Brief biography of Tyutchev for 4. Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev: biography, brief description of creativity

Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev - Russian poet, diplomat, conservative publicist, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1857, Privy Councilor.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev(1803-1873) was born in the Ovstug estate of the Bryansk district of the Oryol province, into an old and cultured noble family with stable patriarchal traditions. Father Ivan Nikolaevich Tyutchev was distinguished by hospitality, cordiality and hospitality. Mother Ekaterina Lvovna came from the Tolstoy family and was an intelligent and impressionable woman. The childhood of the future poet passed in Ovstuga, Moscow and the Troitsky estate near Moscow under the supervision of the "uncle" N. A. Khlopov.

The boy received a good home upbringing and education. His extraordinary abilities and talents were noticed by his parents and his tutor, the famous poet S. E. Raich at that time. Raic's activities were varied and rich: he had an excellent knowledge of the ancient classical languages, translated ancient authors, burned with love for Italian literature and instilled this love in his pupil. In a word, Raich had a beneficial and strong influence on Tyutchev: he encouraged Tyutchev's literary pursuits, read the first samples of the pen of the poet entering literature. Tyutchev learned the main European languages from childhood and, under the guidance of Raich, translated Horace at the age of 12.

Tyutchev continued his further education and upbringing at Moscow University, where he attended lectures on the history and theory of literature, archeology and the history of fine arts. At the University, he attended the Raic poetry circle and did not stop writing poetry. He is excited by the works of Russian authors, and he responds to them (for example, to Pushkin's ode "Liberty"). At the University, Tyutchev reads a lot, replenishing his education.

After graduating from the University in 1821 with a candidate's degree, Tyutchev went to St. Petersburg, then abroad, where he spent 22 years in the diplomatic service.

As an original poet, Tyutchev was formed by the end of the 1820s. The basis of Tyutchev's lyrics is the contemplation of nature and penetration into its world, into its secret, intimate life. Tyutchev's nature is full of contradictions, full of sounds and colors, it is full of inner movement.

Reading Tyutchev's poems, one can easily be convinced that Tyutchev's nature is a living, feeling organism. She can “frown”, her “thunder peals” can become bold and angry, and the sun can look at the earth “frowningly”. The reader seems to see how nature lives, how it breathes, what happens in it. So Tyutchev reveals the secrets of nature for us, helping to comprehend them.

Tyutchev had 9 children. Wife: Eleonora Fedorovna Tyutcheva (married from 1826 to 1838), Ernestine Pfeffel (married from 1839 to 1873),

outstanding Russian poet, diplomat, conservative publicist, privy councilor

Fedor Tyutchev

short biography

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev- a well-known Russian poet, publicist, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, diplomat - was born in the Oryol province, Bryansk district, the Ovstug estate, which belonged to his old noble family, on December 5 (November 23, according to O.S.), 1803. Fedor's primary education was home; the famous poet-translator S. Raich worked with him. Studying Latin and the poetry of Ancient Rome, as a 13-year-old teenager, Tyutchev was already translating Horace. In 1819, one of these poems, which was a free translation, was published. At the age of 14, he attended Moscow University (Faculty of History and Philology) as a volunteer, in 1818 he became a student of this educational institution. In 1819 he was elected a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.

After graduating with brilliant results from the university in 1821, young Tyutchev became an employee of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs - one of his relatives, Count Osterman-Tolstoy, helped him in this. In 1822, Tyutchev, having received a modest position as a freelance attache, leaves for the Bavarian kingdom, in Munich, where he serves in the Russian diplomatic mission. While abroad, Tyutchev met F. Schelling, became a friend of Heine, became interested in German idealist philosophy.

Since adolescence, Tyutchev periodically published his poems, but they appeared only occasionally and did not make a special impression on anyone. The situation changed in 1836: a notebook with Tyutchev's poems sent from Bavaria ended up with A. Pushkin, causing him admiration and surprise. The result was the publication of Tyutchev's writings in the journal Sovremennik. And yet, the real glory will come to Tyutchev much later.

Many important events in Tyutchev's biography were associated with his stay abroad. So, in 1826, he married a local aristocrat, Eleanor Peterson. In 1833, Tyutchev began an affair with Ernestine Dernberg, which led to a loud scandal and caused the diplomat to be transferred from Munich to Turin. The ship sailing from St. Petersburg to Turin crashed, and this event had such a detrimental effect on the health of Tyutchev's wife that in 1838 she died. The activities of Fyodor Tyutchev in the field of diplomacy - although not the most successful in terms of career, but long - unexpectedly interrupted in 1839, but he lived abroad until 1844.

Nicholas I highly appreciated Tyutchev's contribution to strengthening the authority of Russia, and upon arrival at home he was given a position in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the title of chamberlain. Since 1848, he was the senior censor in this ministry. It is known that he vetoed the distribution in the country of the "Manifesto of the Communist Party", translated into Russian. During this period, he practically did not compose poetry, publishing articles of journalistic content in French.

In the 50s. recognition came to Tyutchev as a poet. His poems were published in a separate collection in 1854 and brought him fame as one of the best Russian poets, Turgenev, A. Fet, Chernyshevsky, N. Nekrasov spoke with enthusiasm about his work. The poet's position in relation to the Russian autocracy was embodied in the works: Tyutchev believed that this was the best form of government on which the Slavic peoples should rely, fulfilling the mission of resisting the revolutions sweeping Europe. On the other hand, the poet made Russian landscapes and events an object of chanting, and soon many poets picked up this tradition.

Despite the enormous prestige earned in the cultural community of the capital, Tyutchev did not abandon public service in favor of studying literature on a professional basis. Being a real state councilor, Tyutchev in 1858 headed the committee of foreign censorship. He holds this position until his death, although more than once he had to endure all sorts of troubles, for example, in the form of a collision with members of the government. On August 30, 1865, he was promoted to Privy Councilor.

Second half of the 60s. was noted in his biography by a number of tragic personal events that made the most painful impression on the poet: in a few years he lost his closest people. In 1872, Tyutchev had serious health problems: his left hand failed, his eyesight deteriorated, and intense headaches began. Having experienced a stroke on January 1, 1873, as a result of which the left side of the body lost sensitivity, Tyutchev did not survive the next apoplexy, which happened on July 15, 1873.

Biography from Wikipedia

Youth

Fedor Tyutchev. 1806-1807

Born on November 23, 1803 in the Ovstug family estate of the Bryansk district of the Oryol province. Received home education. Under the guidance of the teacher, poet and translator S. E. Raich, who supported the student's interest in versification and classical languages, he studied Latin and ancient Roman poetry, and at the age of twelve he translated Horace's odes. Since 1817, as a volunteer, he began to attend lectures at the Verbal Department at Moscow University, where his teachers were Alexei Merzlyakov and Mikhail Kachenovsky. Even before enrollment, he was admitted to the number of students in November 1818, in 1819 he was elected a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.

Career abroad

Having received a certificate of graduation from the university in 1821, F. Tyutchev enters the service of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs and goes to Munich as a non-staff attache of the Russian diplomatic mission. Here he met Schelling and Heine and in 1826 married Eleanor Peterson, nee Countess Bothmer, from whom he had three daughters. The eldest of them, Anna, later marries Ivan Aksakov.

The steamer "Nikolai I", on which the Tyutchev family sails from St. Petersburg to Turin, is in distress in the Baltic Sea. When saving Eleanor and the children, Ivan Turgenev, who was sailing on the same ship, helps. This disaster seriously crippled the health of Eleonora Tyutcheva. She dies in 1838. Tyutchev was so saddened that, after spending the night at the coffin of his late wife, he allegedly turned gray in a few hours. However, already in 1839, Tyutchev married Ernestine Dernberg (nee Pfeffel), with whom, apparently, he had a relationship while still married to Eleanor. Ernestine's memories of a ball in February 1833, at which her first husband felt unwell, have been preserved. Not wanting to interfere with his wife's fun, Mr. Dernberg decided to go home alone. Turning to the young Russian with whom the baroness was talking, he said: "I entrust my wife to you". This Russian was Tyutchev. A few days later, Baron Dernberg died of typhus, the epidemic of which engulfed Munich at that time.

In 1835, Tyutchev received the court rank of chamberlain. In 1839, Tyutchev's diplomatic activity was suddenly interrupted, but until 1844 he continued to live abroad. In 1843, he met with the all-powerful head of the III Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, A. Kh. Benckendorff. The result of this meeting was the support by Emperor Nicholas I of all Tyutchev's initiatives in the work to create a positive image of Russia in the West. Tyutchev was given the go-ahead for an independent speech in the press on the political problems of relations between Europe and Russia.

Of great interest to Nicholas I was the anonymously published article by Tyutchev "Letter to Mr. Doctor Kolb" ("Russia and Germany"; 1844). This work was given to the emperor, who, as Tyutchev told his parents, "found all his thoughts in it and seemed to ask who its author was."

Service in Russia

F. I. Tyutchev. 1860-1861 Photo by S. L. Levitsky

Returning to Russia in 1844, Tyutchev again entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1845), where from 1848 he held the position of senior censor.

Almost immediately upon his return, F. I. Tyutchev actively participates in Belinsky's circle.

Not printing poems at all during these years, Tyutchev appeared with journalistic articles in French: “Letter to Mr. Doctor Kolb” (1844), “Note to the Tsar” (1845), “Russia and the Revolution” (1849), “Papacy and The Roman Question” (1850), and also later, already in Russia, an article written “On Censorship in Russia” (1857). The last two are one of the chapters of the unfinished treatise "Russia and the West", conceived by him under the influence of the revolutionary events of 1848-1849.

In this treatise, Tyutchev creates a kind of image of the thousand-year-old power of Russia. Outlining his "teaching about the empire" and the nature of the empire in Russia, the poet noted its "Orthodox character." In the article “Russia and Revolution”, Tyutchev carried the idea that in the “modern world” there are only two forces: revolutionary Europe and conservative Russia. The idea of creating a union of Slavic-Orthodox states under the auspices of Russia was immediately outlined.

During this period, Tyutchev's poetry itself was subordinated to state interests, as he understood them. He creates many "rhyming slogans" or "journalistic articles in verse": "Gus at the stake", "To the Slavs", "Modern", "Vatican anniversary".

On April 7, 1857, Tyutchev received the rank of real state councilor, and on April 17, 1858 he was appointed chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee. In this post, despite numerous troubles and clashes with the government, Tyutchev stayed for 15 years, until his death. On August 30, 1865, Tyutchev was promoted to privy councilor, thereby reaching the third, and in fact, even the second step in the state hierarchy of officials.

During his service, he received 1,800 chervonets in gold and 2,183 rubles in silver as awards (prizes).

The grave of F. I. Tyutchev at the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent in St. Petersburg

Until the very end, Tyutchev was interested in the political situation in Europe. On December 4, 1872, the poet lost his freedom of movement with his left hand and felt a sharp deterioration in vision; he began to suffer excruciating headaches. On the morning of January 1, 1873, despite the warnings of others, the poet went for a walk, intending to visit friends. On the street, he had a stroke that paralyzed the entire left half of his body. On July 15 (27), 1873, Fyodor Tyutchev died in Tsarskoe Selo, at the age of 71. On July 18, 1873, the coffin with the body of the poet was transported from Tsarskoye Selo to St. Petersburg and buried in the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent.

Poetry

According to Yu. N. Tynyanov, Tyutchev's small poems are a product of the decomposition of voluminous works of the odic genre that developed in Russian poetry of the 18th century (Derzhavin, Lomonosov). He calls Tyutchev's form a "fragment", which is an ode compressed to a short text. “Thanks to this, Tyutchev’s compositional structures are maximally stressed and look like hypercompensation of constructive efforts” (Yu. N. Chumakov). Hence the “figurative excess”, “oversaturation of components of various orders”, which make it possible to convey the tragic feeling of the cosmic contradictions of being.

One of the first serious researchers of Tyutchev, L. V. Pumpyansky, considers the most characteristic feature of Tyutchev's poetics to be the so-called. "Doublets" - images repeating from poem to poem, varying similar themes "with the preservation of all its main distinguishing features":

The vault of heaven, burning with star glory
Mysteriously looks from the depths, -
And we are sailing, a flaming abyss
Surrounded on all sides.
- "How the ocean embraces the globe of the earth ..."

She, between the double abyss,
Your all-seeing dream cherishes -
And with the full glory of the starry firmament
You are surrounded from everywhere.
- "Swan"

This determines the thematic and motive unity of Tyutchev's lyrics, the components of which are precisely Tynyan's "fragments". Thus, according to Roman Leibov:

... the interpreter is faced with a well-known paradox: on the one hand, "no single poem by Tyutchev will be revealed to us in all its depth, if we consider it as an independent unit" ... On the other hand, Tyutchev's corpus is frankly "random", we have texts that are not institutionally attached to literature, not supported by the author's will, reflecting the hypothetical "Tyutchev heritage" is obviously incomplete. The "unity" and "crowding" of Tyutchev's poetic heritage make it possible to compare it with folklore.

Very important for understanding Tyutchev's poetics is his fundamental distance from the literary process, his unwillingness to see himself as a professional writer and even disregard for the results of his own work.

Tyutchev does not write poetry, writing down already existing text blocks. In a number of cases, we have the opportunity to observe how work is progressing on the initial versions of Tyutchev's texts: Tyutchev applies various kinds of "correct" rhetorical devices to the vague, often tautologically designed (another parallel with folklore lyrics) core, taking care to eliminate tautologies, clarify allegorical meanings (Tyutchev's text in this sense unfolds in time, repeating the general features of the evolution of poetic techniques described in the works of A. N. Veselovsky, devoted to parallelism - from the undivided identification of phenomena of different series to a complex analogy). It is often at the late stage of work on the text (corresponding to the consolidation of its written status) that the lyrical subject is introduced pronominally.

periodization

According to Yuri Lotman, Tyutchev's work, amounting to a little more than 400 poems, with all its internal unity, can be divided into three periods:

The 1st period is the initial, 1810s - early 1820s, when Tyutchev creates his youthful poems, archaic in style and close to the poetry of the 18th century.
2nd period - the second half of the 1820s - 1840s, starting with the poem "Glimpse", the features of his original poetics are already noticeable in Tyutchev's work. This is a fusion of Russian odic poetry of the 18th century and the traditions of European romanticism and Schiller's pantheism.
3rd period - 1850s - early 1870s. This period is separated from the previous one by a decade of the 1840s, when Tyutchev writes almost no poetry. During this period, numerous political poems were created (for example, "Modern"), poems "in case" and a poignant "Denisyev cycle". Magazine "Contemporary".

love lyrics

In love lyrics, Tyutchev creates a number of poems, which are usually combined into a “love-tragedy” cycle, called the “Denisiev cycle”, since most of the poems belonging to it are dedicated to E. A. Denisyeva. Their characteristic understanding of love as a tragedy, as a fatal force leading to devastation and death, is also found in Tyutchev's early work, so it would be more correct to name poems related to the "Denisiev cycle" without reference to the poet's biography. Tyutchev himself did not take part in the formation of the "cycle", therefore it is often unclear to whom certain poems are addressed - to E. A. Denisyeva or his wife Ernestina. In Tyut studies, the similarity of the "Denisiev cycle" with the genre of a lyrical diary (confession) and the motives of Dostoevsky's novels (morbidity of feeling) has been repeatedly emphasized.

The love of eighteen-year-old Tyutchev for the young beauty Amalia Lerchenfeld (the future Baroness Krudener) is reflected in his famous poem “I remember the golden time ...” Tyutchev was in love with a “young fairy”, who did not reciprocate, but visited the poet in his declining years. It is to her that his poem “I met you, and all the past”, which became the famous romance to the music of L. D. Malashkin, is dedicated.

Letters

More than 1,200 letters from Tyutchev have come down to us.

Tyutchev and Pushkin

In the 1920s, Yu. N. Tynyanov put forward the theory that Tyutchev and Pushkin belong to such different areas of Russian literature that this difference excludes even the recognition of one poet by another. Later, this version was disputed, and it was substantiated (including documented) that Pushkin quite consciously placed Tyutchev’s poems in Sovremennik, insisted before censorship on replacing the excluded stanzas of the poem “Not what you think, nature ...” with rows of dots, considering it was wrong not to designate the discarded lines in any way, and on the whole he was very sympathetic to Tyutchev's work.

Nevertheless, the poetic imagery of Tyutchev and Pushkin actually has serious differences. N.V. Koroleva formulates the difference as follows: “Pushkin draws a person living an ebullient, real, sometimes even everyday life, Tyutchev is a person outside everyday life, sometimes even outside reality, listening to the instant ringing of an aeolian harp, absorbing the beauty of nature and bowing to her, yearning for the “deaf groanings of time”.

Tyutchev dedicated two poems to Pushkin: "To Pushkin's Ode to Liberty" and "January 29, 1837", the last of which radically differs from the works of other poets on Pushkin's death by the absence of direct Pushkin's reminiscences and archaic language in its style.

Museums

The museum-estate of the poet is located in Muranovo near Moscow. It went into the possession of the poet's descendants, who collected memorial exhibits there. Tyutchev himself, apparently, has never been to Muranovo. On July 27, 2006, a fire broke out in the museum on an area of 500 m² from a lightning strike. As a result of the fire, the manor house was seriously damaged, but soon its restoration began, which was completed in 2009. Many exhibits were also damaged, but almost the entire collection of the museum was saved. Since 2009, the museum began to restore the exposition, adding new exhibits as they are being restored. Full restoration of the exposition is planned for 2014.

The Tyutchev family estate was located in the village of Ovstug (now the Zhukovsky district of the Bryansk region). The central building of the estate, due to its dilapidated state, was dismantled into bricks in 1914, from which the volost foreman, deputy of the State Duma of the IV convocation, Dmitry Vasilyevich Kiselev, built the building of the volost government (preserved; now - a museum of the history of the village of Ovstug). The park and the pond have been neglected for a long time. The restoration of the estate began in 1957 thanks to the enthusiasm of V.D. The surviving sketches recreated the building of the estate, into which the museum exposition moved in 1986 (it includes several thousand original exhibits). In the former building of the museum (former school) there is an art gallery. In 2003, the building of the Assumption Church was restored in Ovstug.

Family estate in the village of Znamenskoye on the Kadka River (now the Uglich district of the Yaroslavl region). The house, the dilapidated Church of the Sign of the Mother of God (built in 1784) and the park of extraordinary beauty have survived. The brick double-altar church with the Nikolsky chapel was built at the expense of the local landowner N. A. Tyutchev, the poet's grandfather. From it to the very porch of the manor house leads the Tyutchev alley of centuries-old pines. It was planned to reconstruct the estate, but no action was taken for 2015.

When the war with the French began in 1812, the Tyutchevs gathered to evacuate. The Tyutchev family left for the Yaroslavl province, in the village of Znamenskoye. There lived the grandmother of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev from the side of his father, Pelageya Denisovna Panyutina. She had been seriously ill for a long time; relatives found my grandmother alive, but on December 3, 1812, she died. The Tyutchevs decided not to return to burned Moscow, but to go to their estate in Ovstug. Raich, the future mentor and friend of Fedenka Tyutchev, also left Znamensky with them.

A year and a half after the death of my grandmother, the division of all property began. It was supposed to take place between three sons. But since the elder Dmitry was rejected by the family for marrying without parental blessing, two could participate in the section: Nikolai Nikolaevich and Ivan Nikolaevich. However, Znamenskoye was an indivisible estate, a kind of Tyutchev's majorate. It could not be divided, changed or sold. The brothers did not live in Znamenskoye for a long time: Nikolai Nikolaevich was in St. Petersburg, Ivan Nikolaevich - in Moscow, besides, he already had an estate in the Bryansk province. Thus, Nikolai Nikolaevich received Znamenskoye. In the late 1820s, Nikolai Nikolaevich died. Ivan Nikolayevich (the poet's father) became the guardian of his brother's children. All of them settled in Moscow and St. Petersburg, with the exception of Alexei, who lived in Znamenskoye. It was from him that the so-called "Yaroslavl" branch of the Tyutchevs went. His son, Alexander Alekseevich Tyutchev, that is, the nephew of Fyodor Ivanovich, was the district marshal of the nobility for 20 years. And he is the last landowner of Znamensky.

Memory

In honor of F. I. Tyutchev, the asteroid (9927) Tyutchev, discovered by astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory on October 3, 1981, is named.

Family

grandfather - Nikolai Andreevich Tyutchev Jr.(1720-1797). Wife - Pelageya Denisovna, born Panyutin(1739-December 3, 1812)
- Father - Ivan Nikolaevich Tyutchev(October 12, 1768-April 23, 1846)
- Mother - Ekaterina Lvovna(October 16, 1776 - May 15, 1866), daughter of Leo Vasilyevich Tolstoy (1740 - October 14, 1816) and Ekaterina Mikhailovna Rimskaya-Korsakova (? -1788). She was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. Her father's sister, Anna Vasilievna Osterman, and her husband F. A. Osterman played a big role in the fate of her niece and her family. Mother's brother - A. M. Rimsky-Korsakov. Children of Ivan and Catherine:
  - Nikolay Ivanovich(June 9, 1801 - December 8, 1870). Colonel of the General Staff. Died single. The last owner of the Tyutchev family estate: the village of Gorenovo (now the Roslavl district of the Smolensk region).
  - Fedor
    - 1st wife: Tyutcheva, Eleonora Fyodorovna. Their children:
      - Tyutcheva, Anna Fedorovna (1829-1889), maid of honor, author of memoirs. Husband - Aksakov, Ivan Sergeevich
      - Tyutcheva, Daria Fedorovna (1834-1903), maid of honor
      - Tyutcheva, Ekaterina Fedorovna (1835-1882), maid of honor
    - 2nd wife: Pfeffel, Ernestine. Their children:
      - Tyutcheva, Maria Fedorovna(1840-1873), married since 1865 to Nikolai Alekseevich Birilev (1829-1882)
      - Dmitry Fedorovich(1841-1870), married to Olga Alexandrovna Melnikova (1830-1913)
      - Tyutchev, Ivan Fyodorovich(1846-1909), married since 1869 to Olga Petrovna Putyata (1840-1920), niece of the wife of E. A. Baratynsky, daughter of the literary critic N. V. Putyata. Their children:
        Sofia(1869-1957). The teacher of the children of Nicholas II.
        Olga (1871-?)
        Fedor (1873-1931)
        Tyutchev, Nikolai I.(1876-1949), collector, founder and first director of the Muranovo Estate Museum.
        Ekaterina(1879-1957), married V. E. Pigarev. It is from this marriage that the branch of the Pigarevs, the modern descendants of the poet, comes.
    - Beloved - Deniseva, Elena Alexandrovna(the relationship lasted 14 years). Their children:
      - Elena (1851-1865)
      - Tyutchev, Fedor Fyodorovich (1860-1916)
      - Nicholas (1864-1865)
    - Beloved - Hydrangea Lapp. “The details of this long relationship are unknown to us. A foreigner came to Russia with Tyutchev and subsequently gave birth to two sons (...) The poet died in 1873 and bequeathed to Mrs. Lapp the pension that was legally due to his widow Ernestina Fedorovna. The widow and children sacredly fulfilled the last will of her husband and father, and for twenty years, until the death of Ernestina Feodorovna, Hortensia Lapp received a pension, which the official's widow gave her. That's all we know about this love story."
      - Nikolai Lapp-Mikhailov, died in 1877 in the battle of Shipka
      - regimental doctor Dmitry Lapp, died a few months after the death of his brother and was buried in Odessa.
  - Sergey(April 6, 1805 – May 22, 1806)
  - Dmitry(February 26, 1809 - April 25, 1815)
  - Vasiliy(January 19, 1811) died in infancy
  - Daria Ivanovna(June 5, 1806-1879), in the marriage of Sushkov.
- paternal aunt - Evdokia (Avdotya) Nikolaevna Meshcherskaya(monastic Eugene) (February 18, 1774 - February 3, 1837) - abbess, founder of the Boriso-Gleb Anosin convent.
- paternal aunt - Nadezhda Nikolayevna(1775-1850), married to Sheremetev, mother of Anastasia, future wife of the Decembrist Yakushkin and Pelageya (1802-1871), future wife of M. N. Muravyov-Vilensky.

The whole life of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev is a real example of love for the Fatherland and devotion to the Motherland. The huge creative potential was not spilled over trifles, but was reflected in more than four hundred verses.

It is not known how the life of our compatriot could have turned out if he had devoted himself entirely to literature. After all, even as a diplomat, corresponding member, secret adviser, he managed to clearly and confidently declare himself as a poet.

Childhood and youth

The future diplomat was born in a family belonging to an old noble family. It happened on November 23 (December 5), 1803. The boy was born in the family estate Ovstug, Bryansk district, Oryol province. Little Fedya spent his childhood here.

An image of Fedya, made on porcelain by an unknown artist, has been preserved. Here the child is three or four years old.

Father - Ivan Nikolaevich, was a role model: calm, gentle, reasonable. A good family man, a loving husband and father - such a characteristic was given by his contemporaries. In the future, Fyodor's college comrade will write in his diary: “I looked at the Tyutchevs, thought about family happiness. If only everyone lived as simply as they do."

And here is how the ten-year-old Fyodor describes his father, in a poem that is considered the very first known to us. The boy called him “Dear papa!”

And this is what my heart told me:
In the arms of a happy family
Gentle husband, father-philanthropist,
A true friend of kindness and the poor patron,
May your precious days pass in the world!

Mother - Ekaterina Lvovna Tolstaya, an interesting, pleasant woman with a delicate nature and a sensual soul. Probably, her youngest son Fedenka inherited her rich imagination and daydreaming. Ekaterina Lvovna was related to the famous sculptor, Count F.P. Tolstoy. She is his second cousin. Through his mother, Fedor met Leo Tolstoy and Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy.

As was customary in the nobility, the child received home education. Parents took care of the teacher for their son. They became Semyon Yegorovich Raich - this is a wonderful teacher, poet, journalist, translator. Thanks to his talent, the teacher was able to convey love to the pupil, and develop a desire to engage in literature. It was he who encouraged the first poetic experience of his student and, undoubtedly, had a beneficial effect on the formation of the work of the future poet.

At the age of fifteen, Fyodor attended Moscow University as a volunteer and, even before enrollment, in November 1818 he became a student of the Faculty of History and Philology at the Department of Literature. The young man graduated from the university in 1821, having a Ph.D. in verbal sciences.

Life abroad

On March 18, 1822, a young official was accepted into the civil service. He will serve in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. And already in the summer, Fedor Ivanovich follows his duty station in the city of Munich on a diplomatic mission.

The diplomat makes new business and personal acquaintances. Now he is personally acquainted with Heinrich Heine, a famous German poet, critic and publicist. With German philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling. In his diary, Schelling wrote about Tyutchev: "He is an excellent person, a very educated person, with whom you are always willing to talk."

Here, in Munich, Tyutchev first married. Portraits of the poet's first wife, Eleanor Peterson, testify to the exquisite attractiveness and ability to present oneself. At the time of meeting Fyodor Tyutchev, the young woman had been a widow for a year and had four young sons. This is probably why young people hid their relationship for several years.

This marriage was successful. Three daughters were born to him. After eleven years of marriage, Fedor wrote to his parents: “... I want you, who love me, to know that not a single person has ever loved another like she did me ...”

Fedor did not dedicate poetry to his first wife. Only a poem dedicated to her memory is known:

At times when it happens
So heavy on my chest
And the heart languishes
And darkness is just ahead;
.........................................
So sweet, thank you
Airy and light
my soul a hundredfold
Your love was

Biographers of Tyutchev say that despite the love for his wife, the diplomat also has other connections. However, they are quite serious. In the winter of 1833, at a social event, Fyodor Ivanovich met Baroness Ernestine von Pfeffel, Dernberg in his first marriage. The poet is fond of a young widow, writes poetry to her, and in fact creates a fatal love triangle.

Probably, this passion would not exist if we would not read such verses:

I love your eyes my friend
With their fiery-wonderful play,
When you suddenly raise them
And, like lightning from heaven,
Take a quick circle...
But there is a stronger charm:
Downcast eyes
In moments of passionate kissing,
And through lowered eyelashes
Gloomy, dim fire of desire.

To avoid compromising evidence at the embassy, it was decided to send the loving chamberlain to Turin.

It is not known how the drama of the love triangle could play out, but in 1838 Eleanor dies. Fedor Ivanovich sincerely mourns and endures her death as a great loss.

A year later, having endured the prescribed mourning, nothing prevents Fedor Ivanovich from marrying his former mistress Ernestine Dernberg. She was a rich, beautiful, educated woman. The poet developed a deep spiritual connection with her. The couple have always treated each other with respect. They had children. First a girl, then two sons.

In total, the diplomat spent 22 years abroad.

Life in Russia

From 1844 to 1848 Tyutchev served in Russia. In the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, he was entrusted with the position of senior censor. There is a lot of work, there is almost no time left for poetry.

No matter how busy the senior censor was, he found time for his family. Including Fedor Ivanovich visits his daughters, who were just studying at the institute. On one of his visits to Daria and Catherine, the amorous Fyodor Ivanovich met Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva, the same age as his eldest daughters. Relations began and lasted until Elena's death. This woman is dedicated to a large number of poems. Three children were born from this relationship.

Elena put everything on the altar of her love: relationships with her father, with friends, a career as a maid of honor. She was probably happy with the poet, who was torn between two families and dedicated poems to her.

But if the soul could
Here on earth find peace
You would be a blessing to me -
You, you, my earthly providence! ..

Even after fifteen years, poems are pouring about these difficult relationships.

Today, friend, fifteen years have passed
From that blissfully fateful day
How she breathed her whole soul,
How she poured herself into me ...

At this time, Tyutchev stands at a fairly high level of the hierarchy of officials. Since 1857 he was a real state councilor, since 1858 he was the chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee, since 1865 he was a privy councillor.

Tyutchev was awarded state awards: the Imperial Order of St. Anna, the Imperial and Royal Order of St. Stanislav, the Imperial Order of the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir.

After the death of his mistress, in 1864, the poet does not even try to hide his pain of loss in front of strangers. He is tormented by pangs of conscience. The poet considers himself guilty because he put his beloved in a false position. He reproaches himself even more for an unfulfilled promise, a collection of poems dedicated to Denisyeva has not been published. And the death of two children together with Elena completely brought the poet to insensibility.

Fyodor Ivanovich lived for 69 years. Been sick for the last few years. He died in the arms of his second legal wife, whom he also loved and respected.

Periodization of poetry

Some of the poet's poems are the property of Russian classics!

Biographers divide Tyutchev's work into three main periods:

➤ 1st period - initial. These are the years 1810-1820 - youthful poems, in style close to the 18th century.

➤ 2nd period - original poetics, 1820-1840. Individual features with traditional European romanticism and a mixture of solemnity.

➤ 3rd period - from 1850. For almost ten years, Tyutchev did not write poetry. Poems written in the last ten years of his life are like a poet's lyrical diary. They contain confessions, reflections, and confessions.

A poem written in 1870, "I met you - and all the past", like a farewell chord, exposes the soul of the poet. This is a real gem of Fedor Ivanovich's creativity. These poems and the music of the composer and conductor Leonid Dmitrievich Malashkin made the romance "I met you" one of the most famous and recognizable.

A capable, brilliant and very amorous man, Fyodor Ivanovich lived a worthy life, trying to remain honest to the end with himself, his Motherland, his beloved, his children.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev. Born on November 23 (December 5), 1803 in Ovstug, Bryansk district, Oryol province - died on July 15 (27), 1873 in Tsarskoe Selo. Russian poet, diplomat, conservative publicist, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1857.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on December 5, 1803 in the family estate of Ovstug, Oryol province. Tyutchev was educated at home. Under the guidance of the teacher, poet and translator S. E. Raich, who supported the student's interest in versification and classical languages, Tyutchev studied Latin and ancient Roman poetry, and at the age of twelve he translated Horace's odes.

Since 1817, as a volunteer, he began to attend lectures at the Verbal Department at Moscow University, where his teachers were Alexei Merzlyakov and Mikhail Kachenovsky. Even before enrollment, he was admitted to the number of students in November 1818, in 1819 he was elected a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.

Having received a certificate of graduation from the university in 1821, Tyutchev enters the service of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs and goes to Munich as a freelance attaché of the Russian diplomatic mission. Here he met Schelling and Heine and in 1826 married Eleanor Peterson, nee Countess Bothmer, from whom he had three daughters. The eldest of them, Anna, later marries Ivan Aksakov.

The steamer "Nikolai I", on which the Tyutchev family sails from St. Petersburg to Turin, is in distress in the Baltic Sea. When saving Eleanor and the children, Ivan Turgenev, who was sailing on the same ship, helps. This disaster seriously crippled the health of Eleonora Tyutcheva. She dies in 1838. Tyutchev is so saddened that, after spending the night at the coffin of his late wife, he is said to have turned gray in a few hours. However, already in 1839, Tyutchev married Ernestine Dernberg (nee Pfeffel), with whom, apparently, he had a relationship while still married to Eleanor. Ernestine's memories of a ball in February 1833, at which her first husband felt unwell, have been preserved. Not wanting to interfere with his wife's fun, Mr. Dernberg decided to go home alone. Turning to the young Russian with whom the baroness was talking, he said: "I entrust my wife to you." This Russian was Tyutchev. A few days later, Baron Dernberg died of typhus, the epidemic of which engulfed Munich at that time.

In 1835, Tyutchev received the rank of chamberlain. In 1839, Tyutchev's diplomatic activity was suddenly interrupted, but until 1844 he continued to live abroad. In 1843, he met with the all-powerful head of the III Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, A. Kh. Benckendorff. The result of this meeting was the support by Emperor Nicholas I of all Tyutchev's initiatives in the work to create a positive image of Russia in the West. Tyutchev was given the go-ahead for an independent speech in the press on the political problems of relations between Europe and Russia.

Returning to Russia in 1844, Tyutchev again entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1845), where from 1848 he held the position of senior censor. Being him, he did not allow the distribution of the manifesto of the Communist Party in Russian in Russia, stating that "who needs it, they will read it in German."

Almost immediately upon his return, F. I. Tyutchev actively participates in Belinsky's circle.

On April 7, 1857, Tyutchev received the rank of real state councilor, and on April 17, 1858 he was appointed chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee. In this post, despite numerous troubles and clashes with the government, Tyutchev stayed for 15 years, until his death. On August 30, 1865, Tyutchev was promoted to secret adviser, thereby reaching the third, and in fact even the second step in the state hierarchy of officials.

During his service, he received 1,800 chervonets in gold and 2,183 rubles in silver as awards (prizes).

On July 15, 1873, Tyutchev died in Tsarskoye Selo. On July 18, 1873, the coffin with the body of the poet was transported from Tsarskoye Selo to St. Petersburg and buried in the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803-1873) is one of the famous Russian poets who made a huge contribution to the development of the lyrical poetic direction.

The poet's childhood takes place in the family estate of the Oryol province, where Tyutchev receives education at home, studying with a hired teacher Semyon Raich, who instills in the boy a desire to study literature and foreign languages.

At the insistence of his parents, after graduating from Moscow University and defending his Ph.D. thesis in linguistics, Tyutchev enters the diplomatic service, to which he devotes his whole life, working at the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs.

Tyutchev spends more than twenty years of his life abroad, being at diplomatic work in Germany, where he enters into his first marriage with Eleanor Peterson, who gives him three daughters. After the death of his wife, Fedor Ivanovich marries into a second marriage, where he has several more children, but has love affairs on the side, dedicating numerous poems to his beloved women.

The poet composes his first poems as early as his youth, imitating the ancient authors. Having matured, Tyutchev reveals himself as a love lyricist who used the techniques inherent in European romanticism.

Returning to his homeland with his second family, Tyutchev continues to work as a privy councillor, but does not give up his poetic passion. However, in the last years of his life, the poet's work was aimed at creating not lyrical works, but those with political overtones.

Genuine fame and recognition come to the poet already in adulthood when he creates numerous poems that convey landscape and philosophical lyrics, which he composes after retiring from public service and settling in the estate of Tsarskoye Selo.

Tyutchev passes away after a long illness at the age of seventy in the suburbs of St. Petersburg, leaving after his death a legacy of several hundred poems, distinguished by the poet's favorite theme in the form of images of natural phenomena in various forms, as well as love lyrics, which demonstrate the whole gamut emotional human experiences. Before his death, Tyutchev, by the will of fate, manages to meet with Amalia Lerchenfeld, the woman who was his first love, to whom he dedicates his famous poems entitled "I met you ..."

Option 2

Fedor Ivanovich was born on November 23, 1803 on the territory of the Ovstug estate, located in the small Oryol province.

The beginning of education was laid at home, parents and experienced teachers helped him to study poetry written in ancient Rome, as well as Latin. After he was sent to the University of Moscow, where he studied at the Faculty of Literature.

In 1821, he graduated from an educational institution and immediately began to work as an official holding a position in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. As a diplomat, he is sent to work on the territory of Munich. He lives on the territory of a foreign country for 22 years, where he met his true and only love, with whom he lived happily in a marriage in which he had three daughters.

The beginning of creativity

Tyutchev begins to create in 1810, and the early period ends ten years later. This includes poems written in youth that are similar to the works of the last century.

The second period begins in the 20th year and ends in the 40th. He begins to use the features of European romanticism, and also turns to native Russian lyrics. Poetry at this moment acquires the features of originality and its inherent relationship to the outside world.

In 1844 the author returned to his historical homeland. There he worked for a sufficient time as a censor. In his free time, he talked with colleagues in the Belinsky circle, which also includes Turgenev, Nekrasov and Goncharov.

The works written during this period never go to print, he tries to write on political topics, so he tries not to show creativity to others. And the last collection is published, but does not gain much popularity.

The number of troubles suffered leads to a deterioration in health and general condition, so the author dies in Tsarskoye Selo in 1873. During this time, he experienced many difficulties, which he shared with his beloved wife.

The general lyrics of the poet has about 400 poetic forms, there are many museums in Russia that tell about the author's work and his difficult life, as well as the time spent abroad.

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