State Security Intelligence

One of the first chiefs of the INO VChK was Solomon Grigorievich Mogilevsky, who took this post a year after the organization of the Foreign Department. But already in August 1921, the INO was headed by Mikhail (Meir) Abramovich Trilisser, who remained in this post for 9 years. No one has surpassed him in the duration of his tenure in such a "slippery" and responsible position.

He was born in 1883. Professional revolutionary, spent almost 10 years in prisons and exile. During the Civil War, he was a commissar in large military formations. After leaving the post of head of the INO, Trilisser was a member of the Presidium of the Comintern. In 1940 he was arrested and shot.

During this time, in most European countries, in China and the United States, illegal INO residencies were created and intelligence networks were deployed. In 1926, the so-called Special Group was formed - a parallel INO service for the deep penetration of agents and the preparation of sabotage in Western Europe, Turkey and China. It was led for more than 10 years by Yakov Isaakovich, a career intelligence officer and an experienced illegal immigrant.

These agents subsequently achieved a very high social and official position. For example, Kim almost headed British intelligence and was one of the founders of the CIA. The "Cambridge Five" is considered one of the most effective undercover groups in the history of Soviet espionage.

From 1933 to 36 - Resident in London. Then Orlov becomes the head of Soviet intelligence in Spain and at the same time - an adviser to the republican government on security issues. He acted very successfully, as evidenced by the orders of Lenin and the Red Banner.

In 1938, Orlov received an order to leave for Moscow. But, knowing that there is a wholesale destruction of foreign agents, he fled to America with his wife and daughter. At the same time, he notifies Stalin with a special letter that in the event of attempts to remove him, all agents in Europe will be exposed. And since Moscow knew that Orlov was aware of the composition of most spy groups, he was left alone. After Stalin's death, he published the sensational book The Secret History of Stalin's Crimes. Orlov died in the USA in 1973.

After Orlov's flight, intelligence activities in Spain were headed by his deputy Naum Isaakovich. He was born in 1898 in Mogilev. Since 1919 - an employee of the Cheka, graduated from the military academy.

Since 1925, in illegal work, first in China, then in Turkey and finally in Spain. Upon his return to Moscow, he was given the task of destroying Leon Trotsky at any cost, who was then living in Mexico. organized two assassination attempts, as a result of the second, Trotsky was killed by Ramon.

Only recently it became known about the Jewish origin of one of the most prominent partisan commanders of the Great Patriotic War, Hero of the Soviet Union, Colonel Dmitry Nikolayevich Medvedev. He was born in 1898 in Bezhitsa and worked in the bodies of the Cheka - NKVD from 1920 to 1935. Then he was fired and repressed. At the beginning of the war, Medvedev was released, and he became the commander of a special sabotage and reconnaissance detachment operating in Ukraine. This detachment, in particular, served as a base for the legendary saboteur Nikolai Kuznetsov.

It is also necessary, albeit briefly, to dwell on the combat activities of another saboteur of the Great Patriotic War, the Jew Yuri Kolesnikov. Unlike the cases of Kuznetsov, described in Medvedev's books "Strong in Spirit" and "It was near Rovno", Kolesnikov's exploits are little known, although they are not inferior in importance to them. Yuri Kolesnikov was nominated three times for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, but only in 1995 did he become a Hero of Russia and receive the Gold Star from the hands of Yeltsin.

Even during the war, the NKVD spies were given the task of obtaining the secrets of the atomic bomb, which was being worked on in the United States. One of the main organizers of this operation was Grimmel Markovich. He was born in Riga in 1899, became a Soviet agent in 1922, spied in Turkey, Italy, France, the USA.

He was lucky: when he was recalled to Moscow and ordered his arrest, for some reason this order was not carried out. And in 1941 he was sent to the USA, he created an extensive intelligence network here, which was very useful for penetrating the uranium project.

After the arrest of the Rosenbergs, Cohens and managed to escape to the USSR. Returned there earlier. In 1947-49, he was Deputy Executive Secretary of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (). When the entire composition was arrested, then, one of the few, escaped execution. He received 25 years in prison, but was released after the death of Stalin. However, torture and moral torment broke this seasoned agent, and he soon died.

Fate Coens was not much better off. They were retrained and sent to London in 1954, where they worked with the notorious spy Konon. After being exposed in 1961, Cohens received 25 years in prison, but were exchanged in 1969. Surprisingly, first Leontina, then Morris became Heroes of Russia, though - posthumously - in 1994 and 97.

It seems that the story will be incomplete if we ignore the truly fantastic cases of the Lithuanian Karaite Joseph, who, being a hardened Soviet spy, managed to become the ambassador of the Republic of Costa Rica in Italy and the Vatican. This happened in 1950. And in 1953 he was hastily recalled to Moscow and expelled from the intelligence of the MGB as part of the campaign of its wholesale "purification" of persons of Jewish nationality.

At that time, all Jews were imprisoned or were executed without exception - employees of the central apparatus and undercover workers. And after 1953, in the state security intelligence services, the notorious "Jewish question" was finally and irrevocably resolved.

Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff ( )

Long before the Cheka, intelligence structures were already functioning in the Red Army. In the system of its Field Headquarters, on November 8, 1918, the Registration Directorate (Registrupr) was created, which took over the leadership of the entire military intelligence system. Sergei was appointed his chief in June 1919. In fact, his name was Yakov Davidovich, who became a Bolshevik back in 1896. During the Civil War, he commanded the Moscow Defense Sector, was a member of the military councils of the fronts and the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (RVSR).

Gusev worked as head of the Register until the beginning of 1920. Then military intelligence until 1935 was led by Jan Karlovich, a Latvian. He was replaced by Commander Semyon Petrovich. He was born in Cherkasy in 1895. In the Civil War, he commanded a cavalry brigade, graduated from the Military Academy and was sent to Germany for illegal work.

Upon his return, he commanded a division and a rifle corps. Then the chief. Since 1937 - Commander of the Moscow Military District. Arrested and shot in August 1938.

From September 1937 to May 1938, military intelligence was headed by another Jew, Semyon Grigorievich. Then he was arrested and shot in February 1939. The same fate befell almost all deputy chiefs, heads of departments and directions of the Jews: Abramov, Aleksandrovsky (Yukelzon), Arkus, Askov, Borovich (Rozenshtal), Bronin (Lichtenshtal), Weinberg, Weiner, Woll. All of them were accused of treason and executed in the black years of 1937-1939.

But besides them, about 50 more Jews, heads of foreign residencies, illegal agents were summoned to Moscow and executed. It must be added that they are only a part of the entire military intelligence cadre, which was destroyed at that time by order of Stalin. All these people were experienced professional intelligence officers, as a rule, who had pre-revolutionary experience of illegal work.

The Sonderkommando was formed by order in the autumn of 1941 in connection with the sharp activation of illegal radio transmitters in Western Europe. The Sonderkommando was equipped with the latest radio direction finders for those times, which made it possible to pinpoint the location of active radios with high accuracy. Its units tracked all transmissions in Germany itself and the countries it occupied. And there were 5 illegal intelligence groups, consisting of agents of the Soviet military intelligence. It can be said, sacramentally, that the leaders of all these groups were Jews. The first to be noted is Leopold, who was born in 1904 in the Galician town of Novi Targ.

As a very young guy, he joined the Zionists and emigrated to Palestine in 1924, where he joined the Communist Party, after 5 years he left for France. He was recruited by agents of the Comintern and in 1932 transferred to Moscow, where he became a member of military intelligence. In 1937, he illegally arrived in Belgium and recruited a group of agents there, which became more active after the German occupation. The core of this group was made up of local Jews. In August 1940 he left for France. There he became a resident of a local intelligence group and launched work to obtain information from the headquarters of the occupying troops. The information he sent to the Center was highly appreciated.

In 1939 from Moscow to Brussels officer Anatoly Markovich arrived. He was born in Kharkov in 1913, recruited by military intelligence in 1936, a participant in the Spanish Civil War. In Belgium, he took over the leadership of the residency from, acted under the pseudonym "Kent". organized a firm of rubber products "Simeksko", made connections in business circles and among Wehrmacht officers who bought the products of his company. Its branches opened in Paris, Berlin, Prague, Marseille and other cities that he traveled around collecting information. This information was important and reliable, the network of radio stations made it possible to send it to the Center in a timely manner.

Meanwhile, Moscow demanded more and more data. To transmit them, walkie-talkies in Paris and Brussels worked almost continuously. Thus, they violated the elementary rules of conspiracy, providing the German mobile direction finders with ideal conditions for notching. Which happened soon after.

On December 13, 1941, a unit of the Sonderkommando "Red Chapel" led by Fritz raided a radio in Brussels and captured two radio operators and a cipher and - the worst! - ciphers that the underground did not have time to destroy. The Brussels radio apartment was liquidated, and he himself only miraculously managed to avoid arrest.

Moreover, according to the decoded radiograms, the Gestapo was able to establish the true addresses of the Berlin intelligence network and arrested about 130 of its members. Almost all of them were executed or died in concentration camps. The crashes continued. In June 1942, radio operators in Paris were arrested, agents in Holland were captured.

But the main goal of the Sonderkommando was to arrest the leaders - and about which the investigators learned from the interrogations of the arrested. And in November 1942, the Gestapo arrested, and a few days later - and. In total, more than 200 illegal agents of Soviet military intelligence were arrested in France, Belgium, Holland and Germany during the year, 12 radios were captured. This was perhaps the biggest success of the German counterintelligence in the fight against Soviet espionage. Only Stalin, who destroyed many times more of his most experienced intelligence officers, could inflict a heavier blow.

Using the captured radio operators and their walkie-talkies, the German counterintelligence launched the most delicious type of operations - radio games with the Moscow Center, which made it possible to misinform the Soviet command about German plans, about the deployment and movement of troops. But these radio games were only partially successful - at the very beginning of the operation, because both, and managed to report that the radios were controlled by the enemy.

spies

This is an unusual book, a facsimile book. It is assembled, as in a kaleidoscope, from various pieces: pieces of the life of an unusual person. Odessan Mark Steinberg lives today in the Israeli city of Petah Tikva. And his melodies sounded and sound both in Siberian towns, and in the Kremlin hall, in the capital of Belarus, and, of course, in Odessa and Israel. I am glad that I was lucky enough to meet this person and work in a creative tandem. Roman Aizenshtat, member of the Israel Writers Union, poet

Mark Steinberg: "I'm from Odessa"

Towards the anniversary - the 80th anniversary of the birth

Composer's Courage

The name of the composer Mark Steinberg, as they say, is well known to many people - especially the older generation, from the time of special interest in jazz, which was persecuted by the Soviet authorities for many years. Steinberg loved and performed a lot of jazz. But he did not come to jazz immediately. Before there was a war - Mark was wounded as a child - and a military school of musical students, the desire to study further, and many obstacles - often artificial. Severe operations, illness, disability ...

The man overcame all this courageously and with honor and became what he aspired to be - a great performer, composer. He became once and continues to be until now, in spite of everything, no matter what life's difficulties. Many plans were confused by a serious illness ...

But, having lost the physical ability to reproduce his musical creations on the instrument, the composer writes them down on sheet music. Mark Steinberg is a man of great will. Struggling with a serious illness, he stubbornly continues to work, write beautiful music. Hundreds of poems by famous and little-known poets have acquired a new sound, a new life thanks to the composer's setting them to music. These songs are performed in many countries.

Here is what the poet Mikhail Rinsky from the Israeli city of Ramat Gan says about Mark Steinberg. With this introduction, he, as it were, gives the beginning to our whole story.

- In the "credits" of my memories of the Israeli period of life, Mark Steinberg is the author of many wonderful songs not only in Russian, but also in Yiddish, the author of music collections, articles and stories. About Mark Steinberg often write in the Israeli, Ukrainian and American press.

When I was introduced to this talented musician, I took it as a great honor. We were introduced by his equally talented and interesting colleague Yuri Kremer. Our union was sealed by the consent of these people to write songs and romances based on my poems. I liked working with composers who are so organic in their joint work. Having undergone major operations and therefore limited in his physical abilities, Mark calls Yuri, who helps him in processing and performing works, "my good angel."

Having become better acquainted with Steinberg, I considered it simply necessary for myself to ask my fellow musicologists to tell about this not only creatively interesting, but also a courageous person, about the extraordinary development of this talented person.

Stage one - the school of musicians

As a boy, Marik Steinberg became a pupil of the Odessa Military School of Musical Pupils, which is akin to the Suvorov School. Military musicians were trained in it. At the same time, there were all the general education subjects required for high school. The school was under the special attention of Marshal G.K. Zhukov, since it was he who proposed to Stalin the idea of ​​​​founding these educational institutions, and simply saving at least a few children from starvation and tearing them out of the web of homelessness.

1947 Mark takes part in a military parade in Odessa. Marshal Georgy Zhukov welcomes his beloved pupils.

“Zhukov often came to our school to check on life. After all, with his light hand, 13 schools of musicians were created throughout the country, ”recalls Steinberg. “And this is what once was the case. At the last rehearsal before the parade, Zhukov came up to our box - and we opened the parade - and looking at what we were wearing, he was very angry. “What is this army? Head of the garrison to me, immediately! ”He orders. We were terribly dressed, not even everyone had boots, some in windings.

“Head of the garrison, where are the Romanians?” Zhukov continues to shout.

“On the way to Dalnik, Comrade Commander,” the head of the garrison reported. Dalnik is a district of Odessa. "Catch up, undress and sew a uniform for my Suvorovites!"

In the evening, thirty tailors began to work and worked all night until morning in our yard. In the morning everything was ready, we looked brilliant. At the parade, circling the troops, the marshal drove up to us and, it seems, was pleased! This time, in a beautiful uniform, with stripes, proudly chasing a step, we opened the parade to the beat of drums and the solemn sounds of trumpets!

Not so long ago, I read in the modern newspaper Odessa Leaf, which continues the tradition of a 19th century newspaper with the same name, a message that the 60th anniversary of two Odessa special schools - naval and air force - will be celebrated. And memories immediately came flooding back… After all, according to the same model, in 1937, our military music school (OVMSh) was created in Odessa, of which I was a pupil in 1947-1951.

I well remember my school friends and wonderful teachers who taught us the art of music, drill, regulations and other wisdom necessary for future military musicians. Among the teachers there were also women who surrounded us with maternal care, love, warming us with the warmth of their hearts. For many of us, the Odessa military music saved our lives, protected us from the terrible consequences of the war.

Life scattered in different directions those who, together with me, comprehended the basics of musical notation and military discipline. But our soldier friendship is strong ...

Anniversary meeting

In 1976, in the premises of an ordinary Odessa school, where our military music school had previously been located, graduates of the OVMS of different years gathered. At the anniversary meeting, everyone talked about their successes over the past 25 years. The people came with their wives, our teachers were on the presidium. They honored the memory of those who had gone to another world. I was offered the honor to begin the solemn part of the meeting. First of all, I thanked my wife Svetochka for her help in organizing the gathering. "I didn't help!" - burst out of her. “You helped by not preventing me from doing what I love!” Everyone applauded vigorously, expressing their approval to my wife. For me it was an unforgettable, happy moment in my life.

Our meeting was accompanied by the brass band of military unit 18798 under the direction of Captain Alexander Firsov. The same orchestra in which in 1956 I served as a soloist with the conductor Alexei Vasilievich Zaitsev.

... All sorts of cases happened at our school, sometimes there were unpleasant ones: former orphans, pupils V. Lisitsa, T. Goncharov, A. Kurbatov robbed the school cashier. They were, of course, soon caught having candy. The case before the tribunal was not allowed by the head of the school, which pushed back his promotion in rank by two years ...

I remember the words of the head teacher G.T. Soltanovsky: You will never forget these three names, and after many years when you meet you will say: “How not to remember? These are the ones that robbed the cashier "...

And indeed, we remember these names over the years: Lisitsa became an assistant professor at the Odessa Conservatory, Goncharov was the coach of the USSR Olympic weightlifting team, Kurbatov worked as the chief engineer of the famous AZLK plant, produced the Muscovites, beloved by the people, and then he worked at RAF. The past war forced half-starved boys to steal. But, fortunately, there were adults next to us who perfectly understood this and believed that real people would still grow out of us, and therefore they didn’t let the guys break their lives, even at the cost of their own careers ... ”

The years of study at the military music school in Odessa are memorable by meetings with many outstanding people, which were organized by our boss - an excellent teacher named Palumbo. Our guests were Korolev - the world boxing champion, heroes of the Soviet Union, Alexander Sveshnikov - the famous choirmaster, famous musicians I.O. Dunaevsky, A.I. Khachaturian, D.D. Shostakovich, M.L. Rostropovich, R. M. Glier.

To a great musical life

On July 3, 1951, the entire orchestra was graduated from us, pupils of the OVMSh, entering in 1947, which prepared Yu.P. Bondovsky for further orchestral service. It was on our course that training was transferred from 3 to 4 years. Naturally, in order to continue their studies, the leadership and the teachers' council left the most "mobile" - in the sense of doing well. They gave us certificates. Within four days, everyone was gone. We took a group photo. As an excellent student, I had the right to choose and chose with great pleasure the orchestra of Senior Lieutenant Zaitsev. The orchestra led by him took 1st place in the competition of orchestras of the Odessa military district.

They brought us to the military camp near Odessa "Chabanka". I was, like the rest, so prepared that in the evening I was in the ranks performing "Dawn". We lived in tents for 10 people, rise at 6.00, and at 8.00 we were already rehearsing on the cliff, over the sea, A.K. Glazunov's waltz from the ballet "Raymonda".

I was placed in the row of clarinet players third from the flutists, that is, I played the part of the first clarinet. There are two ahead - the soloist-conscript Vladimir Sokolov and his assistant, also a conscript Vadim Tsvetkovsky. A solo duet of clarinets comes up, Vadim (because of a hangover) has a “kix”, and I get hit in the neck from him, like I have a kiks.

The conductor repeats the episode, and again a kix... Again another portion on the neck, and here I showed my independent character - I launched my clarinet into the sea from a cliff. Zaitsev understood what was happening, and ordered the entire orchestra to dive into the sea, to catch the clarinet. When it was pulled out, all the pads had already fallen off. Zaitsev ordered to take another clarinet in the instrumental, I followed the order and returned to the orchestra, but he seated me (the pupil) as a soloist, and the over-enlisted people were put in assistants.

Soon a new regular competition was held, again the first place, I was the soloist. Offended in feelings, Sokolov transferred to serve in the orchestra of the Frunze Academy.

I served in the orchestra for six years - a pupil, a conscript, a conscript. In this orchestra, despite the fact that the conductors changed, in 1955 he nevertheless returned after serving abroad, already as a major, Zaitsev. Unfortunately, not for long, at the end of 1956, at a tram stop, he suddenly died ...

Mark calls his clarinet teacher Pyotr Semenovich Glushkin his first teacher in music, considers him the main teacher in his life. There were, of course, many others, whose memory is also alive in the heart - for example, Zinovy ​​Borisovich Pyatigorsky. But it is to Peter Semenovich that Mark owes his love for music. Glushkin had many talented students. Odessans say that only Odessa can give birth to such talented teachers.

... After college, Mark served in a military band until 1957, when, as he writes, he "fell ill" with jazz. In the central Odessa cinema "Ukraine" there was a wonderful jazz orchestra, led by a famous jazz player, guitarist Evgeny Tantsyura. Mark played saxophone and clarinet in the orchestra. And since 1977, Mark Steinberg has been leading this orchestra for ten years.

Israeli music. Responding to the good and the tragic

The composer responds with his work to everything good and everything tragic that happens in Israel. The memory of the victims of the terrorist attack in the "Delphinarium" is dedicated to his song "Soul Tremble". Mark Steinberg wrote a song dedicated to the 120th anniversary of the city of Petah Tikva, where he now lives. Mark cooperates with the city club "Odessit". He writes music based on poems by local amateur poets. He regularly "voices" poems sent to him from Odessa, turning them into songs.

Mark works closely with the poetess Sarah Singer. In collaboration with Yuri Kremer and Sarah Singer, he recorded many songs in Yiddish.

End of introductory segment.

In my opinion, the tactics of selectively destroying the leaders of terror is unjustified and ineffective. It is reminiscent of the terror of the Narodnaya Volya in Tsarist Russia. I believe that the main method of fighting terrorism in Israel should be the destruction of entire Palestinian settlements, together with the inhabitants. This will clearly demonstrate to the terrorists the inadequacy of their actions and give rise to fear of retribution among the Arabs themselves, and not among the Jews.

Jews and Jewry were central to Hitler's worldview and activities for more than twenty years. He considered them a nation of destroyers and irrevocably linked himself, his party and the fate of the German people with the persecution of the Jews, and then with their total extermination in Germany and Europe. Once in power, Hitler moved from words to deeds - the sporadic persecution of Jews gained legal justification. On September 15, 1935, at the Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg, two laws were adopted, immediately and unconditionally approved by the Reichstag: the “Law on Reich Citizenship” and the “Law on the Protection of German Blood and German Honor”. These laws and the subsequent 12 decrees were openly directed against the Jews of Germany. From now on, everyone was considered a Jew with whom? part of the blood was Jewish, that is, at least one grandfather or one grandmother was Jewish. Such people were automatically deprived of German citizenship. Sexual relations between Jews and Aryans were prosecuted as a criminal offense ...

From the very beginning of Nazism, the Nazis claimed that Jews and Jewesses posed a sexual danger to Germany. The main organ of anti-Semites, the magazine Stürmer, published by the pathological Judeophobe Julius Streicher, asserted that the male abilities of an Aryan could be greatly affected by association with a Jewess. And a German woman convicted of having sex with a Jew was declared a criminal in the “Sturmer” long before Nuremberg. And it was not limited to magazine propaganda. Already in the late 1930s, German women who had sexual intercourse with Jews were forced to wear a sign on their chests with the inscription: "I committed an abomination." If a German woman became pregnant by a Jew, then she was forced to have an abortion. Her seducer was hung around the neck of the same tablet, which differed only in a six-pointed star. There were also cases of their sterilization. With the adoption of the Nuremberg Code, such relationships were prohibited by law. It is curious that after the "Kristallnacht" on November 10, 1938, when the Nazis killed many Jews and raped many Jewish women, they were not punished for murders, but they were punished for rape, as for an act that violated the law "On the purity of Aryan blood." Jews who violated this law were often punished with the death penalty. And hard labor in such cases was an inevitable punishment. By the way, some of these cases became the subject of interest of the Fuhrer himself, who demanded that court materials be sent to the Reich Chancellery. There were quite a few cases of violation of the laws of racial purity: in the first year after the adoption of the Nuremberg Code, there were more than 500 of them.

According to this code, marriage to a Jew or Jewess was considered a crime for an Aryan, and they were forced to divorce, which often ended in tragedy. Thus, the famous German actor Joachim Gottschalk chose to commit suicide rather than part with his Jewish wife. She, however, immediately shot herself, killing her 8-year-old son. The Aryans were even punished for having connections with half-Jews. Moreover, one German was convicted for masturbating while looking at a naked Jewish woman. And so that a Jew could not “pick up” a German prostitute under the cover of darkness, he was forbidden to leave the house after 8 pm. Nazism renewed the prohibitions of the Middle Ages. Since September 1937 in Germany it was forbidden by law to feed the children of Jews to Aryan wet nurses. A similar prohibition applied to Jewish nurses. From a note from the Minister of Justice, Hitler learned that one of them was selling her milk to a German pediatrician's clinic. The legal case against her was initiated secretly, "so as not to injure the Aryan parents." A similar ban was even more categorically applied to Jewish donated blood. Many patients did not agree to a transfusion without an official certificate that the blood was Aryan.

It was unthinkable for the Nazis to even shake hands with a Jew. In 1942, Gauleiter Kube shook hands with a Minsk Jew for leading his luxurious Horch out of a burning garage. A denunciation to Berlin immediately followed from one of the Gauleiter's close associates, and he had to justify himself to Himmler. Beginning in 1936, "Aryans Only" signs were placed on all benches in public places. And for the Jews, the benches were painted bright yellow, they were installed with German pedantry: for 40 "Aryan" - one "Jewish".

In Berlin, since 1934, a special anthropological institute for racial studies began to function, which was engaged in setting standards for racial purity. Anthropometric tests were carried out at this institute on all human organs in order to establish the specific parameters of an Aryan and a Jew. For example, only for the ears there were 22 such parameters. Even more parameters concerned the “Semitic” nose. It was believed that he was hooked and it was easy to distinguish a Jew from him. One of the creators of racial theory, Rosenberg, published a whole manual for young people, teaching them to recognize Jews by their external signs, among which the nose was considered the main one. Hitler also categorically declared: "There is a feature common to all Jews from the Warsaw ghetto to the Moroccan bazaars: an aggressive nose with a cruel and vicious cut of the nostrils." Another leading figure in racial theory, Dr. Vershauer, claimed that the Jews had shifty eyes and large protruding ears. It was also believed that a typical Jew must have black hair, which is why in Nazi Germany it was not recommended to be a brunette. As you understand, in this country a Jew with all the repulsive features attributed to him, especially in comparison with the standard Aryan appearance, was a creature obviously ugly in appearance. To top it off, the Nazis accused the Jews of giving off a bad smell. The Fuhrer himself actively supported the myth of the stench of the Jews. In a speech delivered on November 29 in Munich, he stated: “The racial instinct of the Aryans allowed them to distinguish a Jew by a bad smell and prevented sexual intercourse with these subhumans. But they invented perfume to smell like everyone else and not to alienate German women. This is what the Jews were counting on.” The Nazis looked for a scientific explanation for "Jewish fumes" and found them to be analogous to the smell of Negroes. Nazi anthropologists argued that "a Jew is just a whitewashed black... The specific smell of the Jews betrays their Negroid roots." This myth was used by the Nazis primarily to instill aversion to sexual contact with Jews. For the same purpose, the Nazis spread the fabrication that Aryan women become infected with Jewish sperm during sexual intercourse.

Julius Streicher, in the New Year's issue of "Sturmer" for 1935, published a "study" in which it was proved that one intercourse with a Jew is enough for all the children of a German woman to be born ugly, weak and painful. And Hitler was one of the most faithful supporters of the ideas of Sturmer, which were the basis of the Nuremberg laws of racial purity. However, long before them, the Fuhrer wrote in Mein Kampf: “A Jew defiles an Aryan with his blood, during sexual intercourse he poisons her blood.” To further inflame the hatred of the Jews, the Nazis revived the myth of their unbridled lust, which dates back to the Middle Ages. This myth was most widely disseminated during the anti-Semitic campaigns in Germany in the 1930s. Stürmer published a special book for children called “The Poisonous Mushroom”, in which they were warned against the slightest contact with Jews, for all of them are sexual maniacs who only dream of violence against Aryan girls and boys. In other writings, Jews were attributed incredible sexuality and perversion. In a Berlin quite respectable medical publication of 1936, one could read an article under a yard-long headline: "Jewish doctors rape patients under anesthesia." The article listed the names of doctors exiled to a concentration camp for "defiling young Aryans." Another fabrication against the Jews was their alleged unwillingness to serve in the army during the First World War. Many newspapers published materials from former front-line soldiers who claimed that Jews who had dug in behind the lines had fun with the wives and daughters of those who fought on the fronts. Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf that "the Jews, after the Germans left for the front, immediately took their places in the vacated beds." By the way, today there is quite reliable evidence that Hitler was very poorly endowed with nature in sexual terms and, naturally, fiercely envied the Jews, who, in his opinion, were too generously equipped sexually. In the same “Mein Kampf” he wrote: “Walking through the streets of Vienna, I observed a lot of big-nosed Jews, to whom beautiful German women clung ... At the sight of them, a chill ran down my spine, and I was seized with rage.” In speeches and private conversations of the Fuhrer, one of his main accusations against the Jews were their overt and covert sexual perversions. In the comprehensive anti-Semitic campaign launched by the Nazis, the sexual aspect occupied a very significant place and contributed no small share in inciting hatred and contempt for German Jews. This aspect was perfectly combined with drastic administrative measures and to a certain extent served as a basis and justification for them.

As early as 1936, Jews were not allowed to hold public office, especially to serve in the army. Almost all professions became non-Jewish, their freedom of movement was limited, and soon the confiscation of real estate began. In Germany, an all-encompassing framework for the identification of persons of Jewish origin has been established. In addition, the Gestapo agents raged throughout the country, engulfing society with wholesale surveillance and denunciation. According to scrupulous research by the special service of the Gestapo, there were about half a million people who, according to the Nuremberg laws, were Jews in Germany. Soon after Hitler came to power, Jews began to leave Germany. Racial laws also caused a general flight. According to the Jerusalem Institute Yad Vashem, by September 1939, 360,000 Jews had left Germany, after which the barrier was lowered. Finally, on October 9, 1942, Martin Bormann signed a decree stating: “The permanent elimination of Jews from German territory can no longer be carried out by emigration, but only by the use of ruthless force in special camps in the East.” According to the director of the Yad Vashem Institute, Professor Yitzhak Arad, more than 150,000 German Jews were exterminated in such camps. Even before that, about 30 thousand died in concentration camps in Germany. Thus, Germany itself, the first of the European countries, was completely cleansed of people with a quarter of Jewish blood, became “Judenfrei” in the cynical expression of the Nazis. (From the article "Sexual Holocaust" - A.Z.)

Why such a pretentious name - "Jewish shield of the USSR"? Why not the Ukrainian shield of the USSR, Georgian, Tatar or Uzbek shields of the same Soviet Union? Yes, first of all, because such shields were not created by representatives of these ethnic groups. During the Great Patriotic War, Jews led a significant part of the military industry. The Jews, in the main, after the war created nuclear, thermonuclear, air defense and missile defense missile shields. They also made up a significant part of theorists and designers in strategic rocketry, the military sectors of aircraft and shipbuilding, military electrical engineering, chemistry, etc. To be convinced of the validity of such a categorical statement, it is enough to read my book ... I think that the story about these Jews is the great merit of the book . I could cite here information from my book, which testifies that the Jews fought valiantly, that there were many heroes among them, but I will focus on the top commanders. 235 Jews became generals and admirals during the war. Of these, 110 were directly in charge of the fighting. The generals were about 100 generals and admirals - Jews, whose names are mostly unknown even to the Jewish population of the USSR. The corps were commanded by 14 Jews, at different times they led 23 corps. The armies were commanded by 8 Jews: Generals Malinovsky, Kreizer, Kolpakchi, Skvirsky, Dashevsky, Broad, Gorodinsky and Pruss. Jews - 25 generals and the Marshal of the Soviet Union led the fighting fronts. 16 Jewish generals and admirals served in the bodies of the Supreme Headquarters, who, thus, are directly involved in the strategic management of the war as a whole.
All these Jewish commanders are described in the book. But the most detailed information is about Marshal of the Soviet Union Rodion Malinovsky, army generals Vladimir Kolpakchi and Yakov Kreizer, colonel generals Lev Kotlyar and Alexander Tsirlin, lieutenant generals Mark Shevelev, Aron Karponosov and some others.
The book also details the activities of prominent intelligence officers Jan Chernyak, Leopold Trepper, Shandor Rado and Rachel Dubendorf; the largest saboteurs Yakov Serebryansky and Yevgeny Volyansky, partisan Alexander Pechersky and others whose names are unknown to most Soviet citizens, not to mention foreigners ...

The book tells about the features of the military service of Jews in peacetime. These features boiled down mainly to their discrimination in all aspects of the service. "Hazing" of particular cruelty fell upon the Jewish soldiers. Officers were faced with the impossibility of entering the academy, they were clamped down in every possible way in promotion and assignment of the next ranks, they were driven into the most terrible garrisons in terms of climatic conditions, without the prospect of being transferred to more civilized places. Despite the fact that Jewish officers, as a rule, served quite conscientiously, they were distinguished by diligence, initiative, courage and courage in the performance of the most dangerous tasks.
In such conditions, few Jews managed to become generals and admirals. For 46 post-war years, 79 officers received "stripes". But already in 1990, only three of them remained in the entire Soviet Army. Two of them - Lev Rokhlin and Alexander Rutskoi - participated in the Afghan war, Admiral Lev Chernavin was an outstanding naval commander. A separate essay is devoted to each of these commanders in the book.
Of particular importance, I think, is the third part, which tells about the Jews - the creators of the weapons of the Soviet Army in the post-war period. And first of all - about those who created nuclear and thermonuclear weapons. In addition to the story about 36 direct participants in this process, there are separate essays about three times Heroes of Socialist Labor Boris Vannikov, Yulia Khariton, Yakov Zeldovich and Yefim Slavsky. It is symbolic, by the way, that in total the title of Hero of Socialist Labor three times was awarded to 12 scientists and designers, four of them are Jews!
You will find almost no information about the Jews - the creators of strategic missiles. For example, who has heard of the head of the first missile research institute - 88 Major General Hero of Socialist Labor Lev Ruvimovich Gonor? But Korolev himself was at NII-88 at first only the head of a department. It seems that no more is known about the outstanding role in strategic rocket science of Semyon Kosberg, Boris Chertok, Boris Shaposhnik, Matus Bisnovat. All of them are Heroes of Socialist Labor, General and Chief designers of rocket technology. About them - separate essays, but many other rocket scientists - Jews are also told. Widely known Jews are the creators of combat aircraft Semyon Lavochkin and Mikhail Gurevich, helicopters - Mikhail Mil. It seems, however, few people know that there were four more Jews of the General Aircraft Designer: Heroes of Socialist Labor Matus Bisnovat, David Khorol, Isaak Iosilovich and Evgeny Felsner. As well as the Chief Designers: Mark Weinberg, Naum Chernyakov, Alexander Borin, Semyon Vigdorchik, Zelman Itskovich and others. The book contains essays and detailed information about them. But what is not known for sure is the prominent role of the Jews in the post-war military shipbuilding of the USSR. In my book, a special essay is dedicated to Abram Samuilovich Kassatsier, the General Designer of the first Soviet nuclear missile strategic submarine cruiser project 667A (Navaga class). Other essays tell about the creator of the world's first hovercraft, Vladimir Izrailevich Levkov, about Boris Kupensky, the General Designer of the nuclear cruiser Pyotr Veliky, the current flagship of the Russian surface fleet. It seems that few people know that the Jews were at the head of the creation of modern air defense and missile defense systems. The most outstanding, perhaps, twice Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of many Stalin, Lenin and State Prizes, Lev Veniaminovich Lyulyev. It was Lyulyev who created almost all Soviet, and now Russian, anti-aircraft missile systems: Krug, Kub, Buk, S-300V, Antey-2500. As you can see, almost all modern anti-aircraft missile systems, which Russia is proud of and widely trades today, were created by Lev Lyulyev. Anatoly Leonidovich Livshits. His name was classified, because it was Anatoly Lifshits who was the General Designer of the air defense and missile defense systems of the Soviet Union, with him and with his participation, defense belts for the cities of Moscow and Leningrad, the Far East were made, which still function today. Another Lifshitz, but Mikhail Ilyich and his colleagues Lev Abramovich Loktev, Zalman Mikhailovich Benenson and others are the creators of not only anti-aircraft missile weapons, but also all air defense and missile defense control systems of the Soviet Union.
The Special Design Bureau team, headed by Alexander Emmanuilovich Nudelman, designed almost all air guns - the main weapon of the combat aircraft of the Soviet army. Most of the types of weapons developed by Nudelman are used to supply the Russian army today. He is twice a Hero of Socialist Labor, twice a laureate of the Stalin Prize, three times a laureate of the State Prize, a laureate of the Lenin Prize.
In order not to overload the interview, I will name only the names of those Jews who were the largest of all the creators of the combat means of the Soviet Armed Forces. These include Joseph Yakovlevich Kotin. He led the creation of all heavy tanks and other armored combat vehicles for 30 post-war years. Colonel General. Hero of Socialist Labor, four times winner of the State Prize of the USSR.
Among the creators of modern military radio engineering should be attributed primarily to Alexander Lvovich Mints. Hero of Socialist Labor, two Stalin, Lenin and State Prizes. Kabachnik Martin Izrailevich - the creator of Soviet nerve - paralytic chemical warfare agents, as well as binary agents. Hero of Socialist Labor, State and Lenin Prizes.
As you can see, these figures in the most important branches of science and the military industry were much less affected by state anti-Semitism. For the same reason, there was no one to replace such Jews. This explains their outstanding, sometimes decisive role in the Soviet military-industrial complex after the Great Patriotic War. I am sure that until the end of this decade, the power of Russia as a military power will be based on weapons created by the people described in my book ... Many facts that relate to the contribution of Jews to the victory over fascism and the post-war arsenal of the USSR were hidden before and are not fully known and now. The start of such a vile policy was given by Stalin, who during the war years said: "Jews are inferior soldiers ... Yes, Jews are bad soldiers." And although in this war the Jewish soldiers showed the greatest valor, but the order of the tyrant was heard, understood and adopted, especially since the executors - anti-Semites liked it. Confirmation is at least the terrible fate of Mirra Zheleznova - the literary pseudonym of Miriam Aizenshtadt, a columnist for the only Jewish newspaper of the USSR in wartime, Enikaite. She received, at the official request, information about the Jews - Heroes of the Soviet Union and published this information in her newspaper. One hundred thirty-five Heroes of the Soviet Union Jews! The lists from the newspaper were reprinted by the European and American press, and there was a lot of resonance from these data: this radically changed the prevailing opinion about Jews as soldiers of the Soviet Army. Neither Stalin nor his Judeophobic entourage could forgive such a journalist. So they didn’t forgive, hiding for the time being, in 1950 they arrested and shot. A certificate of the number and percentage of Jews awarded military decorations during the Great Patriotic War was issued by the Ministry of the Armed Forces of the USSR to the Deputy Executive Secretary of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, Solomon Shpigelglas. Two months later, Solomon Shpigelglas was found dead. Apparently, there were some "specialists" of the NKGB. What criminal information was hidden in this document? It was said in it that on April 1, 1946, 123,822 Jews, or 1.4 percent of the total number of awards, were taken into statistical account of awards made during the Great Patriotic War. Thus, the Help quite officially testified that in terms of military awards, the Jews took fifth place among the titular nationalities and ethnic groups of the Soviet Union. Almost two decades separate us from the collapse of the USSR. During this time, many Russian leaders have changed, but the state and public position of underestimation and direct denial of the military activities of the Jews has not changed. They are usually accused of cowardice, inability and unwillingness to serve in the army. Especially to fight with weapons in hand. And speaking of peacetime, the Jews were simply deleted from the history of the armed forces, military science and industry. Dozens of works have appeared in Russia that in every possible way devalue the military component of the history of Soviet Jews. The start of this kind of fabrications was given by A. Solzhenitsyn in "Two Hundred Years Together". He was joined by Platonov, Filatov, Mukhin, Mishin, Vladimirov, Zhevakhov, Gribanov, Glazunov and others like them, whose slanderous and false writings overwhelm the shelves of bookstores. There are no books refuting these dirty slander and slander. "Jewish shield of the USSR" - the first. It is very necessary against the backdrop of a stream of slander that constantly falls on our people. (From an interview in the magazine "Chaika" No. 11/190 1.06.2011 - A.Z.)

Who are you, Mark Steinberg?

From 1970 to 1982 - Head of the special service of the headquarters of the Turkestan military district. Retired colonel. For what merits they put in 1970. a Jew for such a position on the border and kept on it for 12 years, when the Jews had long been no longer trusted even in smaller posts? I'm afraid that for very great and low merit. Then he retires. And he becomes an independent journalist in the very lair of the enemy - AMERICA. Reforged or sneaked, that is the question? However, this is not the point, there are a dime a dozen of such people who changed their skin here hanging around on state grubs. He is sitting in the lair of a class enemy, but the hardening of an independent is visible, did not let us down. “Nails would be made of these people, there would be no stronger nails in the world,” although not about homosovieticus it was written, but about the English fleet. Sapper Steinberg is ahead of the advancing column of Soviet-Russian propaganda! Someone always has to go ahead, prepare the ground, shape the consciousness.

Steinberg admires the agent of the INO OGPU in Palestine and the head of the "terrorist group Yasha", who poisoned people with poisons, Yakov Serebryansky. So he writes at the end of the article “THE TRAGEDY OF THE GREAT DIVERSANT”:

The merits of Serebryansky during the Great Patriotic War are immeasurable. But even before the war, he carried out truly fantastic operations. Who has not heard today about James Bond, about Stirlitz, has not seen films about their exploits! What Yakov Serebryansky did exceeded these fictional stories many times over. But until very recently, few people knew about his life and work. Only recently, a documentary film appeared on Russian television, succinctly telling about some of the exploits of a scout who was a man of average height, had an ordinary appearance and loved one woman all his life - his wife Polina Natanovna.

Just think, he loved one wife and had an unremarkable appearance! Real merit! I could have 10, with such a crazy life, because I had to kill many, poison them with poisons, strangle them in various ways, and he, what a modest one, you hear, he had everything. What kind of woman this was, one can only guess, not everyone can share their fate and bed with such a fiend. And she herself took part directly in the murders, accompanied him as a faithful friend. A Chekist is always a Chekist.

And if you think that you devoted one article to such a murderer, you are mistaken. Dedicated others, for example:

"THE TRAGEDY OF FATES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EPOCH". Here is the outline of the fate of the Stalinist falcon, the Stakhanovist for the destruction of people:

In 1920, Yakov became an employee of the Special Department of the so-called Persian Red Army, which occupied the Iranian province of Gilan. After the evacuation of this army, Serebryansky leaves for Moscow, enters the Electrotechnical Institute, works in the Izvestia newspaper. But in December 1923, a well-known terrorist, an employee of the Cheka, Yakov Blyumkin, recruited Serebryansky into his group, which was heading for illegal work in Palestine. From that moment on, Yakov Serebryansky becomes a scout - he was enrolled in the Foreign Department of the OGPU, which was engaged in espionage.

In Palestine Yakov creates a deeply conspiratorial network of 30 illegal immigrants, among which were many members of the fighting Jewish organization of the Haganah. It was among them that he picked up several people who became his reliable assistants in subsequent sabotage activities: I. Kaufman, A. Turyzhnikov, R. Rachkovsky.
At the direction of the head of the INO OGPU M. Trilisser, Polina, Yakov's wife, was sent to Jaffa. And although she was not an official employee of the INO, she always accompanied her husband on his foreign business trips.

In December 1925, Serebryansky was transferred to Belgium, then to Paris, where he became an intelligence resident and operated until April 1929. Upon his return to Moscow, he was appointed head of the department of the INO OGPU, which included the illegal militant group created by him, which received the unofficial name "Yasha's group". It was intended for deep penetration into military-strategic facilities in America, Europe and Asia in case of war, for conducting sabotage and terrorist operations behind enemy lines. The group was an independent operational unit, reporting personally to the head of the OGPU.
The agent network created by Serebriansky covered the USA, Scandinavia, the Baltic States, the Balkans, France, Germany, China, Japan, Palestine and other countries. Yakov personally recruited about 200 people into its membership. And these were not only communists, but also pro-Soviet Russian emigrants. However, for recruitment, he used not only the ideological factor, but also material, and sometimes outright blackmail.
An example of the group's activities is the abduction of General Alexander Kutepov, who headed the Russian All-Military Union, the most active White Guard organization against the USSR. Having received the task to kidnap Kutepov, in the summer of 1930, Serebryansky, together with Turyzhnikov and Rachkovsky, arrived in Paris. Having quickly studied the situation, having determined the place of residence and habits of the general, they grabbed Kutepov in broad daylight, pushed him into a car and took him out of the city. But they failed to take the general to the USSR - he died from the shock he had suffered.

The disappearance of the head of the organization practically blocked its activities. The penetration of the White Guards into the USSR declined sharply and almost stopped in the second half of the 1930s. For this operation, Yakov Serebryansky was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
In 1934, after the creation of the NKVD, the "Yasha Group" was personally subordinated to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs and received the top-secret name SGON - Special Special Purpose Group. Under her, Serebryansky formed a school of saboteurs, some of whose graduates during the war with Germany became famous for their actions in the rear of the Nazis. Unfortunately, there were many more who were destroyed by Stalin's executioners during the pre-war repressions.

Court” took place two weeks after the start of the war, when it turned out that the reconnaissance and sabotage activities of the Soviet side were almost completely paralyzed, because there were no full-time sabotage units either in the Red Army or in the NKVD. And most importantly, the former leaders of such formations and almost all of their members, trained long before the war, were completely destroyed. Let's face it, if the Nazis had done this, they could not have come up with a better aid to the success of the invasion. Therefore, the question arises - for whom did Yezhov and Beria work?

The answer to Steinberg's question is simple: they worked for Stalin and for their careers. Steinberg himself worked for him, and later for other tyrants. His question implies spying for Hitler, but then who did Stalin himself work for?

Poor Yakov, a master of backs, who killed others, had to taste his own medicine:

During the investigation, Yakov was forced to confess about his connections with French intelligence and the preparation of an assassination attempt on the Kremlin leaders. He was subjected to the infamous "assembly method" of inquiry. But Yakov denied all slanderous accusations. And then Beria personally took part in the interrogation, which was conducted by the heads of the NKVD investigation department Bogdan Kobulov and Viktor Abakumov. They beat Serebryansky with rubber truncheons, and when he lost consciousness, they poured ice water over him and beat him again. Spared only the right hand to sign the protocol. And Jacob signed...
For 2.5 years he languished in the Lubyanka cellars, awaiting trial. But at the trial he categorically retracted his confessions, saying that he was forced to make them under brutal torture. However, he was still sentenced to death, and Polina - to 10 years of hard labor. On the same day, Serebryansky's comrades-in-arms Samuil Perevoznikov and Vera Syrkina, the secretary of the SGO school, received the death penalty - they were shot immediately after the court session. Albert Syrkin and Andrei Turyzhnikov were executed even earlier - a year before the war.

But the executioner was lucky - Other executioners still needed him. And he gets up in line - to kill further, whom they order. A Chekist is always a Chekist, just like a terrorist is always a terrorist. Today - Germans, and tomorrow - Jews. Whom the party and the Cheka-NKVD-KGB will order.

On August 9, less than a month after the verdict was passed, the Serebryanskys were amnestied, reinstated in the party, their property was returned to them, and Yakov was given titles and awards.
In October 1941, the Special Group was reorganized and soon became the Directorate of the People's Commissariat. The main task is the formation and deployment of reconnaissance and sabotage groups (RDG) to the German rear, as well as the management of their activities. During the war years, more than two thousand RDGs were abandoned, with a total number of almost 45 thousand well-trained reconnaissance saboteurs. They destroyed more than 157 thousand Germans and their local accomplices, liquidated 87 generals and high-ranking officials, neutralized more than two thousand intelligence groups, disabled hundreds of military and industrial facilities, and blew up many military echelons.
And in the success of this large-scale activity, the role of Yakov Serebryansky is invaluable. Five military orders - awards Yakov Isaakovich for his successful sabotage activities during the Great Patriotic War.

You feel the tone: no longer some kind of comrade Serebryansky, but according to family, according to Russian custom, p.ch. the Jews are not called by their first name and patronymic, - Yakov Isakovich. Deserved!

In 1946, Viktor Abakumov became the Minister of State Security - the same executioner who beat Serebryansky, forcing him to sign a slander on himself. Jacob could not serve under him and was forced to retire "for health reasons." He was retired for 7 years. During this time, Abakumov was shot, Stalin died, and in May 1953 Serebryansky was returned to service. But this return to the organs did not last long and ended tragically.

Viktor Avakumov is an executioner. Why? Yes, because he beat the executioner Serebryansky, and not because he beat Meretskov and other innocent people. Usually, after a beating, they return to the service and continue to work for the good of the party - “only by the will of the wife who sent me,” but Serebryansky harbored a grudge, became capricious and could not work - to beat and kill others. And then the tyrant died, Abakumov was shot and the idealist Yasha Serebryansky returned to his native organs. But even here, no luck - again a tragedy. Greek or Shakespeare.

Four months later on a false accusation of participating in the "Beria conspiracy» Colonel Serebryansky was arrested, but it was not possible to connect him with this conspiracy. Then an even more vile step was taken: they reanimated the case of 1938. In December 1954, the decision on amnesty, adopted in August 1941, was canceled. And endless interrogations began. Even the heart of a seasoned intelligence officer-saboteur could not stand this. On March 30, 1956, during interrogation by the investigator of the military prosecutor's office of Tsaregradsky, Yakov had a heart attack, from which he died.

“The Chekist died, a slave of honor, (I apologize to M.Yu. Lermontov) fell slandered by rumors.” But he managed to live 65 bloody years. How much blood did he shed, how many souls did he destroy, how many orphans did he leave, and most importantly, how many Jewish souls were there among them? This question does not bother Steinberg. But you and I should be concerned!

Steinberg writes about Jews in intelligence and the army, listing purely Russian bandits (Sudoplatov) or English traitors, communist litters (Kim Philby and all five from Cambridge), converting Admiral Nakhimov to Jews and other famous military figures. Unpleasant: unfortunately, we have enough of our own traitors and bandits. And there are enough admirals along with the generals. But this is just a revisionism of history, something completely different is important: who writes all this. And it's time to ask a question like "So who are you Richard Sorge?" Sorge had no choice: he had to spy on several powers. And what will the respected colonel of the reserve, who became famous for his book “The Jews in the Wars of the Millennium”, Mark Steinberg, tell us?

On June 10, an article by Steinberg “Who are you, Ariel Sharon?” appeared on the website of Misha Goldenberg. We know who Ariel Sharon is, but who Mark Steinberg is is not yet clear.

6 years ago, at one of his speeches in New York, a local journalist asked him: "Please tell us about how you trained Palestinian, Syrian and other Muslim terrorists." Steinberg replied: "I will not answer that question." The answer speaks for itself.

AI&PIISRAEL

With Russia's foreign intelligence service is the successor to a series of espionage centers of the Cheka - OGPU - NKVD - KGB. The first such Center was the Foreign Department (INO). True, even before its organization, military intelligence was created - the so-called Registerpr - the Registration Directorate of the Field Headquarters of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, the predecessor of the current Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff. So these two main Russian spy agencies have survived to this day.
Their tasks were different, operations and methods of action were not always similar. But there was one factor that united the history of military intelligence and state security intelligence: for more than 35 years of their existence, Jews played a very significant role in the activities of these intelligence services.

State Security Intelligence

One of the first heads of the INO VChK was Solomon Grigoryevich Mogilevsky, who took this post a year after the organization of the Foreign Department. But already in August 1921, the INO was headed by Mikhail (Meir) Abramovich Trilisser, who remained in this post for 9 years. No one has surpassed him in the duration of his tenure in such a "slippery" and responsible position.
He was born in 1883. Professional revolutionary, spent almost 10 years in prisons and exile. During the Civil War, he was a commissar in large military formations. After leaving the post of head of the INO, Trilisser was a member of the Presidium of the Comintern. In 1940 he was arrested and shot.
The years of his leadership of state security intelligence were marked mainly by the fight against white émigré organizations. With the help of false underground groups, operations "Syndicate", "Trust", "Syndicate-2" were carried out, which became a textbook for the training of Soviet spies. They made it possible to lure to the USSR and destroy a number of the most active white émigré figures - Savinkov, Sidney Reilly, and others.
During this time, in most European countries, in China and the United States, illegal INO residencies were created and intelligence networks were deployed. In 1926, the so-called Special Group was formed - a parallel INO service for the deep penetration of agents and the preparation of sabotage in Western Europe, Turkey and China. It was led for more than 10 years by Yakov Isaakovich Serebryansky, a career intelligence officer and an experienced illegal
Parallel INO espionage service was also the Department of International Relations of the Comintern - (OMS). It was created by Joseph Aronovich Pyatnitsky. A professional revolutionary in the past, he led this powerful intelligence and subversive organization until 1934. Then Iosif Pyatnitsky worked in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, and in 1937 he was arrested and shot.
By the way, back in 1922, a counterintelligence department was created as part of the Cheka, which preceded the well-known 2nd Directorate of the KGB. His first boss was the Odessa Jew, the famous terrorist Yakov Grigoryevich Blyumkin, who at that time was only 20 years old. He then operated illegally for many years in Mongolia, India, Syria, Egypt and Palestine. In 1929, he was summoned from Turkey to Moscow and shot for his connection with Trotsky.

Under Trilisser, the main control system for overseas intelligence was formed: six regional directions, which, in principle, has been preserved to this day. One of the first leaders of the English direction was Iosif Yakovlevich Krasny (Rotstadt). He created an illegal residency in London in 1923 and recruited agents. His wife Elena Adolfovna also worked with him. In 1925-1928 she was the head of the English direction. In 1938, the Reds were shot.
An experienced illegal immigrant was Bertold Karlovich Ilk, a Viennese Jew who had been doing velantur work in Austria and Germany even before coming to the USSR in 1926. He was again sent to Berlin as a resident. Together with Moritz Iosifovich Weinstein, they formed intelligence groups not only in Germany, but also in Warsaw, Danzig and Riga.
Then Ilk was sent to London and recruited a number of journalists and officials there. In 1930 he again became an illegal resident in Berlin. One of his most important achievements at that time was the recruitment of police commissioner Leman, who later served in the Gestapo, had a high SS rank. His undercover pseudonym was "Breitenbach", and it was he who served as the prototype for Semenov's Stirlitz.

Now we will talk about the "Great Illegal". That's what the secret services are called Arnold Genrikhovich Deutsch. He was born in 1904 to a Slovak Jewish family. Became an OMS agent in Vienna in 1928. After 4 years, he joined the INO NKVD, spied in Paris, Vienna and London.
In October 1933 Deutsch settled in England and worked there for almost five years. During this time, he recruited more than 20 young representatives of the English establishment. Of these, the famous "Cambridge Five" played a special role in the further espionage operations of Soviet intelligence: Kim Philby, D. McLean, E. Blunt, G. Burgess, D. Cairncross.
These agents subsequently achieved a very high social and official position. For example, Kim Philby almost headed British intelligence and was one of the founders of the CIA. The "Cambridge Five" is considered one of the most effective undercover groups in the history of Soviet espionage.
At the end of 1937 Deutsch returned to Moscow. At this time, there was a real defeat of the Soviet special services. Their leaders were replaced almost monthly, agents were withdrawn and destroyed. Deutsch was saved by the fact that he was fired from the NKVD. He was unemployed, receiving a meager allowance and asked to be returned to illegal activities.
Meanwhile, the Second World War rumbled on the planet with might and main, the Germans invaded the USSR. But only in November 1942, Deutsch was sent for intelligence work in America. He sailed on the ship "Donbass". The ship was torpedoed in the Atlantic by a German submarine and Deutsch died. Thus ended the life and service of the "Great Illegal".
When Deutsch worked in London, another prominent Soviet intelligence officer, Alexander Orlov, was a resident there. In fact, his name was Leib Lazarevich Feldbin. He was born in 1885 in Bobruisk. Since 1920 - in the Cheka. He became an illegal immigrant in 1926, worked in Paris, then from 1930 he was the head of the economic intelligence department of the INO.
From 1933 to 36. - Resident in London. Then Orlov becomes the head of Soviet intelligence in Spain and at the same time - an adviser to the republican government on security issues. He acted very successfully, as evidenced by the orders of Lenin and the Red Banner.

In 1938, Orlov received an order to leave for Moscow. But, knowing that there is a wholesale destruction of foreign agents, he fled to America with his wife and daughter. At the same time, he informs Stalin in a special letter that in the event of attempts to remove him, all agents in Europe will be exposed. And since Moscow knew that Orlov was aware of the composition of most spy groups, he was left alone. After Stalin's death, he published the sensational book The Secret History of Stalin's Crimes. Orlov died in the USA in 1973.
After Orlov's flight, intelligence activities in Spain were headed by his deputy Naum Isaakovich Eitingon. He was born in 1898 in Mogilev. Since 1919 - an employee of the Cheka, graduated from the military academy.
Since 1925, in illegal work, first in China, then in Turkey and finally in Spain. Upon his return to Moscow, he received the task of destroying Leon Trotsky at any cost, who then lived in Mexico. Eitingon organized two assassination attempts, as a result of the second, Trotsky was killed by Ramon Mercader.
During the Great Patriotic War, Naum Eitingon was Sudoplatov's deputy and directly supervised the reconnaissance and sabotage activities of the NKVD in the German rear. He was awarded five orders, became a major general. Actively participated in the theft of atomic secrets.
However, Naum Eitingon was arrested in 1951 on charges of Zionism. But after Stalin's death he was released. And again arrested in the same year after the execution of Beria. Served 11 years, died in 1981.

Even more tragic is the ending of the career of Yakov Serebryansky, who led the Special a group that carried out sabotage against white emigrants. His people also ensured the supply of Soviet military equipment to the Spanish Republicans in 1936-1937, for which Serebryansky received the Order of Lenin. But in 1938 he was recalled to Moscow, brutally tortured to obtain a confession of betrayal and sentenced to death. But for some reason they didn't shoot.
The war began and an experienced saboteur was released from prison. Sudoplatov took him to his group and Serebryansky again took up a familiar business - this time in the German rear. His detachments acted very successfully, he was repeatedly awarded, but after the war he was immediately dismissed.
However, after the death of Stalin, Serebryansky was reinstated in the service, but after the execution, Beria was again arrested and sentenced to 10 years. Three years later, Yakov Serebryansky died in prison.
In the 1930s, Abram Aronovich Slutsky led the overseas intelligence of the NKVD. He was born in 1898, participated in the Civil War, and since 1920 served in the bodies of the Cheka-OGPU. Since 1930 - in the INO NKVD, an illegal resident in Berlin.
Since 1934, Abram Slutsky headed the INO. It was the time of the most terrible repressions against agents and heads of the department. And in February 1938, Abram Slutsky was poisoned right in Yezhov's office and died on the spot.
His deputies were two Jews, experienced illegal immigrants. First, senior major of state security (brigade commander) Moisey Savelyevich Gorb, who was arrested and shot in 1937. Then - Sergei Mironovich Shpigelglas, who since 1922 spied in France, exterminated white emigrants in Europe, acted in Republican Spain. In 1937-38, Shpigelglas was Slutsky's deputy, and after his death, he became the head of the INO. However, in 1939 he was also arrested and shot.

By this time, almost the majority of foreign agents of the NKVD had been summoned to Moscow and died in the cellars of the Lubyanka. Among the few who managed to return to their residencies was Boris Nikolaevich Rybkin. His real name is Borukh Aronovich Ryvkin. He was an experienced intelligence agent who operated in Iran, in Finland, where he had diplomatic cover, together with his wife Zoya Rybkina, later the famous writer Voskresenskaya.
During the Second World War, these spouses worked under the "roof" of the Soviet embassy in Sweden. After the war, Rybkin became a resident in Czechoslovakia, where he died under very strange circumstances in 1947.
The systematic extermination of foreign agents and the leadership of the INO by Stalinist executioners before the Great Patriotic War led to the fact that during its intelligence service the NKVD practically did not have any effective organizations or groups in Germany itself and the countries occupied by it.
Much more successful were the sabotage detachments formed by the 2nd department of the NKVD, headed by General Pavel Sudoplatov. One of the employees of his department was Colonel Isidor Maklyarsky, head of the Berezino operation, during which he conducted a large-scale radio game with the German command in 1944-45.
It is considered the most effective of the entire war. It made it possible to intercept many German agents and military supplies dropped for the fictitious "Scheerhorn group". However, Colonel Maklyarsky did not receive any awards for such a successful operation. Moreover, in 1951 he was arrested and released from prison only after the death of Stalin.

Only recently it became known about the Jewish origin of one of the most outstanding partisan commanders of the Great Patriotic War, Hero of the Soviet Union, Colonel Dmitry Nikolaevich Medvedev. He was born in 1898 in Bezhitsa and worked in the bodies of the Cheka-NKVD from 1920 to 1935.
Then he was fired and repressed. At the beginning of the war, Medvedev was released, and he became the commander of a special sabotage and reconnaissance detachment operating in Ukraine. This detachment, in particular, served as a base for the legendary saboteur Nikolai Kuznetsov.
It is also necessary, albeit briefly, to dwell on the combat activities of another saboteur of the Great Patriotic War, Jew Yuri Kolesnikov. Unlike the cases of Kuznetsov, described in Medvedev's books "Strong in Spirit" and "It was near Rovno", Kolesnikov's exploits are little known, although they are not inferior in importance to them.
Yuri Kolesnikov was nominated three times for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, but only in 1995 did he become a Hero of Russia and receive the Gold Star from Yeltsin.

Even during the war, the NKVD spies were given the task of obtaining the secrets of the atomic bomb, which was being worked on in the United States. One of the main organizers of this operation was Grimmel Markovich Kheyfets. He was born in Riga in 1899, became a Soviet agent in 1922, spied in Turkey, Italy, France, the USA.
He was lucky: when he was recalled to Moscow and Yezhov ordered his arrest, for some reason this order was not carried out. And in 1941, Heifetz was sent to the United States, he created an extensive intelligence network here, which was very useful for penetrating the uranium project.
Heifetz was active in San Francisco and managed to make connections in the circles of atomic scientists. Heifetz's main assistant in this was Semyon Mikhailovich Semyonov (Samuel Taubman), a Riga Jew who had been recruited in Latvia back in 1937.
Then he was transferred to the USA, graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was in fact the only recruiting agent who was professionally versed in scientific problems. He and other specialists Heifetz was already recruited in the States.
Their network included the group "Volunteers" - the spouses Morris and Leontina Cohen, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. There is no opportunity and no need to go into any detail about their work. I will give just an example: 12 days after the assembly of the first atomic bomb, a detailed description of its device was received in Moscow. By the way, the credit for this belongs to another Jew - the Italian scientist Bruno Pontecorvo.
After the arrest of the Rosenbergs, the Cohens and Pontecorvo managed to escape to the USSR. Heifetz returned there even earlier. In 1947-49 he was Deputy Executive Secretary of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC).
When the entire composition of the JAC was arrested, Kheifets, one of the few, escaped execution. He received 25 years in prison, but was released after Stalin's death. However, torture and moral torment broke this seasoned agent, and he soon died.
The fate of the Coens was not much better. They were retrained and sent to London in 1954, where they worked with the famous spy Conon Young. After being exposed in 1961, the Cohens received 25 years in prison, but were exchanged in 1969. Surprisingly, first Leontina, then Morris became Heroes of Russia, though posthumously - in 1994 and 97.

It seems that the story will be incomplete if we bypass the truly fantastic Delalovian Karaite Iosif Grigulevich, who, being a seasoned Soviet spy, managed to become the ambassador of the Republic of Costa Rica in Italy and the Vatican. This happened in 1950. And in 1953 he was hastily recalled to Moscow and expelled from the intelligence of the MGB as part of the campaign of its wholesale "cleansing" of persons of Jewish nationality.
At that time, all Jews were imprisoned or were executed without exception - employees of the central apparatus and undercover workers. And after 1953, the notorious "Jewish question" was finally and irrevocably resolved in the state security intelligence services.

Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff (GRU)

Long before the Cheka, intelligence structures were already functioning in the Red Army. On November 8, 1918, the Registration Directorate (Registrupr) was created in the system of its Field Headquarters, which took over the leadership of the entire military intelligence system. In June 1919, Sergey Gusev was appointed his chief.
In fact, his name was Yakov Davidovich Drabkin, who became a Bolshevik back in 1896. During the Civil War, he commanded the Moscow Defense Sector, was a member of the military councils of the fronts and the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (RVSR).
Gusev worked as head of the Register until the beginning of 1920. Then military intelligence until 1935 was led by Jan Karlovich Berzin, a Latvian. He was replaced by Commander Semyon Petrovich Uritsky. He was born in Cherkassy in 1895. In the Civil War, he commanded a cavalry brigade, graduated from the Military Academy and was sent to Germany for illegal work.
Upon his return, he commanded a division and a rifle corps. Then - the head of the GRU. Since 1937 - Commander of the Moscow Military District. Arrested and shot in August 1938.

From September 1937 until May 1938, military intelligence was headed by another Jew, Semyon Grigorievich Gendin. Then he was arrested and shot in February 1939. The same fate befell almost all the deputy heads of the GRU, heads of departments and directions of the Jews: Abramov, Aleksandrovsky (Yukelzon), Arkus, Askov, Borovich (Rozenshtal), Bronin (Lichtenshtal), Weinberg, Weiner, Woll. All of them were accused of treason and executed in the black years of 1937-1939.
But besides them, about 50 more Jews, heads of foreign residencies, illegal agents were summoned to Moscow and executed. It must be added that they are only a part of the entire staff of military intelligence, which was destroyed at that time by order of Stalin. All these people were experienced professional intelligence officers, as a rule, who had pre-revolutionary experience of illegal work.
Thus, on the eve of the Second World War in the USSR, not only the structure of the INO NKVD, but also military intelligence was destroyed by the hands of Stalin's executioners. According to studies of the last 15 years, in the flames of these repressions, about 90 percent of career intelligence officers who operated abroad illegally and under diplomatic cover were liquidated.
Naturally, this had an extremely detrimental effect on the quantity and reliability of information, which was absolutely necessary for making informed decisions, on which the policy and military strategy of the USSR leadership depended. Moreover, the landslide defeats of the first years of the Great Patriotic War are directly related to the lack of operational intelligence information and the blind distrust of Stalin and his minions to the data that the few surviving illegal immigrants managed to get at a heavy price.

But it is even more significant that these few were mainly Jewish military intelligence officers. It was they who managed to maintain the only network of illegal agents in the countries of Western Europe. In Germany, its foundations were laid by Max Maximov (Friedman), in France by Yakov Rudnik and Semyon Uritsky, in Switzerland by Leonid Anulov.
This network is often called the "Red Chapel". Actually it is not. The "Red Chapel" was the name of the Sonderkommando of the Gestapo, the head of which was SS Sturmbannführer Friedrich Panziger.
The Sonderkommando was formed by order of Heydrich in the autumn of 1941 in connection with the sharp activation of illegal radio transmitters in Western Europe. The Sonderkommando was equipped with the latest radio direction finders for those times, which made it possible to pinpoint the location of active radios with high accuracy. Its units tracked all transmissions in Germany itself and the countries it occupied.
And there were 5 illegal intelligence groups, consisting of agents of the Soviet military intelligence. It can be said, sacramentally, that the leaders of all these groups were Jews. The first to be noted is Leopold Trepper, who was born in 1904 in the Galician town of Novi Targ.
As a very young guy, he joined the Zionists and in 1924 emigrated to Palestine, where he joined the Communist Party, after 5 years he left for France. He was recruited by agents of the Comintern and in 1932 transferred to Moscow, where he became a member of military intelligence.
In 1937, Trepper arrived illegally in Belgium and recruited a group of agents there, which became more active after the German occupation. The basis of this group were local Jews. In August 1940, Trepper left for France. There he became a resident of a local intelligence group and launched work to obtain information from the headquarters of the occupying troops. The information he sent to the Center was highly appreciated.

In 1939, GRU officer Anatoly Markovich Gurevich arrived from Moscow to Brussels. He was born in Kharkov in 1913, recruited by military intelligence in 1936, a participant in the Spanish Civil War. In Belgium, he took over the leadership of the residency from Trepper, acting under the pseudonym "Kent".
Gurevich organized the Simeksco rubber goods company, made connections in business circles and among Wehrmacht officers who bought the products of his company. Its branches opened in Paris, Berlin, Prague, Marseille and other cities that Gurevich traveled around, collecting information. This information was important and reliable, the network of radio stations made it possible to send it to the Center in a timely manner.
Meanwhile, Moscow demanded more and more data. To transmit them, walkie-talkies in Paris and Brussels worked almost continuously. Thus, they violated the elementary rules of secrecy, providing the German mobile radio direction finders with ideal conditions for notching. Which happened soon after.
On December 13, 1941, a unit of the Sonderkommando "Red Chapel" led by Fritz Panziger raided Gurevich's walkie-talkie in Brussels and captured two radio operators and a cipher clerk and - the worst! - ciphers that the underground did not have time to destroy. The Brussels radio apartment was liquidated, and Gurevich himself only miraculously managed to avoid arrest.
Moreover, according to the decoded radio messages, the Gestapo was able to establish the true addresses of the Berlin intelligence network of the GRU and arrested about 130 of its members. Almost all of them were executed or died in concentration camps. The crashes continued. In June 1942, radio operators in Paris were arrested, agents in Holland were captured.
But the main goal of the Sonderkommando was to arrest the leaders - Trepper and Gurevich, about whom the investigators learned from the interrogations of the arrested. And in November 1942, the Gestapo arrested Gurevich, and a few days later - Trepper.
In total, more than 200 illegal agents of Soviet military intelligence were arrested in France, Belgium, Holland and Germany during the year, 12 radios were captured. This was perhaps the biggest success of the German counterintelligence in the fight against Soviet espionage. Only Stalin could inflict a heavier blow, destroying many times more of his most experienced intelligence officers.
Using the captured radio operators and their walkie-talkies, the German counterintelligence launched the most delicious type of operations - radio games with the Moscow Center, which made it possible to misinform the Soviet command about German plans, about the deployment and movement of troops. But these radio games had only partial success - at the very beginning of the operation, because both Trepper and Gurevich managed to report that the radios were controlled by the enemy.
And then Trepper did the unthinkable - he ran away. This happened in September 1943, and the Gestapo did not manage to capture him, as well as the chief radio operator of the Parisian residency, I. Wenzel, who escaped a month after Trepper.
In mid-1944, Gurevich managed to recruit his controller, SS-Sturmführer Pannwitz, and the Germans' radio game began to bring obvious damage to them, because in response they received well-prepared disinformation.

Thus, even in those extreme conditions, the leaders of the Paris and Brussels groups of Soviet intelligence managed to somehow work for the Victory. How did the Soviet government thank them? After the liberation of Paris in January 1945, Leopold Trepper flew to Moscow on a special plane.
Right at the gangplank, he was arrested and escorted to the Lubyanka. And the local executioners quickly forced him to confess to working for the Germans. Trepper received 15 years in prison and was released only after Stalin's death. He went to Poland, then to Israel, where he died in 1981.
Gurevich remained in captivity until the end of the war. Then he, with the Gestapo recruits Pannwitz, Stluchka and Kempa, who had been recruited by him, having captured many documents of the Red Chapel Sonderkommando, arrived in Moscow. There he suffered the fate of Trepper, Gurevich was released in 1955. But he did not leave, because he was a Soviet citizen, but began to seek rehabilitation. And in 1958 he was arrested again, held for two years in prison and released without being rehabilitated.
The remaining three GRU groups in Western Europe operated longer and more successfully than those in Paris and Brussels.

Another powerful intelligence group in Switzerland was created by Leonid Abramovich Anulov, a Moldavian Jew born in 1897, a GRU career officer who worked in the central apparatus and in illegal residencies. But in 1938 he was recalled to Moscow, arrested and sentenced to 15 years in prison. Sat 17 - and survived, thank God! He was released as an invalid and lived at large for almost 20 more years without receiving any reward for his work.
And his residency in Switzerland was taken over by another Jew, a Hungarian named Sandor Rado. He became an agent of the GRU in 1935, conducted illegal work in Europe, settled in Switzerland, and after Anulov's arrest, he headed his group, which received the name "Dora".
This group had three powerful radio stations, received information from Germany and Italy, and acted very successfully, giving the Center a lot of valuable operational and strategic information.
Of course, such an active work of underground radios in Switzerland could not but alarm the German counterintelligence. Its agents identified the main circle of people who were members of the Dora group and began to take steps to neutralize them. To this end, they handed over their radio direction finders to the Swiss, and already in October 1943, arrests began in Geneva. In the spring of 1944, the Swiss police almost destroyed the Dora, and its chief, Sh. Rado, was forced to flee to France.
On January 5, 1945, he flew to Moscow with Trepper. But Rado was well aware of why he was being taken to the Soviet capital and fled at an intermediate landing in Cairo. However, in August he was detained by the British and extradited to the Soviet embassy in Egypt. In December 1946, Rado received 10 years in prison and was released only in 1954, went to Hungary, where he died in 1980.

The fate of Yan Petrovich (Yankel Pinkhusovich) Chernyak, who was born in 1909 in Austria-Hungary, was comparatively more prosperous. He became a Soviet military intelligence officer in 1930. From 1935 to 1946 headed the most effective agent group created by him in Germany, which was code-named "Krona".
By the beginning of World War II, its members occupied prominent positions in the leadership of the Reich, and the information of a strategic and military-technical nature received from them was highly valued in Moscow. Let us specially emphasize that not a single agent of Chernyak was ever exposed by the Gestapo, and even today nothing concrete is known about them.
After the Victory, Chernyak was recalled to Moscow and in 1950 he was dismissed from military intelligence. As a foreign-born, he was not eligible for a military rank and began working as a translator for TASS. But in 1995, Chernyak was remembered and, in honor of the 50th anniversary of the Victory, was awarded the title of Hero of Russia. This happened in February, when he was in a Moscow regional hospital. Yan Chernyak never found out about such a high honor, for he died without regaining consciousness.
If we talk about high awards, then the only Jewish intelligence officer who became a Hero of the Soviet Union was Lev Efimovich Manevich, a GRU colonel, who until 1936 was engaged in active illegal intelligence in Western Europe. He was arrested by Italian counterintelligence and sentenced to 12 years, died in 1945. And only in 1965, in honor of the 20th anniversary of the Victory, Lev Efimovich Manevich became a Hero, posthumously.

However, in fairness, one should also talk about those Jews who received general ranks in the USSR and occupied fairly high positions in military intelligence during the war years.
Rafail Pavlovich Khmelnitsky was born in Kremenchug in 1895. In the Red Army since 1918, he graduated from the Military Academy, commanded the famous Proletarian Division. Lieutenant General since 1940. During the war, he was the head of the intelligence department of the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement until 1943, when he was recalled to the People's Commissar of Defense and dismissed in 1948.
Roman Samuilovich Pekurin was born in Belarus in 1896. In the Red Army in 1918. A specialist in long-range radio communications, he led the Communications Center of the GRU General Staff from 1936 to 1946, that is, when this Center ensured the timely receipt of all intelligence information.
Apparently, Roman Samuilovich successfully coped with his duties if he was awarded 7 military orders and became a major general. However, already in 1946, General Pekurin was transferred from the GRU General Staff to another job.
Naum Semenovich Sorkin was born in 1899 in Zaporozhye. Since 1919 - in the Red Army. His military fate is directly connected with the Far East. During the Great Patriotic War, Major General Naum Sorkin was the head of the intelligence department of the 1st Far Eastern Front. He was awarded 6 military orders, since 1947 he has been teaching at military academies.
Mikhail Abramovich Milshtein, who was born in 1910, held out the longest in military intelligence. Since 1930 - an employee of the Main Intelligence Directorate and in the Great Patriotic War he was deputy head of the Western Direction of the GRU General Staff, lieutenant general, holder of 6 orders. In 1950 he was sent to teach at military academies.
As you can see, these four generals were the last Jews who served in military intelligence after the war. Thank God, they were not shot, they were not imprisoned, as they did in their time with the heads of intelligence of the MGB, they were simply expelled. But even before that, repressions in military intelligence were taking over to their heart's content even among the Jews, as can be seen from the essay.
The liquidation of such a powerful cohort of scouts before the Great Patriotic War is one of the main reasons for the landslide defeats of the Red Army in its course. But no less striking is the blatant ingratitude of the leadership, shown to those who, at the cost of terrible risk, severe trials and great exertion of all their strengths and capabilities, nevertheless managed to obtain all the necessary information, without which the Victory over the Nazis would have been impossible at all.
M.Steinberg