Although L.N. Tolstoy and is known throughout the world as a master of monumental prose, among the creative heritage of the writer there are many works of small size. A separate category is made up of stories for children, including for pupils of the Yasnaya Polyana school.
Tolstoy's works for children
Among the works of Tolstoy for children, several main genres can be distinguished. The first one is fairy tales. Most of the tales are processed folk stories (such as "The Three Bears"), which were included in Tolstoy's famous "ABC".
Another genre loved by Tolstoy is the true story. In such works, he describes the events that took place in reality, but artistically processes them. The famous "Filipok" and "The Lion and the Dog" belong to this type.
The writer created a large number of realistic stories, the heroes of which are often the children themselves. These include the works "Fire", "Girl and Mushrooms", etc.
Finally, the last genre in which Tolstoy created stories for children is scientific and educational stories. Let's talk about it in more detail.
Scientific and educational stories of Tolstoy
Among the most famous scientific and educational works of Tolstoy for children are the stories:
- "Hares".
- "What is the dew on the grass."
- "About ants".
- How wolves teach their children.
- "Why can you see in the dark?"
- "Apple trees".
- "How Trees Walk"
Already from the titles of the works it is clear that most of them are devoted to the description of natural phenomena. Tolstoy tells in every detail about the habits of animals, various plants, etc. At the same time, the style of presentation is rather concise, but capacious. This helps children to better perceive the material and learn the most important points regarding a particular topic.
Tolstoy's scientific and educational stories are an excellent example of how a work of art can be combined with an educational function. Children well remember a bright image, and after it the main facts that relate to the scientific characteristics of the subject of the story.
A scientific and educational story is a summary of
any scientific fact.
There is no scientific and cognitive literature in books for reading - there are only scientific and artistic, essay texts, while there are many of them in extracurricular reading. The so-called scientific and educational articles, educational texts form the basis of natural history. It is necessary to teach them to read and work with them. Unlike fiction, in scientific and educational articles, another subject of knowledge is not images, but concepts, respectively, and the purpose of reading changes - this is the assimilation of the connections and main features of a concept, phenomenon (historical, natural history content), the assimilation of the elements of a concept, generalized conclusions, drawing up a conclusion about the main idea of the article. Scientific and educational texts differ from artistic texts in their construction, logic of presentation and a special, precise, concise language. To master the article, you need logical thinking, reliance on visual diagrams, graphemes, highlighting in the text of a sketch of an object detail. Scientific and educational literature is divided into popular science and scientific and artistic. Each kind of scientific and educational literature has its own tasks: - a popular science article "is designed to directly communicate certain knowledge to children"; - a scientific and artistic work "as it were, concretizes the material given in a popular science work and develops the reader's creative curiosity" In a scientific and artistic work, the artistic element is stronger, in popular science - the logical one. In articles for children, the possibility of using figurative language means is not excluded. Consider, using a specific example, how the work on perception, understanding, awareness, reproduction of a scientific and educational article, essay proceeds in the lesson. The story of K.G. Paustovsky, “What are the rains?”
Actualization of knowledge (preparation for reading).
U. Look carefully at the reproduction of the painting by I. Shishkin "Rain in an oak forest." What sounds do you hear? Do you want to be in the rain? (I turn on the recording of the sound of rain, open the umbrella) U. Well, run to me, hide under the umbrella. What did you hear? D. We heard rain. U. And what is rain? What is it like, you know? (Children say what they know about the rain, they report information from BEKiM). U. Can it rain a lot? They say it's raining, it was raining hard yesterday. Why are people talking about rain differently? Is it interesting for you? D. Yes. Theme, objectives of the lesson. U. I think you guessed that today in the lesson we will talk about rain? Which author are we studying? D. We are studying the works of Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky. U. The topic of today's lesson: The works of K. G. Paustovsky. What are the rains? Who will set the objectives of the lesson for us? D. Will get acquainted with the new work. Let's find out how it rains. Define the genre of the work. U. Well done. We have to introduce into the circle of reading a new work by K.G. Paustovsky, consolidate knowledge about the types of stories, learn how to work with such a story, recall the studied works of K.G. Paustovsky Checking homework. U. Look at the pictures. Name the works. (Children name the works of K.G. Paustovsky). U. Tell us what you know about the hero of the story "The Thief Cat". What is this story? (Children answer questions).
Studying a new work.
W.K.G. During his long life as a writer, he traveled to many parts of our country. “Almost every book I write is a trip. Or rather, every trip is a book,” he said. All his work is closely connected with the Meshchera region, which became his second home. “There, I understood to the end,” the writer recalls, “what it means to love one’s land, to every rut of the road overgrown with goose grass, to every old willow, to every clean puddle where the transparent sickle of the moon is reflected, to every whistle of a bird in the forest silence ".
Primary reading.
U. Now you will independently read the work of such a wonderful author, determine its genre and theme. (Children do the task). U. Did you hear the rain? Sounds? Smells? Liked? (Children share their impressions of the story). U. What is the genre, the theme of the work? D. A story about nature. U. Is this story similar to the studied story about the cat? D. No W. Why? D. "Cat-thief" - a humorous story, but this one is different? U. What other stories are there? (Children answer, or consider the diagram). U. These guys are a scientific and educational story and it differs from an artistic one. Did you notice what? Compare with the story "Cat-thief". D. No relation of the author. The story does not convey feelings. U. What does he convey? Why did Paustovsky write it? E. He gives us information about the rain. U. Yes, children such stories convey facts and their description. Now we will look for facts, their description, rereading the text.
U. Let's depict the movement of rain.
secondary reading.
U. We often talk in class about the wide flow of information that you receive at school, at home, on the street. To better remember it, you need to learn to remember the most important thing. How can this be written down, in the form of what? E. Information can be written in the form of a plan. In it, we convey the most important thing. U. How many parts would you break the text into? (Children name their options. Further, the lesson is built depending on how many parts the children will highlight)). U. Using the story you read, we will consider such a natural phenomenon as rain and draw up a plan. Is it possible to somehow know in advance about the approach of a thunderstorm, bad weather, rain? D. We learn about the approach of rain by signs. U. What signs did the author highlight? (Children read the first paragraph)). U. How do you understand the word "vote"? (Children answer) U. Let's find this word in the dictionary. (Looking for the answer in the explanatory dictionary). U. How does K. G. Paustovsky convey the state of nature before the rain? (Children continue to read the first paragraph, heading the first paragraph of the plan). D. How is the beginning of the rain described? (Children read the second paragraph). 8 slide. U. How do you understand the word "scrubs"? (Children answer) U. Let's find this word in the dictionary. (Looking for the answer in the explanatory dictionary). U. Listen to what sounds are heard in nature when the first drops drip. (Children listen to the recording "The Beginning of the Rain"). U. What other sounds did you hear, except for the first drops. I’ll prompt: “They were not mentioned in the story! D. Sounds of thunder and bird calls.
U. What is the title of this part. D. The beginning of the rain. U. What happens next? (Children read the third paragraph). U. Let's listen to these sounds, and remember the smells. (Children listen to the recording of “The Sound of Rain”, title part 3). U. What rains did the author describe? List them. D. This rain is spore, mushroom, blind, and, as they say, the rain pours like a wall. U. What is the title of this part. D. Types of rain. U. Let's describe these rains and make a table "Types of rain" using the data from BE and the dictionary - this is the task for the first group, and the second group uses the description of K.G. Paustovsky and fill out a card, and the third group distributes ready-made descriptions and names of rains at the blackboard (Children read out excerpts, fill out the tables “Types of rain”: 1 gr. - using the Explanatory Dictionary, 2 gr. - using the material of the story in the card, 3 gr. - distribute ready-made descriptions and names of rains at the blackboard). W. Let's check. You guys did a good job W. Having worked with the description of the rains, I think now you will recognize any rain. Let's check now!!! Look at the slide, what kind of rain is not here? Types of rain Name Description Disputable (quick, fast) Pours steeply, strongly, always approaches with an oncoming noise.
If on the river, then the sound of drops is heard. Mushroom Sleepily pours from low clouds. Puddles are warm. He doesn't ring, he whispers. Wall Solid and intense rumble. D. There is no blind rain. U. The lesson is ending, the description of the rains is also over, which means that the rain is over. (I turn on the recording "After the rain"). What is your mood? What color did you imagine, did you see the droplets that fell from the sky, from the branches, from the wires after the rain? Put them in my palms. (Children describe the droplets, conveying their mood, put them in the palms of the teacher).
Most of the children's literature is fiction and poetry. However, the scientific and technological revolution in society ensured the development of the corresponding type of literature. Meaning scientific educational children's book has increased significantly in today's society.
The description and classification of this branch of literature was made by N.M. Druzhinina. The purpose of a scientific and educational children's book, she believes, is to educate the reader's mental activity, to introduce him to the great world of science. To achieve this goal, two types of scientific and educational books help: a book of scientific and artistic and popular science. Let's compare them according to the ways to achieve the goal.
Scientific and artistic book develops the child's creative curiosity using an arsenal of artistic means: teaches to compare events, analyze them, independently draw conclusions, depicting the general in the particular, typical in the individual, showing the process of researching the problem, comprehending individual cognitive elements of a scientific topic. A specific form of generalization in scientific literature is an image used in a fascinating plot narrative, in an artistic essay, story, fairy tale. Such genres are designed by an illustrator, emphasizing the educational idea of the work in the pictures to the texts. Types of books by structure: book-work and books-collections.
Non-fiction book communicates to children the available knowledge to the fullest extent possible, showing the general in general, typical in typical, based on the final results of the study of the world, revealing a certain system of knowledge in a scientific topic. A specific form of knowledge transfer is information using names, concepts and terms, which is contained in articles, documentary essays and stories. Such genres are decorated with photo illustrations, documentary materials, drawings for them are performed by specialist artists in a certain field of scientific knowledge. Popular scientific works are published in reference books, encyclopedias, industry dictionaries, in the special series “Why Books”, “Know and be able”, “Behind the pages of your textbook”, etc. Popular science publications are supplemented with bibliographic lists, diagrams, tables, maps, comments, notes.
How to use both types of publications of scientific and educational books? The ways of reading such literature should correspond to the specifics and nature of the work. A scientific and artistic book requires a holistic emotional perception, the identification of cognitive material in the artistic outline of the work, in the author's intention. Books of a reference type are read selectively, in small “portions” of text, they are referred to as needed, for educational purposes, they are repeatedly returned to and memorize (write down) the main material.
Examples of scientific and artistic books: V.V. Bianchi - "Stories and Tales", M.M. Prishvin - "In the land of grandfather Mazai", G. Skrebitsky - "Four Artists", B.S. Zhitkov - "About the Elephant", "About the Monkey", Yu.D. Dmitriev - “Who lives in the forest and what grows in the forest”, E.I. Charushin - "Big and Small", N.V. Durov - "Corner named after Durov", E. Shim - "City on a Birch", N. Sladkov - "Dancing Fox", M. Gumilevskaya - "How the World is Discovered", L. Obukhova - "The Tale of Yuri Gagarin", C .P. Alekseev - "The Unprecedented happens", etc.
Examples of popular science books: "Children's Encyclopedia" in 10 volumes, "What is it? Who it? Companion of the Curious" for younger students, M. Ilyin, E. Segal - "Stories about what surrounds you", A. Markush - "ABV" (about technology); E. Kameneva - "What color is the rainbow" - a dictionary of fine arts; A. Mityaev - "The Book of Future Commanders", V.V. Bianchi - "Forest Newspaper"; N. Sladkov - "White Tigers", G. Yurmin - "From A to Z in the country of sports", "All works are good - choose to taste"; A. Dorokhov "About yourself", S. Mogilevskaya - "Girls, a book for you", I. Akimushkin - "These are all dogs", Yu. Yakovlev - "The law of your life" (about the Constitution); Encyclopedic dictionary of a young philologist, literary critic, mathematician, musician, technician, etc.
The purpose of scientific and fiction literature is the education of such human qualities as curiosity, cognitive interest, activation of thinking, the formation of consciousness and a materialistic worldview. Popular science literature promotes knowledge about nature, society, man and his activities, about machines and things, broadens the horizons of the child, supplements the information about the world around him that he received at school and other educational institutions. The element of artistry sometimes captivates the young reader so much that he does not master the knowledge contained in the text. Therefore, the perception of scientific literature is more difficult for the baby, but more interesting. The perception of a popular science book is easier, but emotionally poorer. Authors-popularizers of knowledge strive to include elements of entertainment in their texts.
Compare M. Prishvin's scientific and artistic story "The Hedgehog" and the article about the hedgehog from the book "What is it? Who it?" With a clear generality of the topic, the amount of information about the hero is much richer in the encyclopedia: the appearance of the animal, habitat, habits, nutrition, benefits for the forest, etc. are reported. article, - concise, strict style, correct, bookish, terminological vocabulary. Construction of the article: thesis - justification - conclusions. In Prishvin's work, the narrator tells about the hedgehog, who conveys his interested attitude to the forest animal. The narrator arranges such an atmosphere in his home that it seems to the hedgehog that he is in nature: a candle is the moon, legs in boots are tree trunks, water overflowing from dishes is a stream, a plate of water is a lake, a rustling newspaper is dry foliage. A hedgehog for a person is an individual creature, a “prickly lump”, a small forest pig, at first frightened, and then brave. Recognition of the habits of the hedgehog is scattered throughout the plot: there is a plot, a development of actions, a climax (the hedgehog is already making a nest in the house) and a denouement. The hedgehog's behavior is humanized, the reader will learn how these animals behave in different situations, what they eat and what kind of "character" they have. The collective "portrait" of the animal is written in an expressive artistic language, in which there is a place for personifications, comparisons, epithets, metaphors: for example, the snorting of a hedgehog is compared to the sounds of a car. The text contains direct speech, inversions and ellipses, giving the sentences a skazy intonation of spoken language.
So the article enriches the child's knowledge with information about the forest animal and calls for observations in nature, and the story creates the image of a curious and active animal, gives rise to love and interest in "our smaller brothers."
The master of scientific and educational children's book was Boris Stepanovich Zhitkov(1882-1938). K. Fedin said about Zhitkov's work: "You enter his books, like a student - into a workshop." Zhitkov came to literature as an experienced person, at the age of 42, before that there was a period of accumulation of life experience. As a child, Boris Stepanovich Zhitkov was a unique personality, which K.I. recalls with pleasure. Chukovsky, who studied with Zhitkov in the same class of the 2nd Odessa gymnasium. Chukovsky wanted to make friends with the excellent student Zhitkov, since Boris lived in the port, above the sea, among the ships, all his uncles were admirals, he played the violin, which a trained dog wore to him, he had a boat, a telescope on three legs, cast-iron balls for gymnastics, he was an excellent swimmer, rower, collected a herbarium, knew how to tie knots in the sea (you can’t untie it!), predict the weather, he knew how to speak French, etc. etc. The man had talents, knew a lot and knew how to do. Zhitkov graduated from two faculties: natural-mathematical and shipbuilding, he tried many professions, and being a long-distance navigator, he saw half the sides of the globe. He taught, studied ichthyology, he invented tools, he was a "jack of all trades", this boy from an intelligent family (father is a mathematics teacher, author of textbooks, mother is a pianist). In addition, Zhitkov loved literature from childhood and was an excellent storyteller. He wrote such letters to his relatives that they were read as fiction. In one of his letters to his nephew, Zhitkov essentially formulated the motto of a full-fledged school life: “It is impossible for learning to be difficult. It is necessary that learning be joyful, reverent and victorious” (1924).
“What is surprising that such a person eventually takes up a pen and, taking it, immediately creates books that are unparalleled in world literature,” wrote V. Bianchi. The whole of his former life became material for Zhitkov's creativity. His favorite heroes are people who know how to work well, professionals, craftsmen. About such cycles of his stories "Sea stories", "About brave people". Let us recall his short stories about the beauty of people's professional behavior: "Red Commander", "Flood", "Collapse". An extreme situation is being created, from which only people of high responsibility and knowledge find the right way out. The girl choked on a fish bone (“Collapse”), the doctor hurries to help, road builders help him overcome the path: they cleared the collapse of stones with a hydroram pump. Help arrived just in time.
Zhitkov, choosing a situation for a story, expects to immediately capture the reader in emotional captivity, to provide a case from life in which there is both a moral and a practical lesson. You need to know what to do when there is an accident, when people are swept away on an ice floe into the sea, when the motor fails, when you get into a field in a blizzard, when a snake bites, etc.
Zhitkov shows the production processes of printing - "About this book", the transmission of telegrams by wire - "Telegram", the features of the sailor's service - "Steamboat". At the same time, he not only reveals the content of the topic, but also chooses a masterful technique for presenting it. A fascinating tale of cleaning the deck ("Steamboat") ends unexpectedly with the story of a tragic incident that resulted from excessive cleaning. The narrative includes messages about ship mechanisms, propeller, anchor, port service ...
The story “About This Book” reproduces the procedure for handling a book in a printing house: it starts with a facsimile (exact copy) of the book’s manuscript, shows its typesetting, layout, correction, printing, stitching, revision ... Zhitkov came up with the idea of telling about each stage of creating a book like this: what it would be, if this operation was skipped, what funny nonsense would turn out.
Compositional findings are also distinguished by the story about the operation of the electric telegraph: it is a chain of successive discoveries. In a communal apartment, one tenant needs to call 2 times, and the other - 4. So a simple call can become a directional signal. And you can agree so that whole words are transmitted by calls. Such an alphabet has already been invented - Morse. But just imagine: they transmit using Morse code, dots and dashes, letters, words ... Until you listen to the end, you will forget the beginning. What should be done? Write down. So another stage passed. But a person may not have time to write everything down - a new difficulty. Engineers came up with a machine - a telegraph - to do this for a person. So, starting with a simple call, Zhitkov led the reader to the knowledge of a complex telegraph apparatus.
The writer, as a good teacher, alternates easy and difficult, funny and serious, distant and close in the work, new knowledge is based on previous experience, methods of memorizing the material are offered. It was especially important to do this in the encyclopedia for preschoolers "What did I see?". On behalf of the five-year-old Alyosha-pochemuchka, Zhitkov tells a story about how a small citizen gradually learns the world around him - a house and a yard, city streets, going on trips, learns the types of transport and travel rules, while the writer compares something new with the already known , the narration permeates humor, interesting details of observations, emotionally coloring the text. For example, Alyosha and his uncle are riding in a bus, they meet troops on the way, setting off for maneuvers: “And everyone began to repeat: the cavalry is coming. And it was just the Red Army soldiers on horseback riding with sabers and guns.
Children's reading includes Zhitkov's fairy tales and stories about animals "The Brave Duckling", "About the Elephant", "About the Monkey", which are distinguished by a wealth of information and figurative accuracy. Zhitkov devoted several stories to children: “Pudya”, “How I caught little men”, “White House”, etc. Zhitkov is a real educator of children, giving knowledge with great respect for those who receive it.
Brother S.Ya. Marshak - M. Ilyin (Ilya Yakovlevich Marshak, 1895-1953), chemical engineer in the first specialty. In the 1920s, he had to part with the factory laboratory due to illness, and Ilyin successfully mastered a second profession - a fiction writer. He aims to show children how a person mastered the secrets of nature in order to improve his life and work. “What is the strength and significance of the image in an educational book? In the fact that he mobilizes the reader's imagination to help the ability to reason ... the image becomes absolutely necessary when science wants to become accessible to many, ”wrote Ilyin in one of his articles (1945).
M. Ilyin was looking for ways, including artistic ones, to show children the beauty of science, to make the achievements of technical progress visible, bright, to captivate children with discoveries, experiences and even experiments. The famous collection "Stories about things" appeared in 1936; it was the story of the development of civilization in human society: "The sun on the table" - about lighting a home; "What time is it now?" - about the measurement of time; "Black on white" - about writing; "One hundred thousand why?" - about things of the surrounding reality: about the house, clothes, utensils ...
Ilyin begins his encyclopedia of things with riddle questions to evoke a sense of surprise and then interest: Which is warmer: three shirts or a triple-thick shirt? Are there walls made of thin air? Why is bread pulp full of holes? Why can you skate on ice but not on the floor? etc. Interspersing questions with answers, evoking the work of the heart and thoughts, the writer travels with his little fellow readers around the room, along the street, around the city, surprising and delighting them with the creations of the hands and mind of man.
In objects, he reveals the figurative essence: “The main property of a spring is stubbornness”; “Washing linen means erasing dirt from it, like how we erase what is written on paper with an eraser”; “People died, but legends remained. That's why we call them "traditions" because they were passed down from one person to another." Such comments force the reader to peer and listen to the root meaning of words, develop attention to the language. The statement “It is not a fur coat that warms a person, but a man warms a fur coat” is the beginning, an impetus to the child’s thinking process: why is that? Ilyin compares a person with a stove that produces heat, which a fur coat is designed to keep.
Together with his wife, Elena Alexandrovna Segal Ilyin, he compiled another encyclopedic book about the complex world of machines, technology, inventions - “Stories about what surrounds you” (1953), “How a man became a giant” (history of work and thoughts of a person, history of philosophy for teenagers, 1946), “How a car learned to walk” - (history of motor transport), “Journey to the Atom” (1948), “Transformation of the Planet” (1951), “Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin” (1953, about a scientist chemist and composer ).
Demonstrating the transformation of human life, Ilyin could not help touching on the role of the state and politics in this process (“The Story of the Great Plan” - about the five-year plans for the development of the Soviet state). The educational part of Ilyin's books is not outdated, and everything related to journalism tends to lose relevance. Ilyin showed readers the poetry of knowledge, and this is of lasting value in his work.
The classic of scientific and educational children's book is Vitaly ValentinovichBianki(1894-1959). “The whole vast world around me, above me and below me is full of unknown secrets. I will open them all my life, because this is the most interesting, most exciting activity in the world, ”wrote V.V. Bianchi. He admitted that he loves nature like a wolf, and told a fairy tale about this wolf: “They once asked Magpie: “Magpie, Magpie, do you love nature?” - “But what about it,” the Magpie rumbled, “I can’t live without a forest: the sun, space, freedom!” Wolf was also asked about the same. The Wolf grumbled: “How do I know whether I love nature or not, I didn’t guess and didn’t think about it.” Then the hunters caught Magpie and Wolf, put them in a cage, held them there longer and asked: “Well, how is life, Magpie?” - “Yes, nothing,” the chirp answers, “you can live, they feed you.” They wanted to ask the Wolf about the same thing, but lo and behold, the Wolf had died. The Wolf did not know if he loved nature, he simply could not live without it ... ".
Bianchi was born into the family of a scientist ornithologist, he received his biological education at home, and then at St. Petersburg University.
Since 1924, Bianchi has written over two hundred works of various genres for children: stories, fairy tales, articles, essays, novellas, notes by a phenologist, composed quizzes and useful tips on how to behave in natural conditions. His most voluminous book, written jointly with his students, is the Encyclopedia of the Seasons "Forest Newspaper", and in 1972-74 the collected works of Bianchi for children were published.
Bianchi is a connoisseur of natural science, a naturalist and nature lover, who with scientific accuracy conveys encyclopedic knowledge about life on earth to preschoolers and primary schoolchildren. Often he does this in an artistic form, using anthropomorphism (similarity to a person). He called the genre he developed a fairy tale-non-tale. A fairy tale - because animals talk, quarrel, find out whose legs, whose nose and tail are better, who sings what, whose house is most convenient for living and under. Not a fairy tale - because, telling the story of how the ant hurried home, Bianchi manages to report on the methods of movement of various insects: the caterpillar releases a thread to descend from the tree; the beetle steps over the plowed furrows in the field; The water strider does not sink, because there are air cushions on its paws ... Insects help the ant to get home, because with the sunset, ant holes are closed for the night.
Each fairy tale, each story of Bianchi activates thinking and enlightens the child: is the tail of birds used for decoration? Do all birds sing and why? How can the life of owls affect the yield of clover? It turns out that it is possible to refute the expression "the bear stepped on the ear" about a person who does not have a musical ear. The writer is known for the “Musician Bear”, playing on a chip of a stump, like on a string. It was such a smart beast that the bear hunter (bear hunter) met in the forest. Clumsy-looking Toptygin is shown to be skillful and dexterous. Such images are remembered for a lifetime.
The naturalist storyteller teaches the child to observe and study natural phenomena. In the cycle "My cunning son" the hero-boy on a walk with his father learns how to track down a hare, to see a black grouse. Bianchi is a master of animal portraits: bittern, hoopoe, little wryneck (“First Hunt”), quails and partridges (“Orange Neck”), a master of dialogue between animals (“Fox and a mouse”, “Teremok”), a master of depicting unusual situations: a small the squirrel frightened the big fox ("Mad Squirrel"); a bear extracts music from a stump ("Musician").
Children's writer and animal artist Evgeny Ivanovich Charushin(1901-1965) depicts favorite characters - animal cubs: cubs, wolf cubs, puppies. Favorite story - meeting the baby with the world. Without resorting to the method of anthropomorphism, the writer conveys the state of the hero in certain events of his life and does it good-naturedly, with humor. and fears, they gain life experience of communication with the big world. The main collection of Charushin is called “Big and Small”.
The famous saying "To protect nature means to protect the Motherland" belongs to Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin(1873-1954). The writer called his arrival in literature at the age of 33 a happy accident. The profession of an agronomist helped him to know and feel the earth and everything that grows on it, to look for untrodden paths - unexplored places on the earth, to comprehend everyone who lives in nature. Prishvin reflected in his diaries: “Why do I write about animals, flowers, forests, nature? Many say that I limit my talent by turning off my attention to the person himself ... I have found my favorite pastime: to look for and discover in nature the beautiful sides of the human soul. This is how I understand nature, as a mirror of the human soul: to the beast, the bird, the grass, and the cloud, only a person gives his image and meaning.
Creating images of nature, Prishvin does not humanize it, does not liken it to human life, but personifies, looks for something wonderful in it. A significant place in his works is occupied by descriptions made with the art of a photographer. He carried his passion for photography through his whole life, the 6-volume collection of Prishvin's works is illustrated by his photographs - as poetic and mysterious as the texts.
Prishvin's short works can be called prose poems or lyrical notes. In the book “Forest Drops”, a sketch of a picture from the life of a winter forest consists of one sentence: “I managed to hear how a mouse gnaws a spine under the snow.” In this miniature, a thoughtful reader will appreciate every word: "succeeded" - expresses the author's joy at being entrusted with one of the secrets of nature; “hear” - there is such silence in the winter forest that it seems there is no life in it, but you need to listen: the forest is full of life; “a mouse under the snow” is a whole image of a secret life hidden from the eyes of a person, a mouse has a house - a mink, grain supplies have run out or a burrow has come out for a walk, but it “gnaws the root” of a tree, feeds on frozen juices, solves its life problems under thick snow cover.
How the traveler Prishvin traveled the lands of the Russian north: about this is the book “In the land of fearless birds”, containing ethnographic information; about Karelia and Norway - "Behind the Magic Bun"; the story "The Black Arab" is dedicated to the Asian steppes, the story "Ginseng" is dedicated to the Far East. But Prishvin lived in the heart of Russia, in the forests near Moscow, and Central Russian nature was dearest to him - almost all the books about the "Golden Ring of Russia": "Ship Thicket", "Forest Drop", "Calendar of Nature", "Pantry of the Sun" ...
The collection "Golden Meadow" (1948) brought together many of the writer's children's stories. The story "Children and ducklings" shows the eternal conflict of big and small; "Fox Bread" - about a walk in the forest for the gifts of nature; "Hedgehog" came to visit a man; "Golden Meadow" is about dandelion flowers that grow in the meadow and live according to the sundial.
The fairy tale "Pantry of the Sun" tells about the orphans of the war of the forties Nastya and Mitrasha. Brother and sister live independently and with the help of kind people. Do not take courage and courage for them, since they go to the terrible Fornication swamp for cranberries, the main berry of those places. The beauty of the forest captivates children, but also tests them. Strong hunting dog Grass helps a boy in trouble.
In all the works of Prishvin, a deep philosophical thought is carried out about the unity, the relationship of man with nature.
Just as Gaidar came up with the noble game of Timurovites, so Yuri Dmitrievich Dmitriev(1926-1989) invented the game of "Green Patrol". That was the name of the book he wrote, because some boys, having come to the forest, destroy bird nests and do not know what to do usefully. I wanted to teach the children to protect nature, to protect it.
In the 60s, Dmitriev became a writer, in the 80s he was awarded the International European Prize for works about nature "Neighbors on the Planet". K. Paustovsky wrote about Dmitriev's early stories: he has "Levitan's vision, the accuracy of a scientist and the imagery of a poet."
The library series for primary school age marked "scientific and fiction" is represented by the voluminous book "Hello, squirrel! How are you, crocodile? (favorites). Under one cover are collected several cycles of stories, novellas:
1) "Stories of an old man-forester" (What is a forest); 2) "Tales about Mushonka and his friends"; 3) "Ordinary miracles"; 4) "A little story about Borovik, Amanita and much more"; 5) "Mysterious night guest"; 7) “Hello, squirrel! How are you, crocodile? 8) "Cunning, invisible and different parents"; 8) “If you look around…”
The cycle that gave the title to the entire book is subtitled Stories of Animals Talking to One Another. Animals have their own language of movements, smells, whistling, knocking, screaming, dancing... The author tells about the expressiveness of the "conversation" of the most diverse, small and large, harmless and predatory animals.
The cycle of cunning and invisible is a story about how animals protect themselves by mimicking in nature, adapting to the environment. "If you look around ..." - a chapter about insects: dragonflies, butterflies, spiders. There are no useful and harmful insects, there are necessary or harmful to a person, which is why he calls them that. The collective character Mishka Kryshkin appears, who catches and destroys everyone who is weaker than him. Youths learn to distinguish insects and treat them objectively.
Yu. Dmitriev in his books defends those who are easily offended in nature - ants, butterflies, worms, spiders, etc., talking about their benefits to the earth, grass, trees, about what they can be of interest to people.
Tireless travelers Yu. Dmitriev, N. Sladkov, S. Sakharnov, G. Snegirev, E. Shim considered themselves students of Bianchi and in the second half of the 20th century created a wonderful natural history library for younger schoolchildren. Each went his own way. Sladkov, in continuation of the "Forest Newspaper", created the "Underwater Newspaper" about the life of the inhabitants of reservoirs; very actively uses the technical means of scuba diving, a photo gun, that is, an apparatus with a lens of great power of magnification, a tape recorder, etc., to study nature, but also, as a teacher, he loves the genres of the story and fairy tales, fairy tales, in which paths, imagery, parable, figurative meanings of words are merged with the strict realism of the image.
The Children's Marine Encyclopedia was compiled by S.V. Sakharnov, having received several international awards for it. His stories about exotic animals are emotional and amazing. Books by G.Ya. Snegirev captivate readers with wonderful discoveries, knowledge of the laws of nature. Writers with academic degrees come to children's literature - G.K. Skrebitsky, V. Chaplin zoo worker; multilaterally educated - G. Yurmin, and specializing in favorite topics - A. Markusha, I. Akimushkin ... And all together, the creators of a scientific and educational children's book about nature fulfill an ecological mission, educate children in an attentive and careful attitude to the world around them.
One of the most difficult scientific and artistic directions in children's literature is history book. Historical prose is made up of works of the historical-biographical and native history cycle. For children and youth, special series "ZhZL", "Little Historical Library", "Legendary Heroes", "Grandfather's Medals", etc. are published.
Writers are interested in those events in the past of our Motherland that can be called turning points, the most important, and those fates of historical characters in which the features of the national character, the features of patriotism were revealed. Taking into account the age needs of readers, writers give stories and novels an adventurous, adventurous character, choose such factual material that can have educational value.
Historicism of thinking is inherent in many classical writers. Reading works on the theme of childhood, we learn a lot of important things about the era in which the hero lives, because the historical background and the private life of the character are always inextricably linked (V. Kataev, L. Kassil, etc.).
Often the story in the presentation for kids is legendary. Writer CM. Golitsyn(1909-1989) introduces children to the past of Russia (“The Legend of the White Stones”, “About the White-Combustible Stone”, “The Legend of the Moscow Land”) in the style of old epics (pay attention to the first word in the title of the books). The formation of Russian statehood is shown using chronicle sources of knowledge.
Writer and artist G.N. Yudin(1947) began his literary career with the book "The Primer", created in the system of game-based literacy. The book "The Bird Sirin and the Rider on the White Horse" is clearly inspired by Slavic mythology. Yegory the master, 16th century artist, lives during the time of Ivan the Terrible. Yudin, through the language, makes the reader feel the spirit of the era, informs the customs, rituals, songs of that time. Another direction of the writer's work is hagiographic literature. He writes books for teenagers about legendary saints - Ilya Muromets, Sergius of Radonezh, etc. The plots include apocrypha (non-canonical religious texts retold by the people), Orthodox prayers, and philosophical judgments.
Children's reading includes: V. Yan's story « Nikita and Mikitka”, which shows Moscow during the time of Ivan the Terrible, boyar life, the teachings of children in the historical past; story by Yu.P. Herman « That's how it was» about the blockade of Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War; stories about the heroes of that war A. Mityaeva, A. Zharikova, M. Belakhova.
Created a rich historical library for elementary school students Sergey Petrovich Alekseev(born 1922). Before the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, he was a pilot. “Perhaps the combat profession taught him not to be afraid of heights, each time to strive for more and more decisive and daring take-offs,” S.V. wrote about Alekseev. Mikhalkov. Indeed, the idea of him, a former pilot and teacher, to create works about every major historical event in our country in stories for the youngest readers requires great courage. The idea was realized throughout his life and also at the time when Alekseev served as the editor-in-chief of the Children's Literature magazine. We list his main books in the historical library: “The Unprecedented Happens” (about the times of Peter the Great), “The History of a Serf Boy” (about serfdom), “The Glory Bird” (about the war of 1812, about Kutuzov), “Stories about Suvorov and Russian soldiers ”,“ The Life and Death of Grishatka Sokolov ”(about the Pugachev uprising),“ The Terrible Horseman ”(about Stepan Razin),“ There is a people's war ”(about the Great Patriotic War) ...
His “One Hundred Stories from Russian History” was awarded a state prize and is included in anthologies as texts for program reading in the lower grades of a comprehensive school.
Successful is a method of presenting historical material that suits everyone: young readers, teachers, and parents. Writers reproduce events, exact facts, including specific real and fictional characters in the plot. The graphic nature of the descriptions, the dynamism of the narrative correspond to the specifics of children's perception of art, and make it easier for children to perceive the text. The triumph of goodness, justice and humanism in the works, the assessment of history through the prism of modernity makes Alekseev’s complex historical books close to children, and history empathetic. This is how the patriotic feelings of the young reader are brought up.
How beautiful is this world! How extraordinarily beautiful the Creator made it! And how much we still do not know about it ... How many secrets and secrets are kept in the oceans, jungles, deserts and even tiny anthills that seem so ordinary and unremarkable to us!
Let's all go on an amazing journey around our planet to see its beauty! And, now we will visit the bees ...
From this informative story for children, you will learn why bees harvest honey, how their families are arranged, why beekeepers need “armor”, how in the old days people protected a precious delicacy from bears and much, much more interesting things!
And, of course, speaking of little striped workers, it is impossible to keep silent about honey! Therefore, we will tell amazing facts about him.
This is an amazing story about an amazing civilization of small creatures that we are so used to that we have already stopped noticing. And, by the way, in vain! After all, these are one of the most mysterious insects on our planet! We are sure that after reading this informative story, you will learn a lot of new things!