The Russian language is a set of rules that you need not just to know, but to understand in order to write correctly and speak beautifully. "Communion" is one of the important topics, having learned which, you can learn a laconic, but expressive speech. Of particular difficulty is the past participle. Although, if you approach the study thoughtfully, then you can figure it out.
The difference between and without
Compare the sentences: one with and the second is complex with a subordinate clause. The first option is more concise, beautiful and poetic than the second.
It is especially important to be able to replace subordinate clauses for copywriters when fulfilling orders, which indicates the accuracy of the "water content" of texts, because introductory words, prepositions, conjunctions and allied words are just included in the list of "water" expressions.
Communion as a part of speech
Many find it difficult to understand the features of this part of speech. Children even compose funny poems about this:
Boundless misfortune -
Study, decline the sacrament!
I will suffer thoroughly
Until I start the passive
Distinguish from reality.
What is even more painful?
It is known from the school course that the sacrament is not at all simple because it has the properties of both a verb and an adjective. From the verb, this part of speech has form and time, and from the adjective - gender, number, case, full or short form. There is also a real past participle and a passive participle. This function - pledge - it also received from the verb.
Communion time
Usually a distinction is made between past and present tenses. It is clear that in order to define this category, one should understand the semantic feature of the word, think about whether the action is taking place at the moment or has already happened. There is an unequivocal answer to the question of what the past participle is: the meaning of the word indicates that the result is shown here, and not the process. You can compare two options: “running boy” and “running boy”. In the first case, the present tense is used, because the child is performing an action at the moment. In the second case, the child has already finished running and is standing in front of us. Therefore, the tense of the sacrament is past.
Active pledge of participles
How to distinguish the real participle of the past tense from the passive? Yes, simple! First, you need to think about the meaning of the statement. Let's look at this with examples.
Passive participle in the past tense
The verb form we are considering can denote an action that someone else performs with an object. Then the past participle is passive. To better understand this, consider examples.
- “The dress worn by the girl was so to her face that everyone around looked at the baby with a smile of tenderness.” From the context it is clear that the outfit itself cannot do anything. This means that “put on” is a passive participle, because the girl performs the action, because it was she who put on the dress.
- “The dishes washed by Tanya sparkled with cleanliness.” And here it is clear that someone did a certain job up to the moment described - the plates themselves could not clear themselves of the remnants of food. Therefore, the word "washed" is a passive past participle.
What are the main conditions for spelling suffixes in participles in the present tense, it seems to be easy to understand, you just need to remember which suffix refers to a particular conjugation.
Forming past participles
They are formed using the stem of the verb of any tense and suffixes that help: loved - loved, wanted - wanted, dreamed - dreamed, feed - fed, carry - carried, climb - crawled out. These are examples of the formation of the past participles of the active voice. The pledge is indicated by the fact that all actions are performed by the objects themselves. For passive participles of the past tense, other examples are suitable: wish - desired, lead - led, ridicule - ridiculed, promise - promised.
Suffixes of the past participles of the active voice
This form is formed from the stem of the verb with the help of suffixes: -vsh-, -sh-. The form and transition in this case do not matter. The suffix used in the formation of the participle depends only on the ending of the stem of the verb.
- If it ends in a vowel, then it is written -vsh-. (Examples: draw - draw, build - build, watch - look.)
- If there is a consonant at the end of the stem, then you should put the suffix -w-. (Examples: carry - carry, carry - carry.)
- If the participle is formed from a verb in -th, then the suffix -vsh- will be written after the vowel that was in the original verb form before -th. (For example: wash - washed, laugh - laughed, hang - hung.)
Formation table of the past participles of the active voice
Real Communion | initial form of the verb | Transitivity | |
staring | |||
printed | |||
brilliant | shine | ||
flushed | |||
drunk | |||
interrupted | interrupt | ||
truant | truant | ||
fled |
Transitivity and definitions of the type of participles
To easily check the transitivity of the participle, you need to put a question to the dependent noun from the verb that forms it. If in this construction the question of the accusative case without a preposition is appropriate, then For example: watch (what?) A film, print (what?) an essay. In the construction “to run (where?) along the road”, the question “what?” does not fit, then it is an intransitive verb, and the participle will have the same category, respectively.
There should be no problems with the view: if the action in the process is an imperfect view, if it has already happened, it is perfect.
Forming passive participles in the past tense
They are formed from the transitive verb of the corresponding tense. There are very few of the sacraments.
Suffix | How does the verb end | Transitivity | From the verb Sov. / Nesov. kind | Examples |
educated, shot |
||||
overwhelmed, donated |
||||
Ot, -nut + monosyllabic verbs | shattered, broken |
According to the table, only one important question now arises: when are the suffixes of the passive participles of the past tense written with one "n", and when with two? Here it is important to remember a few simple rules. Imperfect participles will have one "n" if they:
- do not have a dependent word, prefix, suffix -ova-/ -yova-: fried, boiled, smoked;
- short participles: a partnership is formed, the wife is made up.
Two "n" have full passive past participles, formed by perfective verbs with the presence of:
- dependent words: sturgeon fried in oil; peas boiled in broth;
- suffixes -ova-/-yova-(The following examples can be given: 1. A child spoiled by her mother screamed in the store. 2. Bewitched by her bewitching gaze, the man immediately fell in love with the beauty).
The participles "spoiled" and "bewitched" have the same syntactic function as adjectives, that is, in a sentence they are most often definitions.
Active past participles can also have a reflexive suffix -sya. For example: a hidden cockroach, spilled sand, a laughing beauty, a frightened fly.
Exceptions to general rules
But there are always exceptions in the Russian language. Words such as "seek", "love" and "take" are incapable of forming passive participles. There is another feature of verbs ending in -sti: they can be reincarnated as passive participles of the past tense. For example:
- Weave. (It is so convenient to pick mushrooms in baskets woven by grandfather.)
- Steal. (We could not find the slippers stolen by the cat for a long time.)
- Find. (Sharik's newly found bone made him very happy, because of which he wagged his tail happily.)
- To find. (When the teacher discovered the cheat sheets found, Vasya realized that he needed to come up with a better way to cheat, but the more he cheated, the more he had to know.)
Knowledge of the rules of the Russian language is not yet a guarantee that a person will be able to write and speak correctly. They need to be understood. And it is extremely important to develop the ability to use your knowledge in practice.
In the lesson, you will learn more about the concept of “participle voice”, consider the differences between the active and passive voice (semantic and grammatical). Special attention during the lesson, pay attention to the suffixes with which the participles are formed.
Theme: Communion
Lesson: Active and passive participles
Rice. 2. Verb conjugation
Homework
Exercises number 83 - 84. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
Exercise: write out phrases with participles, mark the suffixes of participles, determine the pledge of participles.
1. A wonderful monument. 2. Seen from afar 3. Towering building 4. Protected cathedral 5. Protected by law 6. Remaining in memory 7. Terrifying sight 8. Trembling 9. Respectful 10. Passionate tourists 11. Architectural style 12. Frozen music
Russian language in diagrams and tables. Declension of participles.
Didactic materials. Section "Communion"
3. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Spelling of participles.
4. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 hours, 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
Synopsis of the Russian language lesson in the 7th grade on the topic: "Passive past participles"
Lesson Objectives:
To acquaint with the formation of passive participles of the past tense, with the spelling of suffixes -enn-, -nn-, -t-.
Tasks:
Subject:
Learning how to form passive past participles.
Actualization of acquired knowledge, skills and abilities.
Metasubject :
Development of monologue speech of students (oral and written);
Development of skills and abilities critical thinking in conditions of differentiated work;
Development of interest in the use of ICT when working with educational material.
Personal:
Raising responsibility for the result of their work and the work of their comrade;
The development of the ability to work in a team.
Lesson type: learning new material
Form of organization of educational activities in the lesson: frontal, group, individual.
Equipment:
multimedia presentation;
task cards (for each student);
textbook "Russian language: Textbook for grade 7" authors M.T. Baranova, T.A. Ladyzhenskaya and others;
During the classes
Organizing time.
- Good morning, guys and guests of our today's lesson! I am very glad to see you all. Close your eyes, please, remember pleasant moments or some situations from your life. Smile, open your eyes, now smile at each other, give warmth and good mood to each other. And we begin fruitful work.
- Guys, please look at the box, or rather, at its contents. (the teacher takes out the things lost by the children from the box: a glove, a pen, a hat, a shoe, etc.) What is it? (slide 1)
The children assume thatlost things (slide 2)
slide 1: lost things
You have a phrase in front of you. Name the main and dependent words.
Children answer that the main word is a noun, and the dependent participle.
What is this sacrament?
Let's try to formulate the theme of the lesson.
Children formulate the topic of the lesson:
"The Passive Participle of the Past Tense".(slide 3)
- What is our goal? (slide 4)
Our goal : get acquainted with the formation and writing of the passive participles of the past tense, learn how to write the suffixes of the passive participles of the past tense correctly. (slide 5)
Write down the topic of the lesson in your notebook.
Updating students' knowledge.
Before studying new topic, let's remember what we learned in the previous lessons. We paid a lot of attention to the participle as an independent part of speech, learned to form participles, write them correctly
Guys, let's remember what the sacrament is? (Participle is an independent part of speech, denoting a sign of an object that manifests itself in time by action, and answers the questions: Which one? and etc.).
How do the participles change? (Participles are perfect imperfective, present and past tense. They change by numbers, cases, and in the singular by gender ).
What is the syntactic role of participles? (definition and predicate )
What 2 groups are the sacraments divided into? Give examples (real participles denote a sign that arose as a result of the action of the subject itself. Passive participles - a sign that arose in an object under the influence of another object ).
Now let's remember how real participles are formed?(Real participles - with the help of suffixes: -usch-(-yush-), -ash-(-yash-) - in the present tense; -vsh-, -sh- in the past tense, passive in present. time with the help of suf. om, em, im
Mutual testing of knowledge. (slide 5)
1. House under construction,
2. fluctuating .. May by the wind,
3. quiet ... th garden,
4. growing ... t ... la .. mist,
5. barely a view .. mine is in the dark,
6. story…th story.
(Slide 6)
1. House under construction
2. swayed by the wind (suffering par., present time),
3. quiet garden (active adverb, past tense),
4. spreading fog (act. adv., present time),
5. barely visible in the darkness (suffering par., present time),
6. Telling a story (active adverb, past tense).
Explanation of new material.
WE WATCH! (Slide 7)
"Passive past participle"
Nose and t (inf., inconsistent view) - nosh enn th
Demolition and t (inf., modern view) - snosh enn th
Sdel
a
t (inf., modern view) - made
nn
th
cases
a
t (inf., inconsistent view) - cases
nn
th
view
e
t (inf., inconsistent view) - form
nn
th
see e t (inf., owl. view) - see nn th
wash (inf., incons. view) - we
t
th
Wash (inf., sov. view) - wash t th
Exercise : 1. Using the reference material, tell us how and with what help the passive participles of the past tense are formed? (Passive past participles are formed from the bases of the infinitive of transitive verbs of the perfect and imperfect form, with the help of suffixes nn- (from verbs in -at-, -yat-); -enn- (he verbs on -et, -it, -ti, ch), -t-. (textbook table)
On slide 8
From transitive perfective and imperfective verbs
Hn- (from verbs in –at-, -yat-)
the stem of the verb is indefinite. F. +
Enn- (he verbs on -et, -it, -ti, whose)
T-
Physical education minute
Let's take a break and at the same time check how you can distinguish real participles from passive ones. So, real - we squat, passive - hands:
Splashing, sitting, telling, narrated, thinking, deciding, studying, singing, invited ,
Consolidation of the studied material
exercise : Form participles from these verbs.
Commented letter.
(slide 4)
specify
Hn- ->
specified
start up
Hn- ->
conceived
see
Enn- ->
seen
hurt
Enn- ->
wounded
take out
Enn- ->
exported
prick
T- ->
chipped
Card work
Children evaluate themselves.
FAN, -her. -eat; -eyany; perfect view,someone something than. 1. Douse (with a jet of air, wind).fanned (impersonal)cold. 2. trans. Surround, create around something a halo of honor, glory (high).Battle banners are covered with glory. The hero's name is covered in legend. || imperfect species blow, -ay, -ayesh (to 1 value)and fan, -ay, -ayesh (to 1 value).
Compress - compress, Combine into a dense massunder the influence of gravity
Vocabulary work:
Brought, translated.
Evaluation.
IX . Reflection.
1. I became aware that ...
2. I was especially attracted and interested in ...
3. I fully understand that...
4. Caused difficulty ...
5. Need to learn...
XI . Homework: & 19 ex. 109
Form passive past participles from these verbs.
Promise, sow, fan, mix, split, throw, correct, bring, compress, see, translate, break, attract, disperse, say, deceive, fill, add, receive, ignite.
Form passive past participles from these verbs.
Promise, sow, fan, mix, split, throw, correct, bring, compress, see, translate, break, attract, disperse, say, deceive, fill, add, receive, ignite.
Form passive past participles from these verbs.
Promise, sow, fan, mix, split, throw, correct, bring, compress, see, translate, break, attract, disperse, say, deceive, fill, add, receive, ignite.
Sections: Russian language
Lesson type: learning new material.
Lesson Objectives:
- Tutorials:
- repeat real and passive participles, their differences;
- repeat the formation and spelling of real participles of the present and past tense, passive participles of the present tense;
- repeat the dependence of the number of participial forms on the category of transitivity-intransitivity of the verb and its aspect;
- Learn how to form passive past participles.
- development and improvement of the ability to distinguish between real and passive participles;
- improving the ability to form real and passive participles, solving spelling problems (choosing a vowel in participle suffixes);
- development of the ability to work with diagrams, a textbook reference record, a table;
- development of logical thinking;
- development of creative abilities of students.
- education of curiosity
- culture of mental work;
- formation of independent thinking, self-control skills.
Equipment:
- Russian language: Practice. Grade 7: A manual for general education. institutions / S.N. Pimenova, A.P. Eremeeva, A.Yu. Kupalova and others; Ed. S.N. Pimenova. - 10th ed., stereotype. – M.: Bustard, 2003. – 240 p.: ill.
- Multimedia products (Program 1C: School. Hello, Communion! / edited by T. Rick).
- Projector.
- Portable board.
- Printed tables, colored circles to indicate the group.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment.
Before the start of the lesson, the teacher distributes yellow and red tokens to students in the class, which makes it possible to divide the class into two groups: with good and weaker basic training.
Reporting the topic, objectives of the lesson (mobilization of attention).
Teacher: Guys, today in the lesson we will repeat the formation and spelling of real participles of the present and past tenses and passive participles of the present tense and learn how passive participles of the past tense are formed.
2. Homework.
Increasing learning motivation; creating a situation in which students are aimed at active work in the classroom.
Teacher: Write down homework- § 137, ex. 150. Let's read the task for the exercise. You will need to determine from which verbs these passive past participles are formed. And the material of today's lesson will help you complete the exercise.
3. Actualization of students' knowledge.
Teacher: Guys, you remember that Communion and his friends were in trouble. Robber Joe stole the magic amulet of Communion, without which our hero cannot become an independent part of speech. And to find this amulet, you need to pass various tests. Here is one of them in front of you.
3.1. Individual work in pairs.
Working with a computer program.
Exercise. Distribute real and passive participles into columns (Fig. 1).
Figure 1 You can see.
3.2. Front work.
Teacher: But that is not all. Communion was upset when they brought him a table that he must fill out. But our hero is sure that you will help him.
Exercise. Fill in the gaps in the table where possible, except for the last column
(Table 1).
Table 1
Valid participles |
Passive participles |
|||
present time |
past time |
present time |
past time |
|
(transitive incons. type) |
chita…. uy |
|||
(transitional owl species) decide |
||||
(intransitive inconsistency) |
drowsy ... y |
|||
(intransitive owl species)doze off |
||||
Independent work of students to fill in the table.
Self-test of the task using the key (Table 2) (demonstrated through the projector).
Table 2. Key
Valid participles |
Passive participles |
|||
present time |
past time |
present time |
past time |
|
reading |
reading |
readable |
||
(transitional owl species) decide |
decided |
|||
(intransitive inconsistency)nap |
dormant |
dozing |
||
(intransitive owl species) doze off |
dozed off |
|||
Teacher: And why did some cells in our table remain empty? (Not all verbs can form these forms of participles). What does it depend on? (From the transitivity-intransitivity of the verb and from its aspect).
4. New material.
4.1. Preparation for the study of new material, increasing educational motivation.
Teacher: Look at the table, we have one column left blank. How are passive past participles formed? The reference record of the textbook will help you answer this question.
4.2. Organization independent work students with a reference textbook record.
Open the textbook on page 57.
Exercise. Using the reference material, tell us how and with what help the passive participles of the past tense are formed.
Execution check.
The conclusion on the reference record is formulated by students.
Passive past participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive or the stem of the past tense of the verb using the suffixes -enn-, -nn, -t-.
4.3. Primary fastening.
Training exercise (shown by the teacher on the blackboard, then the students continue to work under the guidance of the teacher).
Exercise. Form passive past participles from these verbs, highlight the suffixes.
Sign - signed, see - seen, dispel - dispelled, bite - bitten, smash - broken.
Draw students' attention to the spelling of the vowel before the participle suffixes.
5. Consolidation of the studied material.
Differentiated tasks by groups.
Teacher: Raise your hands those who received the yellow circle - 1 group. You sit down at the computers and do the following task: form passive past participles from these verbs. Next, independently check the correctness of the work done by clicking the "confirm answer" button (Fig. 2). If you do everything right, raise your hand so that the teacher marks the work done.
Figure 2 You can see.
Students who quickly completed the task can continue to work on the computer until the end of the work of the second group (Fig. 3).
Figure 3 You can see .
Group 2 - exercise 149.
Exercise. Form passive past participles using the given suffixes.