1. Name two trends in the development of modern interethnic relations and illustrate each of them with an example.
Answer: the following tendencies in the development of modern interethnic relations can be named and illustrated by examples: integration; economic, cultural and political rapprochement of nations, the destruction of national barriers (for example, the European Community); the desire of a number of peoples to preserve or acquire cultural and national independence, autonomy (for example, the Korean minority in Japan).
2. Use two examples to reveal the connection between social status and role.
Answer: The relationship between social status and role is as follows: in accordance with the status occupied, a person is prescribed (expected from him) certain models (types) of behavior.
Examples that reveal this relationship can be given: the student is expected to master the subjects provided for by the curriculum; the activity of the head of the enterprise is associated with responsible decisions, care for team members, etc.
3. Use three examples to reveal the variety of criteria for identifying social groups.
Answer: as examples that reveal the variety of criteria for distinguishing social groups, the following can be given: demographic criterion: distribution of the population according to such characteristics as age (children, adolescents, youth, middle-aged and elderly people), gender (men, women), marital status (married / married, divorced, widowed), marital status (single, family), etc .; ethnic criterion: determination of a person's belonging to an ethnic group (tribe, nationality, nation); racial criterion: determination of the unity of origin and area of settlement, the commonality of hereditary physical characteristics of people (three main groups: Negroid, Caucasoid and Mongoloid races); settlement criterion: the allocation of social groups depending on their place of residence (townspeople, rural residents, etc.); professional criterion: in accordance with the type of work of people (doctors, lawyers, teachers, engineers, etc.)
C7- a task-task that requires the analysis of the presented information, including statistical and graphical, the formulation and argumentation of independent evaluative, as well as prognostic judgments, explanations, conclusions.
What should the student pay attention to when solving tasks-tasks?
1. A clear understanding of the questions (requirements) of the task: often, students, without reading the question to the end, “tear out” individual elements of the condition, on their basis they form their own question, which they answer; it happens that in a two-part or three-part question, the last parts of it are left without attention.
2. Correlation of their answer to the question with the condition of a specific task: often students answer the question in general, ignoring the specific situation proposed in the condition.
3. Understanding that the statements of philosophers and scientists given in the condition of the problem are, as a rule, of a debatable nature and it is not always necessary to agree with them.
4. Clear wording, perhaps even numbering of all elements of the answer.
5. Checking the received answer, correlating it with the given conditions of the problem and its requirement.
§ 9. Interethnic relations and national
policy
Remember:
What is an ethnic community? What is the influence of ethnic diversity on the current situation in the country and in the world? What is the essence of social conflict?
Interethnic (interethnic) relations - relations between ethnic groups (peoples), covering all spheres of public life.
The main scientific problem is to determine, based on the ideas of humanism, the analysis of historical experience, the best ways to regulate interethnic relations. The problem is multifaceted, including issues of history and modern everyday life, the spiritual world of the individual, culture, education, sociology, psychology, economic, political, legal relations; therefore, scientists use the methods of a number of humanities. From the middle of the XIX century. explores the problem in depth ethnology- a science that studies the processes of formation and development of various ethnic groups, their identity, the forms of their cultural self-organization, their collective behavior, the interaction of the individual and the social environment.
Ethnology identifies two levels of interethnic relations. One level - the interaction of peoples in different spheres of public life: politics, culture, production, science, art, etc. The other level - interpersonal relations of people of different ethnicity in different forms of communication - labor, family, household, educational, informal types of relationships .
Interethnic relations find their expression in human actions and largely depend on individual behavior and its motivation, which is based on personal experience, mastery of cultural norms, the influence of the family, the immediate environment.
The ethnic processes of modernity are characterized by two trends: integration- cooperation, unification of different ethno-state communities, rapprochement of all aspects of the life of peoples; differentiation- the aspirations of peoples for national independence.
Interethnic relations can be friendly, mutually respectful, or, conversely, conflict, hostile.
1 Separatism(here) are demands for sovereignty and independence for an ethnically designated territory, directed against the state power of the country of residence.
opposed to the interests of other ethnic groups. The idea of national exclusiveness often takes the form of xenophobia 1 leading to the extermination of so-called "inferior" races and peoples.
The bloody results of chauvinism will forever remain in the memory of mankind. This is the genocide of the Armenian people in 1915, when the actions of the Ottoman Empire led to the death of 1.5 million people. This is the greatest tragedy organized by the Nazis - the Holocaust (destruction through burning), which led to the death of 6 million people - more than half of the Jewish population of Europe. These are the actions of the Nazis to destroy the Slavic population of the "eastern space" and turn the rest into labor force for the "superior race".
REGULATION OF INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS
The question arises: is it possible to exclude the emergence of conflicts with an ethnic component? So far, a positive answer is impossible due to the fact that many ethnic groups live in pre-conflict conditions, experience significant social difficulties, feel (including in everyday life) neglect of their culture, language, traditions, and customs. All this causes mass protest moods, often leading to socially dangerous, destructive behavior (especially in the crowd).
It will take a long time for most people to become capable of tolerance. But it is already possible to soften and conflict preventionations by regulating interethnic relations. Recall: to regulate means to streamline, adjust.
Humanistic approach- the main reference point in the implementation of the moral, political, legal regulation of interethnic relations. The main features of this approach are:
recognition and respect for the diversity of cultures, eg
femininity for the ideas of peace, harmony, rejection of violence against
relations between peoples;
the development and continued functioning of democracy,
ensuring the realization of the rights and freedoms of the individual, ethnic
communities, regardless of their nationality
ti;
the focus of state bodies, mass media
howling information, education, sports, all forms of literature
ry and art on the formation of citizens, especially young
dezha, culture of interethnic communication. Necessary
upbringing tolerance- respect, trust, willingness to cooperate, compromise with people, their communities of any nationality, the desire to understand and accept their cultural values, lifestyle, behavior. Tolerance largely determines the consciousness and behavior of the individual, groups of the population, representatives of government bodies, contributes to the development of personal responsibility for the prudent solution of ethnic problems.
Scientists identify several intersecting paths conflict resolution. First - application of legal mechanisms, first of all, the change of legislation in multi-ethnic states, the elimination of ethnic privileges. Second way - negotiation between conflicting parties, both direct (between delegations of the parties) and through intermediaries (representatives of international organizations, public figures). Unfortunately, often the parties (or one of them), instead of a policy of negotiations aimed at cooperation, restricting access to weapons, rely on uncompromising diktat, on armed violence. This leads to an intensification of the conflict, intimidation of society, mass casualties and destruction. Negotiations are difficult and lengthy. But in a number of cases they contribute, if not to overcoming the conflict, then to its mitigation.
Third way - informational. It involves, first of all, the exchange of information between the parties on possible measures to overcome conflict situations. A public dialogue (in the press, on television) of representatives of all ethnic groups is appropriate, with the aim of jointly developing proposals that meet common interests.
Effective, especially if the conflicts have a religious connotation, joint peacekeeping performances of representatives of different faiths. The figure of the Orthodox clergy, Alexander Men, said: “Understanding, tolerance are the fruits of the highest culture ... Remaining Christians and Muslims, not offending each other, giving a hand is our way.”
The psychological impact of the media (especially electronic) requires a careful approach to the ways in which information is presented. Information, even neutral, about the facts of extremism can cause a new wave of conflict. It is necessary to abandon the dramatization of events, which is sometimes characteristic of reporters, because this can gain a foothold in historical memory and, after a while, revive the spirit of the conflict. We must not allow terrorists and extremists to be glorified in order to avoid turning them into heroes and leaders. We must remember that ill-conceived words can shoot stronger than a bullet.
State support for the policy of multiculturalism is adjacent to the information path, which is especially important in connection with the growth of population migration. For example, in Canada, this policy aims to promote the development and preservation of the own culture of all ethnic groups, contacts and interaction between members of various groups in the interests of national unity. Immigrants are assisted in mastering at least one of the official languages so that they can become full members of Canadian society.
One of the causes of conflicts is the unsettled life of ethnic groups, manifested in poverty, unemployment, low wages and pensions, poor housing, and difficulties in obtaining an education. An indispensable condition for overcoming conflicts is the improvement of the life of a citizen, the creation and consolidation of a psychological sense of satisfaction among ethnic groups with a favorable stability of life. This requires the regulation of social processes, including agreements between the warring parties on a fair distribution of resources, on increasing jobs, improving housing conditions, on equality in employment, education, and access to power structures.
CONSTITUTIONAL BASES OF THE STATE
RUSSIAN NATIONAL POLICY
FEDERATION
National policy is an integral part of the political activity of the state, regulating interethnic relations in various spheres of society. Its essence depends on the general direction of state policy. At the heart of democratic national policy is a respectful attitude towards people representing any etnicommunity, setting for cooperation and rapprochement of peoples.
The foundation of the ethnopolitics of the Russian Federation is the Constitution. In its preamble, two policy settings in the field of interethnic relations can be distinguished:
patriotic respect for
the memory of the ancestors who passed on to us love for the Fatherland; concern
and about the preservation of the historically established state
of the unity of peoples united by a common destiny in their
earth;
political and legal orientation for approval
human rights and freedoms, civil peace and harmony, equal
rights of peoples, to ensure the sovereign state
of Russia, the inviolability of its democratic foundation.
In the "Concept of the state national policy of the Russian Federation" (1996), the principles of this policy are formulated as follows:
equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen
simo from his race, nationality, language;
prohibition of any form of restriction of the rights of citizens under
signs of social, racial, national, linguistic
or religious affiliation;
preservation of the historically established integrity of Ros
the Russian Federation;
equality of all subjects of the Russian Federation in
relationships with federal government agencies
noah power;
guarantee of the rights of indigenous peoples;
the right of every citizen to determine and specifytheir nationality without any coercion
nia;
promoting the development of national cultures and languages
peoples of the Russian Federation;
timely and peaceful resolution of conflicts and
conflicts;
prohibition of activities aimed at undermining
state security, excitation of social, racial,
national and religious discord, hatred or enmity;
protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the Russian Federation
tion outside its borders, support for compatriots, living
living in foreign countries, in the preservation and development
native language, culture and national traditions,
strengthening their ties with the Motherland in accordance with the norms
international law.
NIS Basic concepts: interethnic relations, interethnic conflicts, national policy.
SHSH Terms: ethnology, separatism, xenophobia, tolerance.
Test yourself
1) Name the levels of interethnic relations, show the common and different in these levels. 2) What is the essence of the two trends in the development of interethnic relations? Give examples of manifestations of these tendencies. 3) What is the essence of interethnic cooperation? 4) What are interethnic conflicts? List their main reasons. 5) What are the ways to prevent and overcome interethnic conflicts? 6) Describe the principles of the national policy of the Russian Federation.
Think, Discuss, Do
UN documents state that tolerance is
is a moral duty, legal and political requirement
ness leads from a culture of war to a culture of peace; aims to respect and understand the diversity of cultures;means an active attitude to reality, forming
based on the recognition of universal rights and freedoms
loveka. Based on personal experience, facts of history and modern
values, show how the principles of tolerance can
be realized in interethnic relations.
Explain why it is especially important now to follow
principles of tolerance and respect of peoples for each other,
overcome common difficulties together.
Scientists believe that humanity, becoming more and more
more interconnected and united, does not lose its ethno
cultural diversity. If you agree with this point
view, then confirm its correctness with facts from the public
military development of the 20th century; if you disagree, justify
those views.
Think over the answer to the question: how professional de
the activity of a historian, lawyer, economist can
promote interethnic cooperation, prevent
conflicts?
Analyzing the main trend of modern politics
ki of the Russian Federation in the field of interethnic relations, scientists of the sex, in the preservation and development of the cultural integrity and distinctiveness of large and small peoples, in the growth of socio-political activity of citizens. But the ethnic factor in some cases became the basis For the formation of programs and actions, as well as for the promotion of ideas and attitudes that provoke intolerance, conflict and violence.The nationalism of small peoples, being a reaction to the traumas suffered in the past and the belittled status of non-Russian cultures, in the conditions of a social crisis, political destabilization and weak modernization of the population, often takes on aggressive forms. This is manifested in attempts to usurp power and prestige positions in favor of representatives of one ethnic group, change the demographic composition of the population by forcibly expelling ethnic "foreigners", change administrative or interstate borders, and carry out secret secession (secession from the state. - Ed.), including force of arms. Instead of improving governance and social and cultural conditions of life, extreme nationalism offers outwardly simple, but essentially unrealistic solutions, attempts to implement which cause intercivil tension and conflict ...
No less a threat to democratic transformations and social peace is the growing nationalism of the hegemonic type, formed on behalf of the numerically dominant peoples. In Russia, Russian nationalism is trying to acquire the status of a national ideology, appropriate the idea of all-Russian patriotism and replace the formation of a common civil identity with the same unrealizable slogan of self-determination of the Russian ethno-nation. Extremist groups and individuals are increasingly promoting fascist ideas, anti-Semitism and disdain for minorities.
Tishkov V. A, Requiem for Ethnos: Studies in Socio-Cultural Synthropology. - M., 2003.-S. 319-320.
NO Questions and assignments to the source. 1) What is ethno-nationalism? 2) What is the difference between radical ethno-nationalism and peaceful forms of national movements? 3) Illustrate with examples from history and the present the position that radical ethno-nationalism is a great danger for the peoples and states of the post-Soviet space. 4) What caused and how is the nationalism of small nations manifested? 5) What is the
A popular point of view among Russian experts is that interethnic relations are communications, mechanisms of interaction between people of one ethnic group and fellow citizens or residents of other states representing other peoples. Their essence can be based on the discussion of everyday, family, political and other topics, the joint solution of problems. Specialists in the field of psychology distinguish two main levels on which interethnic relations are built - personal and collective.
Factors of friendship between peoples: the collective level
What determines the nature of the relevant communications? What is the key factor in whether inter-ethnic relations will be positive, or, on the contrary, will they carry the potential for conflicts? First of all, we note that everything depends on the level of interaction between people - one of the two that are noted above.
Let us first examine the factors characteristic of the collective. Experts believe that the forecast regarding how communication between different nations will develop at the collective level may depend primarily on how they interact historically. This is logical: most of the nations and ethnic groups of the modern world were formed hundreds of years ago, and if we talk about some peoples, even thousands. There are relatively few "young" people who do not have significant historical experience of interethnic communication of peoples, although they do exist.
Global Factors
Another important factor is the socio-political situation in the country, in the region, and in the whole world. There are precedents that testify that peoples who were quite friendly, based on historical prerequisites, could "quarrel" (or, conversely, "make peace") as a result of some changes in political processes. The influence of the media also plays a role, which, however, does not always reflect socio-political realities.
Friendship of personalities
What are the factors influencing interethnic relations at the personal level? Of course, the ones we listed above also play a significant role. However, they may well come to naught if people get along well with each other (or, conversely, have contradictions) at the individual psychological level. Also, how some peoples will relate to others is influenced by the specific actions of people in certain situations. If, for example, representatives of two traditionally warring nations find themselves in a difficult situation and get out of it together, then it is possible that they will have friendship, as they say, like water.
Criteria for an effective national policy
The political and socio-economic development of the countries of the world probably primarily depends on how balanced the domestic policy is built. And only after that - on the quality of communications in the external arena. There are, of course, states in which such a problem does not arise - simply because the population is almost "mono-ethnic", monolingual, the nation is consolidated by default due to the unity of culture and mentality.
But Russia is a country in which hundreds of different peoples live, having their own language, culture, worldview. Therefore, the authorities in the Russian Federation are always faced with the task of constantly monitoring interethnic relations within the country, identifying problem areas and effectively resolving difficult situations. But what are the criteria for an adequate national policy? How to find and successfully solve problems of interethnic relations? Experts call a variety of criteria. Consider examples of the most logical and reasonable.
Ensuring Equal Political Rights
And what is important - in relation to all nationalities inhabiting the state. Interethnic and are, first of all, parts Accordingly, the nations that participate in it should have the same resources for expressing their own position, views, and beliefs. They should have at their disposal comparable, and ideally, identical tools for interacting with the authorities. In practice, this may consist in the same political rights, which is usually referred to as basic - to elect and be elected. That is, representatives of different peoples of Russia should have the resources to express their interests and participate in shaping the political agenda for the whole country.
Practical tools for this can be the provision of broad opportunities for self-government to national regions, as well as the existence of elective mechanisms through which people of various ethnic groups can be represented in federal and higher power structures.
Smoothing socio-economic inequalities
Harmonization of interethnic relations within one country is difficult if different peoples, even if they live very far from each other, have unequal and disparate incomes, access to good education, medicine, and infrastructure. The authorities should build such a model of the economic development of the country, in which the national regions in need of economic support would receive it, but not to the detriment of those where things are going better.
The practical tools here are balanced taxation and reasonable investment in industry, infrastructure, and education.
Creating an atmosphere of mutual tolerance
It happens that several different nationalities have such a dissimilar mentality and culture that they lose the ability not so much for a constructive dialogue, but for communication as such. They may not understand each other, even if the communication is in the same language that each of them understands. It is, perhaps, not about the meaning of phrases, but about actions, principles, norms of behavior. But this understanding can help to establish a certain third nation through an institution created by them, designed to solve such problems, providing each of the "ununderstanding" with some kind of compromise model of behavior, creating an atmosphere in which the shortcomings of another nation are accepted, not denied. To put it in modern terms, there must be tolerance in interethnic relations.
Practical tools for the implementation of this component of national policy can be the improvement of educational programs, work with the media, and the holding of federal-scale events on the profile of cultural exchange.
Russian scenario
To what extent do interethnic relations in Russia correspond to the above criteria? On the one hand, the state was able to build the necessary institutions that reflect each of these mechanisms. Each national republic has its own parliament, representatives in the Federation Council. Any ethnic group living in Russia has absolutely equal political rights. With the economic part, everything is more complicated, but this is rather due to an objectively large territory and, as a result, the inability to equalize citizens in all regions. Moreover, the difference in the standard of living between individual regions of Russia is practically not tied to the national factor. It is determined primarily by resource availability, as well as climate and infrastructure. The mass media, at least those that are usually classified as state media, maintain a quite tolerant editorial policy, as well as in the main educational programs. On the other hand, Russia within its current borders and in the current political formation is a very young state. And therefore, it is too early to draw unambiguous conclusions regarding the fact that interethnic relations and national policy are ideally built in our country. Although, of course, there are basic prerequisites for this, and we have named them.
Let us now consider how interethnic relations are developing in Russia at the level of individual social institutions. Let's start with education.
Peoples School
With all possible comments on the Soviet education system, one of its indisputable advantages is the availability of training in those disciplines that are most significant from the point of view of the development of society - history, literature, social science. At the same time, the national card was never played. Historical and political events were practically not presented to children through the prism of enmity between the peoples inhabiting the USSR, or as the result of the heroism of any single nation. All the good that the socialist motherland has achieved has been achieved thanks to the efforts of the entire Soviet people.
Many of today's experts believe that it is largely thanks to this mindset laid down in school that today's adult citizens of the Russian Federation, by default, view other nations mostly in a friendly manner, believing that now we are an integral part of a single Russian people. Some experts believe that we should be largely grateful for the fact that now there is a relative harmonization of interethnic relations, the school of the Soviet era. It is important not to lose the valuable experience that teachers from the times of the USSR have been accumulating for decades.
Of course, there are separate examples of when interethnic relations at school are accompanied by difficulties. However, they probably do not represent a system. Today's children, like their Soviet predecessors, are for the friendship of peoples.
State concept
Interethnic relations in modern Russia are built by the state based on the official concept. Let's consider its features.
One of the first significant legal acts in this direction is the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, signed in the summer of 1996. This document has already lost force, however, this legal act contains a rather interesting system of views, as well as priorities and various principles that the authorities at the federal and regional levels must adhere to regarding national relations. The purpose of creating a legal act was proclaimed to ensure the unity of the peoples of Russia in a new historical context.
The document says that the culture of interethnic relations in our country has evolved over the centuries. Most of the ethnic groups inhabiting Russia are indigenous peoples who have played an important historical role in the process of statehood formation. It is emphasized that it played a unifying role, thanks to which the Russians are a nation that is characterized by a unique combination of unity and diversity of ethnic groups.
90s trends
The Decree of 1996 noted a number of trends that, in the opinion of the authorities, may characterize inter-confessional and inter-ethnic relations in Russia. Let's list them.
First, while the transitional stage is underway (at the time the law was written, not so many years had passed since the collapse of the USSR), the development of the Russian nation is influenced by the desire of many peoples for independence.
Secondly, the ethnic groups that form our nation feel the need for the authorities to carry out a course of effective reforms, taking into account the fact that the socio-economic resources of the regions may not be the same.
Thirdly, interethnic relations in modern Russia are characterized by the fact that the peoples inhabiting our country strive to preserve and further develop their cultural identity.
Lines of work today
What does the law offer in terms of practical policy directions today? What measures does he envisage for harmonizing interethnic relations in Russia? The Decree of 1996 was replaced by a new presidential order, published in 2012. Many of the key concepts that we noted above are confirmed by this legal act. So, what does the authorities propose to do when building interethnic relations in Russia? Here are some excerpts that can give an idea of the possible practice of the mechanisms set forth in the new presidential decree.
First, the development and intensification of interregional cultural communications, the dissemination of knowledge about others among some ethnic groups is expected.
Secondly, the state sets the task of intensifying work in the ethnographic direction, in the field of cultural and educational interethnic events, tourist trips, sports competitions.
Thirdly, an important direction is the improvement of educational work with children and youth with an emphasis on patriotism and raising civic consciousness.
Friendship of nations is the foundation of Russia's development
These and many other mechanisms of interaction between the authorities and society should, as the Russian legislator believes, create a powerful foundation on the basis of which the development of society will be built not only for the present, but also for future generations. The idea is definitely great. Its implementation depends not only on the policy of the authorities, but also on the actions of the citizens themselves.
What is the influence of ethnic diversity on the current situation in the country and in the world? What is the essence of social conflict?
Interethnic (interethnic) relations - relations between ethnic groups (peoples), covering all spheres of public life.
The main scientific problem is to determine, based on the ideas of humanism, the analysis of historical experience, the best ways to regulate interethnic relations. The problem is multifaceted, including issues of history and modern everyday life, the spiritual world of the individual, culture, education, sociology, psychology, economic, political, legal relations; therefore, scientists use the methods of a number of humanities. From the middle of the XIX century. explores the problem in depth ethnology - a science that studies the processes of formation and development of various ethnic groups, their identity, the forms of their cultural self-organization, their collective behavior, the interaction of the individual and the social environment.
Ethnology identifies two levels of interethnic relations. One level - the interaction of peoples in different spheres of public life: politics, culture, production, science, art, etc. The other level - interpersonal relations of people of different ethnicity in different forms of communication - labor, family, household, educational, informal types of relationships .
Interethnic relations find their expression in human actions and largely depend on individual behavior and its motivation, which is based on personal experience, mastery of cultural norms, the influence of the family, the immediate environment.
The ethnic processes of modernity are characterized by two trends: integration - cooperation, unification of different ethno-state communities, rapprochement of all aspects of the life of peoples; differentiation - the aspirations of peoples for national independence.
Interethnic relations can be friendly, mutually respectful, or, conversely, conflict, hostile.
INTER-ETHNIC COOPERATION
Spontaneous cooperation has been known to mankind for many centuries, consisting of a huge number of communities, representing in the aggregate an ethnically mixed environment, where productive cooperation often operates in the production of material goods, in everyday life; the creation and preservation of national cultural values is combined with the knowledge of other cultures.
In the XX century. there is an increase integration
ten
dentia
dual direction:
economic, political integration leading to
the formation of unions of states;
integration of national entities within the multi
national country. This may be of interest to
clans living in a single state, to promote the
strengthening this unity.
Cooperation in the cultural sphere ensured the elimination of illiteracy, the creation of a written language for 50 ethnic groups, the flourishing of the bright, original art of small peoples. Scientists note that in the Soviet Union in the XX century. not a single minor culture has disappeared and, in fact, the entire ethnic mosaic of a huge state has been preserved, while hundreds of minor cultures have disappeared in other regions of the world. At the same time, the mistakes and crimes of the totalitarian authorities led to grave tragedies for many people and entire nations. Centuries-old national ties were disrupted due to ill-conceived administrative-territorial division, the ecological situation in the regions inhabited by indigenous small ethnic groups worsened. The forcible resettlement of peoples, undeservedly accused of complicity with the German occupiers, caused great damage to the dignity of hundreds of thousands of people and had a heavy impact on their destinies. It took a long time to restore the violated rights of the peoples of our country.
In Europe, other parts of the world in the last third of the XX century. integration in the economic sphere, and then in politics, was widely developed. This is due to the process of globalization, the formation of a post-industrial, information society, as well as the need for unity in the fight against international terrorism.
One example of integration is the activities of the European Union (EU), which unites (2005) 25 states with
population of 450 million people speaking 40 languages. The EU introduced a single citizenship, a single currency - the euro. Supranational authorities have been created: the European Parliament, the EU Council, the European Court. The EU Constitution has been developed. However, it can enter into force only after it is approved by all EU countries (by a decision of the parliament or by a popular referendum). Russia does not remain aloof from the integration processes of the 21st century. This manifests itself in particular:
in caring for the formation of a common economic, gum
nitarian legal space with several countries,
members of the Commonwealth created after the collapse of the USSR
Independent States;
in negotiations with the European Union on cooperation in the areas of
economy, justice, security, science, education,
culture. A large place in the documents on partnership
leno joint action to comply with the principle of non-
discrimination, including opposition to any form of
intolerance and racism, respect for human rights.
I“The more enlightened the states, the more they
i share ideas with each other and the more the si- increases.
I la and the activity of the universal mind. 1
\: C. Helvetia i
INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS
You know the concept of "social conflict". Among the significant for the individual and humanity are conflicts between ethnic communities. In scholarly writings, ethnic conflict is often defined as any form of civil, political, or armed confrontation in which the parties (or one of them) mobilize, act, and suffer based on ethnic differences.
This definition provoked an objection, because it considers the conflict as a stage of extreme aggravation of contradictions. A broader interpretation has been proposed: ethnic conflict is any competition (rivalry) between groups, from confrontation for the possession of limited resources to social competition, in all cases where the opposing party is defined in terms of the ethnicity of its members.
Interethnic conflicts are generated not by the existence of ethnic groups, but by political and social conditions, in
which they live and develop. Often, the creation of the "image of the enemy" is facilitated by the appeal to those pages of historical memory, where former grievances and facts (sometimes distorted) of the distant past are imprinted.
Consider main causes conflicts, clearly expressed in the goals and actions of the opposing sides.
Territorial causes - the struggle for changing borders, for joining another (“related” from a cultural and historical point of view) state, for the creation of a new independent state. These demands are in line with the political goals of movements striving for the formation of their "own" sovereign state. Demands of a separatist nature are especially dangerous, because they directly affect large masses of people and are connected with questions about the division or abolition of the state. “It’s about,” writes one of the Russian ethnologists, “what state to live in, who to obey, what language to speak, to whom to pray, how to move, who will protect the life and property of people, finally, what anthem to sing and what heroes and what graves to honor.
Economic causes - the struggle of ethnic groups for the possession of property, material resources, among which land and subsoil are of great value, in particular.
Social causes - demands for civil equality, equality before the law, in education, in wages, equality in employment, especially for prestigious places in government.
culturally- language causes - requirements for the preservation or revival, development of the language, cultural community. The derogation of the role of the native language, which unites the ethnic community into a single whole, is especially acutely perceived and often serves as a cause of conflict.
There are hundreds of national cultures in the world, each ethnic group has its own culture, treats it with care. Attempts to belittle its significance in favor of the culture of another, larger ethnic group cause protest, can cause conflict. There is another danger: sometimes an ethnos proceeds from the fact that its culture is called upon to dominate in relation to other cultures.
The source of interethnic tension is nationalism - the ideology, psychology, politics of groups of people who affirm the priority of national values over all others, the supremacy of the interests of their ethnic group,
1 Separatism (here) are demands for sovereignty and independence for an ethnically designated territory, directed against the state power of the country of residence.
opposed to the interests of other ethnic groups. The idea of national exclusiveness often takes the form of xenophobia 1 leading to the extermination of so-called "inferior" races and peoples.
The bloody results of chauvinism will forever remain in the memory of mankind. This is the genocide of the Armenian people in 1915, when the actions of the Ottoman Empire led to the death of 1.5 million people. This is the greatest tragedy organized by the Nazis - the Holocaust (destruction through burning), which led to the death of 6 million people - more than half of the Jewish population of Europe. These are the actions of the Nazis to destroy the Slavic population of the "eastern space" and turn the rest into labor force for the "superior race".
REGULATION OF INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS
The question arises: is it possible to exclude the emergence of conflicts with an ethnic component? So far, a positive answer is impossible due to the fact that many ethnic groups live in pre-conflict conditions, experience significant social difficulties, feel (including in everyday life) neglect of their culture, language, traditions, and customs. All this causes mass protest moods, often leading to socially dangerous, destructive behavior (especially in the crowd).
It will take a long time for most people to become capable of tolerance. But it is already possible to soften and prevention conflict sieve actions through regulation interethnic relations. Recall: to regulate means to streamline, adjust.
Humanistic
an approach
- the main reference point in the implementation of the moral, political, legal regulation of interethnic relations. The main features of this approach are:
recognition and respect for the diversity of cultures, eg
femininity for the ideas of peace, harmony, rejection of violence against
relations between peoples;
the development and continued functioning of democracy,
ensuring the realization of the rights and freedoms of the individual, ethnic
communities, regardless of their nationality
ti;
the focus of state bodies, mass media
howling information, education, sports, all forms of literature
ry and art on the formation of citizens, especially young
dezha, culture of interethnic communication. Necessary
upbringing tolerance - respect, trust, willingness to cooperate, compromise with people, their communities of any nationality, the desire to understand and accept their cultural values, lifestyle, behavior. Tolerance largely determines the consciousness and behavior of the individual, groups of the population, representatives of government bodies, contributes to the development of personal responsibility for the prudent solution of ethnic problems.
Scientists identify several intersecting paths settlement conflicts. First - application nie legal mechanisms, first of all, the change of legislation in multi-ethnic states, the elimination of ethnic privileges. Second way - negotiation between conflicting parties, both direct (between delegations of the parties) and through intermediaries (representatives of international organizations, public figures). Unfortunately, often the parties (or one of them), instead of a policy of negotiations aimed at cooperation, restricting access to weapons, rely on uncompromising diktat, on armed violence. This leads to an intensification of the conflict, intimidation of society, mass casualties and destruction. Negotiations are difficult and lengthy. But in a number of cases they contribute, if not to overcoming the conflict, then to its mitigation.
Third way - informational. It involves, first of all, the exchange of information between the parties on possible measures to overcome conflict situations. A public dialogue (in the press, on television) among representatives of all ethnic groups is appropriate, with the aim of jointly developing proposals that meet common interests.
Effective, especially if the conflicts have a religious connotation, joint peacekeeping performances of representatives of different faiths. The figure of the Orthodox clergy, Alexander Men, said: “Understanding, tolerance are the fruits of the highest culture ... Remaining Christians and Muslims, not offending each other, giving a hand is our way.”
The psychological impact of the media (especially electronic) requires a careful approach to the ways in which information is presented. Information, even neutral, about the facts of extremism can cause a new wave of conflict. It is necessary to abandon the dramatization of events, which is sometimes characteristic of reporters, because this can gain a foothold in historical memory and, after a while, revive the spirit of the conflict. We must not allow terrorists and extremists to be glorified in order to avoid turning them into heroes and leaders. We must remember that ill-conceived words can shoot stronger than a bullet.
State support for the policy of multiculturalism is adjacent to the information path, which is especially important in connection with the growth of population migration. For example, in Canada, this policy aims to promote the development and preservation of the own culture of all ethnic groups, contacts and interaction between members of various groups in the interests of national unity. Immigrants are assisted in mastering at least one of the official languages so that they can become full members of Canadian society.
One of the causes of conflicts is the unsettled life of ethnic groups, manifested in poverty, unemployment, low wages and pensions, poor housing, and difficulties in obtaining an education. An indispensable condition for overcoming conflicts is the improvement of the life of a citizen, the creation and consolidation of a psychological sense of satisfaction among ethnic groups with a favorable stability of life. This requires the regulation of social processes, including agreements between the warring parties on a fair distribution of resources, on increasing jobs, improving housing conditions, on equality in employment, education, and access to power structures.
CONSTITUTIONAL BASES OF THE STATE
RUSSIAN NATIONAL POLICY
FEDERATION
National policy is an integral part of the political activity of the state, regulating interethnic relations in various spheres of society. Its essence depends on the general direction of state policy. At the heart of democratic national policy is a respectful attitude towards people representing any etni Czech commonality, setting for cooperation and rapprochement of peoples.
The foundation of the ethnopolitics of the Russian Federation is the Constitution. In its preamble, two policy settings in the field of interethnic relations can be distinguished:
patriotic respect for
the memory of the ancestors who passed on to us love for the Fatherland; concern
and about the preservation of the historically established state
the unity of peoples united by a common destiny in their
earth;
political and legal orientation for approval
human rights and freedoms, civil peace and harmony, equal
rights of peoples, to ensure the sovereign state
of Russia, the inviolability of its democratic foundation.
In the "Concept of the state national policy of the Russian Federation" (1996), the principles of this policy are formulated as follows:
equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen
simo from his race, nationality, language;
prohibition of any form of restriction of the rights of citizens under
signs of social, racial, national, linguistic
or religious affiliation;
preservation of the historically established integrity of Ros
the Russian Federation;
equality of all subjects of the Russian Federation in
relationships with federal government agencies
noah power;
guarantee of the rights of indigenous peoples;
the right of every citizen to determine and specify
their nationality without any coercion
nia;
promoting the development of national cultures and languages
peoples of the Russian Federation;
timely and peaceful resolution of conflicts and
conflicts;
prohibition of activities aimed at undermining
state security, excitation of social, racial,
national and religious discord, hatred or enmity;
protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the Russian Federation
tion outside its borders, support for compatriots, living
living in foreign countries, in the preservation and development
native language, culture and national traditions,
strengthening their ties with the Motherland in accordance with the norms
international law.
NIS Main concepts: interethnic relations, interethnic conflicts, national policy.
SHSH Terms: ethnology, separatism, xenophobia, tolerance.
Test yourself
1) Name the levels of interethnic relations, show the common and different in these levels. 2) What is the essence of the two trends in the development of interethnic relations? Give examples of manifestations of these tendencies. 3) What is the essence of interethnic cooperation? 4) What are interethnic conflicts? List their main reasons. 5) What are the ways to prevent and overcome interethnic conflicts? 6) Describe the principles of the national policy of the Russian Federation.
Think, Discuss, Do
UN documents state that tolerance is
is a moral duty, legal and political requirement
ness leads from a culture of war to a culture of peace; right
commitment to respect and understanding of the diversity of cultures;
means an active attitude to reality, forming
based on the recognition of universal rights and freedoms
loveka. Based on personal experience, facts of history and modern
values, show how the principles of tolerance can
be realized in interethnic relations.
Explain why it is especially important now to follow
principles of tolerance and respect of peoples for each other,
overcome common difficulties together.
Scientists believe that humanity, becoming more and more
more interconnected and united, does not lose its ethno
cultural diversity. If you agree with this point
view, then confirm its correctness with facts from the public
military development of the 20th century; if you disagree, justify
those views.
Think over the answer to the question: how professional de
the activity of a historian, lawyer, economist can
promote interethnic cooperation, prevent
conflicts?
Analyzing the main trend of modern politics
ki RF in the field of interethnic relations, scientists of the sex
they say that it consists in switching from national-terri
torial direction to cultural, educational and
cultural and educational. How do you understand this conclusion?
scientists, do you share this point of view?
Read a fragment of the work of the ethnologist V. A. Tishkov.
The most serious challenge for Russia and a number of other post-Soviet states is ethno-nationalism in its radical and intolerant manifestations. So called
national movements in peaceful political and cultural forms among the peoples of the former USSR have played and continue to play an important role in the establishment of decentralized forms of government and government, in the preservation and development of the cultural integrity and distinctiveness of large and small nations, in the growth of socio-political activity of citizens. But the ethnic factor in some cases became the basis For the formation of programs and actions, as well as for the promotion of ideas and attitudes that provoke intolerance, conflict and violence.
The nationalism of small peoples, being a reaction to the traumas suffered in the past and the belittled status of non-Russian cultures, in the conditions of a social crisis, political destabilization and weak modernization of the population, often takes on aggressive forms. This is manifested in attempts to usurp power and prestige positions in favor of representatives of one ethnic group, change the demographic composition of the population by forcibly expelling ethnic "foreigners", change administrative or interstate borders, and carry out secret secession (secession from the state. - Red.), including force of arms. Instead of improving governance and social and cultural conditions of life, extreme nationalism offers outwardly simple, but essentially unrealistic solutions, attempts to implement which cause intercivil tension and conflict ...
No less a threat to democratic transformations and social peace is the growing nationalism of the hegemonic type, formed on behalf of the numerically dominant peoples. In Russia, Russian nationalism is trying to acquire the status of a national ideology, appropriate the idea of all-Russian patriotism and replace the formation of a common civil identity with the same unrealizable slogan of self-determination of the Russian ethno-nation. Extremist groups and individuals are increasingly promoting fascist ideas, anti-Semitism and disdain for minorities.
Tishkov IN. A, Requiem for Ethnos: Studies in Socio-Cultural Synthropology. - M., 2003.-S. 319-320.
NO Questions And tasks To source. 1) What is ethno-nationalism? 2) What is the difference between radical ethno-nationalism and peaceful forms of national movements? 3) Illustrate with examples from history and the present the position that radical ethno-nationalism is a great danger for the peoples and states of the post-Soviet space. 4) What caused and how is the nationalism of small nations manifested? 5) What is the
is it the essence and danger of ethno-nationalism of the hegemonic type? 6) The opinion is often expressed that the development of democracy, civic culture, and the stabilization of the socio-economic situation will have a positive effect on overcoming ethno-nationalism. Do you agree with this opinion? Justify your answer.
They argue about it
The non-Russian population makes up 20% of the total population of the Russian Federation. This gives some authors a reason to consider Russia a mono-ethnic state. This point of view meets with objections, because it does not take into account the historical conditions of the development of Russia and the commitment of many peoples to their languages, culture and way of life. What is your opinion?
Interethnic relations are a very specific part of social relations. Their specificity lies in the fact that they cover all spheres of public life: economic, social, family and household, political, cultural and psychological, etc. In essence, the state of interethnic relations is, as it were, a generalizing result of actions and measures in each of named areas.
Proceeding from this, interethnic relations can be defined as the interaction of peoples in different spheres of public life.
There are three levels in the structure of interethnic relations:
a) institutional;
b) intergroup;
c) interpersonal.
Relations at the institutional level cover state-educated peoples, their state institutions, and interstate interactions. These relations are more accurately referred to as interethnic. In this regard, it should be noted that in the Russian (formerly Soviet) scientific and political vocabulary, the term "interethnic relations" was more often used. And only in the 90s of the XX century. began to refer to the term "interethnic relations". In a broad sense, interethnic relations are understood as relations between ethnic groups, as well as the relationship of nations, nationalities, ethnic groups at the personal level of people of different nationalities. However, the term "interethnic relations" also has the right to exist and its own specifics.
The second level of interethnic relations is relations in general between peoples, any ethnic communities. Of course, this cannot be taken literally as the participation of the entire ethnic group in direct communication. Ethnic groups are large complex groups, and obviously the whole group cannot participate in direct communication.
At the interpersonal level, interethnic relations of people of different nationalities occur in different areas of communication - labor, family and household, as well as neighborly, leisure, friendly and other types of informal communication.
It is also necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "ethnic relations" and "interethnic relations". The first is usually used in a broad sense: it includes both intraethnic aspects and interethnic ties and relations. Interethnic relations are understood as relations that develop between ethnic groups in the course of their interaction, as well as between representatives of various ethnic groups at the personal level within the framework of a multi-ethnic state.
Ethnic and interethnic relations are conditioned by socio-economic, political, spiritual, ideological and other factors of public life. At the same time, they have relative independence and themselves significantly influence other aspects of social relations, and they must be considered as a specific type of social relations.
The specificity of interethnic relations lies primarily in their complex multidimensional nature. Further, the specificity of interethnic relations is due to the conservatism, the traditional nature of many aspects of the life of peoples, which requires special care and delicacy in their regulation. Ethnic elements are mobile, changeable and stable to varying degrees. The most stable elements of ethnic life are language, ethnic characteristics of culture, ethnic psychology, traditions, customs, habits, etc. Because of this, relations between peoples are difficult, contradictory, often very fragile, and can change quickly. Achieving stability, and even more so harmony, in interethnic relations is a very difficult task, requiring a lot of time and patience.
The nature and content of interethnic relations are largely determined by the socio-political system within which they develop. Interethnic relations may change depending on changes in the economic sphere, on the degree of impact on them of social relations, ethnic politics, the international situation and other factors. Political factors have a decisive influence on them, which is due to the importance of the state as the most important institution for the formation and development of the nation as a socio-ethnic community. Directly to the political aspects of interethnic relations are the issues of self-determination of peoples, their equality, political conditions for the free development of ethnic cultures and languages, personnel issues, etc.
The general political situation in a multiethnic state depends on the state of interethnic relations. In conditions of interethnic harmony and peace, the political situation in a multiethnic society is characterized by stability. And vice versa, when interethnic relations are tense or conflicting, this directly undermines the political situation as a whole and destabilizes social development. Often in a multi-ethnic state, the severity of inter-ethnic relations comes to the fore, determining the entire socio-political situation. This is exactly what is happening in modern Russia in connection with the situation in the Caucasus and, in particular, in Chechnya. It should be said that in the 1990s the problems of interethnic relations almost constantly kept multinational Russia in suspense, which testifies to their great significance.
Ethnologists identify the following factors in interethnic relations: historical, social, political, cultural, psychological and situational.
Among the historical factors influencing interethnic relations, three types of phenomena are important: the course of historical events, as a result of which relations between peoples developed; historical events that acquire symbolic meaning in interethnic interactions; features of the historical and social development of the peoples involved in the contact.
Ethnic groups enter into relationships as a result of various historical circumstances. When interethnic tensions arise, most often in the memory of the people such historical events arise as conquests, forced annexations, the colonial past, etc. This takes into account both the forms of colonization (conquest or voluntary annexation) and relations with the mother country. Historians distinguish, for example, the British and French form of colonization, the so-called external and internal colonialism.
Among the group of social factors influencing interethnic relations, the following most significant should be singled out:
a) the relationship of social and ethnic stratification;
b) the impact of social and structural changes;
c) the ethnic factor in the process of social mobility.
The optimal situation in interethnic relations is when the contacting ethnic groups have the same status. However, this type of relationship is rare. The variant of a discriminatory nature is more common. In such cases, there is a change in the social position of the interacting ethnic groups. However, the desire for equal status communication usually leads to tension in interethnic relations. The source of the conflict is that the dominant ethnic community must “lose” its status. At the same time, the discriminated ethnic group has a growing need to strengthen its status.
The political factors of interethnic relations include the principles and forms of government, the nature of the political system, the type of state national policy. The form of government - unitary or federal - is important for interethnic relations. Other things being equal, a federal state is a democratic organization of a national-territorial structure. As for the political system, then, naturally, the possibilities of cultural pluralism are much wider in a democratic society than under totalitarian or authoritarian regimes.
In any type of state or political system, the ethnic policy of the state plays an important role, especially in relation to ethnic minorities. Here we can distinguish two directions that directly affect the nature of interethnic relations: an integrating policy and a policy of cultural pluralism. The integrating policy is pursued by the power structures of some states, for example, Estonia, Latvia. The policy of pluralism concerns not only the field of culture, language, education. In a broad sense, this is the representation of citizens of different nationalities in the authorities of a multi-ethnic state.
Cultural factors influencing interethnic relations can be divided into two groups: the first is associated with education and information, the second - with the traditional norms of each culture. As for education and enlightenment in general, their role is enormous in the destruction of inter-ethnic socio-cultural boundaries, in overcoming inter-ethnic prejudices, in promoting models of inter-ethnic communication.
Regarding traditional norms of behavior, it should be noted that traditions determine people's behavior not only in everyday life. They also influence relations in the business sphere, namely: they affect the choice of business partners, they are manifested in the norms of communication in labor collectives that affect people's relations. It has been noticed that business people prefer to work with partners of their nationality, because in this case they trust each other more. This is especially true for representatives of minority nations.