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James Clerk Maxwell was born June 13, 1831, Edinburgh, Scotland, and died November 5, 1879, Cambridge, England - British physicist, mathematician and mechanic. Scottish by birth. Member of the Royal Society of London (1861).
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Biography James Clerk Maxwell laid the foundations of modern classical electrodynamics (Maxwell's equations), introduced the concepts of displacement current and electromagnetic field into physics. One of the founders of the kinetic theory of gases (he established the distribution of gas molecules by velocities). He was one of the first to introduce statistical concepts into physics, showed the statistical nature of the second law of thermodynamics ("Maxwell's demon"), and obtained a number of important results in molecular physics and thermodynamics. Pioneer of quantitative color theory; author of the tricolor principle of color photography. Among Maxwell's other works are studies in mechanics (photoelasticity, Maxwell's theorem in the theory of elasticity, work in the theory of motion stability, analysis of the stability of Saturn's rings), optics, and mathematics. He prepared for publication the manuscript of the works of Henry Cavendish, paid much attention to the popularization of science, designed a number of scientific instruments. James Clerk Maxwell belonged to an old Scottish family of Penicui Clerks. His father, John Clerk Maxwell, was the owner of the Middleby family estate in South Scotland (Maxwell's second surname reflects this fact).
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Childhood From early childhood, he showed interest in the world around him, was surrounded by various "scientific toys" (for example, a "magic disk" - the predecessor of cinema, a model of the celestial sphere, a spinning top - "devil", etc.), learned a lot from communication with his father , was fond of poetry and made his first own poetic experiments. Only at the age of ten did he have a specially hired home teacher, but such training turned out to be ineffective, and in November 1841 Maxwell moved to his aunt Isabella, his father's sister, in Edinburgh. Here he entered a new school - the so-called Edinburgh Academy, which emphasized classical education - the study of Latin, Greek and English, Roman literature and Holy Scripture.
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Students At first, studying did not attract Maxwell, but gradually he felt a taste for it and became the best student in the class. At this time, he became interested in geometry, made polyhedrons out of cardboard. His understanding of the beauty of geometric images increased after a lecture by artist David Ramsay Hay. Thinking about this topic led Maxwell to invent a way to draw ovals. This method, dating back to the work of René Descartes, consisted of the use of trick pins, thread, and a pencil to create circles (one trick), ellipses (two tricks), and more complex oval shapes (more tricks). These results were reported by Professor James Forbes at a meeting of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and subsequently published in his Proceedings.
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Here is my great plan, which has been conceived for a long time, and which now dies, then comes back to life and gradually becomes more and more intrusive ... The main rule of this plan is to stubbornly leave nothing unexplored. Nothing should be "holy ground", sacred Unshakable Truth, positive or negative."
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After passing the exam, Maxwell decided to stay at Cambridge to prepare for a professorship. By the same time, a comic experimental study on “catrolling”, which was included in Cambridge folklore, dates back to: its goal was to determine the minimum height, falling from which, a cat stands on all fours.
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However, Maxwell's main scientific interest at this time was work on the theory of colors. It originates in the work of Isaac Newton, who adhered to the idea of seven primary colors. Important information contained testimonies of patients with color blindness, or color blindness. In experiments on color mixing, largely independently repeating the experiments of Hermann Helmholtz, Maxwell used a “color top”, the disk of which was divided into sectors painted in different colors, as well as a “color box”, an optical system developed by him that allowed mixing reference colors. Similar devices were used before, but only Maxwell began to obtain quantitative results with their help and quite accurately predict the resulting colors as a result of mixing.
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“The main philosophical value of physics is that it gives the brain something definite to rely on. If you are wrong somewhere, nature itself will immediately tell you about it.
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So, he demonstrated that mixing blue and yellow colors does not give green, as is often believed, but a pinkish tint. Maxwell's experiments showed that white cannot be obtained by mixing blue, red and yellow, as David Brewster and some other scientists believed, and the primary colors are red, green and blue.
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On May 17, 1861, at a lecture at the Royal Institution on the topic "On the Theory of the Three Primary Colors," Maxwell presented another convincing proof of the correctness of his theory - the world's first color photograph, the idea of which he had in 1855. Together with photographer Thomas Sutton, three negatives of colored tape were obtained on glass coated with a photographic emulsion (collodion
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The negatives were taken through green, red and blue filters (solutions of salts of various metals). Illuminating then the negatives through the same filters, it was possible to obtain a color image. As it was shown almost a hundred years later by the employees of the Kodak company, who recreated the conditions of Maxwell's experiment, the available photographic materials did not allow to demonstrate a color photograph and, in particular, to obtain red and green images. By a happy coincidence, the image obtained by Maxwell was formed as a result of mixing completely different colors - waves in the blue range and near ultraviolet. Nevertheless, Maxwell's experiment contained the correct principle for obtaining color photography, which was used many years later, when light-sensitive dyes were discovered.
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However, much more Maxwell's attention at that time was attracted by the study of the nature of Saturn's rings, proposed in 1855 by the University of Cambridge for the Adams Prize (the work had to be completed in two years). Having carried out a mathematical analysis of various variants of the structure of the rings, Maxwell was convinced that they could not be either solid or liquid (in the latter case, the ring would quickly collapse, disintegrating into drops). He came to the conclusion that such a structure can only be stable if it consists of a swarm of unrelated meteorites. The stability of the rings is ensured by their attraction to Saturn and the mutual motion of the planet and meteorites. Using Fourier analysis, Maxwell studied the propagation of waves in such a ring and showed that under certain conditions, meteorites do not collide with each other. For the case of two rings, he determined at what ratios of their radii the state of instability sets in. Maxwell received the Adams Prize for this work back in 1857, but continued to work on this topic, which resulted in the publication in 1859 of the treatise On the stability of the motion of Saturn's rings. This work was immediately recognized in scientific circles. The Astronomer Royal George Airy declared it the most brilliant application of mathematics to physics he had ever seen and was "the first work on the theory of collective processes carried out at the present level".
"Electromagnetic oscillations" - q. Complete the task! 500 rad/s. MECHANICAL OSCILLATIONS Oscillations are movements that are repeatable in time. The equation q=q(t) looks like: A. q= 0.001sin 500t B. q= 0.0001 cos500t C. q= 100sin500t. X. Examples of oscillatory systems. Determine the values of the quantities presented in the table. 0.0001 cl. The stage of generalization and systematization of the material.
"Electromagnetic waves and their properties" - Absorption increases during the summer months and decreases during the winter months. In 1895, V. Roentgen discovered radiation with a wavelength. less than UV. The ionosphere is "transparent" for ultrashort waves, like glass for light. For example, the phenomenon of light polarization showed. that light waves are transverse.
"Transformer" - P1 =. 12. 5. Can a step-up transformer be made a step-down one? K is the transformation ratio. »»»»1,2,4,5. N1, N2 - the number of turns of the primary and secondary windings. P2=. 19. EMF induction. 8. "Collective mind" - help build a transformer. 6.
"Electromagnetic radiation" - For measurements, I used equipment MultiLab ver. 1.4.20. I decided to check how electromagnetic radiation affects a chicken egg. Conclusions and recommendations. In the practical part, I decided to first change the electromagnetic radiation of the Earth. Moth experiment. Egg under radiation. I decided to conduct almost the same experiment with a bloodworm.
"Physics of Electromagnetic Waves" - James Clerk Maxwell. The presence of acceleration is the main condition for the emission of EM waves. This creates an electromagnetic field. Right screw rule: EM wave speed: V. What is an electromagnetic field? Cross section. Where does it occur? . Hertz Heinrich Rudolf (February 22, 1857, Hamburg - January 1, 1894, Bonn), German physicist.
"Electromagnetic waves" - Properties: Has a huge penetrating power, has a strong biological effect. Application: Radio communication, television, radar. E. Radio waves. Ultraviolet radiation. Sources: Discharge lamps with quartz tubes. Electromagnetic waves. Questions for reinforcement. Application: In medicine, production (? -defectoscopy).
In total there are 14 presentations in the topic
James Clerk Maxwell (183179) - English physicist, creator of classical electrodynamics, one of the founders of statistical physics, organizer and first director (since 1871) of the Cavendish Laboratory, predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, put forward the idea of the electromagnetic nature of light, established the first statistical law - the law of distribution of molecules speed, named after him.
Maxwell's Demon No wonder they say that thoughts are material Maxwell's Demon is a thought experiment of 1867, as well as its main character - an imaginary intelligent being of microscopic size, invented by the British physicist James Clerk Maxwell in order to illustrate the seeming paradox of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The mental experiment is as follows: suppose a vessel with gas is divided by an impenetrable partition into two parts: right and left. There is a hole in the partition with a device (the so-called Maxwell's demon), which allows fast (hot) gas molecules to fly only from the left side of the vessel to the right, and slow (cold) molecules - only from the right side of the vessel to the left. Then, after a long period of time, the "hot" (fast) molecules will be in the right vessel, and the "cold" ones will remain in the left. Thus, it turns out that Maxwell's demon allows heating the right side of the vessel and cooling the left side without additional energy supply to the system. The entropy for a system consisting of the right and left parts of the vessel is greater in the initial state than in the final state, which contradicts the thermodynamic principle of non-decreasing entropy in closed systems
Achievements in physics by James Clerk Maxwell Developing the ideas of Michael Faraday, he created the theory of the electromagnetic field (Maxwell's equations); introduced the concept of displacement current, predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, put forward the idea of the electromagnetic nature of light. Established a statistical distribution named after him. Investigated the viscosity, diffusion and thermal conductivity of gases. Maxwell showed that the rings of Saturn are composed of separate bodies. Proceedings on color vision and colorimetry (Maxwell's disk), optics (Maxwell's effect), elasticity theory (Maxwell's theorem, Maxwell-Cremona diagram), thermodynamics, history of physics, etc.
"Magnitogorsk State Technical University
THEM. G. I. NOSOVA»
Scientific and educational presentation
Student: Roman Alexandrovich Kazankin, AMM-16
Subject: James Clerk Maxwell
(1831-1879)
short biography
Born June 13, 1831 in Edinburgh in the family of a Scottish nobleman.At the age of ten he entered the Edinburgh Academy, where he became the first
student.
From 1847 he studied at the University of Edinburgh (he graduated in 1850).
Here he became interested in experiments in chemistry, optics, magnetism, studied
mathematics, physics, mechanics. Three years later to continue
James transferred to Trinity College, Cambridge.
In 1856-1860. Maxwell is a professor at the University of Aberdeen.
In 1860-1865. he taught at King's College London,
where he first met Faraday. It was during this period that it was created
main work "Dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field" (1864-
1865)
In 1871 Maxwell became the first professor of experimental
physics at Cambridge. Under his leadership, the famous
Cavendish Laboratory, which he headed until the end of his life.
Maxwell died on November 5, 1879, leaving behind a huge scientific
a legacy that still serves people today color theory
Maxwell's experiments
showed that white
color cannot be
obtained by mixing
blue, red and
yellow as expected
some scientists
but the main
flowers are
red, green and
blue
First electrical work
In terms of electromagneticinduction Maxwell managed
consider the properties of
fields. Under the influence
alternating magnetic field in
empty space
electric
field with closed force
lines. Such a phenomenon
called vortex
electric field.
next discovery
Maxwell was that
alternating electric field
can generate magnetic
field, similar to the usual
electric current. This theory
called the current hypothesis
offset.
Stability of Saturn's rings
For study workstability of Saturn's rings
in 1857 Maxwell
received the Adams Award,
however continued to work
over this topic, the result of which
became a publication in 1859
year of the treatise "On
traffic stability
rings of Saturn
This work immediately received
recognition in scientific circles.
Maxwell's work on
stability of Saturn's rings
considered "the first work
on the theory of collective
processes carried out on
modern level"
Kinetic theory of gases. Maxwell distribution
"Tartan ribbon" - the world's first color photograph (1861)
"Tartan Ribbon" - the world's first coloredphotography (1861)
Bias current
An illustration of the displacement current in a capacitor"A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism"
last years of life
In 1879 the last two works were publishedMaxwell in molecular physics. In the first of
they were given the foundations of the theory of inhomogeneous
rarefied gases. In the second article, "On the theorem
Boltzmann on the average distribution of energy in
system of material points", Maxwell introduced
the terms used today "phase
system” (for a set of coordinates and
momentum) and the "degree of freedom of the molecule",
actually stated the ergodic hypothesis for
mechanical systems with constant energy,
considered the distribution of gas under
the action of centrifugal forces.
Illness and death
The first symptoms of the disease appeared inMaxwell at the beginning of 1877. Gradually
he had difficulty breathing, pain appeared.
In the spring of 1879, he lectured with difficulty,
got tired quickly. In June, together with his wife, he
returned to Glenlare, his condition permanently
worsened
The doctors determined the diagnosis - abdominal cancer
cavities. At the beginning of October finally
weakened Maxwell returned to Cambridge under
well-known Dr. James Paget.
Soon, on November 5, 1879, the scientist died.
Maxwell's coffin was moved to his
estate, he was buried next to his parents
in a small cemetery in the village of Parton
Most important works
Works on color theoryMaxwell laid the foundations
modern classical
electrodynamics (Maxwell's equations)
Introduced the concept of current into physics
displacement and electromagnetic field
One of the founders of the kinetic theory
gases
Got a number of important results
in molecular physics and thermodynamics