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The beginning of the reign of Ivan IV. Presentation on the topic "the beginning of the reign of Ivan the Terrible" Topic: Russia in the 16th century


Vasily III - Father of Ivan the Terrible

Elena Glinskaya - mother of Ivan the Terrible


Dying, he blessed his three-year-old son Ivan with the regent-mother Elena Vasilievna Glinskaya for the great reign.

M. Gorelik. Death of Basil III


Elena Glinskaya

  • P The government of Elena Glinskaya is taking measures to strengthen the army, build new and reorganize old fortresses.
  • Like Princess Olga, who founded in the tenth century. many new settlements, Elena Vasilievna ordered the construction of cities on the Lithuanian borders, the restoration of Ustyug and Yaroslavl, and in Moscow in 1535, the builder Peter Maly Fryazin laid Kitay-gorod.
  • Emigrants from other countries reached out to wealthy Muscovy; 300 families left Lithuania alone. However, the largest measure of Elena Vasilievna's domestic policy was the monetary reform of 1535, which led to the unification of monetary circulation in the country and overcoming the consequences of fragmentation.

Elena Glinskaya

  • In 1535-1538, during the reign of Elena Glinskaya, the Russian monetary system was reformed.
  • All low-grade, cut coins, as well as coins of old minting were withdrawn from circulation.
  • She actually introduced a single currency on the territory of Russia. Throughout Russia, they began to print money with the image of a horseman with a spear, which is why the coins were called “kopeks” (a silver penny weighing 0.68 g; one fourth of a penny is a half).
  • This was a significant step towards stabilizing the Russian economy.

Childhood of Ivan IV

“They began to educate me and my late brother Georgy as foreigners or beggars. What need have we not suffered in clothing and food! We had no will in anything; did not treat us in any way as children should be treated. (…) How to calculate such heavy sufferings that I endured in my youth? How many times have I not been allowed to eat on time. What can I say about the parental treasury that I got? Everything was plundered in an insidious way."

  • Ivan grew up as a homeless but sharp-sighted orphan in an atmosphere of court intrigues, struggle and violence that penetrated his childhood bedchamber even at night.
  • Childhood remained in Ivan's memory as a time of insults and humiliation, a concrete picture of which he gave 20 years later in his letters to Prince Kurbsky.

How did childhood impressions affect the character of the future king?


Boyar rule (1538-1548)

Boyar family Shuisky

Boyar family Belsky

Reprisals against political opponents, executions, murders

Theft of the state treasury

Distribution of land and privileges to their supporters

Increase in fees from the population


Kingdom wedding. 1547

In January 1547, Ivan announced to the boyars and Metropolitan Macarius that he wanted to marry and take on a new title - tsar.

On January 16, 1547, the solemn coronation of Ivan took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

K. Lebedev. The wedding and the adoption of the royal title by John IV.


February 3rd Ivan married the young hawthorn Anastasia Romanovna, who belonged to the ancient family of the Zakharyins-Yuryevs.


The historical significance of the proclamation of Ivan IV as king

  • Equalized Ivan IV with the eastern neighbors - the Astrakhan and Kazan khans - the heirs of the Golden Horde, the recent rulers of Russia and with European rulers.
  • Elevated Ivan IV above other princes. He was revered as a great sovereign
  • It mattered for the church: from that moment on, the tsarist government took care of preserving the rights and privileges of the church. The king was considered "God's anointed.

Kingdom wedding. 1547

In June 1547, new trials fell to Ivan's lot. During the summer heat and strong wind, a terrible fire broke out in Moscow, which lasted ten hours. The city was almost completely burned out, about 4 thousand Muscovites died from fire and smoke.

Driven to despair, people blamed the princes of Glinsky for everything, with whom they associated the troubles of boyar rule.

With great difficulty, Ivan managed to calm the people, although he himself later admitted: “There is fear in my soul and trembling in my bones.”

P. Pleshanov. Tsar Ivan the Terrible and Priest Sylvester during


Elected Rada

Elected Rada – circle of people close to the young king. (actually - the Near Sovereign Duma, an unofficial government)

The most prominent figures of the Chosen Rada were:

Priest Sylvester , who served in the "house" church of the sovereign - the Annunciation Cathedral of the Kremlin, a nobleman Alexey Fyodorovich Adashev , prince Andrei Mikhailovich Kurbsky


Composition of the Chosen Council (1547-1560)

  • Metropolitan of the Tsar Macarius
  • Kostroma nobleman Alexey Adashev
  • Royal confessor Sylvester
  • Representative of the nobility Andrey Kurbsky
  • Head of the embassy order clerk Ivan Viskovaty
  • Boyars Sheremetevs
  • prince Silver
  • Reform objectives:
  • Restriction of the privileges of a large aristocracy
  • Strengthening the military-police pillar of the monarchy
  • Strengthening the material and financial base of the monarchy
  • Improving the apparatus of government

1549 - 1560 years

Causes of the Chosen Rada

  • the consistent failures of the "boyar groups" to establish themselves in the supreme power;
  • dissatisfaction of the people with the dominance of temporary workers;
  • weak ability of the young king to rule the state;
  • the need for change.

1. Governance reform

1549 – convocation of the first Zemsky Cathedral

Zemsky Sobor – highest class-representative body of power

We met irregularly and dealt with the decision

foreign policy and finance


2. Local government reform

Before the reform, the collection of local taxes was entrusted to the boyars-feeders.

They were the actual rulers of individual lands.

Under Ivan the Terrible, feeding was canceled.

On the ground, management (investigation and court for especially important cases) was transferred into the hands of labial elders ( lip - district), elected from local nobles in the countryside and favorite goals in cities.


In the middle of the 16th century, an apparatus of state power took shape in Russia in the form

estate-representative monarchy

Estate-representative monarchy This is a form of government, in which a class-representative assembly - the Zemsky Sobor and a permanent advisory body under the supreme power - the Boyar Duma coexisted with the autocratic power.

At the Zemsky Sobor, the main estates of the state were represented - the nobility, the clergy, the upper layer of the townspeople (merchants, townspeople), the black-haired peasantry.


TSAR

Metropolitan

Boyar Duma

Zemsky Sobor

orders

local government


3. Judicial reform

1550 - adopted Sudebnik of Ivan IV –

new code of laws of Russia

When and by whom was the code of laws adopted by which Russia lived in the first half of the 16th century?

  • regulation of punishments;
  • the right of the highest court belongs to the king;
  • punishments were provided for clerks and boyars for malfeasance;
  • nobles are subject only to the king;
  • during the analysis of cases, the presence of elected representatives from the population (tsolovalniks, elders) is mandatory;
  • for robbery - the death penalty;
  • the judicial immunity of estates was abolished.
  • limiting the power of governors by reducing judicial functions and strengthening control by the central administration;
  • the prohibition to turn boyar children into slaves;
  • an increase in "elderly" during the transition of peasants on St. George's Day;
  • the introduction of a single measure of land tax - a large plow (until 1679)
  • the population of the country was obliged to bear the tax - a complex of natural and monetary duties;

4. Military reform

Archery army formed

(3 thousand people are personally controlled by the tsar, stationed in Moscow, kept by the treasury;

by 1600 - 25 thousand people)

In peacetime, archers are allowed to engage in crafts and trade

The basis of the army is the noble militia (service began at the age of 15, land allotment for service - 150 - 450 acres of land)

1556 - "Regulations on the service"

What is locality?

"The Sovereign Genealogy" - streamlining local disputes (for the duration of the war, localism was prohibited)


5. Church reform

1551 - Stoglavy Cathedral

(Cathedral of the Russian Church)

Before reforms:

relative autonomy of priests.

There is no uniformity in church rites

  • the growth of church land ownership was limited (it was decided to leave in the hands of the church all the lands acquired by it before 1551, but in the future they could receive land only with royal permission);
  • it is forbidden for the church to engage in usury;
  • organized schools for the training of priests.
  • subordination of priests to the metropolitan, the creation of a church hierarchies;
  • an ecclesiastical court was established;
  • rituals are regulated;
  • from among the local saints revered in individual Russian lands, an all-Russian list was compiled;
  • new works of art had to be created following approved patterns;

Reforms of the Chosen One

What is the significance of the reforms that were carried out by the Chosen Rada and Ivan IV in the middle of the 16th century?

  • the rights of the well-born boyars in all spheres of state administration were limited;
  • the nobility, economically dependent on the tsar, becomes the social base of the autocracy;
  • the new management system eliminated the historically formed local features of management;
  • all links of the control system are largely subordinate to the king;
  • Zemsky Sobors play the role of a counterbalance to the boyars, a class-representative monarchy is being formed;
  • a centralized state is being formed in Russia and the autocratic power of the tsar is being strengthened;
  • strengthened the military power of the country.

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Slides captions:

Ivan the Terrible. Reforms of the Chosen One

2 Vasily III - father of Ivan the Terrible Elena Glinskaya - mother of Ivan the Terrible

M. Gorelik. The death of Vasily III On December 3, 1533, the Grand Duke of All Russia Vasily III died. Dying, he blessed his three-year-old son Ivan with the regent-mother Elena Vasilievna Glinskaya for the great reign.

Elena Glinskaya In 1535-1538, during the reign of Elena Glinskaya, the Russian monetary system was reformed. All low-grade, cut coins, as well as coins of old minting were withdrawn from circulation. She actually introduced a single currency on the territory of Russia. Throughout Russia, they began to print money with the image of a horseman with a spear, which is why the coins were called “kopeks” (a silver penny weighing 0.68 g; one fourth of a penny is a half). This was a significant step towards stabilizing the Russian economy.

Ivan grew up as a homeless but sharp-sighted orphan in an atmosphere of court intrigues, struggle and violence that penetrated his childhood bedchamber even at night. Childhood remained in Ivan's memory as a time of insults and humiliation, a concrete picture of which he gave 20 years later in his letters to Prince Kurbsky. The childhood of Ivan IV “They began to bring us up with the late brother Georgy as foreigners or beggars. What need have we not suffered in clothing and food! We had no will in anything; did not treat us in any way as children should be treated. (…) How to calculate such heavy sufferings that I endured in my youth? How many times have I not been allowed to eat on time. What can I say about the parental treasury that I got? Everything was plundered in an insidious way." How did childhood impressions affect the character of the future king?

Boyar rule (1538-1548) The Shuisky boyar family The Belsky boyar family Reprisals against political opponents, executions, murders Distribution of land and privileges to their supporters Increased extortions from the population Theft of the state treasury

Kingdom wedding. 1547 K. Lebedev. The wedding and the adoption of the royal title by John IV. On January 16, 1547, the solemn coronation of Ivan took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

Kingdom wedding. The First "Tsar of All Russia" In 1547, when Ivan was 16 years old, Metropolitan Macarius crowned him king in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Barmy - a wide mantle with images of a religious nature and precious stones sewn on it, worn by Russian princes and tsars at the coronation and during solemn exits.

Kingdom wedding. 1547 On February 3, Ivan married the young hawthorn Anastasia Romanovna, who belonged to the ancient family of the Zakharyins-Yuryevs.

The Chosen Rada The Chosen Rada is a circle of people close to the young tsar. (actually - the Near Sovereign Duma, an unofficial government) The most prominent figures of the Chosen Rada were: priest Sylvester, who served in the "house" church of the sovereign - the Annunciation Cathedral of the Kremlin, nobleman Alexei Fedorovich Adashev, Prince Andrei Mikhailovich Kurbsky

Composition of the Chosen Rada (1547-1560) Mentor of the Tsar, Metropolitan Macarius of Kostroma nobleman Alexei Adashev Tsar's confessor Sylvester Representative of the nobility Andrey Kurbsky Head of the embassy order, clerk Ivan Viskovaty Boyar Sheremetev Prince Serebryany Reform objectives: Restriction of the privileges of the large aristocracy Strengthening the military-police support of the monarchy Strengthening the material and financial bases of the monarchy Improving the apparatus of government

Reforms of the Elected Rada 1549 - Convocation of the first Zemsky Sobor 1. Management reform The Zemsky Sobor - the highest class-representative body of power Gathered irregularly and dealt with foreign policy and finance Do you remember what class-representative bodies existed in England and France? Why are these bodies of power called class-representative?

Reforms of the Chosen One 1. Reform of management What supreme governing bodies existed under Ivan III? Orders - institutions in charge of branches of government or individual territories of the country; they collected taxes and judged In the middle of the XVI century. new orders appeared - sectoral (petition, ambassadorial, local, discharge, robbery, Zemsky, etc.) and territorial (Siberian, Kazan Palace, etc.) Heads of orders are appointed by the king and are responsible only to him. The orders were financed by the treasury. Formed layer of bureaucracy.

Reforms of the Elected Rada 2. Reform of local government Local government (investigation and court on especially important cases) was transferred to the labial elders (lip - district), elected from local nobles in the countryside and favorite heads in the cities. Before the reform, the collection of local taxes was entrusted to the boyars-feeders. They were the actual rulers of individual lands. Under Ivan the Terrible, feeding was canceled.

Reforms of the Chosen Council Czar John IV opens the first Zemsky Sobor a permanent advisory body under the supreme power - the Boyar Duma. At the Zemsky Sobor, the main estates of the state were represented - the nobility, the clergy, the upper layer of the townspeople (merchants, townspeople), the black-haired peasantry.

Tsar Metropolitan Boyar Duma Zemsky Sobor orders Local government

Reforms of the Chosen One 3. Judicial reform When and by whom was the code of laws adopted by which Russia lived in the first half of the 16th century? 1550 - the Sudebnik of Ivan IV was adopted - a new set of laws of Russia limiting the power of governors by reducing judicial functions and strengthening control by the central administration; the prohibition to turn boyar children into slaves; an increase in "elderly" during the transition of peasants on St. George's Day; the introduction of a single measure of land tax - a large plow (until 1679), the population of the country was obliged to bear the tax - a complex of in-kind and monetary duties; regulation of punishments; the right of the highest court belongs to the king; punishments were provided for clerks and boyars for malfeasance; nobles are subject only to the king; during the analysis of cases, the presence of elected representatives from the population (tsolovalniks, elders) is mandatory; for robbery - the death penalty; the judicial immunity of estates was abolished.

Reforms of the Chosen Rada 4. Military reform A streltsy army is being formed (3 thousand people are personally controlled by the tsar, stationed in Moscow, kept by the treasury; by 1600 - 25 thousand people) In peacetime, archers are allowed to engage in crafts and trade The basis of the army is the noble militia (service began at the age of 15, land allotment for service - 150 - 450 acres of land) 1556 - "Code of Service" "Sovereign genealogy" - streamlining local disputes (for the duration of the war, localism was prohibited) What is localism?

the subordination of priests to the metropolitan, the creation of a church hierarchy; an ecclesiastical court was established; rituals are regulated; from among the local saints revered in individual Russian lands, an all-Russian list was compiled; new works of art had to be created following approved patterns; Reforms of the Chosen One 5. Church reform Before the reforms: the relative independence of the priests. There is no uniformity in church rituals 1551 - Stoglavy Cathedral (Cathedral of the Russian Church) limited the growth of church land ownership (it was decided to leave in the hands of the church all the lands acquired by it before 1551, but in the future they could receive land only with royal permission); it is forbidden for the church to engage in usury; organized schools for the training of priests. Stoglav

Reforms of the Chosen Rada What is the significance of the reforms that were carried out by the Chosen Rada and Ivan IV in the middle of the 16th century? the rights of the well-born boyars in all spheres of state administration were limited; the nobility, economically dependent on the tsar, becomes the social base of the autocracy; the new management system eliminated the historically formed local features of management; all links of the control system are largely subordinate to the king; Zemsky Sobors play the role of a counterbalance to the boyars, a class-representative monarchy is being formed; a centralized state is being formed in Russia and the autocratic power of the tsar is being strengthened; strengthened the military power of the country.


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* Homework §25 read, answer questions; study the material of the presentation; find and study additional material on the Internet.

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* Lesson plan 1. The beginning of the reign of Ivan IV. 2. Crowning the kingdom. 3. Reforms of the Chosen One are glad. 4. Russia by the middle of the XVI century.

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* 1. The beginning of the reign of Ivan the Terrible Vasily III Ivanovich - Grand Duke of Moscow (1505-1533), son of Ivan III the Great and Sophia Paleolog, father of Ivan IV the Terrible Vasily III (1505-1533)

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* 1. The beginning of the reign of Ivan the Terrible Vasily was the second son of Ivan III and the eldest son of Ivan's second wife Sophia Paleolog Ivan III, pursuing a policy of centralization, took care of the transfer of all power through the line of his eldest son, with the restriction of the power of his younger sons. Therefore, he already in 1470 declared his co-ruler the eldest son from the first wife of Ivan the Young. However, in 1490 he died of an illness At court, two parties were created: one grouped around the son of Ivan the Young, the grandson of Ivan III Dmitry Ivanovich and his mother, the widow of Ivan the Young, Elena Stefanovna, and the second around Vasily and his mother Sophia on March 21, 1499. Vasily was declared the Grand Duke of Novgorod and Pskov, and on April 14, 1502, the Grand Duke of Moscow and Vladimir and All Russia, the autocrat, that is, he became co-ruler of his father

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* 1. The beginning of the reign of Ivan the Terrible After the death of Ivan III in 1505, Dmitry was put in chains and died in 1509. Vasily was no longer afraid of losing his power. The first marriage was arranged by his father Ivan, who at first tried to find a bride for him in Europe, but the search was not successful. I had to choose from 1,500 noble girls. The father of the first wife of Vasily Solomonia, Yuri Saburov, was not even a boyar. Since the first marriage was fruitless, Vasily obtained a divorce in 1525. At the beginning of 1526, he married Elena Glinskaya, daughter of the Lithuanian prince Vasily Lvovich Glinsky. On August 25, 1530, their son Ivan was born, the future Ivan the Terrible, and then the second son - Yuri Vasily III died on December 3, 1533 from blood poisoning

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* 1. The beginning of the reign of Ivan the Terrible After the death of her husband in December 1533, Elena Vasilievna made a coup, removing from power the guardians (regents) appointed by her husband's last will and became the ruler of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. in 1535) She actually introduced a single currency on the territory of Russia. This was a silver penny weighing 0.68 g; one-fourth of a penny - half a penny Elena died on April 4, 1538. According to rumors, she was poisoned by the Shuiskys; data from the study of her remains indicate the alleged cause of death was poisoning (mercury)

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* 1. The beginning of the reign of Ivan the Terrible The ruler-boy, endowed with a smart, mocking and dexterous mind, from an early age felt like an orphan, deprived of attention. Surrounded by pomp and servility during ceremonies, in everyday life in the palace, he was hard pressed by the neglect of the boyars and princes, the indifference and resentment of others. To this was added a fierce struggle for power of the boyar groups of the Glinsky and Belsky, Shuisky and Vorontsovs could not forget his childhood hardships: “We used to play children's games, and Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Shuisky was sitting on a bench, leaning on our father’s bed with his elbow and putting his foot on a chair, but he didn’t look at us” Some of the boyars (Glinsky, Belsky ) pursued a policy of limiting the power of governors and volosts - representatives of the center in uyezds and volosts

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* 1. The beginning of the reign of Ivan the Terrible Others (Shuisky), on the contrary, advocated strengthening the positions of the feudal aristocracy (distribution of land, privileges, tax and judicial, boyars, monasteries). Then one group, then another group came to power. In such an environment, the Grand Duke grew up. Already in those years, unattractive traits were formed in his character: fearfulness and secrecy, suspiciousness and cowardice, incredulity and cruelty. Watching scenes of civil strife and reprisals, he himself, growing up, gets a taste - he gives, for example, his houndsmen the order to hunt down Prince Andrei, who is objectionable to him Shuisky the Young Grand Duke was outraged by the unjust deeds of the boyars in cities and townships - seizures of peasant lands, bribes, court fines, etc. “Black people” suffered from their extortion - peasants and artisans, and, most importantly (in the eyes of Ivan IV) - the treasury, order and peace in the state

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* 2. The wedding to the kingdom On December 13, 1546, Ivan Vasilyevich for the first time expressed his intention to marry Macarius, and before that, to marry the kingdom "following the example of the ancestors" A number of historians (N. I. Kostomarov, R. G. Skrynnikov, V. V. Kobrin) It is believed that the initiative for the adoption of the royal title could not come from a 16-year-old youth. Most likely, Metropolitan Macarius V. O. Klyuchevsky played an important role in this. He adheres to the opposite point of view, emphasizing the desire for power that was formed early in the sovereign, the idea of ​​​​the wedding came as a complete surprise to the boyars. The ancient Byzantine kingdom with its divinely crowned emperors has always been an image for Orthodox countries , but it fell under the blows of the infidels. Moscow, in the eyes of Russian Orthodox people, was to become the heiress of Constantinople - Constantinople

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* 2. Wedding to the kingdom In January 1547, when Ivan was 16 years old, he was crowned in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin Wedding of Ivan IV to the kingdom “the king and grand prince of all Russia” The following month, the young tsar married Anastasia Romanovna Yuryeva, daughter of the okolnichi Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin-Yuryev. The new relatives of the tsar, who appeared at the court, received high ranks and positions

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* 2. Crowning the kingdom In the summer of 1547, an uprising broke out in Moscow. On June 21, a huge fire almost burned down the wooden capital - 25 thousand households burned down, 80 thousand Muscovites were left homeless, almost all of its population, 1700 people died. The outbreak of the epidemic and famine mowed down people . Rumors spread: “The Glinskys set fire to Moscow, and the tsar’s grandmother Anna Glinskaya conjured: she took out human hearts and put them in water and sprinkled them with that water, driving around Moscow, and that’s why Moscow burned out.” This turn of events turned out to be beneficial for the Zakharyins and their supporters

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* 2. Crowning the kingdom The fall of the government accelerated the performance of ordinary Muscovites. On June 26, they gathered at a veche, and by his decision, the rebels moved to the Kremlin, seized and killed one of the Glinskys - the uncle of the tsar boyar Prince Yuri Vasilyevich, his brother Mikhail Vasilyevich Glinsky managed to escape from the capital Tsar Ivan, who left Moscow because of a fire, he sat out in the village of Vorobyevo near Moscow (on the Sparrow Hills). On June 29, the rebels came here, armed with anything, and demanded that the tsar give Anna and Mikhail Glinsky to them for reprisal. Ivan persuaded them to stop the uprising, assured that he did not have Glinsky. Muscovites, believing him, went to the city. The uprising soon died down. Ivan IV kept the memory of him for life: “From this fear entered my soul and trembling into my bones, and my spirit was humbled”

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* 3. Reforms of the Elected Rada By the end of the 40s. under the young tsar, a circle of courtiers was formed, to whom he entrusted the conduct of state affairs. This new government was later called the Chosen Rada by Prince Andrei Kurbsky. rank in the Boyar Duma after the boyar and okolnichy), as well as the head of the Ambassadorial Prikaz (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the 16th-17th centuries) Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovaty, a duma clerk (fourth Duma rank), confessor of the Tsar Sylvester, several noble princes and boyars. The composition of the "Chosen Rada" is the subject of discussion

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* 3. Reforms of the Elected Rada In 1549, Ivan IV convened a "Council of Reconciliation", later such councils became known as Zemsky Sobors in Russia - a meeting of representatives of various segments of the population of the Moscow State to discuss political, economic and administrative issues Zemsky Sobors became class-representative bodies power in Russia in the XVI-XVII centuries In Russia, a class-representative monarchy arose

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Presentation on the topic: Ivan IV the Terrible

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Ivan IV the Terrible IVAN IV the Terrible (1530-84), Grand Duke of "All Russia" (from 1533), the first Russian Tsar (from 1547), son of Vasily III. From con. 40s rules with the participation of the Chosen One. Under him, the convocation of Zemsky Sobors began, the Sudebnik of 1550 was drawn up. Reforms of administration and courts were carried out (Gubnaya, Zemsky and other reforms). In 1565, the oprichnina was introduced.

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Ivan IV the Terrible Under Ivan IV, trade relations with England were established (1553), the first printing house was established in Moscow. Khanates of Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) were conquered. In 1558-83, the Livonian War was fought for access to the Baltic Sea, and the annexation of Siberia began (1581). The domestic policy of Ivan IV was accompanied by massive disgraces and executions, and increased enslavement of the peasants.

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Childhood of Ivan IV After the death of his father, 3-year-old Ivan remained in the care of his mother, who died in 1538, when he was 8 years old. Ivan grew up in an atmosphere of palace coups, the struggle for power between the boyar families of the Shuiskys and Belskys, who were at war with each other. The murders, intrigues and violence that surrounded him contributed to the development of suspicion, revenge and cruelty in him. The tendency to torment living beings manifested itself in Ivan already in childhood, and those close to him approved of it. One of the strong impressions of the tsar in his youth was the “great fire” and the Moscow uprising of 1547. After the murder of one of the Glinskys, a relative of the tsar, the rebels came to the village of Vorobyevo, where the Grand Duke had taken refuge, and demanded the extradition of the rest of the Glinskys. With great difficulty they managed to persuade the crowd to disperse, convincing them that they were not in Vorobyov. As soon as the danger passed, the king ordered the arrest of the main conspirators and their execution.

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The beginning of the reign The favorite idea of ​​the king, realized already in his youth, was the idea of ​​unlimited autocratic power. January 16, 1547 in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, a solemn wedding to the kingdom of Grand Duke Ivan IV took place. Signs of royal dignity were laid on him: the cross of the Life-Giving Tree, barmas and the cap of Monomakh. After the communion of the Holy Mysteries, Ivan Vasilyevich was anointed with the world. The royal title allowed him to take a significantly different position in diplomatic relations with Western Europe. The grand ducal title was translated as "prince" or even "great duke". The title “king” was either not translated at all, or translated as “emperor”. The Russian autocrat thus stood on a par with the only emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in Europe. Since 1549, together with the Chosen Rada (A. F. Adashev, Metropolitan Macarius, A. M. Kurbsky, priest Sylvester), Ivan IV carried out a number of reforms aimed at centralizing the state: Zemsky reform of Ivan IV, Lip reform, transformations were carried out in the army, in 1550 adopted a new Code of Laws of Ivan IV. In 1549 the first Zemsky Sobor was convened, in 1551 the Stoglavy Sobor, which adopted a collection of decisions on church life called Stoglav. In 1555-56 Ivan IV canceled feeding and adopted the Code of Service.

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Beginning of the reign In 1550-51 Ivan the Terrible personally participated in the Kazan campaigns. In 1552, Kazan was conquered, then the Astrakhan Khanate (1556), the Siberian Khan Ediger and Nogai Bolshoi became dependent on the Russian Tsar. In 1553 trade relations with England were established. In 1558 Ivan IV began the Livonian War for the control of the Baltic coast. Initially, hostilities developed successfully. By 1560, the army of the Livonian Order was finally defeated, and the Order itself ceased to exist. Meanwhile, serious changes took place in the internal situation of the country. Around 1560, the tsar broke with the leaders of the Chosen Rada and imposed various disgraces on them. According to some historians, Sylvester and Adashev, realizing that the Livonian War did not promise success for Russia, unsuccessfully advised the tsar to make an agreement with the enemy. In 1563, Russian troops captured Polotsk, at that time a major Lithuanian fortress. The tsar was especially proud of this victory, won after the break with the Chosen Rada. However, already in 1564 Russia suffered serious defeats. The king began to look for the "guilty", disgrace and executions began.

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Oprichnina The Tsar was more and more imbued with the idea of ​​establishing a personal dictatorship. In 1565 he announced the introduction of the oprichnina in the country. The country was divided into two parts: the territories that were not included in the oprichnina became known as the zemshchina, each oprichnik took an oath of allegiance to the tsar and pledged not to communicate with the zemstvo. Oprichniki dressed in black clothes, similar to monastic ones. Horse guardsmen had special insignia, gloomy symbols of the era were attached to the saddles: a broom - to sweep out treason, and dog heads - to gnaw out treason. With the help of the guardsmen, who were released from legal liability, Ivan IV forcibly confiscated the boyar estates, transferring them to the noble guardsmen. Executions and disgrace were accompanied by terror and robbery among the population.

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Oprichnina A major event of the oprichnina was the Novgorod pogrom in January-February 1570, the reason for which was the suspicion of Novgorod's desire to go over to Lithuania. The king personally led the campaign. All the cities along the road from Moscow to Novgorod were plundered. During this campaign in December 1569, Malyuta Skuratov strangled Metropolitan Philip, who was trying to resist the tsar, in the Otroch Monastery in Tver. It is believed that the number of victims in Novgorod, where no more than 30 thousand people lived at that time, reached 10-15 thousand. Most historians believe that in 1572 the tsar abolished the oprichnina. The invasion of the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey on Moscow in 1571, whom the oprichnina army could not stop, played a role; Posadas were set on fire, the fire spread to Kitay-Gorod and the Kremlin.

slide number 10

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The results of the reign of Ivan IV The division of the country had a detrimental effect on the economy of the state. A huge number of lands were ruined and devastated. In 1581, in order to prevent the desolation of the estates, the tsar introduced reserved summers - a temporary ban on peasants leaving their masters on St. George's Day, which contributed to the establishment of serf relations in Russia. The Livonian war ended in complete failure and the loss of native Russian lands. Ivan the Terrible could see the objective results of his reign already during his lifetime: it was a failure of all domestic and foreign policy initiatives. From 1578 the king stopped executing. Almost at the same time, he ordered that synodics (commemoration lists) of the executed be compiled and contributions sent to the monasteries to commemorate their souls; in the will of 1579 he repented of his deed.

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Sons and wives of Ivan IV Periods of repentance and prayer gave way to terrible fits of rage. During one of these attacks on November 9, 1582 in the Alexander Sloboda, a country residence, the tsar accidentally killed his son Ivan Ivanovich, hitting his temple with a staff with an iron tip. The death of the heir plunged the king into despair, since his other son, Fyodor Ivanovich, was unable to govern the country. Ivan the Terrible sent a large contribution to the monastery to commemorate the soul of his son, he even thought about going to the monastery.

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Sons and wives of Ivan IV The exact number of wives of Ivan the Terrible is not known, but he was probably married seven times. Apart from the children who died in infancy, he had three sons. From the first marriage with Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva, two sons were born, Ivan and Fedor. The second wife was the daughter of the Kabardian prince Maria Temryukovna. The third is Martha Sobakina, who died unexpectedly three weeks after the wedding. According to church rules, it was forbidden to marry more than three times. In May 1572, a church council was convened to allow a fourth marriage - with Anna Koltovskaya. But in the same year she was tonsured a nun. The fifth wife was in 1575 Anna Vasilchikova, who died in 1579, the sixth, probably Vasilisa Melentyeva. The last marriage was concluded in the autumn of 1580 with Maria Naga. November 19, 1582 was born the third son of the king - Dmitry Ivanovich, who died in 1591 in Uglich.

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Excerpts from the "Sudebnik" SUDEBNIK 1550 Summer 7058 June, the tsar and Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich of all Russia [with] his brother and from the boyars, sit down the Sudebnik: how to judge the boyars, and the okolnichi, and the butler, and the treasurer, and the clerk, and everyone clerks, and in the city as a governor, and in the volost, as a volost, and as a tyun and all kinds of judges. 1. The court of the tsar and the grand duke is to be judged by the boar, and the courtier, and the butler, and the treasurer, and the clerk. And do not be friends with the court and do not take revenge on anyone, and I promise not to imati in the court; likewise, do not imati promises to any judge in court. 2. And to whom the boyar, or the butler, or the treasurer, or the clerk will sue, and he will accuse someone not in court without artifice, or he will sign the list and give the right letter1, but it will be searched in truth, and the boyar, and the butler, and the courtier, and the treasurer, and there is no penalty for the diac in that; and the plaintiff's court from the head, and give back what was taken. 3. And which boyar, or butler, or treasurer, or clerk in court will take the promise and accuse not in court, but it will be searched in truth, and on that boyar, or on the butler, or on treasurers, or on the clerk, take the plaintiffs claim4, and the duties of the tsar and the grand duke, and rides, and truth, and gossip, and well-worn, and the right ten and iron take three times, and in the foam what the sovereign indicates.

slide number 15

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Excerpts from the "Sudebnik" 4. And to which the clerk will dress up the list or write down the case not according to the court, not as it was at the court, without the boyar, or without the butler, or without the treasurer's knowledge, but it will be searched for the truth that he promises from that took it, and at that dak take him to the floor in front of the boyar and throw him into prison. 5. The clerk, whom he writes against the court for a promise without a deacon's order, and that clerk is executed by a commercial execution, beaten with a whip.<...>8. And imati boarin, and the butler, and the treasurer and the clerk in court from the ruble case6 on the guilty duty, who will be guilty, ischea7 or the defendant, and the boyar, or the butler, or the treasurer on the guilty eleven money, and the clerk seven money, and the clerk two money; but there will be a case above the ruble and below the ruble, and they will have to pay duties on the calculation; but they don’t have more than that.<...>And the boarin will take it, or the butler, or the treasurer, or the clerk, or the clerk, or the idler 8 on someone that has a surplus, and on that take three times. And whoever blames the bit on the boyar, or on the clerk, or on the clerk, or on the idler, that they took extra surplus from him in excess of the duties, and they will search for what he lied, and execute that complainant with a commercial execution and throw him into prison.<...>

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The purpose of the lesson: To form ideas about the directions of Russia's foreign policy and the nature of its implementation by Ivan IV; to continue work on the formation of cartographic skills of students in the study of foreign policy issues.

Plan for studying new material: I. Directions of foreign policy. II. Annexation of Kazan and Astrakhan. Significance of victories in the East. III. Danger from the south. Notch strip. IV. Livonian war.

The main directions of foreign policy in the second half of the 16th century Southern direction Eastern direction Western direction Kazan Khanate Nogai Horde (vassal dependence) Astrakhan Khanate Crimean Khanate Narva, Derpt, Polotsk Livonian War - Russia's war for the lands of the Old Russian state, on which the Livonian Order was created.

In 1550-1551 Ivan the Terrible personally participated in the Kazan campaigns. In 1552, the campaigns of the Crimean Tatars and Swedes were repulsed, Kazan was conquered, then the Khanate of Astrakhan (1556), in the 1550s, the Siberian Khan Ediger and Nogai Bolshoi became dependent on the tsar. In 1553, after the voyage of Richard Chancellor, trade relations were established with England through the St. Nicholas pier on the White Sea. In the spring of 1557, Tsar Ivan established a port on the banks of the Narva. In 1558-1583 - the Livonian War. Russian foreign policy under Ivan the Terrible

The construction of Sviyazhsk, an ancient fortress built in 1551 by Tsar Ivan the Terrible for the siege of Kazan, is a unique case in the history of Russian urban planning. Previously cut down a thousand kilometers from here, in the forests of central Russia, it was dismantled, delivered on rafts along the Volga to the mouth of the Sviyaga River (25 km from Kazan) and reassembled here in just 4 weeks. In 1552, Ivan the Terrible conquers Kazan and annexes the Kazan Khanate to Russia. The Tatar population is evicted outside the urban settlement; his forced Christianization begins. Accession of the Kazan Khanate

Capture of Kazan. At the end of September, a part of the wall was destroyed by a powerful explosion, Russian soldiers rushed into the opening, and on October 2 the city was taken. In December 1552, an uprising broke out on the territory of the Khanate, but it was suppressed, and its leaders were executed in Moscow. Ivan IV began sending letters to the Volga peoples, and soon the Bashkirs and Udmurts came under the authority of Moscow.

Accession of the Astrakhan Khanate In the early 1550s, the Astrakhan Khanate was an ally of the Crimean Khan, controlling the lower reaches of the Volga. Before the final subjugation of the Astrakhan Khanate under Ivan IV, two campaigns were carried out: The campaign of 1554 was carried out under the command of the governor Yu. Astrakhan was taken without a fight. As a result, Khan Dervish-Ali was brought to power, promising support to Moscow. The campaign of 1556 was connected with the fact that Khan Dervish-Ali went over to the side of the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire. After that, in July, Astrakhan was again taken without a fight. As a result of this campaign, the Astrakhan Khanate was subordinated to Moscow Rus.

Hike to Astrakhan. In 1551 the Khan of Astrakhan went over to the service of Moscow, but in 1554 he violated the agreement. In June 1554, Russian troops entered Astrakhan without a fight. Tribute was imposed on the khanate, and Ivan the Terrible received the right to appoint khans. In 1555, Astrakhan, under the pressure of the Crimea, again withdrew from the power of Moscow. In 1556, the Russian army approached the city and its inhabitants swore allegiance to the Russian state.

Livonian War Reasons: To gain access to the Baltic Sea in order to create conditions for the organization of trade with Europe. 2. The cities of the Livonian Order in every possible way hindered the development of Russian trade. The reason for the war was the non-payment of tribute by the Order for the city of Yuryev. After the refusal of the order to repay the debt, Ivan the Terrible in 1558 declared war on him.

Annexation of the Siberian Khanate Around 1581-1582, the Stroganovs equipped a military expedition of Cossacks and military men from the cities beyond the Urals. Ataman Ermak Timofeevich became the head of this detachment. Having crossed the Ural Mountains, he reached the Irtysh, and a decisive battle took place near the capital of Kuchum - Kashlyk. Yermak entered Kashlyk and began to collect yasak (tribute) from the Siberian inhabitants. However, the victory of the Cossacks turned out to be fragile, besides, Yermak died a few years later. His campaign did not lead to the direct annexation of Siberia, but the beginning was laid. Ermak Timofeevich

HOMEWORK - BY TERMS AND DATES Dates to remember 1552 - annexation of Kazan 1556 - annexation of Astrakhan 1558-1583 - Livonian War 1581-1584 - the beginning of the annexation of Siberia

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The purpose of the lesson: to bring to an understanding of the reasons for the fall of the government of the Chosen One and the introduction of the oprichnina; give an idea of ​​the nature of the oprichnina, the methods of its implementation and its consequences.

Plan for the study of new material: I. The fall of the government of the Chosen One. II. The introduction of the oprichnina. Causes, goals, government. III. Consequences of oprichnina.

Cognitive task What was the strengthening of state power under Ivan IV and how was it achieved?

OPRICHNINA Oprichnina is a system of measures taken by Ivan IV to combat alleged treason.

The essence of the oprichnina 1565-1572

The Russian state during the years of the oprichnina Tsar Treasury and treasury Boyar Duma Oprichny court Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia Church Cathedral Bishops Abbots Zemsky Sobor Oprichny orders Oprichnina treasury Oprichnina army Zemstvo and labial elders Zemstvo army Posad people Parish churches oprichnina zemshchina Nobles

During the period of the oprichnina, Grozny achieved a sharp increase in his power. However, this was achieved at a huge cost. The country was devastated by the guardsmen, the Livonian War, and the raids of the Tatars. Despite the official abolition of the oprichnina, mass executions continued. Damn oprichnik. Miniature 16th century

HOMEWORK - BY TERMS AND DATES Dates to remember 1565-1572 - Oprichnina 1584-1598 - the reign of Fyodor Ivanovich in 1581 - the establishment of "reserved years" 1597 - a decree on "lesson years" Terms for remembering "Reserved years" - a ban during these years of peasant transition from land to land, from one owner to another. Oprichnina - the political experiment of Ivan IV, the essence of which was the division of Russia into two territories - the zemstvo and the oprichnina (where the tsar's personal rule existed); the establishment of the oprichnina led to terror against the zemshchina.