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The concept of the biosphere
The biosphere is the shell of the Earth inhabited by living organisms and transformed by them. The biosphere began to form no later than 3.8 billion years ago, when the first organisms began to emerge on our planet. It penetrates the entire hydrosphere, the upper part of the lithosphere and the lower part of the atmosphere, that is, it inhabits the ecosphere. The biosphere is the totality of all living organisms. It is home to over 3,000,000 species of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria. Man is also a part of the biosphere, his activity surpasses many natural processes and, as V. I. Vernadsky said: "Man becomes a powerful geological force."
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The boundaries of the biosphere
Upper boundary in the atmosphere: 15-20 km. It is determined by the ozone layer, which blocks short-wave ultraviolet radiation, which is harmful to living organisms. Lower boundary in the lithosphere: 3.5-7.5 km. It is determined by the temperature of the transition of water into steam and the temperature of protein denaturation, however, in general, the spread of living organisms is limited to a depth of several meters. The boundary between the atmosphere and the lithosphere in the hydrosphere: 10-11 km. Determined by the bottom of the World Ocean, including bottom sediments.
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The concept of the atmosphere
Atmosphere (from the Greek ατμός - "steam" and σφαῖρα - "sphere") - the gaseous shell of a celestial body, held around it by gravity. Since there is no sharp boundary between the atmosphere and interplanetary space, it is usually customary to consider the atmosphere around a celestial body in which the gaseous medium rotates with it as a whole.
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Earth's atmospheric gases scatter blue wavelengths better than others, so when viewed from space, there is a blue halo around our planet, and when viewed from Earth, you can see a blue sky.
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The concept of the hydrosphere
The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth. Due to the wide mobility of water, they penetrate everywhere into various natural formations. They are in the form of vapors and clouds in the earth's atmosphere, form oceans and seas, exist in a frozen state in the highlands of the continents, and cover the polar regions of the land in the form of powerful ice shells. Atmospheric precipitation penetrates into the strata of sedimentary rocks, forming groundwater.
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The water cycle in the hydrosphere
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The average chemical composition of sea water, which prevails in the hydrosphere, is presented in Table. 3. At present, we can assume that all the chemical elements of the periodic table are present in sea water. However, the predominant part of the dissolved substances is composed of a few chemical elements: O, H, Na, Mg, Ca, Cl, S.
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The concept of the lithosphere
The lithosphere is the upper solid shell of the Earth, which has great strength and passes into the underlying asthenosphere, the strength of which is relatively low. It includes the earth's crust and upper mantle to depths of approximately 200 km. There are two main types of the earth's crust - continental and oceanic. Between them is an intermediate type, which is called subcontinental.
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From the data in Table. 4 shows that the general chemical composition of the earth's crust is determined by a few elements: O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, which make up its bulk. At the same time, the most common element is oxygen, which makes up almost half of the mass of the earth's crust (> 47.3%) and 92% of its volume. It is strongly associated chemically with other elements in the main rock-forming minerals.
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The earth's crust is composed of rocks of various types and origins. Of these, sedimentary rocks account for 9.2%, metamorphic - 20% and igneous - 70.8%. The surface of the continents is 80% occupied by sedimentary rocks, and the ocean floor - almost entirely by fresh sediments.
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Composition and properties of the biosphere
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abiotic part
Soil and underlying rocks to a depth where there are still living organisms that enter into exchange with the substance of these rocks and the physical environment of the pore space. Atmospheric air to heights where manifestations of life are still possible. Water environment - oceans, rivers, lakes, etc.
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Biotic part
The biotic part consists of living organisms of all taxa that perform the most important function of the biosphere, without which life itself cannot exist: the biogenic current of atoms. Living organisms carry out this current of atoms due to their respiration, nutrition and reproduction, ensuring the exchange of matter between all parts of the biosphere.
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Properties of the biosphere
The biosphere, as well as other ecosystems of a lower rank that make it up, has a system of properties that ensure its functioning, self-regulation, stability and other parameters.
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Living matter of the biosphere
Living matter or biomass - the totality of all living organisms on Earth, the ability of living matter to reproduce and spread on the planet, the struggle of organisms for food, water, territory, air. Living matter is associated with inert matter - the atmosphere (up to the level of the ozone screen), completely with the hydrosphere and lithosphere, mainly within the boundaries of the soil, but not only. The living matter of the biosphere is heterogeneous and has three types of trophic interactions: autotrophy, heterotrophy, mixotrophy.
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Functions of living matter
All activity of living matter in the biosphere can, with a certain degree of conventionality, be reduced to several fundamental functions that can significantly complement the idea of its transformative biospheric-geological activity.
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Global chlorine cycle
Its distribution in the biosphere is characterized by a clearly pronounced accumulation in the water of the World Ocean, where the predominant part of the mass of the element is contained in the form of dissolved C1 ~ ions. The content of chlorine in the granite layer of the earth's crust is 0.021 \%, the mass is 1.7 × 1015 tons. In the sedimentary shell, the concentration of chlorine is 10 times higher - 0.27 \%, and the mass is 6.5 × 1015 tons. Finding chlorine in the biosphere is dominated by highly soluble C1~ ions. They determine the main features of the global cycle of mass transfer of the element, among which the main one is the exceptionally high capacity for water migration. Chlorine is of great physiological importance and is found in living organisms in the form of hydrochloric acid, its salts, among which sodium chloride is the most common, as well as various organochlorine compounds.
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Vernadsky wrote: “We are just experiencing its bright entry into the geological history of the planet. In the last millennia, there has been an intensive growth in the influence of one specific living substance - civilized humanity - on changing the biosphere. Under the influence of the scientific thought of human labor, the biosphere passes into a new state - into the noosphere " .
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Thank you for your attention!
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Biosphere. The biosphere (from the Greek βιος life and σφα ρα sphere) is the shell of the Earth inhabited by living organisms, under their influence and occupied by the products of their vital activity; "film of life"; global ecosystem of the Earth. The term "biosphere" was introduced into biology by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck at the beginning of the 19th century. About 60 years ago, the outstanding Russian scientist Academician V.I. Vernadsky developed the doctrine of the biosphere. He extended the concept of the biosphere not only to organisms, but also to the environment. He revealed the geological role of living organisms and showed that their activity is the most important factor in the transformation of the mineral shells of the planet. He wrote: "On the earth's surface there is no chemical force more constantly acting, and therefore more powerful in its final consequences, than living organisms taken as a whole."
The boundaries of the biosphere. The biosphere is located at the intersection of the upper part of the lithosphere, the lower part of the atmosphere and occupies the entire hydrosphere. Upper limit (atmosphere): 15÷20 km. Lower boundary (lithosphere): 3.5÷7.5 km. Lower boundary (hydrosphere): 10÷11 km. Atmosphere (from the Greek ατμός steam and σφα ρα sphere) is the gaseous shell of a celestial body held around it by gravity. The lithosphere (from the Greek λίθος stone and σφαίρα sphere) is the solid shell of the Earth. The hydrosphere (from the Greek Yδωρ water and σφα ρα ball) is the totality of all the water reserves of the Earth.
The composition of the biosphere: Living matter formed by the totality of living organisms that inhabit the Earth. It is one of "the most powerful geochemical forces on our planet". Living matter is distributed within the biosphere very unevenly. Biogenic substance is a substance created in the process of vital activity of organisms (atmospheric gases, coal, limestone, etc.) Inert substance is a substance in the formation of which life does not participate; solid, liquid and gaseous. Bioinert substance, which is a joint result of the vital activity of organisms and abiogenic processes. Such are soil, silt, weathering crust, etc. A substance in radioactive decay A substance of cosmic origin.
Past and future of the biosphere. Modern man was formed about 30 thousand years ago. Since that time, a new factor, the anthropogenic factor, began to operate in the evolution of the biosphere. The first culture created by man is the Paleolithic. The economic basis of the life of human society was the hunting of large animals. Intensive extermination of large herbivores led to a rapid reduction in their numbers and the extinction of many species. In the next era (Neolithic) - the process of food production is becoming increasingly important. The first attempts were made to domesticate animals and breed plants. Fire is widely used. Population growth, a leap in the development of science and technology over the past two centuries, has led to the fact that human activity has become a factor on a planetary scale. Over time, the biosphere becomes more and more unstable.
Man and the biosphere. Now man is using an increasing part of the planet's territory and increasing amounts of mineral resources. Mankind intensively consumes living and mineral natural resources. This use of the environment has its negative consequences. In accordance with the population density, the degree of human impact on the environment also changes. With the current level of human development, the activities of society have a very strong impact on the biosphere.
consequences of human activity. Air pollution. Polluted air is harmful to health. Harmful gases, combined with atmospheric moisture, fall out in the form of acid rain, degrade soil quality and reduce crop yields. The main causes of air pollution are the combustion of fossil fuels and metallurgical production. Fresh water pollution. The use of water resources is rapidly increasing. The constant increase in water consumption on the planet leads to the danger of "water hunger", which necessitates the development of measures for the rational use of water resources. Pollution of the oceans. With river runoff, as well as from maritime transport, pathogenic wastes, oil products, salts of heavy metals, toxic organic compounds, including pesticides, enter the seas. Radioactive contamination of the biosphere. The problem of radioactive contamination arose in 1945 after the explosion of atomic bombs dropped on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Nuclear weapons tests carried out before 1963 in the atmosphere caused global radioactive contamination. During the explosion of atomic bombs, very strong ionizing radiation occurs, radioactive particles are scattered over long distances, infecting the soil, water bodies, and living organisms. Also, during a nuclear explosion, a huge amount of fine dust is formed, which is kept in the atmosphere and absorbs a significant part of solar radiation. Calculations by scientists around the world show that even with limited use of nuclear weapons, the resulting dust will retain most of the solar radiation. There will be a long cold snap ("nuclear winter"), which will inevitably lead to the death of all life.
Protection of Nature. Nowadays, the problem of rational use of natural resources, nature protection has become of great importance. The Company takes the necessary measures to protect and rationally use the land and its subsoil, water resources, flora and fauna, to keep the air and water clean, to ensure the reproduction of natural resources and improve the human environment. For harmful substances in the atmosphere, maximum permissible concentrations are legally established that do not cause tangible consequences for humans. In order to prevent air pollution, measures have been developed to ensure the correct combustion of fuel, the installation of treatment facilities at industrial enterprises. In addition to the construction of sewage treatment plants, a search is underway for a technology in which the generation of waste would be minimized. The same goal is served by improving the design of cars, switching to other types of fuel, the combustion of which produces less harmful substances. Domestic and industrial wastewater is subjected to mechanical, physico-chemical and biological treatment. Wastewater treatment does not solve all problems. Therefore, more and more enterprises are switching to a new technology - a closed cycle, in which purified water is again supplied to production. New technological processes make it possible to reduce water consumption by dozens of times. Preservation of flora and fauna contributes to the organization of reserves and reserves. In addition to protecting rare and endangered species, they serve as a basis for the domestication of wild animals with valuable economic properties. Reserves also serve as centers for the resettlement of animals that have disappeared in the area, or for the purposes of enriching the local fauna. In Russia, the North American muskrat has taken root well, giving valuable fur. In the harsh conditions of the Arctic, the musk ox, imported from Canada and Alaska, successfully breeds. The number of beavers, which almost disappeared in our country at the beginning of the century, has been restored.
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky () an outstanding Russian and Soviet scientist of the 20th century, naturalist, thinker and public figure; founder of many scientific schools. Vladimir Vernadsky was a second cousin of the famous Russian writer Vladimir Korolenko. Vernadsky's activities had a huge impact on the development of the Earth sciences. As chairman of the Commission for the Study of the Natural Production Forces of Russia, he was one of the creators of the GOELRO plan (State Commission for the Electrification of Russia). In 1927, he organized the Department of Living Matter at the USSR Academy of Sciences. However, he used the term "living matter" as the totality of living organisms of the biosphere. He founded the new science of biogeochemistry. Of the philosophical achievements of Vernadsky, the most famous was the doctrine of the noosphere.
The doctrine of the biosphere and noosphere. In the structure of the biosphere, Vernadsky singled out seven types of matter: biogenic inert bioinert matter in the stage of radioactive decay; scattered atoms; matter of cosmic origin. Vernadsky considered an important stage in the irreversible evolution of the biosphere to be its transition to the stage of the noosphere. The noosphere is the sphere of interaction between society and nature, within which reasonable human activity becomes the determining factor in development. According to Vernadsky, “in the biosphere there exists a great geological, perhaps cosmic force, the planetary action of which is usually not taken into account in ideas about the cosmos. This force is the mind of man, his striving and organized will as a social being. The main prerequisites for the emergence of the noosphere: the spread of Homo sapiens over the entire surface of the planet and its victory in competition with other biological species; development of planetary communication systems, creation of a unified information system; discovery of such new sources of energy as nuclear. the increasing involvement of people in science, which also makes humanity a geological force.
CONCLUSION. Careful attitude to the biosphere not only preserves it, but also gives a significant economic effect. HOWEVER, humanity in its quest to improve the conditions of existence is constantly changing nature, without thinking about the consequences. For example, modern man has increased the volume of pollutants familiar to nature so much that it does not have time to process them. Some contaminants cannot be recycled. Therefore, the "refusal" of the biosphere to process the fruits of human activity will inevitably act as an ever-growing ultimatum factor in relation to man. The future of man as a biological species is predictable: an ecological crisis and a decline in numbers.
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What is the biosphere? Boundaries and composition of the biosphere Interaction of the biosphere with other shells of the Earthslide 2
In the process of evolution, a special shell was formed on Earth - the biosphere (Greek bios "life"). This term was first introduced in 1875 by the Austrian scientist Eduard Suess Information about the biosphere accumulated gradually, with the development of such sciences as botany, soil science, plant geography
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Among the planets known to scientists, Earth is the only one where life has been discovered. Its various forms form a "living nature" that occupies its own shell of the planet - the biosphere. BIOSPHERE - "LIVING SHELL OF THE EARTH"
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In the 20s of the twentieth century, the outstanding Russian scientist, academician Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1853-1945) developed the "Teaching about the biosphere" - the shell of the Earth inhabited by living organisms. "... On the earth's surface there is no chemical force more constantly acting, and therefore more powerful in its final consequences, than living organisms taken as a whole." IN AND. Vernadsky
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The boundaries of the Earth's biosphere are drawn along the boundaries of the distribution of living organisms, which means ... That its upper boundary passes at the height of the ozone layer at an altitude of 20-25 km ... ... and the lower boundary passes at the depth where organisms cease to occur.
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The biosphere is made up of the living matter of the planet, represented by microorganisms, fungi, plants, animals and humans.
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Over hundreds of millions of years, the diversity of living organisms has increased. Some forms of life have survived to this day. Such species are called relics. For example, a sequoia from North America or a dragon tree from the Canary Islands
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Other species became extinct for various reasons (for example, giant reptiles - dinosaurs)
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Still others developed, which led to the emergence of more complex forms of life. The apex of this process of development of life was the appearance of man.
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It is believed that in the entire history of life on Earth, about half a billion species existed in the biosphere! Today, biologists count about 2 million species of living beings on the planet. The formation of the biosphere continues today. This is what the Earth was like when life began on it.
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For a long time, a mystery for scientists was the question of the purity of the water of Lake Baikal. How can such a huge reservoir be self-cleaning? As a result, it was found that small crustaceans-epishura, resembling shrimp, purify this huge water mass. During the year they filter the water in Baikal several times.
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Fossilized plants or animal remains are involved both in the formation of rocks and in their destruction - organic weathering amber
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A) “Introduced the term “biosphere” into science” 1. Lamarck 2. Suess 3. Vernadsky D) Find the erroneous statement: B) Choose the correct statement C) Continue the statement: The biosphere is made up ... E) What species are called relict? Give examples. 1. Life on Earth originated about 3 billion years ago 2. In the process of the formation of the biosphere, many species died out 3. Unicellular algae are considered the most ancient on Earth 4. There are about 2 million species of living creatures on Earth 5. Life came to land about 1 billion years ago The biosphere was finally formed by the time of the appearance of man 2. The biosphere was finally formed 3.5 billion years ago 3. The biosphere is still being formed 1. living organisms 2. living organisms rocks of organic origin 3. multicellular living organisms
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Text content of presentation slides: Basic properties of the biosphere Art. Lecturer T. A. Badinina Department of Geoecology, Ural State Mining University Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) Basic properties of the biosphere 1. The biosphere is a centralized system Living organisms are the central link. This property is comprehensively disclosed by V.I. Vernadsky. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) Basic properties of the biosphere 2. The biosphere is an open system The existence of the biosphere is impossible without energy from outside. The biosphere is affected by cosmic forces and, above all, solar activity. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) Basic properties of the biosphere 2. The biosphere is an open system Solar activity is affected by a sharp increase in the number of individual species or populations. many geological processes (cataclysms, catastrophes). social activity of human society Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) The main properties of the biosphere 3. The biosphere is a self-regulating system Organization is characteristic. properties and functions. The mechanisms of self-regulation include: the circulation of matter and energy, species diversity, the evolution of species, etc. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) Basic properties of the biosphere 3. The biosphere is a self-regulating system Thanks to these mechanisms, the biosphere is able to withstand significant disturbances such as volcanic eruptions , encounters with asteroids, earthquakes, mountain building… Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) Basic properties of the biosphere 3. The biosphere is a self-regulating system At present, human activity leads to disruption of many mechanisms of homeostasis. And as a consequence – regional crises…. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) Basic properties of the biosphere 4. The biosphere is a global ecosystem characterized by great species diversity Biodiversity is the main condition of any ecosystem and the biosphere as a whole. It makes it possible to secure and replace some links with others, which ensures the degree of complexity and strength of food and other links. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) The main properties of the biosphere 4. The biosphere is a global ecosystem characterized by a large species diversity The diversity of species is determined by: the diversity of living environments and natural zones (with different climatic, hydrological, soil, biotic and other properties); the presence of regions that differ in chemical composition; the association within the biosphere of a large number of elementary ecosystems. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) Basic properties of the biosphere 5. The biosphere has mechanisms that ensure the circulation of substances and the associated inexhaustibility of individual chemical elements and their compounds. Only thanks to the cycles and the presence of an inexhaustible source of solar energy is the continuity of processes in the biosphere and its potential immortality ensured. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) Conclusion: Thank you for your attention!
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