I. S. Turgenev
A few words about the poems of F. I. Tyutchev
I. S. Turgenev. Complete works and letters in thirty volumes Works in twelve volumes M., "Science", 1980 Works. Volume four. Leads and stories. Articles and reviews. 1844-1854 "The return to poetry became noticeable, if not in literature, then in magazines." These words have been heard quite often lately. The opinion expressed by them is just, and we are ready to agree with it, only with the following reservation: we do not think that poetry is absent from our current literature, despite all the accusations of prose and vulgarity with which it is often subjected; but we understand the desire of readers to enjoy the harmony of verse, the charm of measured lyrical speech; we understand this desire, we sympathize with it and share it fully. That is why we could not but rejoice sincerely at the collection of the hitherto scattered poems of one of our most remarkable poets, as if bequeathed to us by the greetings and approval of Pushkin - F.I. Tyutchev. We have just said that Mr. Tyutchev is one of the most remarkable Russian poets; we will say more: in our eyes, however offensive it may be to the vanity of his contemporaries, Mr. Tyutchev, who belongs to the previous generation, stands decisively above all his fellow Apollo. It is easy to point out those individual qualities that surpass him among the more gifted of our current poets: the captivating, although somewhat monotonous, grace of Fet, the energetic, often dry and harsh passion of Nekrasov, the correct, sometimes cold painting of Maikov; but on one city of Tyutchev lies the seal of that great era, to which he belongs and which is so vividly and strongly expressed in Pushkin; in him alone one notices that proportionality of talent with itself, that correspondence with the life of the author - in a word, although part of what, in its full development, is features great gifts. The circle of Mr. Tyutchev is not extensive - it is true, but he is at home in it. His talent does not consist of incoherently scattered parts: he is closed and in control of himself; there are no other elements in it, except for purely lyrical elements; but these elements are definitely clear and have grown together with the very personality of the author; from his poems does not breathe composition; they all seem to have been written for a certain occasion, as Goethe wanted, that is, they were not invented, but grew by themselves, like a fruit on a tree, and by this precious quality we recognize, among other things, the influence of Pushkin on them, we see in them a reflection of his time . We will be told that we rise up in vain writing in poetry, that without the conscious participation of creative imagination it is impossible to imagine a single work of art, except perhaps some primitive folk songs, that every talent has its own external side -- side craft, without which no art can do; all this is true, and we do not in the least reject it: we only rebel against the separation of talent from that soil, which alone can give it both juice and strength - against its separation from the life of the person to whom it was given as a gift, from the common life of the people to which, as a particular, that person belongs. Such a separation of talent can have its own advantages: it can contribute to the easiest processing of it, to the development of virtuosity in it; but this development is always accomplished at the expense of its vitality. From a cut off, dried-up piece of wood, you can carve any figure you like; but a fresh leaf will no longer grow on that branch, a fragrant flower will not open on it, no matter how the spring sun warms it. Woe to the writer who wants to make a dead toy out of his living talent, who will be tempted by the cheap triumph of the virtuoso, his cheap power over his vulgar inspiration. No, the work of a poet should not come easily to him, and he should not accelerate its development in himself by extraneous means. It has long been and beautifully said that he should bear it near his heart, as the mother of a child in the womb; his own blood must flow in his work, and this life-giving stream cannot be replaced by anything brought in from outside: neither clever reasoning and so-called sincere convictions, nor even great thoughts, if there were any in reserve ... And they, and these very great thoughts, if they are really great, do not come from one head, but from the heart, in the beautiful expression of Vauvenargues: “Les grandes pensées viennent du coeur) (“Great thoughts come from the heart” (French). ). A person who wants to create something whole must use his whole being for this. The principle of "composing," or, to put it more correctly, of writing, of rhetoric, which was so strongly developed in our literature about fifteen years ago, is now, of course, significantly weakened: no one now suddenly, for some unknown reason, would think of constructing a five-act fantasy about some some Italian painter of the tenth hand, who left behind two or three bad paintings, hidden in the dark corners of the third-rate galleries; no one now sings, suddenly plunged into exaggerated delight, the supernatural curls of some maiden, who, perhaps, never even existed in the world; but all the same, writing has not disappeared from our literature. Traces of it, and rather strong ones, can be seen in the works of many of our writers; but in the city of Tyutchev it is not. Mr. Tyutchev's shortcomings are of a different kind: he often comes across outdated expressions, pale and languid verses, he sometimes does not seem to master the language; the outer side of his talent, the side we mentioned above, is not quite, perhaps, developed; but all this is redeemed by the genuineness of his inspiration, by that poetic breath that emanates from his pages; Under the influence of this inspiration, Mr. Tyutchev's very language often strikes the reader with its happy boldness and almost Pushkin's beauty of its turns. It is also curious to observe how those essentially few poems (there are no more than a hundred of them) were born in the author's soul, with which he signified his path. If we are not mistaken, each of his poems began with a thought, but with a thought that, like a fiery point, flared up under the influence of a deep feeling or a strong impression; As a result of this, if I may say so, the properties of its origin, Mr. Tyutchev's thought never appears naked and abstract to the reader, but always merges with the image taken from the world of the soul or nature, penetrates it, and itself penetrates it inseparably and inseparably. The exceptionally, almost instantly, lyrical mood of Mr. Tyutchev's poetry forces him to express himself concisely and briefly, as if to surround himself with a bashfully tight and elegant line; the poet needs to express one thought, one feeling, merged together, and he mostly expresses them in a single way, precisely because he needs to express himself, because he does not think of either flaunting his feeling in front of others, or playing with it in front of himself. In this sense, his poetry deserves the name sensible, that is, sincere, serious. The shortest poems by Mr. Tyutchev are almost always the most successful. The feeling of nature in him is unusually subtle, lively and true; but he, speaking in a language not entirely accepted in good society, does not leaves on it, it is not accepted to compose and paint their figures. Comparisons of the human world with its kindred world of nature are never strained and cold in Mr. Tyutchev, they do not respond in a mentoring tone, they do not try to serve as an explanation of some ordinary thought that appeared in the head of the author and was taken by him for his own discovery. In addition to all this, in the city of Tyutchev, a delicate taste is noticeable - the fruit of a multilateral education, reading and rich life experience. The language of passion, the language of a woman's heart, is familiar to him and given to him. Mr. Tyutchev's poems, drawn by him not from his own spring, such as "Napoleon" and others, we like less. There are no dramatic or epic beginnings in Mr. Tyutchev's talent, although his mind undoubtedly penetrated all the depths of modern questions of history. With all that popularity, we do not predict Mr. Tyutchev's popularity—that noisy, dubious popularity, which Mr. Tyutchev probably does not achieve in the least. His talent, by its very nature, is not addressed to the crowd and does not expect feedback and approval from it; in order to fully appreciate Mr. Tyutchev, the reader himself must be gifted with a certain subtlety of understanding, a certain flexibility of thought that does not remain idle for too long. Violet with its scent does not stink for twenty steps around: you have to get close to it to feel its incense. We repeat, we do not predict the popularity of Mr. Tyutchev; but we predict for him the deep and warm sympathy of all those who cherish Russian poetry, and such poems as -God send your consolation...
And others will pass from end to end of Russia and outlive a lot in modern literature that now seems durable and enjoys resounding success. Mr. Tyutchev can say to himself that, in the words of one poet, he created speeches that are not destined to die; and for a true artist there is no higher reward than such consciousness.
NOTES
CONVENTIONAL ABBREVIATIONS 1
1 Abbreviations introduced in this volume for the first time are taken into account.
Grigoriev- Grigoriev Ap. Works. St. Petersburg: Edition of N. Strakhov, 1876. T. I. Dobrolyubov-- Dobrolyubov N.A. Full. coll. op. / Under the general editorship of P. I. Lebedev-Polyansky. T. I-VI. M.; L.: Goslitizdat, 1934-1941 (1945). Druzhinin-- Druzhinin A.V. Sobr. op. SPb., 1865. T. VII. Ivanov-- Prof. Ivanov Iv. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. A life. Personality. Creation. Nizhyn, 1914. Istomin-- Istomin K. K. Turgenev's "Old Manner" (1834-1855) St. Petersburg, 1913. Clement, Chronicle-- Clement M. K. Chronicle of the life and work of I. S. Turgenev Pod. ed. N. K. Piksanova. M.; L.: Academy, 1934. Nazarov-- Nazarova LN On the issue of assessing the literary-critical activity of I. S. Turgenev by his contemporaries (1851-1853).-- Issues of studying Russian literature of the XI-XX centuries. M.; L .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1958, p. 162-167. Pisarev-- Pisarev D. I. Works: In 4 vols. M.: Goslitizdat, 1955--1956. Rus arch-- "Russian archive" (magazine). Rus conversation- "Russian conversation" (magazine). Rus Obozr- "Russian Review" (magazine). Sat GBL-- "I. S. Turgenev", collection / Ed. N. L. Brodsky. M., 1940 (State Library of the USSR named after V. I. Lenin). Sat PD 1923- "Collection of the Pushkin House for 1923". Pgr., 1922. T. Op. 1860--1801 -- Works of I. S. Turgenev. Corrected and added. M.: Ed. N. A. Osnovskiy. 1861. Vol. II, III. T. Soch, 1865-- Works of I. S. Turgenev (1844-1864). Karlsruhe: Ed. br. Salaev. 1865. Part II, III. T. Op. 1868--1871-- Works of I. S. Turgenev (1844--1868). M.: Ed. br. Salaev. 1868. Ch. 2, 3. T. Soch, 1874-- Works of I. S. Turgenev (1844--1868). M.: Ed. br. Salaev. 1874. Part 2. 3. Fet-- Fet A. A. My memories (1848-1889). M., 1890. Parts I and II. 1858. scenes,I-- Scènes de la vie russe, par M. J. Tourguéneff. Nouvelles russes, traduites avec l "autorisation de l" auteur par M. X. Marmier. Paris. 1858. 1858. Scenrs,II-- Scènes de la vie russe, par M. J. Tourguéneff. Deuxième série, traduite avec la collaboration de l "auteur par Louis Viardot. Paris, 1858.A FEW WORDS ABOUT THE POEMS OF F. I. TYUTCHEV
TEXT SOURCES
Sovre, 1854, No 4, div. III, p. 23--26. T, Soch, 1880, vol. 1, p. 328--332. Autograph unknown. First published: Sovre, 1854, No 4, with the signature: I. T., in the table of contents - I. S. T. (censored cut on March 31, 1854). Printed in text: T, Soch, 1880."About Tyutchev not argue; whoever does not feel him, thereby proves that he does not feel poetry, "Turgenev argued in a letter to A. A. Fet on December 27, 1858 (January 8, 1859). These words determine his attitude to Tyutchev's poetry on throughout the life and career of the writer.For Turgenev, Tyutchev has always been a poet of not only feelings, but also thoughts, a "wise man" (letter to Fet dated July 16 (28), 1860), a poet with a "bright and sensitive mind" (letter to Ya. P. Polonsky on February 21 (March 5), 1873. Negatively referring to Slavophilism, Turgenev in a letter to Fet dated August 21 (September 2), 1873, deeply regretting the death of Tyutchev, noted that the poet "was Slavophil - but not in his poems. " According to Turgenev, a convinced Westerner, in Tyutchev "his most essential essence<...>- this is Western, akin to Goethe ... " (Fet, part II, p. 278). Both in Turgenev's works ("Faust", 1856; "Memoirs of Belinsky", 1869), and in his letters, lines from Tyutchev's poems are often quoted, which the writer knew and loved well (see, for example, letters to Fet dated 16 ( 28) July and October 3 (15), 1860, letter to V. V. Stasov dated August 6 (18), 1875; letter to Zh. A. Polonskaya dated December 2 (14), 1882). Turgenev's article on Tyutchev's poems reflected the general attitude of the Sovremennik editors towards the poet's work. Back in 1850, Nekrasov published an extensive article "Russian Minor Poets" (Sovre, 1850, No 1), devoted mainly to Tyutchev's poetry and containing a very high assessment of it. In 1854, 92 poems by the poet were published in the third book of the magazine; in the fifth, 19 more poems appeared. In May 1854, the first separate edition of Tyutchev's poems was published, the initiator and editor of which was Turgenev (On the work of Turgenev as the editor of Tyutchev's poems, see: Blagoy D. D. Turgenev - Tyutchev's editor .-- In the book: T and its time with. 142-163. Compare: Pigarev K. V. The fate of the literary heritage of F. I. Tyutchev .-- Lit Nasl, vol. 19--21, p. 371--418.). In connection with the publication of Tyutchev's poems in Sovremennik, Fet testifies that they were met "in our circle with all the enthusiasm that this capital phenomenon deserved" (Fet, part 1, p. 134). Fet's testimony that writers close to Sovremennik were fond of Tyutchev's poetry is also confirmed by the following words of L. N. Tolstoy, recorded by A. V. Zhirkevich: "Once Turgenev, Nekrasov and company could hardly persuade me to read Tyutchev But when I read it, I simply froze from the magnitude of his creative talent" (L. N. Tolstoy in the memoirs of his contemporaries. M., I960. Vol. 1, p. 484). The appearance in the appendix to the third book of Sovremennik for 1854 of ninety-two poems by Tyutchev caused a number of responses in the press. Tyutchev's work was highly critically assessed by the Pantheon reviewer, who wrote that among the poet's poems published in Sovremennik there are "two dozen good, two dozen mediocre, the rest are very bad" (Pantheon, 1854, vol. XIV, book 3, otd IV, p. 17). According to K. V. Pigarev, the appearance of this "unfavorable review" may have prompted Turgenev to come up with an article (see: Pigarev K. Life and work of Tyutchev. M., 1962, p. 140). In the next book of Pantheon, a negative review was given of Turgenev's article, which, in the opinion of an anonymous reviewer, "contains a lot of strange, erroneous and refined." Dissatisfied with the fact that Turgenev rated Tyutchev too “highly”, the reviewer argued that “criticism was not given to I.S.T., and he left for her in vain the kind of works in which he is so great” (Pantheon, 1854, vol. XIV , book 4, section V, page 31). Page 524. That's why we couldn't~ bequeathed to us by the greetings and approval of Pushkin-- F. I. Tyutcheva.- In the appendix to the March book of Sovremennik for 1854, 92 Tyutchev's poems were printed. For the first time, Tyutchev's poetry gained recognition as early as 1836, when copies of his poems, through the mediation of P. A. Vyazemsky and V. A. Zhukovsky, were transferred to Pushkin. “Still alive are the witnesses of that amazement and delight with which Pushkin met the unexpected appearance of these poems, full of depth of thought, brightness of colors, news and power of language,” recalled P. A. Pletnev (Uch. Zap. Second Department of the Imperial Academy of Sciences SPb., 1859. Book V, p. LVII). Yu. F. Samarin also wrote about this: “Eyewitnesses told me how delighted Pushkin was when he first saw a collection of his (Tyutchev’s) handwritten poems. He ran around with them for a whole week ...” (Links, M .; L., 1933. Book 2, p. 259). In "Sovremennik" (1836, vol. III and IV), 24 Tyutchev's poems were placed under the general title: "Poems sent from Germany", with the signature "F.T." After the death of Pushkin and until 1840, Tyutchev's poems continued to be published in Sovremennik, and "with a few exceptions, these were poems selected, apparently, by Pushkin himself" (see the article by K. V. Pigarev in the book. : Tyutchev F. I. Poems. Letters. M., 1957, p. 7). ...to the captivating, though somewhat monotonous, grace of Fet...- Fet became close with a number of St. Petersburg writers, especially Turgenev, in 1853. Since then, for many years, Fet's poems were submitted to the court of Turgenev, who was the poet's first literary adviser and leader, until they appeared in print. Since 1854, Fet's poems began to appear systematically in Sovremennik, and in 1855, with the participation of Turgenev and other employees of this journal, a collection of Fet's poems was prepared for publication, which was published in 1856 (Nikolsky Yu. Materials on Fet. 1. Turgenev's corrections of Fet's "Poems", 1850 (Russian Thought, Sofia, 1921, August-September, pp. 211--227, October-December, pp. 245--263); Good D. From the Russian past Literature Turgenev - editor Fet (Print and Revolution, 1923, book 3, pp. 45--64); Bukhshtab B. The fate of the literary heritage of A. A. Fet (Lit Nasl, vol. 22-24, p. 561--600).). During these years, Turgenev highly appreciated Fet's poetry. In the article "Notes of a rifle hunter of the Orenburg province. S. A - va" Fet's name was named by him next to the name of Tyutchev (present volume, p. 521). Lines from Fet's poems were also quoted by Turgenev in works of art ("Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky district", 1849; "Correspondence", 1854). ...energetic~ Nekrasov's passion...- Nekrasov's poems in the late 1840s and throughout the 1850s aroused Turgenev's interest not only for their inherent purely poetic merits, but also due to their clearly expressed social orientation. This is confirmed by Turgenev's letters to Nekrasov himself. "Your verses to *** are simply Pushkin's good - I immediately learned them from memory," Turgenev wrote to the author on July 10 (22), 1855, about the poem "Long ago rejected by you." Comparisons of Nekrasov's poems with Pushkin's (the highest praise in the mouth of Turgenev) are also found in his other letters. So, on November 18 and 23 (November 30 and December 6), 1852, analyzing the original text of Nekrasov's poem "Muse", Turgenev writes to the author (and I. I. Panaev): "... the first 12 verses are excellent and resemble Pushkin's texture ". When the poet's collection of poems was published, Turgenev, in a letter to E. Ya. Kolbasin dated December 14 (26), 1856, again emphasized the social significance of his work: Turgenev to the poetry of Nekrasov, see Skvortsov B. I. S. Turgenev about contemporary poets.-- Ulyanov-Lenin Kazan State University, 1929, book 2, p. 389 -392; Evgeniev-Maksimov V. Life and work of N. A. Nekrasov. M .; L., 1950. T. II, p. 329.). ...to the correct, sometimes cold painting of Maykov...- The poetry of A. N. Maikov, whose first collection of poems was published in St. Petersburg in 1842, apparently left Turgenev rather indifferent. Neither quotations from Maikov's poems nor reviews of his work can be found in Turgenev's letters of the 1850s. The opinion about Maykov's poetry, expressed in Turgenev's article, is close to what V. G. Belinsky wrote about him (see: Belinsky, vol. 10, p. 83). Page 525. ...they all seem to be written co Goethe wanted...- Turgenev has in mind the following idea of Goethe, given in the book by I.-P. Eckerman "Conversations with Goethe in the last years of his life" (recorded on September 18, 1823): "All my poems are" poems about "(just in case), they are inspired by reality, they have soil and foundation in it." Page 526. ... according to the beautiful expression of Vauvenargues ...-- Vauvenarg(Vauvenargues) Luc Clapier (1715--1747) - the famous French moralist, author of the work "Paradoxes, mêlés de Réflexions et de Maximes" (1746). Turgenev cites saying XXV from the second book of this work. ...build a five-act fantasy about some Italian painter~ tertiary galleries...- Meaning "Giulio Mosti", a dramatic fantasy in verse by N.V. Kukolnik, in four parts with an interlude, written in 1832-1833, his dramatic fantasy in verse "Domenichino", in two parts. In both works, the main characters are Italian artists. For Turgenev's sharply negative attitude towards Kukolnik's dramaturgy, see also his article "Lieutenant-General Patkul" (this ed., Works, vol. 1, pp. 251--276). ...no one will now sing from the supernatural curls of some maiden...-- Allusion to V. G. Benediktov and his poem "Curls" (1836). Page 527. The poems of Mr. Tyutchev, drawn by him not from his own spring, somehow "Napoleon"~ like less.- Turgenev means lines 6-13 of this poem, inspired by the characterization of Napoleon in H. Heine's journalistic essays "Französische Zustände" ("French Affairs"), which says that Bonaparte was a genius who "had eagles of inspiration in his head while the serpents of calculation writhed in his heart. (Article two, dated January 19, 1832) Pg. 528. ... such poems as--God send your consolation...-- We are talking about Tyutchev's poem "In July 1850", first published in Sovremennik (1854, No. 3, pp. 33--34). ... in the words of one poet ...-- To whom these words belong is not established."Analysis of the poem" - An immanent analysis of the poem by I. Bunin "The day will come - I will disappear ...". What role does the syntactic organization of the text play in revealing the author's intention? etc. The poem is written using ... rhymes ... I. Bunin. The work of Ivan Bunin “The day will come - I will disappear ...” belongs to philosophical lyrics.
"Gumilyov's Poems" - CARACALLA (Caracalla) (186-217) Roman emperor from 211, from the Sever dynasty. Research findings. Lesson topic: "Secrets of N. Gumilyov's poetry." The poem "The Navigator Pausanius". Prepare a written story on the topic: "My Gumilyov." The purpose of the lesson: to determine the features of the poetic work of N. Gumilyov.
“The poem of Fet” - L. N. Tolstoy (From a letter to V. P. Botkin. July 9, 1857). Night. And dawn, dawn! .. 2 stanza. L. Ozerov. Beams lay… It is no accident that a night landscape appears in A. Fet's poem. Let's draw conclusions. REPETITIONS Syntactic parallelism of ANAPHOR EPIPHOR. Why do you think the poem is "silent"?
"Analysis of Pushkin's poem Monument" - A.S. Pushkin's poem "Monument". G.R. Derzhavin. Classical concept of linguo-stylistic analysis of the poetic text L.V. Shcherba, V.V. Vinogradova. Alexandrian. SHERBA Lev Vladimirovich Development of a literature lesson in grade 9 on the topic “Linguistic and stylistic analysis of a poetic text.
"Collection of Poems" - Compilation. Criteria for evaluation. Collection options. Gather all the material Write comments Arrange the poems in the correct order. The discussion of the results. A selection of poems. Collection layout. A colorful collection of poems “Seasons in the work of A.S. Pushkin.
“Poems” - The golden grove dissuaded ... Rejoicing, raging and tormented, life is good ... The feather grass is sleeping - no other homeland ... Find comparisons and metaphors in the poem. Gold, blue, lilac, red, yellow. Epithets and coloring of the verse. The old maple head looks like me. For a long time to sing and ring the blizzard ... (1918) I left my dear home ...
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they could hardly persuade me to read Tyutchev. But when I read it, I simply froze from the magnitude of his creative talent ”(L.N. Tolstoy in the memoirs of his contemporaries. M., 1960. Vol. 1, p. 484).
The appearance in the appendix to the third book of Sovremennik in 1854 of ninety-two poems by Tyutchev caused a number of responses in the press. Tyutchev's work was highly critically assessed by the Pantheon reviewer, who wrote that among the poet's poems published in Sovremennik there are "two dozen good, two dozen mediocre, the rest are very bad" (Pantheon, 1854, vol. XIV, book 3, section IV, p. 17). According to the assumption of K. V. Pigarev, the appearance of this “unfavorable review” may have prompted Turgenev to come up with an article (see: Pigarev K. Life and work of Tyutchev. M., 1962, p. 140). In the next book of Pantheon, a negative review was given of Turgenev's article, which, according to an anonymous reviewer, "contains a lot of strange, erroneous and refined." Dissatisfied with the fact that Turgenev rated Tyutchev too “highly”, the reviewer argued that “criticism was not given to I.S.T., and he left for her in vain the kind of works in which he is so great” (Pantheon, 1854, vol. XIV , book 4, section V, page 31).
Tyutchev and German culture
With such a universal position, everyone knows that the bills could not pass. So they are. could they establish a principle contrary to their own intention? Also, if they intended to establish the principle that wherever Congress controls, the people should do what they see fit for slavery, why did they not allow the people of D.C., in their acceptance, to abolish slavery within these limits? If then they were establishing a principle to allow people to do what they liked with slavery, why didn't they apply that principle to these people?
Page 524. That is why we could not ~ bequeathed to us by Pushkin's greetings and approval- F. I. Tyutcheva.- In the appendix to the March book of Sovremennik for 1854, 92 Tyutchev's poems were printed. For the first time, Tyutchev's poetry gained recognition as early as 1836, when copies of his poems, through the mediation of P. A. Vyazemsky and V. A. Zhukovsky, were transferred to Pushkin. “Witnesses of that amazement and delight with which Pushkin met the unexpected appearance of these poems, full of depth of thought, brightness of colors, news and power of language, are still alive,” recalled P. A. Pletnev (Educator of the Second Department of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. SPb., 1859. Book V, p. LVII). Yu. F. Samarin also wrote about this: “Eyewitnesses told me how delighted Pushkin was when he first saw a collection of his handwritten poems. He rushed about with them for a whole week ... ”(Links, M .; L., 1933. Book 2, p. 259). In Sovremennik (1836, vols. III and IV), 24 Tyutchev's poems were placed under the general title: "Poems sent from Germany", signed "F. T." After the death of Pushkin and until 1840, Tyutchev's poems continued to be published in Sovremennik, and "with a few exceptions, these were poems selected, apparently, by Pushkin himself" (see the article by K. V. Pigarev in the book. : Tyutchev F. I. Poems. Letters. M., 1957, p. 7).
All the people are living witnesses that this was the only thing that was their opinion. When we make new acquaintances, we will, as before, try to control them in some way. And now, in turn, let me ask you a few questions. If the Missouri Compromise was overturned on any or all of these issues, why didn't the team listen before?
This argument strikes me as remarkable. It is as if one could argue that whites and blacks are not different from each other. He admits, however, that there is a literal change in the bill; and that he made changes in respect for other senators who would not support the bill.
...to the captivating, though somewhat monotonous, grace of Fet...- Fet became close to a number of St. Petersburg writers, especially Turgenev, in 1853. Since then, for many years, Fet's poems were submitted to the court of Turgenev, who was the first literary adviser and leader of the poet, until they appeared in print. Since 1854, Fet's poems began to appear systematically in Sovremennik, and in 1855, with the participation of Turgenev and other employees of this journal, there was
This proves that these other senators considered the change significant; and that the judge thought their opinion was worth setting aside. There was a disagreement between advocates and opponents of slavery regarding its creation in the country that we bought from France. The south, and then the best part of the purchase, was already in a state of slaves. The disputes were settled by granting Missouri as a slave state; but with the agreement that in all the remainder of the purchase, north of a certain line, there should never be slavery.
As to what was to be done with the remainder south of the line, nothing was said; but perhaps the just consequence was that it must come into bondage if it so desired. The southern part, with the exception of the portion mentioned above, subsequently entered into slavery as the state of Arkansas. Finally, settlements began in it. Over time, Iowa became a free state, and Minnesota was granted territorial government without lifting restrictions on slavery.
a collection of poems by Fet, published in 1856, was prepared for publication. 2
During these years, Turgenev highly appreciated Fet's poetry. In the article “Notes of a rifle hunter of the Orenburg province. S. A-va ”the name of Fet was named by him next to the name of Tyutchev (nast, volume, p. 521). Lines from Fet's poems were also quoted by Turgenev in works of art ("Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky district", 1849; "Correspondence", 1854).
Finally, the only remaining part, north of the line, Kansas and Nebraska, was to be organized; and it is proposed and carried to cross out the old dividing line of thirty-four years and open this whole country to the introduction of slavery. Now this, in my opinion, is clearly unfair. After an angry and dangerous dispute, the parties became friends, sharing the backbone of contention. One party first appropriates its share, beyond any power to be violated in the possession of it; and then grabs the other party's share.
As if two starving people shared their only bread; he hurriedly swallowed his half, and then grabbed the other half just as he put it to his mouth! It is argued that slavery will not go to Kansas and Nebraska anyway. This is a palliation - a lullaby.
...energetic ~ Nekrasov's passion...- Nekrasov's poems in the late 1840s and throughout the 1850s aroused Turgenev's interest not only due to their purely poetic merits, but also due to their clearly expressed social orientation. This is confirmed by Turgenev's letters to Nekrasov himself. “Your poems to *** are simply Pushkin’s good - I immediately learned them from memory,” Turgenev wrote to the author on July 10 (22), 1855 about the poem “Long ago rejected by you.” Comparisons of Nekrasov's poems with Pushkin's (the highest praise in the mouth of Turgenev) are also found in his other letters. So, on November 18 and 23 (November 30 and December 6), 1852, analyzing the original text of Nekrasov's poem "Muse", Turgenev writes to the author (and I. I. Panaev): "... the first 12 verses are excellent and resemble Pushkin's texture ". When the poet's collection of poems was published, Turgenev, in a letter to E. Ya. Kolbasin dated December 14 (26), 1856, again emphasized the social significance of his work: “And Nekrasov’s poems, collected in one focus, burn” 3.
I have some hope that this will not happen; but let's not be too sure. Therefore, it is not a climate that will leave slavery in these territories. Is there something special in the country? Missouri adjoins these territories along its entire western border, and slavery is already found in each of its western counties. Slavery leaned entirely against the old western frontier of the state, and when quite recently part of that frontier, in the northwest, was moved a little farther westward, slavery followed a completely new line.
Now that the restriction has been removed, what should prevent it from moving forward? There will be no peculiarity of the country - there will be nothing in nature. Will this people be prevented? The coming scenes are all in favor of the expansion. The Yankees who are against him may be more numerous; but in military phrase the battlefield is too far from their base of operations. But it is said that in Nebraska there is now no law on the subject of slavery; and that in such a case, by taking a slave there, his freedom operates. This is a good book law; but is not a rule of real practice.
...to the correct, sometimes cold painting of Maykov...- The poetry of A. N. Maikov, whose first collection of poems was published in St. Petersburg in 1842, apparently left Turgenev rather indifferent. Neither quotations from Maikov's poems nor reviews of his work can be found in Turgenev's letters of the 1850s. The opinion about Maykov's poetry, expressed in Turgenev's article, is close to what V. G. Belinsky wrote about him (see: Belinsky, vol. 10, p. 83).
Wherever there was slavery, it was first introduced without law. The oldest laws we find concerning this are not the laws introducing it; but regulating it as if it already exists. Now the white man takes his slave to Nebraska; who will inform the Negro that he is free? Who will take him before the court to test the question of his freedom? Out of ignorance of his legal emancipation, he continues to cut, split and plow. Others bring and move in the same track. Finally, if the time ever comes for a vote, then on the question of slavery the institution already exists in the country and cannot be removed.
Page 525. ... they all seem to have been painted ~ Goethe wanted ...- Turgenev has in mind the following idea of Goethe, given in the book by I.-P. Eckerman “Conversations with Goethe in the last years of his life” (recorded on September 18, 1823): “All my poems are“ poems about “(just in case), they are inspired by reality, they have soil and foundation in it.”
2 Nikolsky Yu. Materials on Fet. 1. Turgenev's corrections of Fet's "Poems", 1850 (Russian Thought, Sofia, 1921, August-September, pp. 211 - 227, October - December, pp. 245 - 263); Blagoy D. From the Past of Russian Literature. Turgenev - editor of Fet (Print and Revolution, 1923, book 3, pp. 45 - 64); Bukhshtab B. The fate of the literary heritage of A. A. Fet (Lit Nasl, vol. 22 - 24, p. 561-600).
The facts of his presence and the difficulty of removing him will have a say in their favor. Hold it until a vote is taken, and a vote in favor of it cannot be obtained in any of the forty thousand people on earth who have been gathered by the usual motives of emigration and settlement. To get slaves into the country at the same time as whites, in the early stages of settlement, is the exact stake that Nebraska played and won in this measure.
We have some experience with this practical difference. Despite the "87" Ordinance, a few Negroes were brought to Illinois and kept in a state of quasi-equal slavery, however not enough to vote the people in favor of the institution when they came to the constitution.
3 On Turgenev's attitude to Nekrasov's poetry, see Skvortsov B. I. S. Turgenev on contemporary poets. - Uch. app. Kazan State un-ta im. V. I. Ulyanov-Lenin. 1929, book. 2, p. 389 - 392; Evgeniev-Maximov B. Life and work of N. A. Nekrasov. M.; L., 1950. T. II, p. 329.
In September, more than 60,000 Allied troops, including British, French and Turkish troops, landed near Evpatoria. The commander-in-chief of the Russian army, the aged prince A. S. MENSHIKOV, concentrated his troops in the Bakhchisaray region in order to maintain contact with the country's interior provinces. Only the garrison of the fortress remained in Sevastopol (about 45 thousand soldiers and officers). The defense was led by admirals VLADIMIR ALEKSEEVICH KORNILOV, PAVEL STEPANOVITCH NAKHIMOV, VLADIMIR IVANOVICH ISTOMIN, who died on the Sevastopol bastions. The military engineer E. I. TOTLEBEN was engaged in the construction of fortifications. Part of the Russian fleet was flooded at the entrance to the Sevastopol Bay, the naval guns were removed and placed on the fortifications, the sailors joined the garrison of the fortress. The siege began in October.
USA. Two new states were formed - Kansas and Nebraska. The question of the spread of slavery in them is left to the discretion of the inhabitants of the states. A civil war began under the leadership of J. Brown, J. Montgomery, that is, the Missouri Compromise was canceled. On this occasion, the Republican Party was created.
REBELLION. Eureka Rebellion - gold diggers rebelled in the gold mines in Ballarat (Victoria colony).
MEANWHILE...
Anuchin DMITRY entered the second grade of the Larinsky gymnasium.
BUKHAREV ALEXANDER MATVEYEVICH, born in 1824, was born in the family of a deacon in Tver province, after graduating from the Tver Seminary he entered the Moscow Theological Academy, from which he graduated at the age of 22. Shortly before graduating from the Academy, Bukharev became a monk - not without hesitation. At the Moscow Theological Academy, Bukharev was a professor (in the department of Holy Scripture), but from that year he occupied the department of dogmatics at the Kazan Academy and at the same time became an inspector of the Academy.
BER. The BER expedition visited Sarepta, Kamyshin, Astrakhan, Novopetrovsky, the islands and the mouth of the Ural River, went again to Astrakhan, then to the western coast of the Caspian Sea, the Black Market at the mouth of the Terek and the Astrakhan salt lakes.
V. I. VASILCHIKOV, born in 1820 since October he has been acting chief of staff of the Sevastopol garrison.
Dobrolyubov N. A., born in 1836, at the end of the year became the head of a circle of students, where foreign publications are read, newspapers and magazines are bought together, and the handwritten newspaper Rumors is published. Next year he will write in his diary: "I seem to have been summoned by fate on purpose to the great cause of the revolution! .."
KERN FEDOR SERGEEVICH, captain of the 2nd rank, in command of the frigate "Kulevcha".
KROPOTKIN. Two of his wife's sisters moved into the KROPOTKIN family. They had a house and a vineyard in Sevastopol, because of the Crimean War they were left homeless and without property. When the allies landed in the Crimea, the inhabitants of Sevastopol were told that there was nothing to fear, but after the defeat at the Black River they were told to leave as soon as possible. There were not enough horses, and the roads were choked with troops moving south. The youngest of the sisters, a thirty-year-old girl, smokes cigarettes one after another and picturesquely tells about the horrors of the road.
MAKSIMOVICH K.I. has been studying the scientifically unknown Amur Region and Ussuri Territory since July. This year he traveled along the coast of the Tatar Strait to the mouth of the Amur (Nikolaevsk) - Mariinsk - Lake Kizi.
N. P. SMIRNOV graduated from the university as the second candidate (the first was B. N. CHICHERIN, who would become a professor at Moscow University) and entered the Civil Chamber as a scribe for seven rubles a month.
L. N. TOLSTOY writes in his diary on June 15: “Exactly three months of idleness and a life that I cannot be satisfied with ... For the last time I say to myself: if three days pass, during which I do nothing for the benefit of people, I will kill myself."
TYUTCHEV. The poems of F. I. TYUTCHEV, previously published (in 1826) and left almost unnoticed, were published as an addition to Sovremennik and aroused enthusiastic praise from critics. In the future, Tyutchev will enjoy fame as a poet of a predominantly Slavophile camp.
USHINSKY KONSTANTIN DMITRIEVICH, born in 1824, from this year got the opportunity to return to teaching as a teacher at the Gatchina Orphan Institute. In 1859 he was appointed inspector.
KHRULEV S. A., born in 1807, has been at the disposal of Prince A. S. MENSHIKOV since December. Will be chairman of the committee for testing new bullets.
P. E. CHEKHOV married YEVGENIA YAKOVLEVNA MOROZOVA. He will have six children: ALEXANDER, NIKOLAI, ANTON, IVAN, MARIA AND MIKHAIL.
THIS YEAR WILL APPEAR:
DOROVATOVSKY SERGEY PAVLOVICH, future public agronomist, publisher. He will die in 1921;
ELPATIEVSKY SERGEY YAKOVLEVICH, future writer and doctor. He will die in 1933;
IGNATOV VASILY NIKOLAEVICH, future populist. He will die in 1885;
LAUR ALEXANDER ALEKSEEVICH, future homeopathic doctor, playwright and journalist. He will die in 1901;
MATTERN EMILY EMILYEVICH, future Moscow justice of the peace and translator of dramatic works. He will die in 1938;
future novelist-humorist and playwright MYASNITSKY. He will die in 1911;
PAVLOV ALEXEY PETROVICH, in Moscow in the family of Lieutenant P. A. Pavlov, future geologist, academician, professor at Moscow University, founder of the Moscow school of geologists. He will die in 1929;
PREOBRAZHENSKY ALEXANDER LAVRENTIEVICH, in the Tula province in the family of a priest, the future Metropolitan of Yarolava and Rostov Agafangel. He will die in 1928;
SAVINA MARIA GAVRILOVNA, future actress. She will perform on stage from the age of eight, become one of the organizers and chairmen of the Russian Theater Society and die in 1915;
SERGEENKO PETER ALEKSEEVICH, future novelist and publicist. He will die in 1930;
CHERTKOV Vladimir Grigoryevich. He will die in 1936.
DIE THIS YEAR:
GOLUBINSKY FEDOR ALEKSANDROVICH, born in 1797, teacher of philosophy at the Moscow Theological Academy, priest;
KARAMZIN ANDREY NIKOLAEVICH, born in 1814 The cavalry detachment under his command fell into the Turkish outpost and was completely exterminated;
KORNILOV VLADIMIR ALEKSEEVICH, born in 1806, Vice Admiral, who led the defense of Sevastopol. On October 5, he was mortally wounded by a cannonball on Malakhov Hill on a battery of nine guns.
LAVAL EKATERINA IVANOVNA, born in 1800, in Siberia, wife of Prince Sergei Petrovich Trubetskoy, sentenced to hard labor, countess, who followed her husband;
PROKHOROV TIMOFEY, a manufacturer who brought worldwide fame to Trekhgorka, one of the calico kings of Russia.
The victory of the Russian troops
| V. S. Zavoyko | David Price † Frederic Nicholson Fevrier De Pointes |
Peter and Paul Defense- protection by Russian troops of the city of Petropavlovsk (now Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky) and the territory of the Kamchatka Peninsula during the Crimean War.
The entire population of the city and its environs (about 1600 people) also joined in the preparation for the defense. Work on the construction of seven coastal batteries and the installation of guns was carried out for almost two months around the clock, day and night. The defenders of Petropavlovsk erected fortifications, cut out platforms for batteries in the rocks, impregnable for amphibious assault, removed guns from ships, manually dragged them along the steep slopes of the hills and installed them on the shore.
Batteries covered Petropavlovsk with a horseshoe. At its right end, in the rocky tip of Cape Signalny, there was a battery (No. 1), which protected the entrance to the inner roadstead. Also on the right, on the isthmus between Signal Cape and Nikolskaya Sopka, another battery (No. 3) was placed. At the northern end of Nikolskaya Sopka, on the very shore, a battery was built to prevent landings in the rear and attempts to capture the port from the north (No. 7). Another battery was erected on the fold of an imaginary horseshoe (No. 6). She had to keep the defile under fire and the road between Nikolskaya Sopka and Kultushnoye Lake, if the enemy managed to suppress the resistance of the coastal battery. Then there were two batteries (No. 5, No. 4 - Krasny Yar) - they lay down to the left along the coast on both sides of the main battery on the sandy spit Koshka (No. 2).
fighting
At noon on August 17 (29), 1854, forward posts on lighthouses discovered a squadron of six ships. A combat alarm sounded in Petropavlovsk. A three-masted steamer separated from the squadron and began to measure the depths on the approaches to Cape Signalny and the entrance to the harbor. When the boat left the port, the ship retreated at full speed.
The main attack of the enemy was aimed at two batteries - No. 3 (on the isthmus) and No. 7 (on the northern tip of Nikolskaya Sopka).
From an article by K. Mrovinsky:
“The enemy divided his squadron into two halves and, placing one half against one battery, and the other against the other, opened fire on them simultaneously. Batteries bombarded with cannonballs and bombs, having only 10 guns, could not resist 113 guns, most of which were bombing (cannonballs weighing 85 English pounds were found on the shore), and after three hours of resistance, almost all of the guns were damaged, and servants with Batteries were forced to retreat.
The detachments of M. Gubarev, D. Mikhailov, E. Ankudinov, N. Fesun, K. Pilkin were ordered to “knock the enemy down the mountain”, at the same time a detachment of A. Arbuzov was sent, three more small detachments from battery teams No. 2, 3, 7. All units totaled a little over 300 people. Taking up position in the ditch of battery No. 6 and in the surrounding bush, the detachments opened aimed fire at the approaching Anglo-French, and then knocked them over in a bayonet charge.
The battle went on for more than two hours and ended on Nikolskaya Sopka with the defeat of the British and French. Their detachments were defeated individually and suffered heavy losses during the retreat, which turned into a stampede. Having lost 50 people killed, 4 prisoners and about 150 wounded, the landing force returned to the ships. As trophies, the Russians got a banner, 7 officer's sabers and 56 guns.
After a two-day lull, the Anglo-French squadron sailed on August 26 (September 7), satisfied with the schooner Anadyr and the commercial ship of the Russian-American company Sitka intercepted at the exit from Avacha Bay. "Anadyr" was burned, and "Sitka" was taken as a prize.
Victory and results
Chapel in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in memory of the defense of 1854
After the attempt of the Anglo-French allies to capture Petropavlovsk ended in complete failure,