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Alphabet correct pronunciation of letters. Alphabet and alphabet - how do they differ? Name Letters in Russian

At the lesson, the concept of phonetics as a branch of the science of language is formed, information about the Russian alphabet is repeated; students will get acquainted with the rules for compiling phonetic transcription, learn about the features of sound writing as one of the means of expressiveness of speech.

Topic: Phonetics. Graphic arts. Spelling

Lesson: Phonetics. Sounds of speech. Alphabet

From day to day we pronounce words that are familiar to us. But very rarely do we think about how we do it. For example, how do we manage to say such a familiar word "hello"? We pronounce a certain combination of sounds, which develops in our minds into the corresponding concept. In the word "hello" we made 11 sounds. Three of them are vowels, 8 are consonants. All these sounds are pronounced by us in a certain order. We pronounce not just sounds, because we consider sounds to be the noise of a car, the creak of an opening door, and the clatter of a horse. Animals also produce a variety of sounds. We pronounce the sounds that make up words. These are speech sounds.

Phonetics. Sounds and letters. Graphic arts

Knowing the alphabetical order will help us, for example, to navigate in a spelling or some other dictionary; various lists are arranged in alphabetical order, for example, the names of students in a class magazine.

Word transcription

We often have to memorize the spelling of unstressed vowels and doubled consonants. Why do we have to memorize the spelling of such words? Why do we have to look for test words and study a large number of spelling rules? This is because the pronunciation of a word does not always coincide with its spelling. And not always the number of sounds and letters in a word is the same. And we can write down not only the word according to the rules of spelling, but also using letters and additional signs to write down the sound of the word. This "sound" recording is called transcription.

Practical observation

The transcription of the word is written in square brackets.

The transcription of the word "milk" is [malakoʹ]. Please note that in an unstressed position, we do not pronounce the sound [o], but pronounce the sound [a]. This word has 6 letters and 6 sounds. Transcription of the word "railing" - [p'ir'ilaʹ]. In an unstressed position, the sound [and] is always pronounced. In addition, you see special characters in the form of a "comma" at the top of the letter. This is an apostrophe, it denotes the softness of the consonant.

Transcription of the word "shadow" - [t'en ']. Please note that the letter e in this word conveys the sound [e]. The soft sign does not represent a letter. Thus, in this word there are 4 letters, 3 sounds.

The transcription of the word "sun" is [sontse]. Here we pay attention to the unpronounceable consonant. We do not pronounce the sound [l] in this word, therefore, it is not displayed in the transcription either. Thus, in a word there are 6 letters, 5 sounds.

Transcription of the word "berry" -. This word has a letter I stands for two sounds, so it has 5 letters, 6 sounds.

sound recording

You may have noticed that certain sounds or their combinations evoke associations in us about a particular phenomenon. For example, the combination of sounds [g] and [r] reminds us of thunder. In his poem, Fyodor Tyutchev specifically repeats the combination of these sounds to create the image of a thunderstorm: I love gr lake at the beginning of May,

Co. G yes spring pe R out gr om,

As if R and and gr and I,

Gr hunts in the sky G olub.

Gr eat R askats are young…

Or an excerpt from a poem by Mikhail Lermontov. The poet, using the sound [l], conveys the image of flowing water, the smooth movements of a swimming mermaid:

Rusa l ka p l s l and along the river l slaughter,

Illuminated by l Noah l una;

And old l as she is additional l sleep until l una

silver foam l us.

This property of expressive speech is called sound writing.

The high musicality of poetry presupposes a subtle penetration into the peculiarities of sounding speech, into its ability to impress not only with the meaning of words, but also with their sound, their music.

At your leisure, you can try to talk about some phenomenon using sound writing. Or offer a creative competition in class for the most original use of sound writing.

It should be noted that the possibility of sound writing has long been noticed by the people and is reflected in comic songs, ditties and, of course, in tongue twisters. Tongue twisters were invented not only for fun, they help to work out good diction. At first, the tongue twister is pronounced slowly, paying special attention to combinations of sounds that are difficult to pronounce. And then the tongue twister needs to be pronounced as quickly as possible, repeating it several times.

From the clatter of hooves, dust flies across the field.

The ship was carrying caramel, the ship ran aground. And the sailors ate caramel aground for two weeks.

Fields of millet fly in the field, and Frosya takes out the weeds.

All beavers are kind to their beavers.

Two puppies, cheek to cheek, pinch the brush in the corner.

Homework

Task number 1

Write down the transcription of these words and determine the number of letters and sounds.

Anchor, rumor, sad, river.

Task number 2

Write these words in alphabetical order. If the first letter in different words is the same, you should look at the second letter, if the second is the same, then at the third. Remember the spelling of the highlighted letters.

Vinaigrette, neat, alphabet, travel, horizon, household, director, quantity, passenger, highway, ink, collection, caricature, aviation, eleven, violet, acrobat, valley.

1. Scientific and educational portal: Originweb.info ().

On the origin of the Russian alphabet

2. Encyclopedia of Brockhaus F. A. and Efron I. A. ().

Phonetics

Literature

1. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 cells: V.V. Babaitseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.

2. Russian language. 5th class: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.

3. Russian language. Practice. 5th class: ed. A.Yu. Kupalova. - M.: Bustard, 2012.

Before proceeding to perform phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

  • 21 letters for consonants;
  • 10 letters - vowels;
  • and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not in themselves determine any sound units.

You often pronounce the sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, more letters than sounds can be used in a word. For example, "children's" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [ts]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "Yu" in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive sound speech by ear. Under the phonetic analysis of the word is meant the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such an analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, in phonetic parsing, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment, and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter analysis, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the correct spelling is:

  • black -> [h"orny"]
  • apple -> [yablaka]
  • anchor -> [yakar"]
  • tree -> [yolka]
  • sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish between the letter record (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

  • the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets - ;
  • a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
  • shock [´] - with an accent;
  • in complex word forms from several roots, a secondary stress sign [`] is used - grave (not practiced in the school curriculum);
  • the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Yo, b and b are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
  • for double consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of pronouncing the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and word parsing with online examples, in accordance with the general school norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowels and consonants.

How to make a phonetic parsing of a word?

The following diagram will help you conduct a letter analysis:

  • Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
  • Count how many vowels and consonants are in it.
  • Mark the stressed syllable. (Stress with the help of intensity (energy) singles out a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
  • Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable division in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
  • In transcription, disassemble the word by sounds.
  • Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
  • Opposite each letter, in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "yu", "I", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
  • Analyze each phoneme separately and mark its properties with a comma:
    • for a vowel, we indicate in the characteristic: the sound is a vowel; shock or unstressed;
    • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-deafness.
  • At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is an example of phonetic analysis by composition for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'e′n'iye]. In this example, there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-ni-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [c] - acc., paired solid, paired sound [l '] - acc., paired soft, unpaired . sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, percussion [n '] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired. sound, sonorous and [and] - vowel, unstressed [th] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed ____________________ In total, the phenomenon in the word is 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationship and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What are the sounds?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are stressed and unstressed. A consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian live speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ for both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

  • [b] - peppy and [b '] - squirrel;
  • or [d] - [d ’]: home - do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If in doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached a dimensionless scale, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language

Vowel sounds unlike melodic consonants, they flow freely, as if in a singsong voice, from the larynx, without barriers and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you strive to pronounce the consonant, the more vigorously you will close the oral cavity. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on a vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six percussive sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [y], [s]. And, recall, there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, u. The vowels E, Yo, Yu, I are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words alphabetically, the letters listed are stressed.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of exhalation, increased duration of sound, and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced distinctly and expressively, the sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to perform. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains the main form is called strong position. Only a stressed sound and a syllable can occupy such a position. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

  • The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more distinctly, with the greatest force and duration.
  • A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In Russian, only one phoneme “U” retains unchanging phonetic properties: kuruza, plank, u chus, u catch - in all positions it is pronounced distinctly like [u]. This means that the vowel "U" is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “Yu”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´h’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [kaka "o], patio [pa" tio], radio [ra" dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “e” - [o]: turn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. Parsing the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position will also not be difficult.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after placing the stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - zamok" and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

  • I'm at home [ya to "ma].
  • New houses [but "vye da ma"].

AT unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, it is pronounced differently than it is written:

  • mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
  • he - online = [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
  • witness = [sv'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And a qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristic depending on its position:

  • primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
  • at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
  • in open syllables (consist of only one vowel);
  • under the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

Yes, different 1st degree of reduction. She is subject to:

  • vowels in the first prestressed syllable;
  • open syllable at the very beginning;
  • repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n'iz'd'e´shn'y].

(bare syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

  • forward-re -di [fp'ir'i d'i´];
  • e-ste-ve-nno [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all pre-stressed syllables in sound analysis refer to reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called "weak position of the second degree."

  • kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t '];
  • model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
  • swallow [la´-hundred-ch'ka];
  • kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in steps: the second, third (after hard and soft consonants, - this is outside the curriculum): study [uch'i´ts: a], numb [atsyp'in'e´t '], hope [nad'e´zhda]. In a letter analysis, the reduction of a vowel in a weak position in a final open syllable (= at the absolute end of a word) will appear very slightly:

  • cup;
  • goddess;
  • with songs;
  • turn.

Sound letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

During phonetic analysis, the vowels e, e, u, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

  • At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "Yu" always:
    • - cringe [yo´ zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’ny], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], capacity [yo´ mkast’];
    • - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], yule [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], briskness [yu ´rkas’t’];
  • at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
    • - spruce [ye´ l '], I go [ye´ f: y], huntsman [ye´ g'ir '], eunuch [ye´ vnuh];
    • - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
    • (*to perform sound-letter analysis of unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
  • in the position immediately after the vowel "Yo" and "Yu" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except when the indicated letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples for specific cases:
    • - reception mnik [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sing t [payo´t], kluyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
    • -ay rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
  • after the separating solid “b” sign “Yo” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
  • after the dividing soft "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ha], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stresses are of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the literal analysis of the remaining iotated sounds and see how they can still change their characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" denote two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

  • at the very beginning of a word:
    • - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yilo´vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], his [yivo´], egoza [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
    • - January [yi nva´rsky], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
    • (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye wrap’io´idnaya], Eugene [ye] vge´niy, European [ye wrap’e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rchia, etc.).
  • immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
    • in a timely manner [piles vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi zh: a´t '], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´shch'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
    • bark [la´yi t '], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi ts], belt [po´yi s], declare [zai v'i´t '], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
  • after a separating hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [sii do´bny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "ekanye", while the Moscow school has "hiccups". Previously, the yottered "Yo" was pronounced with a more accentuated "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow standards in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is pronounced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

The letter "I" after the soft sign "b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on ku´r'yi' x "no´shkakh], rabbit [cro´l'ich'yi], no family [with 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi] But: The vowel "O" after a soft sign "b" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotation can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavillo n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, shigno n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels "Yu" "E" "Yo" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

  • sound units "Yo" "Yu" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
    • yo - [o],
    • e - [e],
    • yu - [y].
    Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [yellow], silk [sho´ lx], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'ice´ Fri], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
  • The letters "I" "Yu" "E" "Yo" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [']. Exception only for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
    • ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], light [l'o´ hk'y], honey agaric [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´ nak];
    • e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e´ n '], mirror [z'e´ rkala], smarter [smart'e´ ye], conveyor [kanv'e´ yir];
    • i - [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
    • yu - [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
    • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do phonetic analysis by composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding softness apostrophe: hotel [ate´ l '], strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet´ t].
  • Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'and snowy], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [n'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lay down [l'i ga´t'], five grater [n'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonant sounds of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonant sounds are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet for their designation is used 21 letters. However, performing a sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

  • hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
    • [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
    • [in] - [in ’]: in height - in June,
    • [g] - [g ’]: city - duke,
    • [d] - [d ']: dacha - d elfin,
    • [h] - [h ’]: z won - z ether,
    • [k] - [k ’]: to onfeta - to engur,
    • [l] - [l ’]: l odka - l lux,
    • [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
    • [n] - [n ’]: new - n ectar,
    • [n] - [n ’]: n alma-p yosik,
    • [p] - [p ’]: r chamomile - r poison,
    • [s] - [s ’]: with uvenir - with a surprise,
    • [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t tulip,
    • [f] - [f ’]: flag flag - February,
    • [x] - [x ’]: x orek - x hunter.
  • Certain consonants do not have a hardness-softness pair. Unpaired include:
    • sounds [g], [c], [w] - always solid (life, cycle, mouse);
    • [h ’], [u’] and [y ’] are always soft (daughter, more often, yours).
  • The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the sonority-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and participation of the organs of articulation.

  • Sonorants (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they hear a maximum of voice and a little noise: lion, paradise, zero.
  • If, during the pronunciation of a word, both a voice and noise are formed during the sound analysis, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, s, etc.): factory, b people, life from n.
  • When pronouncing deaf consonants (p, s, t, and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is emitted: stack a, chip a, k ost yum, circus, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: a bow (b, p, d, t) - a gap (g, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial-labial (b, p, m) , labio-dental (f, c), anterior lingual (t, d, h, s, c, f, w, u, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, d, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing, try placing your hands over your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is deaf.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget a friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat cabbage soup? - Fi! - similarly, these replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonant sounds in Russian

The consonant sound, like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter can phonetically denote a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a nearby consonant. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation by deafness-voicedness operates. The voiced double consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

  • at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [club´p];
  • before deaf consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], hug [aph wat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
  • making sound letter parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless double consonant standing before a voiced one (except for [d'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [r] - [r ']) is also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a deaf noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [h] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing by the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings of the "-th", "-his" names of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "G" is transcribed as a sound [v]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school program on phonetics, this process is called contraction of consonants: separate [ad: 'il'i´t'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced to sounds [d'd'], silent smart [b'ish: u ´many]. When parsing by composition, a number of words in sound-letter analysis show dissimilation - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, the common feature of the two adjacent consonants changes: the combination “GK” sounds like [hk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o′h'k'y], soft [m'a′h' k'iy].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

  • Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before "b";
  • the softness of the consonant sound in the syllable in the letter will help determine the vowel that follows it (e, e, i, u, i);
  • [u’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
  • the sound [n] always softens before the soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'icen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z '] spruce, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd '] idat, ba [n'd '] um, and [n'd '] ivid , blo[n'd'] in, stipe[n'd'] ia, ba[n't'] ik, wi[n't'] ik, zo[n't'] ik, ve[n' t '] il, a [n't '] personal, co[n't '] text, remo[n't '] to edit;
  • the letters "N", "K", "R" during phonetic analysis of the composition can soften before soft sounds [h '], [u ']: glass ik [staka′n'ch'ik], changer ik [sm'e ′n'shch'ik], donut ik [po′n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e′n'sh'ik], boulevard ina [bul'var'r'shch'ina], borscht [ borsch'];
  • often the sounds [h], [s], [r], [n] in front of a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e'nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
  • in order to correctly perform sound-literal analysis, consider the words of exception when the consonant [r] before soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during literal analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiced consonants before sibilant consonants and their transcription in sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiced: [d-t] or [s-s] before hissing (w, w, u, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

  • Letter analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: visitor [pr'iye´zhzh y], ascension [your e´stv'iye], izzhelta [i´zhzh elta], take pity [zhzh a´l'its: a].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you should designate one of the repeated sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

  • Letter combinations with hissing "szh" - "zzh", are pronounced as a double solid consonant [zh:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - like [w:]: squeezed, sewn, without a tire, climbed.
  • The combinations "zh", "zhzh" inside the root during sound-letter analysis is recorded in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
  • The combinations "sch", "sch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are ​​pronounced as a long soft [u':]: account [u': o´t], scribe, customer.
  • At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place "sch", "zch" is transcribed as [sch'h']: without a number [b'esch' h' isla´], with something [sch'ch' em mta] .
  • With a sound-letter analysis, the combinations "tch", "dch" at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], young man ik [little´h ': ik], report ot [ah': o´t].

Cheat sheet for likening consonants at the place of formation

  • mid → [u':]: happiness [u': a´s't'ye], sandstone [n'isch': a´n'ik], peddler [razno´sh': ik], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clear;
  • zch → [u’:]: carver [r’e´shch’: hic], loader [gru´shch’: hic], storyteller [raska´shch’: hic];
  • ZhCh → [u’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ u’: ik], man [mush’: i´na];
  • shh → [u’:]: freckled [v’isnu′shch’: common];
  • stch → [u’:]: tougher [zho´shch’: e], whip, rigger;
  • zdch → [u’:]: traverser [abye´shch’: ik], furrowed [baro´shch’: whit];
  • ss → [u’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t ’], generous [rasch’: e′dr’ils’a];
  • van → [h'sh']: split off [ach'sh' ip'i′t'], snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat'], in vain [h'sh' etna], carefully [h' sh'at'el'na];
  • tch → [h ':] : report [ah ': o't], homeland [ah ': izna], ciliated [r'is'n'i'ch ': i'ty];
  • dh → [h’:] : underline [patch’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
  • szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t '];
  • zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t '], ignition [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t '];
  • ssh → [sh:]: bringing [pr’in’o′sh: th], embroidered [rash: y´ty];
  • zsh → [w:] : inferior [n'ish: y'y]
  • th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, making a sound-literal analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about′by], ​​not for anything [n'e′ zasht a], anything [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
  • thu → [h't] in other cases of literal parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] and so on;
  • ch → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, and also in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
  • ch → [ch'n] - literal analysis for all other options: fabulous [fairytale'n], country [yes'ch'n], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
  • !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, a double pronunciation and transcription [u ’] or [pcs ’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

  • "T" - in combinations:
    • stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sny], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words ladder, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
    • stl → [sl]: happy [w’: asl ’and’vy "], happy ivchik, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and spread, the letter “T” is pronounced in them);
    • ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g’iga´nsk ’y], agency, presidential;
    • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat up I [vzye´s: a], swear I [kl’a´s: a];
    • sts → [s:] : tourist cue [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
    • ntg → [ng]: roentgen en [r'eng 'e´n];
    • “-tsya”, “-tsya” → [c:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [we´ts: a], look, fit, bow, shave, fit;
    • ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and the suffix: children's [d'e'ts k'y], fraternal [brother's];
    • ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete men [sparts: m’e´n], send [acs yla´t ’];
    • ts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratts a [bra´ts: a], ottsepit [atz: yp'i´t'], to father u [katz: y'];
  • "D" - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
    • zdn → [zn]: late [po´z'n' y], starry [z'v'o´zn y], holiday [pra′z'n 'ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm' e′zn y];
    • ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
    • ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala´nsk ’y], Thai [taila´nsk ’y], Norman y [narm´nsk ’y];
    • zdts → [sts]: under the bridles [pad sts s´];
    • nds → [nc]: Dutch s [gala´nts s];
    • rdts → [rc]: heart [s’e´rts e], evina’s heart [s’irts yv’i´na];
    • rdch → [rch "]: heart-ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
    • dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsing the word it is written as a double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t '], twenty [two´ts: yt '] ;
    • ds → [ts]: factory [zavats ko´y], kinship [rational tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods to [k’islavo´ts k];
  • "L" - in combinations:
    • sun → [nc]: sun e [so´nts e], sun state;
  • "B" - in combinations:
    • vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'u´stva], sensuality [h'u´stv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´st 'in: y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk”, the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [paye´stka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

  • Two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude character [:] in literal parsing: class, bath, mass, group, program.
  • Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l '], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform a phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. The literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book. M. 1959

References:

  • Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
  • Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
  • Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
  • Tutorial. - "Institute for advanced training of educators", Tambov: 2012
  • Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format of a school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

Russian alphabet

Russian Letter

Name Letters in Russian

Pronunciation

Transliteration 1

Vowel

"ee kratkoyeh" "short ee"

"tvyordiy znahk" "hard sign"

"myagkeey znahk" "soft sign"

The Russian alphabet contains 33 letters: 21 consonants, 10 vowels, and two letters without sound - a hard sign and a soft sign.

Russian alphabet Letters of the Russian alphabet written by hand:

Russian keyboard:

<< Англо-русский и русско-английский словарь

Russian alphabet and letter names

[and short]

[hard sign]

[soft sign]

The unknown about the known To convey sounds in Russian writing, special signs are used - letters. A set of letters arranged in a certain sequence is alphabet.

According to the style, the following types of letters are distinguished:

    large (uppercase, uppercase) and small (lowercase) For example: AT and in, AND and and

    printed and handwritten For example: B and B, b and b, A and BUT, and a The letters of the Russian alphabet are divided into 3 groups:

    • 10 vowel letters: a, o, y, s, uh, i, e, yo, yu, and;

      consonants - 21: b, c, d, e, d, g, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, u;

      2 letters that do not represent sounds: b, b.

There are 33 letters in the Russian alphabet.

A little about phonetics Phonetics is a branch of the science of language in which the sounds of a language, stress, syllable are studied.

The formation of language sounds The sounds of the tongue are formed in the speech apparatus when air is exhaled. The vocal apparatus includes the larynx with vocal cords, oral and nasal cavities, tongue, lips, teeth, and palate.

In the speech apparatus, the exhaled air passes through the larynx between the tense vocal cords and through the oral cavity, which can change its shape. This is how vowel sounds. They consist only of voice. Exhaled air can meet an obstruction in the oral cavity in the form of a closure or convergence of the speech organs and exit either through the mouth or through the nose. This is how consonants. They are made up of noise, and some are made up of voice and noise.

Vowel sounds In Russian, the main ones, i.e. vowels under stress 6: [a], [o], [y], [e], [i], [s].,br> Vowels are stressed and unstressed.

Consonants Consonants in Russian are divided into hard and soft, voiced and deaf.

Paired and unpaired consonants by hardness / softness

Voiced and voiceless consonants are paired and unpaired

Paired and unpaired consonants according to voiced / deafness

The voiced consonant at the end of a word and before a deaf consonant is replaced by a paired deaf consonant. This replacement is called stunning.

A deaf consonant before a voiced consonant (except for l, p, m, n, d) is replaced by a paired voiced consonant. This replacement is called consonant voicing.

Perhaps, only after reading this material can one find undoubted confirmation of the phrase about the wealth and power of the Russian language. Only such a language with its unique phonetics can have such a rich and powerful vocabulary.

Phonetics of the Russian language for foreigners | Russian alphabet | Pronunciation of sounds | Phonetic exercises

Russian alphabet for foreigners: often, not only foreigners who begin to learn Russian, but also foreigners of an advanced level cannot pronounce certain Russian sounds correctly. We'll talk about what letters of the Russian alphabet cause difficulties for foreigners, we will give recommendations for teachers on how to teach the phonetics of the Russian language, what phonetic exercises for foreigners need to be performed and what difficulties may arise in their implementation, we will separately talk about those that cause the greatest difficulties for foreigners.

Russian as a foreign language How to teach Russian pronunciation: letters and sounds Lessons for teachers of Russian as a foreign language (rki)

For beginners to learn Russian for foreigners difficulty in learning the Russian alphabet and Russian phonetics lies in the fact that almost all letters of the Russian alphabet can denote several different sounds, for example: the letter E can denote the sounds [E], [YE], [I], and sometimes even the letter E can denote the sound [Ы] ( after consonants Zh, Sh, Ts without stress: price, wife).

Setting the pronunciation- this is another difficulty for teachers of Russian as a foreign language when teaching Russian to both beginners and foreigners continuing to study Russian. Below are recommendations how to put the pronunciation of Russian sounds in the lessons of Russian as a foreign language.

Rules for staging Russian sounds. Teaching the phonetics of the Russian language

Phonetics of the Russian language for foreigners: work on staging any sound of the Russian language you need to start with the formulation of phonemic hearing, i.e. first you need to ensure that the foreigner distinguishes sounds by ear. This is important because many Russian sounds sound the same to foreigners. For example, if your student says “grandfather” instead of “girl”, and when you correct him, he answers that he said so, then this means that your student does not distinguish sounds [D] and [V] by ear, they are for it sound the same.

In order for foreigners to learn to distinguish sounds by ear, we recommend doing the following exercises:

Exercise "Playing with cards":

1. Take two sheets of paper, write on them the sounds that you will practice. For example, on one sheet we write D, and on the other - V. Let's give these cards to a foreigner. The teacher pronounces the sounds [D] and [V] in random order, and the foreigner must raise the corresponding card. Of course, the teacher must tell the foreigner if he makes a mistake.

2. Then the teacher pronounces syllables, for example: wa - yes, du - wu, ava - hell, etc., and the foreigner must raise the “D” card or the “B” card.

Exercise "Phonetic dictation":

The teacher dictates sounds, syllables, words to the student, and the foreigner writes down what he hears.

Please note that in the exercise “Playing with Cards” and “Phonetic Dictation”, when practicing consonant sounds, you do not need to dictate words that end in voiced paired consonant letters (B, C, D, D, F, Z), because. when pronouncing at the end of a word, voiced paired consonants are stunned. For example, if you dictate to a foreigner “bow”, “meadow”, then the foreigner will write down “bow”, “bow”, because “meadow” is pronounced like “lu[K]”, while your foreign student will not make a mistake, because this is a phonetic, not a spelling dictation.

When a foreigner began to distinguish Russian sounds by ear, the teacher can already change places with the foreigner, i.e. the teacher shows the card, and the foreigner says what is written. At this stage, another problem arises: a foreigner hears and understands how a Russian sound should sound, but cannot pronounce it correctly. The greatest difficulties for foreigners arise when pronouncing the following sounds: [S], [Y], [R], [W], [C], [W], [Sh]. Below we will consider the rules for setting these sounds and give recommendations on how to explain Russian phonetics to foreigners, how to conduct phonetic exercises for foreigners.

How to speak correctly - how are the letters in the Russian alphabet pronounced?

    Although it seems like a trifling task, sometimes you forget how to pronounce the letters in the alphabet. For example, how to say: RE or ER, SHA or ES, SHA or SCH. And so that there are no such doubts, you need to learn not only the spelling of the letters of the alphabet, but also their correct name (see the second column in each table):

    In russian language, as in other languages letters can have multiple sounds.

    Below I will write All the letters of the Russian language and next I will write how they can sound in different places.

    - YO

    T - TE (If, for example, the letter b is next to it - Soft sign, then in this case TE will become TC)

    Ъ - Solid Sign (Unable to pronounce separately)

    b - Soft Sign (Unable to pronounce separately)

    Yu - Yu Yu

    I - I YA

    There are 33 letters in Russian.

    Correctly pronounce the letters of the Russian alphabet as follows:

    A pronounced simply as Aquot ;, B - like Bequot ;, In like Вquot ;, Г like Gequot ;, D like Dequot ;, E like Yequot ;, like Yoquot ;, Zh like Zhequot ;, Z like Zequot ;, And like Andquot ;, like And short quot ;, K like Kaquot ;, L like Elquot ;, M like Emquot ;, N like Enquot ;, O like Oquot ;, P like Pequot ;, P like Erquot ;, С like Esquot ;, T like Tequot ;, U like Uquot ;, f like Efquot ;, X like Haquot ;, Ts like Tsequot ;, Ch like Chequot ;, Sh like Shaquot ;, Sch like Schaquot ;, b like hard signquot ;, Y like Yquot ;, L like soft signquot ;, E like Equot ;, Yu like Yuquot ;, I like Yaquot ;.

    My grandmother is a teacher of Russian and literature, so I remember this for the rest of my life.

    b-hard sign

    b-soft sign

    There are thirty-three letters in the Russian language. Of these 33 letters, some are vowels and some are consonants. There are also those that do not belong to either one or the other (there are two such letters: b and b).

    All vowels are pronounced exactly as they are written: for example, the letter A is pronounced like A, the letter O is pronounced like O, the letter U is pronounced like Y, and so on.

    As for consonants, vowel sounds are added during their pronunciation (most often it is the sound E, sometimes the sound A or E, etc.).

    For example, the letter B is pronounced correctly like this - BE, the letter G is pronounced like GE, the letter K is pronounced like KA, and so on.

    b and b have no sounds.

    See the pronunciation of all 33 letters of the Russian alphabet below:

    There are 33 letters in Russian, but as in other languages, letters can have several sounds.

    A - A; B - BE; B - VE; G - GE; D -; HER; — YO; F - ZhE; Z - ZE; And - And; K - KA; L - EL; M - EM; H - EN; O - O; P - PE; P - ER; C - ES; T - TE, in the event that the letter bquot ; is nearby, then in this case TE will be TC; U - U; F - FE; X - XE; C - CE; H - CHE; SH — SHE; SC - SCHA; b; Y - Y; b; E - E; Yu - YU;% I - YA.

    There are letters in Russian, and there are sounds that these letters represent.

    Letter BUT Pronounced BUT Sound BUT

    Letter B Pronounced Bae Sound B

    Letter AT Pronounced Ve Sound AT

    Letter G Pronounced Ge Sound G

    Letter D Pronounced De Sound D

    Letter E Pronounced Ye Sound Ye

    Letter Pronounced Yo Sound Yo

    Letter AND Pronounced Zhe Sound AND

    Letter W Pronounced Ze Sound W

    Letter And Pronounced And Sound And

    Letter Y Pronounced And brief Sound Y

    Letter To Pronounced Ka Sound To

    Letter L Pronounced Al Sound L

    Letter M Pronounced Em Sound M

    Letter H Pronounced En Sound H

    Letter O Pronounced O Sound O

    Letter P Pronounced Pe Sound P

    Letter R Pronounced Er Sound R

    Letter FROM Pronounced Es Sound FROM

    Letter T Pronounced Tae Sound T

    Letter At Pronounced At Sound At

    Letter F Pronounced ef Sound F

    Letter X Pronounced Ha Sound X

    Letter C Pronounced Tse Sound C

    Letter H Pronounced Che Sound H

    Letter W Pronounced Sha Sound W

    Letter SCH Pronounced shcha Sound SCH

    Letter b Pronounced soft sign No sound

    Letter S Pronounced S Sound S

    Letter Kommersant Pronounced hard sign No sound

    Letter E Pronounced E Sound E

    Letter YU Pronounced yu Sound yu

    Letter I Pronounced Ya Sound Ya

    Aa sounds like aquot ;. BB sounds like be. Vv sounds like vequot ;. Gg sounds like gequot ;. Dd sounds like dequot ;. It sounds like equot ;. sounds like quot;. LJ sounds like Zz sounds like zequot ;. Ii sounds like andquot ;. Yy sounds like and

    short. Kk sounds like kaquot ;. Ll sounds like elquot ;. Mm sounds like umquot ;. Nn sounds like enquot ;. Oo sounds like oquot ;. Pp sounds like pequot ;. RR sounds like er. SS sounds like esquot ;. Tt sounds like tequot ;. Wu sounds like uquot ;. FF sounds like effquot ;. Xx sounds like haquot ;. Ts sounds like tse. Hh sounds like chequot ;. Shsh sounds like shaquot ;. Shch sounds like shcha. bj sounds like

    hard signquot ;. Yy sounds like yquot ;. bh sounds like

    soft sign. Uh sounds like equot ;. Yuyu sounds like yuquot ;. Yaya sounds like iquot ;.

    Ъ-HARD SIGN

    L-SOFT SIGN

    It seems to be the right way to pronounce it.

    Aa is pronounced as aquot ;.

    BB is pronounced like bequot ;.

    Vv is pronounced as vequot ;.

    Gg is pronounced as gequot ;.

    Dd is pronounced dequot ;.

    Its pronounced as equot ;.

    pronounced like quot;.

    Zhzh is pronounced as zhequot ;.

    Zz is pronounced as zequot ;.

    Ii is pronounced as andquot ;.

    Yi is pronounced as and short quot ;.

    Kk is pronounced as ka.

    Ll is pronounced as el.

    Mm is pronounced as emquot ;.

    Nn is pronounced as enquot ;.

    Oo is pronounced like oquot ;.

    Pp is pronounced as pequot ;.

    RR is pronounced as er.

    Ss is pronounced as esquot ;.

    Tt is pronounced as tequot ;.

    Wu is pronounced like uquot ;.

    FF is pronounced like effquot ;.

    Xx is pronounced as haquot ;.

    Tsz is pronounced as tse.

    Hh is pronounced like chequot ;.

    Shsh is pronounced like shaquot ;.

    Shch is pronounced like shcha.

    Ъъ is pronounced like hard signquot ;.

    Yy is pronounced as yquot ;.

    b is pronounced like soft sign.

    Uh is pronounced like equot ;.

    Yuyu is pronounced yu.

    Yaya is pronounced as iquot ;.

    Initially, each letter of the Russian alphabet corresponded to a word that began with the corresponding sound (az, beeches, lead, verb, good ...), as well as in the Greek alphabet (alpha, beta, gama, delta ...). Then, the alphabet underwent changes and began to be built according to the principle of the Latin alphabet (a, be, ce, de ...) and at present each letter of the alphabet is named after the sound denoting e (a, be, ve, ge, de ...).

    Teaching modern children to read, they use different practices, but it is very important to know the correct name of the letters.

    Each letter of the Russian alphabet has the correct pronunciation of this letter, but there is also a sound of this letter, which is slightly different from the pronunciation.

    A Pronunciation A Sound A

    B Pronunciation B Sound B

    V Pronunciation V Sound V

    G Pronunciation G Sound G

    D Pronunciation Da Sound D

    E Pronunciation Ye Sound Ye

    pronunciation yo sound yo

    J Pronunciation J Sound J

    Z Pronunciation Z Sound Z

    And Pronunciation And Sound And

    Y Pronunciation And Short Sound Y

    K Pronunciation Ka Sound K

    L Pronunciation L Sound L

    M Pronunciation Em Sound M

    N Pronunciation En Sound N

    O Pronunciation O Sound O

    P Pronunciation P Sound P

    R Pronunciation Er Sound R

    C Pronunciation Es Sound C

    T Pronunciation Te Sound T

    u pronunciation u sound u

    F Pronunciation Ef Sound F

    X Pronunciation Ha Sound X

    C Pronunciation C Sound C

    Ch Pronunciation Che Sound Ch

    Sh Pronunciation Sha Sound Sh

    sch Pronunciation sch Sound sch

    b Pronunciation soft sign No sound

    Y Pronunciation Y Sound Y

    Ъ Pronunciation solid sign No sound

    E Pronunciation E Sound E

    Yu Pronunciation Yu Sound Yu

    I Pronunciation Ya Sound Ya

Russian alphabet for foreigners: often, not only foreigners who begin to learn Russian, but also foreigners of an advanced level cannot pronounce certain Russian sounds correctly. We'll talk about what letters of the Russian alphabet cause difficulties for foreigners, we will give recommendations for teachers on how to teach the phonetics of the Russian language, what phonetic exercises for foreigners need to be performed and what difficulties may arise in their implementation, we will separately talk about those that cause the greatest difficulties for foreigners.

Russian as a foreign language
How to teach Russian pronunciation: letters and sounds
Lessons for teachers of Russian as a foreign language (RFL)

For beginners to learn Russian for foreigners difficulty in learning the Russian alphabet and Russian phonetics lies in the fact that almost all letters of the Russian alphabet can denote several different sounds, for example: the letter E can denote the sounds [E], [YE], [I], and sometimes even the letter E can denote the sound [Ы] ( after consonants Zh, Sh, Ts without stress: price, wife).

Setting the pronunciation- this is another difficulty for teachers of Russian as a foreign language when teaching Russian to both beginners and foreigners continuing to study Russian. Below are recommendations how to put the pronunciation of Russian sounds in the lessons of Russian as a foreign language.

Rules for staging Russian sounds. Teaching the phonetics of the Russian language

Phonetics of the Russian language for foreigners: work on staging any sound of the Russian language you need to start with the formulation of phonemic hearing, i.e. first you need to ensure that the foreigner distinguishes sounds by ear. This is important because many Russian sounds sound the same to foreigners. For example, if your student says “grandfather” instead of “girl”, and when you correct him, he answers that he said so, then this means that your student does not distinguish sounds [D] and [V] by ear, they are for it sound the same.

In order for foreigners to learn to distinguish sounds by ear, we recommend doing the following exercises:

Exercise "Playing with cards":

1. Take two sheets of paper, write on them the sounds that you will practice. For example, on one sheet we write D, and on the other - V. Let's give these cards to a foreigner. The teacher pronounces the sounds [D] and [V] in random order, and the foreigner must raise the corresponding card. Of course, the teacher must tell the foreigner if he makes a mistake.

2. Then the teacher pronounces syllables, for example: wa - yes, du - wu, ava - hell, etc., and the foreigner must raise the “D” card or the “B” card.

Exercise "Phonetic dictation":

The teacher dictates sounds, syllables, words to the student, and the foreigner writes down what he hears.

Please note that in the exercise “Playing with Cards” and “Phonetic Dictation”, when practicing consonant sounds, you do not need to dictate words that end in voiced paired consonant letters (B, C, D, D, F, Z), because. when pronouncing at the end of a word, voiced paired consonants are stunned. For example, if you dictate to a foreigner “bow”, “meadow”, then the foreigner will write down “bow”, “bow”, because “meadow” is pronounced like “lu[K]”, while your foreign student will not make a mistake, because this is a phonetic, not a spelling dictation.

When a foreigner began to distinguish Russian sounds by ear, the teacher can already change places with the foreigner, i.e. the teacher shows the card, and the foreigner says what is written. At this stage, another problem arises: a foreigner hears and understands how a Russian sound should sound, but cannot pronounce it correctly. The greatest difficulties for foreigners arise when pronouncing the following sounds: [S], [Y], [R], [W], [C], [W], [Sh]. Below we will consider the rules for setting these sounds and give recommendations on how to explain Russian phonetics to foreigners, how to conduct phonetic exercises for foreigners.

Russian alphabet - Letters I, Y
Pronunciation of sounds [I], [S]. Phonetic exercises for foreigners

Pronunciation of the Russian vowel sound [Ы] causes difficulties for almost all foreigners. For example, foreigners pronounce "mi" instead of "we" and "beat" instead of "be".

Pronunciation of the vowel sound [I] causes much less difficulty for foreigners. The Russian sound [I] is similar to the English sound. To pronounce the sound [I] you need to point the tongue forward and touch the tip of the tongue to the lower teeth. When pronouncing [And] your students need to smile a little :).

Let's return to the formulation of the problematic Russian sound [S]. When pronouncing it, the entire tongue must be moved back and tighten the back of your tongue. Now the tip of the tongue no longer touches the lower teeth, but is pushed back. When we pronounce [S], we no longer smile (of course, such a complex sound!)

In order to help foreigners strain the back of the tongue when pronouncing the sound [Ы], there is the following technique: we will use the helper sounds [К] and [Г]. The pronunciation of the sounds themselves [K] and [G] usually does not cause difficulty for foreigners, but when they are pronounced, the back of the tongue automatically tenses, and this is what we use in our phonetic exercise for foreigners:
yk - yg - yk - yg - yk - yg - yk - yg
ky - gee - ky - gee - ky - gee - ky - gee
yky - ygy - yky - ygy - yky - ygy - yky - ygy
s - s - s - s - s - s - s - s
ky - kms - we - washed
gee - gee - we - washed
ky - ky - you - howl
gee - gee - you - howl
ky - kby - would - was
gee - gby - would - was
soap, was, exit, exhibition, was, son, cheese, letters, smart

Russian alphabet - Letter Y
Pronunciation of the Russian sound [Y]. How to explain the sound [Y] to foreigners?

The attention of foreigners, who begin to study the phonetics of the Russian language, should be paid attention to the letter of the Russian alphabet Y. The sound [Y] is found in Russian speech much more often than the letter Y, because the vowels E, E, Yu, I at the beginning of the word, after the vowels and after the letters b and b denote two sounds: [YE], [YO], [YU], [YA], for example: [YO] lka , with [YE] hat, kal [YA] n.

Difficulty in pronouncing the sound [Y] (often this sound is denoted as [j] in transcription) usually occurs among foreigners if the letter Y is at the end of the word, for example: foreigners pronounce “sanatoriums” instead of “sanatorium” or “my” instead of “my ". Very often, foreigners do not distinguish by ear the sounds [Y] and [I], then it is advisable to do the exercise “Playing with cards” with foreigners.

How to explain to a foreigner the difference between the sounds [Y], [I] and how to teach a foreigner to pronounce the sound [Y]?

It is necessary to explain to a foreigner that the sound [Y] is pronounced VERY briefly. The sound [I] can be sung: and-and-and-and-and-and-and-and-and-and ..., and the sound [Y] must be pronounced very briefly, as if someone pricked with a pin: OH! The sound [Y] is pronounced with much more voltage than the sound [I], when pronouncing the sound [Y], the middle part of the tongue rises more, therefore a narrower gap is created between the palate and the tongue and the air stream escapes with greater pressure, more powerfully.

Pay attention of foreigners to the spelling of the letter of the Russian alphabet Y:

Often foreigners confuse not only the sounds [Y] and [I], but also the letters Y, I. Foreigners can write the letter Y as the letter I (without a check mark over the letter Y), they do this by analogy with writing the letters Yo and E, t .to. it is not necessary to put a dot over the letter Y in writing.

The teacher should draw the foreigner's attention to the fact that when writing the letter Y, you always need to put a tick over the letter, because the absence of a check mark above the letter Y is a spelling and grammatical error. Compare: "my favorite cowboy" and "my favorite cowboys."

Russian alphabet - Letter P
Pronunciation of the Russian sound [Р]. Phonetic exercises for foreigners

When pronouncing the Russian consonant sound [P], the tense tip of the tongue vibrates near the alveoli (these are tubercles above the upper teeth) under the action of an air jet.

So, when pronouncing the sound [R], the tip of the tongue is slightly bent up, touches the tubercles above the teeth and is tense. But it is quite difficult for a foreigner to make the tip of the tongue vibrate. To help a foreigner, we turn to the helper sounds [T] and [D], during the pronunciation of which the tongue automatically takes the desired position at the alveoli.

Let's start our phonetic exercises.
Let's start the bike!
dr – dr – dr – dr – dr – dr – dr – dr – dr – dr – dr – dr – dr – dr – dr – dr – dr – dr…
Who has a motorcycle?

Let's do some more exercises (pronunciation of the sound [P]):
dra - dra - dra - dra - dra - dra - dra - fight
draw - draw - draw - draw - draw - draw - draw - fraction
dru - dru - dru - dru - dru - dru - dru - friend
tra - tra - tra - tra - tra - tra - tra - trauma
tro - tro - tro - tro - tro - tro - tro - rope
tru - tru - tru - tru - tru - tru - tru - coward

dra - dra - dra - ra - cancer

draw - draw - draw - ro - rock

dru - dru - dru - ru - pen

dry - dry - dry - ry - fish

tra - tra - tra - ra - frame

tro-tro-tro-ro-robot

tru – tru – tru – ru – Russian

try - try - try - ry - market

To practice the pronunciation of the soft sound [P '], in phonetic exercises, after the letter P, you need to use vowels that soften the previous consonant (E, E, I, Yu, I).

Russian alphabet - Letter Zh
Pronunciation of the Russian sound [Ж]. Phonetic exercises for foreigners

Another letter of the Russian alphabet - the letter Zh - is unusual for foreigners both in its spelling (some foreigners call it a butterfly) and pronunciation.

When pronouncing the sound [Ж], the tip of the tongue is raised to the alveoli (to the tubercles behind the upper teeth) and the tongue is pulled back.

For staging LJ the last sound [Ж] we will again turn to the helper sounds: the consonant [Г] and the vowels [О], [У]. The sound [G] will help to pull the tongue back, and the sounds [O] and [U] will help to stretch forward and round the lips.

Phonetic exercises for foreigners:
gzhu - gzhu - gzhu - zhu - magazine, beetle, buzz, I'll tell you
gzho - gzho - gzho - zho - yellow, alien, knife, circle

The pronunciation of the sound [Ш] is similar to the pronunciation of the sound [Ж], but the difference lies in the fact that the sound [Ш] is pronounced without the participation of the vocal cords (no voice, only noise). Below we will separately talk about the letters of the Russian alphabet Ш and Ш.

Russian alphabet - Letter C
The pronunciation of the Russian sound [Ts]. How to explain the Russian sound [Ts] to foreigners?

The Russian sound [Ts] is a single and indivisible sound, although it looks like a combination of sounds [T + S], which is why some foreigners pronounce two sounds [TS] instead of the letter Ts. In this case, the foreigner must be explained that the sound [T] must be pronounced maximum briefly!

It is better to work out the pronunciation of the sound [Ts] in words where the letter T is after the letters T or D, for example: fathers, to the father, with the father, thirteen, thirty, twenty, twelve, well done ...

Russian alphabet - Letters Ш and Ш
Pronunciation of Russian sounds [Ш] and [Ш]. Phonetic exercises for foreigners

Foreigners often confuse the sounds [Ш] and [Ш] and do not even distinguish these sounds by ear. In this case, you already know what to do! Of course, do the exercise "Game with cards."

Compare how the tongue and lips are located when pronouncing the sound [Ш] and the sound [Ш]:

When pronouncing the sound [Щ], the entire tongue moves forward, the middle part of the tongue is raised to the palate, the tongue is tense. When pronouncing the sound [Ш], the lips are less extended forward than when pronouncing the sound [Ш]. When pronouncing the sound [Ш], the corners of the lips are slightly stretched, and when pronouncing [Ш], we do not smile.

The sound [Щ] is pronounced LONGER than the sound [Ш].

The sound [Щ] causes much more difficulties for foreigners. It is necessary to ensure that foreigners pronounce the sound [Щ] softly. Therefore, in the phonetic exercise, we use the vowel sound [I]:

Search - search - cabbage soup - shield
Search - search - sche - cheek
Search - search - more - brush
Search - search - schu - feel

How to perform phonetic exercises correctly when teaching phonetics of the Russian language to foreigners

When you do any phonetic exercise, you must adhere to the following scheme:

1) When teaching the phonetics of the Russian language, the teacher first reads the letters, syllables, words, and the foreigner listens to the teacher and follows the text.
2) Then the teacher reads and the foreigner repeats.
3) And only now the foreigner reads on his own.

If you need to explain to a foreigner the position of the tongue when pronouncing a sound, then you can show it with your hands. For example, the right hand is rounded, fingers pointing to the floor. Now your right hand is the palate, alveoli and teeth. And from the left hand we will make a tongue. Now you can show foreigners the position of the tongue in the mouth.

Thanks to this, we will be able to explain practically do without an intermediary language which of course is a big plus.

When creating materials for foreigners and teachers of Russian as a foreign language, we are always focused on ensuring that Russian language lessons are not only as effective as possible, but also easy.

Materials on the Russian language for foreigners:
New communicative textbook published by our Center:

Distance course of methodology for those wishing to teach Russian to foreigners:

- The course provides all the necessary knowledge for teaching Russian to foreigners.
- The course is adapted for those who do not have special philological training.
- The course will help novice RFL teachers find answers to questions that arise in the course of teaching Russian as a foreign language.