible to remember them. But it is much better to spend time learning the rules for crossing the road than risking your health and life!
When crossing a one-way road, you need to behave a little differently than when crossing a two-way road. Approaching the road with one-way traffic, first of all, determine where the transport goes on it - to the right or to the left.
Before you start crossing a one-way road, remember that you can only cross it right away.It is impossible to stop in the middle of the road here!After all, on such a road, cars drive across the entire width of the carriageway. Therefore, we remind you once again: when crossing a one-way road, you cannot stop in the middle.
Now you understand that you can only cross such roads when you are absolutely sure that all vehicles are at a distance from you sufficient for a safe crossing. Therefore, first of all, make sure that the transport is far from you, and remember about the braking distance!
Remember to make sure that there are no cars moving in reverse near the pedestrian crossing. Start crossing the road quickly, but do not run. Walk at a right angle to the sidewalk, not at an angle.
When crossing a one-way road, do not forget to watch the side of the road where the traffic comes from.
In ancient times, there were no private cars or public transport. There were not even horse-drawn carriages yet, and people walked from one settlement to another. But they needed to know where that other road led. And it was also important for them to know how much distance was left to go to the right place. To convey this information, our ancestors placed stones on the roads, broke branches in a special way, and made notches on tree trunks.
And in ancient Rome , back in the time of Emperor Augustus, the first signs appeared that either demanded - "Give way" or warned - "This is a dangerous place." In addition, the Romans began to put stone pillars along the most important roads. They carved the distance from this pillar to the main square in Rome - the Roman Forum. We can say that these were the first road signs.
In Russia in the XVI century, under Tsar Fedor Ioannovich, on the road that led from Moscow to the royal estate of Kolomenskoye, milestones 4 meters high were placed. This is where the expression "Kolomenskaya Verst" came from.
Under Peter I, a system of milestones appeared on all the roads of the Russian Empire. The pillars were painted in black and white stripes. So they could be seen better at any time of the day. They indicated the distance from one settlement to another and the name of the area.
But a serious need for road signs arose with the advent of cars.
In 1900 At the congress of the International Tourist Union, it was agreed that all road signs should not have inscriptions, but symbols - understandable to both foreign citizens and illiterate people.
In 1903 The first road signs appeared on the streets of Paris. And 6 years later, at the International Conference in Paris, they agreed to install road signs on the right side, in the direction of travel, 250 meters before the start of the dangerous section. At the same time, the first four road signs were installed. They have survived to this day, although their appearance has changed. These signs are named:"Rough road", "Dangerous turn", "Crossing Equivalent Roads" and "Railway crossing with a barrier".
In 1909 the first road signs officially appeared in Russia.
Subsequently, the number of signs, their shape and colors were determined.
There was a time when only riders on horseback, chariots and horse-drawn carts rode the streets and roads. They can be considered the first vehicles. They traveled without observing any rules, and therefore often collided with each other. After all, the streets of cities in those days were very narrow, and the roads were winding and bumpy. It became clear that it was necessary to streamline the movement along the streets and roads, that is, to invent rules that would make movement on them convenient and safe.
The first rules of the road appeared more than 2000 years ago, under Julius Caesar.
They helped regulate traffic on city streets. Some of these rules have survived to this day. For example, already in those ancient times, one-way traffic was allowed on many streets.
In Russia, traffic was regulated by tsarist decrees. So, in the decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna of 1730, it was said: “For cab drivers and other people of all ranks, ride with horses in harness, with all fear and caution, quietly. And those who will not abide by these rules will be beaten with a whip and exiled to hard labor. And in the decree of Empress Catherine II it is said: "On the streets, the coachmen must not scream, whistle, ring or strum at any time."
At the end of XVIII century, the first "self-propelled carts" appeared - cars. They drove very slowly and caused many criticism and ridicule. For example, in England they introduced a rule according to which a person with a red flag or a lantern had to go in front of each car and warn the carriages and riders they met. And the speed of movement should not exceed 3 km / h; in addition, drivers were forbidden to give warning signals. These were the rules, do not reduce, do not breathe and crawl like a turtle.
But, in spite of everything, there were more and more cars. And in 1893 The first rules for motorists appeared in France. At first, different countries had different rules. But it was very inconvenient.
Therefore, in 1909 At the International Conference in Paris, the Convention on Road Traffic was adopted, which established uniform rules for all countries. This Convention introduced the first road signs, established the duties of drivers and pedestrians.
Do you know when the first traffic light familiar to us appeared?
It turns out that they began to regulate traffic using a mechanical device already 140 years ago, in London. The first traffic light stood in the center of the city on a pillar 6 meters high. It was run by a specially assigned person. With the help of a belt system, he raised and lowered the arrow of the device. Then the arrow was replaced by a lantern that worked on lighting gas. There were green and red glasses in the lantern, and yellow ones had not yet been invented.
The first electric traffic light appeared in the United States, in the city of Clivend, in 1914. He also had only two signals - red and green - and was controlled manually. The yellow signal replaced the warning whistle of the policeman. But after 4 years, three-color electric traffic lights with automatic control appeared in New York.
Interestingly, in the first traffic lights, the green signal was at the top, but then it was decided that it was better to place the red signal on top. And now, in all countries of the world, traffic signals are arranged according to a single rule: at the top - red, middle - yellow, bottom - green.
In our country, the first traffic light appeared in 1929 in Moscow. It looked like a round clock with three sectors - red, yellow, green. And the traffic controller manually turned the arrow, setting it to the desired color.
Then in Moscow and Leningrad (as St. Petersburg was then called) there were electric traffic lights with three sections of the modern type. And in 1937 in Leningrad, on Zhelyabov Street (now Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street), the first pedestrian traffic light appeared.
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Target:
- To introduce students to the history of the development of roads and the rules of the road.
- draw students' attention to the study and observance of traffic rules.
Visual aids: albums, drawings, on the topic.
“History of road development and traffic rules”
1. The teacher's story about the road.
It was a very long time ago. People lived then among the impenetrable forests. They raised cattle, hunted, collected honey from wild bees, fished, and sowed small plots of land. It was difficult then for people to make their way through dense forests, but there was a need for this. And so people began to cut paths in the forests. They were called "paths". "Putiks" connected settlements with each other, they began to be called roads. A road is a way from one settlement to another.
Teacher:
2. As time went on, riders on horseback, chariots and horse-drawn carts began to ride along the streets and roads. They can be considered the first vehicles. They traveled without observing any rules, and therefore often collided with each other. After all, the streets of cities in those days were usually narrow, and the roads were winding and bumpy. It became clear that it was necessary to streamline the movement along the streets and roads, that is, to invent rules that would make movement on them convenient and safe.
The history of the development of roads and the first rules of the road originates in ancient Rome.
3. The first rules of the road appeared more than 2000 years ago, under Julius Caesar.
Julius Caesar introduced one-way traffic on several streets in the city in the 50s BC. From sunrise and about two hours before sunset (working day end time) the passage of private wagons and chariots was forbidden.
Visitors to the city had to travel in Rome on foot or on a palanquin (stretcher on long poles), and transport to park outside the city.
Already at that time there was a supervisory service that monitored compliance with these rules. It consisted mainly of former firefighters
The duties of this service included preventing conflict situations among vehicle owners. Crossroads were not regulated. The nobles, in order to ensure free passage for themselves, sent forward runners. They freed the streets and the nobles thus could freely pass to their destination.
4. One of the most enduring monuments of ancient Rome was the network of roads that linked the imperial provinces. And even if not all roads led to Rome, they all owed their origin to the Eternal City, and in particular the Appian Way - this “queen of roads”.
5. The first "correct" Roman roads were built by the military and laid for military purposes, later the authorities constantly monitored them as strategic objects. The classical width of the roads is 12 m. They were built in four layers: cobblestone, crushed stones, brick chips, and large cobblestone.
One of the mandatory conditions set before the start of construction was the continuous accessibility of the road in any weather. For this, the roadbed not only rose 40-50 cm above the terrain, but also had a sloping shape in section, which is why there were never puddles on it. Drainage ditches on either side of the roadway diverted water away from it, giving it no chance to begin to erode the foundation.
One of the striking features of Roman roads has gone down in history - their straightness. For the sake of preserving this characteristic, convenience was often sacrificed: the road could turn to the side only because of a very serious obstacle, otherwise a bridge was built across the river, a tunnel was dug in the mountain, and gentle hills were not considered a problem at all, which is why travelers often had to climb steep ascents and descents.
6. A huge road network required appropriate infrastructure: inns, forges, stables - all this was built as the roadbed was built, so that by the end of the work the new direction would immediately become active.
7. Unlike Western countries , that arose on the site of one of the greatest ancient civilizations - Ancient Rome, Russian roads throughout history left much to be desired. To some extent, this is due to the peculiarity of the natural and geographical conditions in which Russian civilization was formed. In view of the harsh climate, the presence of a large number of various kinds of obstacles - forests, wetlands, the construction of roads in Russia has always been associated with significant difficulties.
8. In view of the fact that most of the territory of Russia was occupied by impenetrable forests, rivers played the role of roads; all Russian cities and most of the villages were located along the banks of the rivers. In the summer they swam along the rivers, in the winter they rode sledges. Overland communication was also hampered by gangs of robbers who hunted on forest roads.
9. The absence of roads sometimes turned out to be a boon for the population of the Russian principalities. So, in 1238, Batu Khan, who ruined the Ryazan and Vladimir-Suzdal principalities, could not reach Novgorod due to the spring thaw, and was forced to turn south. The Tatar-Mongol invasion played a dual role in the development of the road system of the Russian lands.
10. On the one hand, as a result of Batu's campaigns, the economy of the Russian principalities was thoroughly undermined, dozens of cities were destroyed, which ultimately led to a reduction in trade and desolation of roads. At the same time, having subdued North-Eastern Russia and made it part of the Golden Horde, the Tatars introduced their postal system in the Russian lands, borrowed from China, which in essence was a revolution in the development of the road network. Horde mail stations began to be located along the roads.
11. The owners of the stations were called coachmen (from the Turkic “yamji” - “messenger”). The maintenance of the pits fell on the local population, who also performed the underwater duty, i.e. was obliged to provide their horses and carts to the Horde ambassadors or messengers.
12. For a long time in Russia, traffic was regulated by royal decrees. So, in the decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna of 1730, it was said: “For cab drivers and other people of all ranks, ride with horses in harness, with all fear and caution, quietly. And in the decree of Empress Catherine II it is said: “On the streets, the coachmen should never shout, whistle, ring or strum.”
13. At the end of the 18th century, the first “self-propelled carts” appeared - cars. They drove very slowly and caused many criticism and ridicule. For example, in England they introduced a rule according to which a person with a red flag or lantern had to go in front of each car and
warn oncoming carriages and riders. And the speed of movement should not exceed 3 kilometers per hour; in addition, drivers were prohibited from giving warning signals. These were the rules: don't whistle, don't breathe, and crawl like a turtle.
But, in spite of everything, there were more and more cars.
Over time, changes and additions were made to the rules, features were specified when driving through intersections, changing the speed limit when approaching an intersection, and prohibiting overtaking in difficult sections. One of the additions was a rule giving priority to pedestrians in traffic. The religious procession or, for example, a funeral ceremony also enjoyed an advantage in movement.
14. The basis of the modern Rules of the Road was laid on December 10, 1868 in London. On this day, in front of the Parliament on the square, the first railway semaphore appeared in the form of a colored disc with mechanical control. This semaphore was invented by J.P. Knight, a semaphore specialist of the time.
The device consisted of two semaphore wings, and depending on the position of the wings, the corresponding signal was indicated:
Horizontal position - no movement
45-degree angle position - movement is allowed, but with precautions.
15. At first, different countries had different rules. But it was very inconvenient.
Therefore, in 1909, at the International Conference in Paris, the Convention on Automobile Traffic was adopted, which established uniform rules for all countries. This Convention introduced the first road signs, established the duties of drivers and pedestrians.
16. Over the years, changes and additions have been made to the rules of the road, stipulating features when driving through intersections, changing the speed limit when approaching an intersection, and prohibiting overtaking in difficult sections.
The first traffic rules in Russia along the streets and roads were developed in 1940, since the development of road transport was slower than in Europe and America.
At present, modern traffic rules are in force in Russia, which we study in the classroom and extracurricular activities.
The modern rules of the road set out the duties of drivers, pedestrians, passengers, describe road signs, traffic lights, etc.
The teacher focuses on the fact that in all countries of the world children try never to violate the rules of the road, because the correct behavior on the streets and roads is an indicator of human culture.
On the streets of many cities, on busy highways, the movement of vehicles often takes the form of continuous streams. There is a concentration of the population in cities; now more than half of the country's population lives in cities. And this increases the number of pedestrians on the streets. The concentration of a large number of vehicles and pedestrians on the streets of settlements complicates the situation, requires the organization of traffic, ensuring the safety of traffic participants. With an increase in traffic intensity, a clear organization of the management of both transport and pedestrian flows, the use of modern means of regulation are required. In addition, to ensure traffic safety, it is necessary for drivers and pedestrians to have a solid knowledge of the “Rules of the Road”, as well as their exact implementation.
All citizens of our country are obliged to follow these rules, to comply with the requirements of police officers and those on duty at railway crossings. Any, even a minor violation of traffic rules in a traffic stream can cause a traffic accident, which will result in injury to people, failure of expensive vehicles and damage to the transported cargo.
Test questions.
1. Where did the first rules of the road appear?
2. How were the first Roman roads built?
3. Why have Russian roads left much to be desired throughout history?
4. How was traffic regulated in tsarist times?
5. In which city was the foundation of modern traffic rules laid?
6. In which city in 1909 at the International Conference was adopted
7. Convention on road traffic?
8. In what year were the first traffic rules developed in Russia?
9. What are traffic rules for?
Rules of the road and the history of their creation.
The purpose of the lesson : to acquaint students with the history of the creation of traffic rules, to test knowledge of current traffic rules.
Equipment : new traffic rules.
Attempts to introduce rules for driving along the streets and roads were made even when horse-drawn carriages reigned supreme. In 1863, in Russia, a personal decree was issued "said to different ranks to people" by Tsars John and Peter Alekseevich: , carelessly beat people. The decree categorically forbade the management of horses with the help of reins. Then it was believed that in order for the coachman to see the road better, he must control the horse while sitting on it.
In 1730, a new decree was issued: "For cab drivers and other officials of all kinds, ride with horses bridled, with all fear and caution, quietly."
In 1742, a decree appeared that said: “If someone rides horses briskly, they will be caught by police teams and sent to the empress’s stable.”
In 1812, rules were introduced that established right-hand traffic, speed limits, requirements for the technical condition of crews, and the introduction of license plates. These were attempts to organize the movement of crews. At that time there were no systematic rules for driving on the roads. Pedestrian traffic was erratic and disorganized. When steam and then gasoline cars appeared, new attempts followed, both in Russia and abroad, to ensure traffic safety.
Some of them can only make us smile now. So, for example, in England, a man with a red flag walked ahead of the steam carriage and warned oncoming people about the approach of the steam engine, and at the same time pacified the frightened cab horses. In France, the speed of gasoline cars in built-up areas was not to exceed the speed of a pedestrian. In Germany, the owner of the car was obliged to tell the police the day before which road the "gasoline cart" would take. Driving at night is generally prohibited. If the driver was on the road at night, he had to stop and wait for the morning.
In those days, there were very few cars in Russia, so security issues were still not so acute. But as the years passed, the number of cars, motorcycles, bicycles, trams and other vehicles increased. The task of creating conditions for road safety required its solution.
In Russia, already in 1897, the City Councils of Moscow and St. Petersburg were already considering the issue of establishing special rules for "automatic carriages", and three years later the "Compulsory Decree on the Procedure for Passenger and Freight Traffic in the City of St. Petersburg in Automobiles" was approved. This document consisted of 46 paragraphs and established requirements for drivers and cars, traffic rules and parking rules. So, a citizen no younger than 21 years old, literate and able to explain himself in Russian, could receive a driving permit, provided that he successfully passed the driving test. Cars had to be registered and have two license plates (front and rear). An annual mandatory technical inspection was provided for in the period from March 1 to April 1. The maximum permitted speed in Moscow was 20 miles per hour, and for cars weighing more than 350 pounds - 12 miles per hour. Paragraph 41 of this decree read: "If the approach of an automatic carriage causes concern to the horses, the driver must slow down and, if necessary, stop."
We find the first mention of the Traffic Rules in the “Instructions on the use of cars and motorcycles and on the order of movement in Moscow and its environs in 1918. Two years later, the Traffic Rules were approved by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars. This historic document marked the beginning of the development of Soviet legislation in the field of road safety. The decree included basic requirements for the behavior of drivers, as well as rules for the registration and technical control of motor vehicles. The speed of movement of cars was regulated: for cars - 25 miles per hour, for trucks - 15 miles per hour. At the same time, at night, the speed for all vehicles, except for firefighters, was limited to 10 miles per hour.
Road signs, traffic lights and road markings began to be used to facilitate traffic. The first 4 signs indicating the presence of danger, with symbols of an intersection, a railway crossing, a winding road, bumps in the carriageway, were approved in 1909 by the Paris Convention on Motor Traffic. The international system of road signs was supplemented in 1926 with two more - "unguarded railway crossing" and "Stop is required." In 1931, at the next traffic conference in Geneva, the number of signs classified into three groups was increased to 26: warning, prescriptive and indicative. Remember how many groups of signs are in these rules (7) and how many signs (231).
Before the Second World War, there were two main systems of road signs in various countries of the world, one of which is based on the use of symbols, the other on the use of inscriptions. At the end of the Second World War, an attempt was made to create a single road signaling system for all countries of the world.
In 1949, in Geneva, at the next conference on road traffic, the Convention on Road Traffic and the Protocol on Road Signs were adopted.
Until 1940, there were no unified rules in our country, and their development and approval were within the competence of local authorities. In 1940, the first model Rules of the Road were approved, on the basis of which more or less uniform rules began to be created locally.
The first, uniform for the whole country, the Rules for driving on the streets of cities, towns and roads of the USSR, were introduced in 1961 (they were based on the 1949 convention), then they were finalized and existed until 1973, when they were replaced by the Rules of the road, based on at the 1968 and 1971 conventions.
Since the introduction of the Rules in 1973 in our country, there have been significant changes in the practice of organizing traffic, so they have undergone several changes and additions. The latest traffic rules were put into effect on July 1, 1994. What was new about them?
There was an order on the mandatory use of seat belts and equipment of cars with first-aid kits and fire extinguishers; the duties of pedestrians and drivers are separated into independent sections. Traffic lights and traffic controllers are combined into one section. There was a new section "Priority of route vehicles"; clarified benefits for disabled drivers; the procedure for the movement of vehicles equipped with special light and sound signals is regulated in more detail; new terms have been introduced (“Road user”, “Forced stop”, “Insufficient visibility”, “Pavement”, “Pedestrian path”, “Pedestrian crossing”, etc.). The concept of "overtaking" is interpreted in a fundamentally new way. Now, overtaking is considered to be ahead of the vehicle associated with the departure from the occupied lane, and not just with the departure into the oncoming lane.
Certain changes have been made to the "speed" section. In built-up areas, all vehicles have a single speed limit of 60 km/h. Motorcyclists are allowed a speed limit of 90 km/h on roads outside built-up areas, including a speed limit of 110 km/h on motorways for cars, as well as for trucks with a maximum permitted weight of 3.5 tons.
Safety requirements for transporting people in trucks have become more stringent. The annex to the Rules includes a list of conditions relating to the technical condition and equipment, under which the operation of vehicles is prohibited.
In the time remaining in the lesson, repeat the traffic rules on the issues of previous lessons, solve road problems or analyze an accident.
Teacher of additional education
Akhmetzyanova Gulchachak Khamisovna
In Belarus, the first car appeared in 1895. It was acquired by the Kovno District of Communications. This pleasure was not cheap, no matter what, the number of cars grew rapidly. The Rechitsa district zemstvo government owned two 25-horsepower cars of the Case company. The Minsk governor drove a dark blue Benz. Princes Radzivils in Nesvizh owned two cars. Princess Paskevich also had two cars at her disposal. A 50-horsepower Mercedes and a 20-horsepower Benz were purchased by the landowner Grebnitsky. Even some wealthy peasants owned cars. In Minsk, the car was purchased by the peasant Rakov, and in Vitebsk, the peasant Terekhov had a Benz.
The first car accident in Minsk occurred on August 20, 1906. Citizen Fedorov, who took permission to transport passengers, crashed into a telegraph pole on Podgornaya Street (now Karl Marx Street). Passengers were thrown onto the pavement, one of them was seriously injured. After such an incident, they were able to take up taxi transportation again only in the autumn of 1912. Minsk residents were transported by taxis of Opel, Ford, Darak, Overland, Oldsmobile and Mercedes brands.
The organization of public transport has also begun. In 1909, the Bobruisk merchant F. Nekrich, together with the honorary citizen of Slutsk I. Ettinger, opened the "Urgent Automobile Communication Enterprise". From Slutsk to Old Roads and back, 3 buses “N. A.G." From Slutsk to Lyakhovichi, 2 buses of the Durkon company began to go.
Trucks began to appear a little later. The first truck appeared at the Kantorovich wallpaper factory only in 1911.
The communication system in the Belarusian provinces was well developed. In the first half of the 19th century, such important land communications as the Brest-Warsaw, Moscow-Brest, Vitebsk-Smolensk, Kyiv-Brest highways passed through Belarus.
In Belarus, the repair and construction of roads was mainly carried out by the Kovno District of Communications, renamed in 1901 into Vilna in connection with the transfer of its administration to Vilna. The Vilna district was in charge of 2554 versts of the highway. In the 1910s, there was an active construction of roads. In 1914, a project was approved to build about three thousand kilometers of highway in the western provinces in six years. This was interrupted by the outbreak of the First World War. For the next six years, the roads only deteriorated. Only in 1928 was it possible to reach their pre-war level. Dozens of Belarusian cities have become connected by bus routes. Some cities even had domestic bus services. In Minsk at that time there were two lines: "Vokzal-Komarovka" and "Storozhevka-Serebryanka", which intersected at Svoboda Square.
The history of the development of traffic rules in Belarus
On September 11, 1896, a decree was issued by the Minister of Railways, Prince M.I. Khilkov "On the procedure and conditions for the transportation of heavy loads and passengers along the highway of the Department of Railways in self-propelled carriages." The decree included 12 mandatory rules. Here are some of them:
- When operating self-propelled carriages, the speed of their movement, when meeting with horse-drawn carriages, in order not to frighten the horses, should be reduced to the quietest speed, for the same purpose, a self-propelled carriage should move as far as possible to the very edge of the highway.
- On sharp turns, self-propelled carriages must move quietly, and in closed areas, in addition, they must trumpet.
- In accordance with the requirements of general safety, the speed of passage of self-propelled carriages should be reduced: on descents, when meeting with other crews, at the intersection of the highway with other roads and in villages.
- When driving on highways where there are checkpoints for collecting tolls, self-propelled carriages pay a toll in the amount that will be established for the right of such carriages to travel on the highway.
- Every self-propelled vehicle must have a proper certificate that the vehicle is in good condition in all parts and that all parts of the mechanical engine are in good and safe condition.
Note: For the issuance of such certificates to owners of self-propelled vehicles intended for movement on the roads of the Department of Railways, it is supposed to inspect these crews in the same manner and within the same timeframes that are established for the examination of steam boilers on ships sailing on inland waters. - The iron tires on the rims of self-propelled carriages must be flat over the entire surface, by no means convex or concave, and fastened to the rims in such a way that nails, pins, screws or rivets do not protrude.
- The width of the wheel rims and iron tires must in no case be less than 3 ¼ inches for the total weight of the vehicle with a load of 120 to 180 pounds and not less than 4 inches for the weight of the vehicle with a load of 180 to 300 pounds.
- Passage on the highway of self-propelled carriages weighing more than 300 pounds is not allowed without special permission requested in advance.
In the 1920s and 1930s, there were no uniform rules for the entire Soviet Union; they were developed locally. On June 10, 1920, the Council of People's Commissars adopted the Decree "On motor traffic in Moscow and its environs". The rules consisted of 9 sections containing 39 items. In many cities of the Soviet republics, the content of the Decree was taken as the basis for traffic rules. The rules contained requirements for drivers: that they have driver's documents and a waybill; registration plate requirements; requirements for cars and their registration; described the rights to use certain types of cars.
On September 10, 1931, a circular “On the procedure for organizing supervision over the implementation of traffic rules” was signed at the Main Directorate of the Workers 'and Peasants' Militia (GURKM). With the entry into force of the circular, traffic control departments (ORUDs) were created as part of the police departments.
On May 15, 1933, Zudortrans approved the "Rules for the movement of motor vehicles on the roads of the USSR."
There was a need to create a more flexible state body that could control the discipline of drivers on the roads, and on November 5, 1934, in accordance with the government decree “On measures to improve the road economy”, the Main State Automobile Inspectorate was created at Zudortrans.
Belarusian traffic rules for the city of Minsk were adopted on March 27, 1936 and included 13 sections. These Rules introduced 22 road signs: 3 indicative, 6 warning, 13 prohibiting.
In 1938, the first traffic light appeared at the intersection of Kirov and Bobruiskaya streets in Minsk.
In the USSR, in 1940, standard “Rules for driving on the streets and roads of the USSR” were adopted, on the basis of which the Rules on the ground began to be created.
Standards for road and registration signs were developed only in 1945. GOST 2965-45 “Road signal signs. Classification and specifications” divided road signs into three types: a) warning of dangerous places (yellow field, black border and black image) - 4 signs; b) prohibiting - 14 signs; c) indicative - 8 characters. GOST 3207-46 "Number plates for cars, tractors, transport tractors, trailers and motorcycles" introduced registration plates that are uniform for all: 2 black letters and 4 numbers on a yellow background.
On May 8, 1946, the executive committee of the Minsk Regional Council of Workers' Deputies issued the first post-war Rules of the street in the city of Minsk and the Minsk region. The rules consisted of 29 sections, including 129 items.
In 1957, the USSR issued new model rules for driving on streets and roads, which formed the basis of the “Rules of the road for streets and roads of the Byelorussian SSR”, approved by the Council of Ministers of Belarus by Resolution No. 335 of May 12, 1959. The rules contained 100 clauses and 2 annexes.
On January 1, 1959, GOST 3207-58 "Number plates for road transport vehicles" began to operate. According to GOST, black numbers on a yellow background were replaced by four numbers and three white letters on a black background.
At the World Conference on Road Traffic in Geneva in 1949, the United Nations (UN) adopted the agreements: "Convention on Road Traffic" and "Protocol on Road Signs and Signals". These documents contained international requirements for the organization and order of traffic in order to develop it and improve safety. The Soviet Union, which then included Belarus, acceded to these UN agreements in August 1959. On the basis of international documents, the first unified rules for driving on the streets and roads of the USSR were developed, approved by order of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in January 1960. On December 2, 1960, the Council of Ministers of the BSSR adopted Resolution No. 639 “On the Enactment of the Rules for Driving on the Streets and Roads of the USSR in the Byelorussian SSR”.
In August 1964, the Council of Ministers of the BSSR approved the Rules for registration and accounting of motor vehicles and motorcycles, the Rules for technical inspections of cars and motorcycles, the Rules for recording road accidents and the Regulations on the procedure for awarding the qualification of a driver of motor vehicles and urban electric transport.
In 1972, a unified driver's license was introduced in the USSR, according to which drivers began to be divided into groups according to the categories (A, B, C, D and E) of the vehicles they were allowed to drive.
On January 1, 1974, 26 regional and inter-district registration and examination divisions of the traffic police began to work in the BSSR. They dealt with issuing and replacing driver's licenses, registering vehicles and taking exams.
At the same time, work was actively carried out to ensure road safety. In all settlements, new technical means of traffic control were installed: three-dimensional and retroreflective road signs, traffic lights of a new design.
On July 16, 1986, the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs approved the new Rules of the Road. On January 1, 1987, they entered into force.
On March 21, 1996, the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus No. 203 approved the first national traffic rules of the Republic of Belarus.
An important event in the field of road traffic and ensuring the safety of its participants was the adoption of the Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Road Traffic", which came into force on August 10, 2002. The law spelled out the legal and organizational foundations of road traffic. As part of the implementation of this law, the Rules of the Road were created, which came into force on July 1, 2003.
On November 28, 2005, President of the Republic of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko signed Decree No. 551 “On Measures to Improve Road Safety”. This Decree approved the new Rules of the Road, which came into force on January 1, 2006. From this moment on, all changes to the Rules of the Road are approved exclusively by Decrees of the President of the Republic of Belarus. Differences between the Rules of 2003 and 2006 are given in the comparative table.
Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 526 dated October 18, 2007 made further changes to the Rules of the Road. Basically, the changes were "cosmetic" in nature. Among them, the most important can be considered the permission not to wear a seat belt for drivers with certain medical contraindications, the mandatory designation of pedestrians with a retroreflective element when driving along the edge of the carriageway at night, as well as the introduction of the use of winter tires as a recommendation.
Minor changes to the Rules of the Road were also introduced by Decrees of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 663 of December 4, 2008 and No. 52 of January 23, 2009.
On December 17, 2009, the President of Belarus signed Decree No. 634, which provides for the next adjustment of the Rules of the Road. The document was prepared on behalf of the head of state on the basis of a collective appeal of the citizens of the Republic of Belarus with a request to remove restrictions on the tinting of vehicle windows. From December 17, 2009, the Decree allows the participation in road traffic of all vehicles with tinting that meets the requirements established by the Decree.
The rules of the road define the norms of behavior for drivers - the main participants in the road traffic, due to the mistakes of which the majority of road accidents occur, as well as pedestrians and passengers, through whose fault people are often injured and killed. The rules establish requirements for road users, they reflect certain organizational and technical possibilities for preventing accidents. This explains the fact that with the development of traffic, the expansion of means and opportunities for its organization, the Rules of the Road are also being improved.
Anna Techuesheva
OOO "New turn"
Kulikova Svetlana
Summary of traffic rules in the senior group "How the rules of the road appeared"
Subject "How rules of the road came up» .
Target: to create conditions for the cognitive activity of children.
Tasks:
OO "Cognitive Development"
Strengthen children's knowledge about traffic rules;
Learn about the history of traffic lights road signs;
Clarify children's knowledge of the appointment road signs;
Encourage the development of curiosity.
OO "Social and communicative development"- attach to rules safe behavior on the road.
OO "Speech development"
Develop the ability to answer questions, monitor your actions, designate your actions with words;
Develop the ability to think logically.
Methodological techniques:
- Informational and illustrative: conversation, questions, explanation, art word (poems, riddles).
- Gaming: didactic games "Traffic lights", "Think - Guess", "Guess the Sign", "Unusual road sign» .
Reproductive actions with cards, repetition movements in the game.
vocabulary work:bumpy roads, traffic lights
Material: projector, presentation, cards for didactic games.
preliminary work: - conversation about traffic rules;
Reading fiction;
Didactic and outdoor games; - acquaintance with road signs.
Children, look what a beautiful chest I have. Are you wondering what's in there? Then guess riddle:
He has three eyes
Three on each side!
And although never
He did not look at everything at once -
He needs all the eyes.
It has been designed for a long time
And he looks at everyone.
What is this? (traffic lights)
There's more here, listen to the next one riddle:
By the side of the road roads,
Like soldiers, they stand.
We do everything with you
Everything they tell us.
Today I would like to talk to you about something very important, about traffic rules, namely how they appeared. Sit back and get ready to listen.
There was a time when through the streets and roads only riders on horseback, chariots and horse-drawn carts rode. They can be considered the first vehicles. They traveled without observing any rules, and therefore often collided with each other. After all, the streets of cities in those days were usually narrow, and roads twisty and bumpy. It became clear what needs to be sorted out traffic on streets and roads, that is, invent regulations who would do motion them convenient and safe.
First rules of the road came over 2000 years ago.
They helped regulate traffic on city streets. Some of them rules have come down to our days. For example, already in those ancient times, only one-way traffic was allowed on many streets. motion.
Then the first cars appeared. They drove very slowly. Over time, more and more cars became available. Then and the first rules for motorists appeared. At first, different countries had different regulations. But it was very inconvenient, then they did regulations are the same for all countries.
There was a time when it was not easy to cross the street of a big city. People stood on the sidewalk for a long time and waited for the end of the endless stream of horse-drawn carriages. The most impatient ran across the street. Do you think they did the right thing? What could happen to them?
(children's answers)
What can we say about our days, when the flow of cars rushes in several rows! How can pedestrians cross the street? But there are still cars that move in the transverse direction, and they also need to release road. Think and say what helped to adjust traffic on the road?
(children's answers).
- Correctly to help participants road traffic - and pedestrians, and drivers - a traffic light comes. Traffic light is translated from another language - "bearer of light". He governs motion using light signals.
Do you know when appeared the usual traffic light for us?
It appears to regulate motion using a mechanical device began already 140 years ago, in London.
The first traffic light stood in the center of the city on a pillar 6 meters high. managed a specially appointed person for them. With the help of belts, he raised and lowered the arrow of the device. Then the arrow was replaced by a lantern that worked on lighting gas. There were green and red glasses in the lantern, and yellow ones had not yet been invented.
Interestingly, in the first traffic lights, the green signal was at the top, but then it was decided that it was better to place the red signal on top.
We have the first traffic light in the country appeared almost 100 years ago in Moscow. It looked like a round clock with three sectors - red, yellow and green. And the traffic controller manually turned the arrow, setting it to the desired color.
Most traffic lights use three colors. Which?
(children's answers).
Didactic game "Traffic lights"
The teacher distributes circles of yellow, red, green colors to the children. Sequentially switches the traffic light, and the children show the corresponding colored circles and explain what each signal means.
Why were these traffic light colors chosen?
Red is the color of danger. It is clearly visible both during the day and at night, and in rain and fog. It is no coincidence that fire engines of all countries are painted red. They warn other members movements about the danger and demand to yield to them road. Here is the red traffic light motion. He's like He speaks: Stop! The path is closed!
Green - the color is very different from red; they cannot be confused. Therefore, the green traffic light, unlike the red one, does not prohibit, but allows motion. He seems to He speaks: "The way is open!"
Between red and green "eyes" Another traffic light was placed - yellow. He urges drivers and pedestrians to be careful, as if saying them: "Attention! Soon motion will either be allowed or prohibited.
Sometimes at traffic lights, in addition to the three main color sections, additional green arrows are installed. They indicate direction, which is allowed motion.
What other traffic lights are there?
There are also special traffic lights for pedestrians. They use only two light signals - red and green. They depict pedestrians. The red man is standing, and the green one is walking.
What do you think these colored people stand for?
Yes, right, if the red pedestrian is lit - go through no way, you have to stand. But if a green pedestrian is lit, you can cross the street, but be sure to make sure that there are no obstacles for a safe crossing.
Most often, such pedestrian traffic lights are installed in places where moving a large flow of cars and it is difficult for pedestrians to cross road.
Now Mira will read to you verse:
If the red light is on -
So your path is closed!
If the yellow light is on -
"Get ready!"- He speaks.
And the green light is on
The way forward is open to you!
Didactic game "Think - Guess"
I want to know who we have group the most resourceful and intelligent. I will ask you questions and throw the ball, and you catch it and, answering the question, throw it back to me.
How many wheels does a car have? (Four.)
How many people can ride on one bike? (One.)
Who walks on the sidewalk? (A pedestrian.)
Who drives a car? (Driver.)
What is the name of the intersection of two roads? (Crossroad.)
What is a roadway for? (For traffic.)
Which side of the road transport is moving? (By right.)
What can happen if a pedestrian or driver has violated Traffic Laws? (Accident or traffic accident.)
What is the top light on the traffic light? (Red.)
How many signals does a traffic light have? (Three.)
What animal is a pedestrian crossing compared to? (With a zebra.)
Which cars are equipped with special sound and light signals? ( "Ambulance", fire and police cars.)
Children, you and I got out of the chest also road signs. Do you know that Road signs have existed long before the advent of automobiles., even when people had not yet come up with the idea of moving on horseback, in horse-drawn carriages.
It can be assumed that the first « road sign» there was a trace of a man (imprint of his feet).The next traveler after the first saw these prints and made a path for others. If there were trees or stones along such a path, then the traveler could leave man-made signs on them for the one who followed him.
Certainly the first road signs were traffic signs. For example, heaps of stones, free-standing large stones, notches in trees, etc.
Then poles appeared, which were called milestones. The pillars were painted in black and white stripes. So they could be seen better at any time of the day. They indicated the distance from one settlement to another and the name of the area.
But there is a strong need for road signs originated with the advent of cars. High speed, poor condition roads demanded the creation of a system of signs that would give drivers and pedestrians the necessary information. And more than a hundred years ago, it was decided that road signs must be the same throughout the world in purpose and appearance. And then we agreed that all road signs should not be inscriptions, but symbols - understandable to everyone.
At the same time, the first four road sign. They have survived to this day, although their appearance has changed. These signs are titles: "Uneven road» , "Dangerous turn", "The intersection of equivalent roads» and « Railway crossing with a barrier".
Now road the signs look like this.
Didactic game "Guess the Sign"
The teacher reads riddles (poems) about road signs, children show cards with their image.
Hey driver, be careful!
It's impossible to go fast.
People know everything in the world -
Children go to this place.
(Sign "Children")
Here Men at work -
No drive, no pass.
This place is for pedestrians.
It's better to just bypass.
(Sign « Road works» )
It has two wheels and a saddle on the frame
There are two pedals at the bottom, twist them with your feet.
He stands in the red circle
He talks about the ban.
(Sign "Bicycle Movement Prohibition» )
This zebra road
I'm not at all afraid.
If everything is all right,
I'll go on the road along the stripes.
(Sign "Crosswalk".)
If someone breaks a leg,
Doctors are always here to help.
First aid will be provided
(Sign "Point of First Aid")
Can't get there without gas
To cafes and shops.
This sign will tell you loudly:
"Next to the gas station!"
(Sign « Gas station» )
If you need to call
Even at home, even abroad,
The sign will help, he will say,
Where to look for your phone!
(Sign "Telephone")
If your journey was long
You have to lie down and rest.
This sign tells us:
"Here is a hotel!"
(Sign "Hotel or motel")
When you need food
Then please come here.
Hey driver, pay attention!
Food station coming soon!
(Sign "Food Point")
In different countries there are the most unusual, amazing, funny and road signs. Along roads and highways, warning signs are installed about the likely meeting with animals and more.
Didactic game "Unusual road sign»
In this game, children are invited to come up with an unusual road sign.
You need to choose a card with the image of objects from the outside world and try to come up with this subject road sign. At the same time, the most fantastic, the most incredible options are possible.