More than once I have read phrases that the Kuban was, is and will be UKRAINIAN.
So this post is dedicated to a brief history of the Kuban.
I understand the aspirations of Ukrainian pseudo-patriots to impute to themselves the foundation of the Kuban as a pole (as well as digging the Black Sea, etc. nonsense). I understand, but I do not share, for obvious reasons.
Yes, in the history of the Kuban there is a mention of both Kievan Rus and Zaporizhzhya Cossacks. But this is just a reference.! And this is not even strange at all - since until a certain time we had a common history.
But, mind you, the Kuban was never yours!!! Yes, part of the Ukrainians in the face of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks left their mark on the Kuban land. But this footprint is so small.! (in the context of the historical timeline).
Before the Cossacks came to the Kuban, this land was already inhabited by Russian settlers! The Kuban was inhabited by many nationalities (then still tribes). Everyone lived here: the Circassians, the Turks, and the Armenians, and the Greeks (by the way, they still live !!) But then they were not inhabited by Ukrainians for sure !!!
Aborigines of Kuban - Circassians! They still live in the Kuban! Live and thrive! Unlike you, pseudo-Ukropatriots.!
History of Kuban: ... or when Ukrainians appeared on the land of the Kuban?!
Briefly!
By the beginning of the 5th century BC. the ancient Greeks brought many cities to the Black Sea coast, essentially colonizing it. Cities eventually turned into economically stable policies, closely connected with the cities of the states of Aegean Greece. In the territory of modern Kuban in those ancient times there were Phanagoria and Gorkippia, as well as several smaller cities. Nearby - on the Crimean peninsula was a powerful city - Panticapaeum.
5 thousand centuries ago (it was then that (presumably) people appeared in the Kuban. And the Maikop tribes lived there. Further through the centuries - the tribes of the North-Western Caucasus. These are the steppe Iranian-speaking nomads - Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians: settled agricultural tribes, united by a common name "Meots". In the second half of the 4th century AD, numerous Mongolian and Turkic tribes. In the 7th century, the Bulgarian tribes of the Eastern Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and the Right Bank of the Kuban united and created Great Bulgaria, the semi-abandoned Phanagoria became its center. Caucasian vassals ("Black Bulgaria" ) the Circassians declared their independence, and the Alans created their own state. In the 10th century, the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav Igorevich inflicted a heavy defeat on the Khazars, having made a campaign in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. As a result, Khazaria lost Tumen-tarkhan (Tamatarkha - Tmutarakan), which retreated to Kievan Rus.
In 965, the RUSSIAN squad, led by Prince Svyatoslav, defeated the Khazar Khaganate, passed through the right-bank lands of the Kuban, subjugated the local tribes to the Kyiv state, and captured the Khazar Tamatarkha, the center of the Taman lands. Here, on the shores of the Russian (Black) and Surozh (Azov) seas, the Russian principality of Tmutarakan, the most distant from Kyiv, is formed, the first mention of which dates back to 988.
Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich lays one of the first Christian churches in the Kuban land - the Church of the Holy Mother of God. The territory of remote Russian land is expanding. The principality includes the Kerch Peninsula in the west.
During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. Russia received the Black Sea coast from the Southern Bug to the Dnieper. In the victorious battles led by P.A. Rumyantsev, at Larga and Cahul (July 1770) Zaporozhye and Don Cossacks participated .. As a result of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. Russia receives the Black Sea coast from the Dniester to the Southern Bug.
The unchanging territory of the western Circassians has always been the space from the left bank of the Kuban, the shores of the Azov and Black Seas to the Urup River.
In the 10th century, the city of Tmutarakan was founded on the Taman Peninsula, and this was the first Slavic settlement in these lands. The city existed until the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars.
At the end of the 15th century, Turkey became the undivided ruler of the Black Sea. In the Kuban, wars with nomads ceased. But in the steppes of the right bank of the Kuban, the Nogais roamed. Circassians settled in the foothills along the Black Sea.
In the autumn of 1708, after the defeat of the Bulavin uprising, part of the Don Cossacks, led by Ataman Nekrasov, went to the Kuban. Then this territory belonged to the Crimean Khanate.
During the reign of Catherine II, the colonization of the Kuban and the Caucasus began. Catherine's plans included an exit of the empire to the Black Sea, the conquest of the Crimean Khanate, but the constant confrontation with Turkey complicated the implementation of this plan. In 1774, after the conclusion of the Kyuchuk-Kainarji Treaty, Russia received access to the Black Sea and Crimea.
In this regard, there was no need to preserve the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks. In addition, their traditional way of life often led to conflicts with the authorities. After the Cossacks supported the Pugachev uprising, Catherine II ordered the disbanding of the Zaporozhian Sich, which was carried out by General P. Tekeli in June 1775.
Suvorov divided the population of the Kuban region into robbers and into the main part of the people living in peaceful labor. He conveyed: “No peoples have been observed arming themselves against Russia, except for a certain very insignificant number of robbers, who, according to their craft, do not care whether to rob a Russian, a Turk, a Tatar, or one of their own accomplices.”
After the annexation of Crimea to Russia, in 1783, Suvorov again visited the Kuban, where he took the oath of allegiance to the Nogai tribes. In 1787, Catherine II, together with Potemkin, visited the Crimea, where she was met by the Amazon company created for her arrival; in the same year, the Army of the Faithful Cossacks was created, which later became the Black Sea Cossack Host. In 1792, they were granted the Kuban for perpetual use, where the Cossacks moved, having founded the city of Ekaterinodar.
August 20, 1787 Prince G.A. Potemkin instructed Second Major Sidor Bely and Anton Golovaty to gather horse and foot hunters from the Cossacks who settled in this governorship and served in the former Zaporozhian Sich.
Due to the fact that there were not many “former Cossacks” here, G.A. Potemkin allowed from October 12, 1787 to recruit "hunters from free people." By the end of 1787, there were 600 people in the free "Zaporozhye team". They were headed by the former Zaporizhzhya foremen S. Bely - the leader of the Kherson nobility and A. Golovaty - the police captain (captain of the Zemstvo police) in Novomoskovsk. In November 1788, in the documents of Prince G.A. Potemkin, the name "Black Sea Cossacks" appears. In December 1788, we are already talking about the "Black Sea Cossack Host", the full name of which was "Her Imperial Majesty's Army of the Faithful Black Sea Cossacks". On January 14, 1788, Empress Catherine II allowed Prince G.A. Potemkin to allocate land to the Black Sea Cossacks for settlement in the Kerch kut or on Taman, at the discretion of the brightest.
What was the national composition of the settlers?
F. Shcherbina wrote about a multi-tribal Cossack army, gathered from different places, in which they were mostly Little Russian population. In the vast majority of the lists of Cossacks, one can find the standard wording: "Little Russian breed, the title of a Cossack."
The three-stage resettlement to the Kuban of more than a hundred thousand Little Russian Cossacks (in fact, Little Russian peasants) over the next 60 years finally determined the ethnic face of the Black Sea Cossacks.
Several wars took place between Russia and Turkey over claims to the northwestern Caucasus, the result of which was the final annexation of the lands beyond the Kuban, where the Adygs lived, to the Russian Empire. Later, Empress Catherine II donated this land to the Cossacks for their faithful service and resettled them to protect the southern borders of her kingdom. And the first detachment of Cossacks under the command of Colonel Savva Bely followed the sea. In August 1792 landed on the banks of the Taman.
Before the Ukrainian Cossacks, Russian settlers already lived in the Kuban.
Aborigines of Kuban are Adyghe tribes. In 1552, Circassian ambassadors arrived in Moscow to Tsar Ivan IV with a request to annex Adygea to Russia. Having accepted the Circassians into its citizenship, Russia helped to expel the Turks from the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov.
The systematic settlement of the Kuban by Russian subjects began after two Russian-Turkish wars of the 18th century. In 1778, the commander of the Caucasian Corps A.V. Suvorov, having arrived in the Kuban, began to strengthen the southern borders of the state. On June 30, 1792, the Black Sea army (former Cossacks) who became famous in the fight against the Turks, Catherine II granted the lands of the Taman Peninsula with its environs in order to protect the new southern borders of Russia.
So, alas! The Kuban was never Ukrainian! As well as the Crimea! Your trace there is preserved in history. But no more! And then, thanks to the Russian Empress!
All historical documents about that time have been preserved and some of them are in the Krasnodar museums! And not only in Krasnodar!
Encyclopedic YouTube
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✪ On the other side of the dolmens
✪ Symbols of the Krasnodar Territory
✪ Liberation of the South of Russia 1941 45 Krasnodar Territory
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The territory of the present Kuban in ancient times
The territory of the Krasnodar Territory was inhabited in the Paleolithic already approx. 2 million years ago (Kermek site on the Taman Peninsula). More than 1.5 million years old at the site "Rodniki 1" and more than 1 million years ago at the site "Bogatyri" in the southern Azov region, with an interval of 1.5-0.78 million years. n. the location "Tsimbal" near the village of Sennoy is dated, more than half a million years - the sites "Springs 2-4" and "Ilskaya-2" (in the village of Ilsky).
The Neanderthals were replaced by modern humans during the late Paleolithic period (Akhshtyrskaya cave). There are settlements of the Middle Stone Age - Mesolithic. The presence of a population in the North Caucasus during the New Stone Age (Neolithic) is now called into question.
In the Middle Bronze Age, the steppes were inhabited by people of the North Caucasian culture, and the mountainous regions - by the dolmen culture. A new culture appeared in the Late Bronze Age, and at the turn of the Early Iron Age, the Protomeotes.
Later, peoples appeared, about which written messages have been preserved. Such a population in the territory now called "Kuban" and part of the territory now called "Stavropol" were Meots (Sinds, Doskhs, Dandaria).
There were several Greek colonies on the Black Sea coast, which later became part of the Bosporan kingdom.
According to some reports, obviously not numerous but warlike Siraks raided from the Caspian steppes, who later assimilated with the Circassians.
The territory of the present Kuban in the Middle Ages
- 631 - Kubrat founds the state of Great Bulgaria in the Kuban and begins the dynasty of Bulgar khans Dulo. Phanagoria becomes the throne city.
The territory of the Krasnodar Territory from the VIII century. until the middle of the tenth century. was part of Khazaria. After the defeat of the Khazar Khaganate in 965 by the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav, the territory came under the rule of Kievan Rus and the Tmutarakan principality was formed on it. Later, in connection with the strengthening of the Polovtsy and the claims of Byzantium at the end of the 11th century. The Tmutarakan principality came under the rule of the Byzantine emperors (until 1204).
At that period of history and later, in the Russian chronicles, the Adygs first appeared under the name (ethnonym) Kasogi, for example, in "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", Rededya was mentioned Prince Kasozhsky.
In 1243-1438 the territory of the present Kuban was part of the Golden Horde. After the collapse of the latter, the Kuban partly went to the Crimean Khanate, Circassia and the Ottoman (Ottoman) Empire, which dominated the region. Russia began to challenge the protectorate of the Ottoman Empire over the territory during the Russian-Turkish wars [ ] .
In April 1783, by decree of Catherine II, the Right-Bank Kuban and the Taman Peninsula were annexed to the Russian Empire. In 1792-93, Zaporizhzhya (Black Sea) Cossacks moved here, the Region of the Black Sea Host was formed, with the creation of a continuous cordon line along the Kuban River and the pushing of the neighboring Circassians.
During the military campaign to establish control over the North Caucasus (Caucasian War of 1763-1864), Russia pushed the Ottoman Empire back by 1829 and from the 1830s. began to gain a foothold on the Black Sea coast.
Kuban in the Russian Empire
- 1783 - The territory of the present Northern Kuban region, where the Nogai used to roam, became part of Russia after the liquidation of the Crimean Khanate.
To protect the border that ran along the Kuban River, here in 1793-94. the remnants of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks were resettled, which laid the foundation for the development of the region. Administratively, the region received the status of "Lands of the Black Sea Cossack Host".
- 1900 - the population of the region totaled about 2 million people.
- 1913 - in terms of gross grain harvest, the Kuban region took 2nd place in Russia, in terms of the production of marketable bread - in 1st place. In the region, the industry for processing agricultural products and the chemical industry was actively developing (large joint-stock companies were created), and railway construction was underway.
Kuban People's Republic
On January 28, 1918, the Kuban Regional Military Rada, headed by N. S. Ryabovol, proclaimed an independent Kuban People's Republic on the lands of the former Kuban Region as part of the future Russian Federative Republic. But already on February 16, 1918, the Kuban was proclaimed an independent Independent Kuban People's Republic.
At this time, power in the region passed into the hands of the Bolsheviks. Their support was the Black Sea, where the power of the Soviets was established in Tuapse on November 3, 1917, and in Novorossiysk on December 1, 1917. In January 1918, Soviet power was established in Armavir, Maykop, Tikhoretsk, Temryuk and a number of villages. The formed detachments of the Red Guard and units of the 39th Infantry Division launched an offensive against Yekaterinodar, which was occupied on March 14 (1). During this period, the Cossacks took a wait-and-see attitude and did not take the side of either the Bolsheviks or the White Army; calls to join the Kuban army of the regional government were also ignored. The retreating government of the Kuban entered into negotiations with the Volunteer Army, and in March, volunteer units and a detachment of the Kuban Rada of V. L. Pokrovsky were united near the village of Novo-Dmitrievskaya. L. G. Kornilov became the commander of the united army. An agreement was concluded between the command of the Volunteer Army and the Kuban government on a joint struggle against the Bolsheviks.
During the period from spring to autumn 1918 in the Kuban, there was a transition of the majority of the Cossack population to oppose the Bolsheviks. This was facilitated by the confiscation and redistribution of military lands, the restructuring of the class land use of the Cossacks and equalizing it with the rest of the mass of the rural population; the class policy of the Bolsheviks, which contributed to inciting class hatred, which led to an increase in the number of pogroms of Cossacks, executions and robberies by "out-of-towners"; looting by some Red Army detachments, consisting of non-residents, and acts of “decossackization”.
Throughout 1918, there was a secret struggle for influence on the Kuban between Ukraine and the Don, who had their allies in the Regional Government and in the future sought to annex the Kuban to themselves. On May 28, 1918, a delegation of the head of the Regional Rada, Ryabovol, arrived in Kyiv. Officially, the subject of negotiations was the establishment of interstate relations and Ukraine's assistance to the Kuban in the fight against the Bolsheviks. At the same time, secret negotiations were underway on the accession of the Kuban to Ukraine. The representatives of the Don became aware of the nature of these negotiations, and under pressure from the Don government, the Kuban government forbade its delegation to negotiate unification. Instead, negotiations on assistance with the supply of weapons were intensified, which were successfully completed, and already at the end of June, the Ukrainian State supplied 9,700 rifles, 5 million cartridges, 50 thousand shells for 3-inch guns to the Kuban. Similar deliveries were carried out in the future.
However, secret contacts between the Kuban and the Ukrainian government continued. At a time when the Volunteer Army was preparing to march on Yekaterinodar, the Ukrainian side offered to land troops on the Azov coast of the Kuban. At this time, the prepared Cossack uprising was to begin. It was planned by joint efforts to expel the Bolsheviks and proclaim the unification of Ukraine and Kuban. Natiev's division (15 thousand people) was transferred from Kharkov to the Azov coast, but the plan failed both because of the double game of the Germans and because of the delay of the highest ranks of the military ministry.
In early August 1918, a mass uprising broke out in Taman led by Colonel Peretyatko, who received help in the form of weapons, ammunition and ammunition from the German troops stationed in Kerch. The rebels liberated the Pravoberezhnaya Kuban and created the conditions for the offensive of the Volunteer Army, which took Ekaterinodar on August 17.
On June 23, a meeting of the Kuban government was held in Novocherkassk, at which the question of who to focus on in the future was decided - to Ukraine or the Volunteer Army. The issue was decided by a majority vote in favor of the volunteers.
Major General Nikolai Adrianovich Bukretov, the last Chief Ataman of the Republic.
In the future, relations between the Volunteer Army and the Kuban leaders escalated. Volunteers considered the Kuban as an integral part of Russia, sought to abolish the Kuban government and the Rada and subordinate the ataman of the Kuban Cossack army to the commander of the Volunteer Army. The Kubans, on the other hand, sought to defend their independence and wished to play a more important role in solving both military and political issues. In addition, fighting against the opposition of the Kuban authorities, Denikin constantly interfered in the internal affairs of the Cossack regions, which, in turn, caused discontent among the Cossack authorities.
The Kuban-Denikin confrontation escalated after June 13, 1919. On this day, at the South Russian Conference, the head of the Kuban Regional Rada, Nikolai Ryabovol, delivered a speech in which he criticized the Denikin regime. That same night, he was shot dead in the lobby of the Palace Hotel by an employee of Denikin's "Special Meeting". This murder caused considerable indignation in the Kuban. Kuban Cossacks began to leave the army; subsequent events led to the fact that the desertion of the Kuban became massive and their share in Denikin's troops, which at the end of 1918 was 68.75%, fell to 10% by the beginning of 1920, which was one of the reasons for the defeat of the white army.
The Rada openly declared that it was necessary to fight not only the Red Army, but also monarchism, based on Denikin's army. Already at the beginning of autumn, the deputies of the Regional Rada were actively promoting the separation of the Kuban from Russia, active negotiations began with Georgia and the Ukrainian People's Republic. At the same time, the Kuban delegation at the Paris Peace Conference raises the issue of accepting the Kuban People's Republic into the League of Nations and sign an agreement with representatives of the Mejlis of the Mountain Republic.
Since at that time the Mountain Republic was at war with the Terek Cossack army, the agreement concluded between the Kuban and the Mountain Republic could be considered as directed against the command of the All-Union Socialist Republic. Under this pretext, on November 7, 1919, Denikin orders that all the signatories of the treaty be brought to a field trial. Further events became known under the name "Kuban action", carried out by General Pokrovsky. Priest A. I. Kulabukhov was captured and hanged, the rest of the delegation, fearing reprisals, did not return to the Kuban. In addition, the Legislative Rada was dispersed, and ten of its most influential members were arrested and forcibly deported to Turkey. .
The functions of the Legislative Rada were transferred to the Regional Rada, the power
The military chieftain and government was strengthened. But after two months
The Regional Rada restored the Legislative Rada and canceled all concessions
In late February - early March 1920, a turning point occurred at the front, the Red Army went on the offensive. Denikin tried to fight desertion by sending the so-called "detachments of order", formed from the Don Cossacks, to the Kuban villages. But this caused even greater hostility among the Kuban: the stanitsa made decisions to remove Denikin from the Kuban, and the mass transitions of the Cossacks to the side of the Reds became more frequent.
On March 3, the Red Army launched the Kuban-Novorossiysk operation. Volunteer corps, Don and Kuban armies began to withdraw. On March 17, the Red Army entered Yekaterinodar. The Kuban army was pressed to the border of Georgia and capitulated on May 2-3. The Kuban People's Republic, its government and the Kuban Cossack Army were abolished.
Post-revolutionary Kuban
Under the active pressure of the CP (b) U in the 1920s and early 1930s, the Ukrainization of the Kuban, the Stavropol Territory, part of the North Caucasus, the Kursk and Voronezh regions of the RSFSR was carried out. By order of order, schools, organizations, enterprises, newspapers were translated into the Ukrainian language of instruction and communication.
The modern Krasnodar Territory includes most of the territory of the former Kuban region (with the exception of part of the territories of the former Labinsk and Caucasian departments, which is now part of the Stavropol Territory, part of the territory of the former Yeisk department, which is now part of the Rostov region, as well as almost the entire territory of the former Batalpashinsky department , on which the Karachay-Cherkess Republic was formed), almost the entire territory of the former Black Sea Governorate (with the exception of part of the territory of the former Sochi District, which is now part of the Krasnodar Territory) and the territory north of Yei - Kugo-Ei, which belonged to the Donskoy Region.
Kuban during the collapse of the USSR
During the parade of sovereignties and the collapse of the USSR, among other Cossack state entities in the territories of the Middle and Upper Kuban in November 1991, the following were proclaimed as subjects of the RSFSR, respectively:
- Armavir Cossack Republic
The creation of the Cossack republics was supported by the II Big Circle
Modern Ukraine is looking for any excuse to claim some Russian lands. One of the reasons is the history of the emergence of the Kuban Cossacks.
Until the thirties of the last century, the Ukrainian language was in circulation in the Kuban, and some Kuban Cossacks called themselves ethnic Ukrainians. Why did it happen?
Following the enemy
In 1696, when Peter I took Azov, the Don Cossacks of the Khopersky regiment took a direct part in this operation. This is considered the beginning of the history of the Kuban Cossacks, although geographically it arose somewhat later. During the riot Bulavina In 1708, the towns in which the Khoper people lived were devastated, the Khoper Cossacks went to the Kuban and settled there, founding a new Cossack community.
At the end of the 18th century, as a result of the successful Russian-Turkish wars for Russia, the border line shifted towards the North Caucasus. The northern Black Sea region became completely Russian, and the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks "were left without work." Therefore, the Cossacks were resettled in the Kuban and allocated Kuban lands for military use in exchange for service to strengthen the border of the Caucasus. At the same time, the Zaporizhzhya army became the Black Sea. Southeast of the Black Sea army, the Caucasian Linear, consisting of Don Cossacks, was based. In order to populate the uninhabited foothills of the Caucasus, in 1862 it was decided to resettle 12,400 Kuban Cossacks, 800 employees of the Azov Cossack army, 600 people from the Caucasian army, as well as 2,000 sovereign peasants, including the Zaporozhye Cossacks (not so- then a lot on the general background). All of them were included in the Kuban army.
Since then, the ethnic composition of the Kuban army has been divided. And although until the 20th century the division took place more according to the class principle, but already at the end of the 19th century the number of Cossacks who were not in military service increased. Having contacted the national Ukrainian movement, the former Black Sea residents began to develop the idea of a “Cossack nation”.
Autonomous Cossacks
The October Revolution gave rise to an open confrontation between the Cossacks and the new state: the Cossacks did not recognize the revolution and were ready to become part of Russia only on the terms of a federal formation. Everything would be fine, but the Kuban could not figure out which of Russia they were ready to unite with - with the "White" or with the "Red". Then the struggle for the status of the Cossacks began. Some advocated independence from the state, others stood for the indivisibility of Russia and advocated the entry of the Cossacks into its composition.
In 1918, the Kuban People's Republic was proclaimed. The capital was the city of Ekaterinodar, which in two years will become Krasnodar. But by March, the city was occupied by the Reds, and the government of the new Republic fled. At the same time, an agreement was signed between the Cossack chieftains and the volunteer army of General Denikin. It said that Denikin's people would recognize the Kuban as a separate administrative entity with full internal autonomy, while the Kuban people would recognize Denikin's military leadership. The irony is that this bombastic agreement was concluded at a time when neither side had any political weight on any historical scale. A little later, Denikin's army, after several successful operations, managed to recapture a large part of the Kuban region, at the same time capturing the territories that belonged to Stavropol.
On the one hand, for Denikin, the Kuban was the only rear, and his army consisted of 70% of the Cossacks. On the other hand, the time has come to change the previously approved balance of powers. Nevertheless, Denikin mined the land, and not the Kuban government. A violent conflict flared up. Representatives of the Rada accused Denikin of centralism and imperial politics, the Black Sea part of it saw him as a source of national oppression and oppression of the Ukrainian people. Among the Denikinists, irritation was growing, including with the clumsy small-town democracy in the Black Sea parliament, with their habit of bawling in the Rada in Ukrainian, which the Russian-speaking officers did not understand. By the way, the issue of oppression of the language was, to put it mildly, exaggerated: Ukrainian was adopted as the second state language and used in state institutions (and the Rada) on an equal footing with Russian.
Gradually, the parties managed to formulate a set of compromises - but too late! The creation of the South Russian government, headed by Denikin, the Legislative Chamber, the Council of Ministers and autonomy - all this went to dust, because by January 1920 the fate of the white fronts was already a foregone conclusion. They rapidly retreated to the Black Sea, in March the Red Army took Yekaterinodar, and the Kuban government practically ceased to exist.
Goodbye Ukraine!
With the advent of the Bolsheviks, the Kuban-Black Sea region was formed. Ukrainians were respected by calling the Ukrainian language the state language along with Russian. But it didn't lead to anything good. No matter how many attempts were made to conduct office work or training in the Ukrainian language, the matter did not go beyond colloquial use. Then the Kuban was included in the North Caucasus Territory, the nearby Stavropol and Don lands spoke Russian, so the Russification of the Kuban ended by 1932, when the Ukrainian language lost its state language status.
In Ukraine, sometimes there is talk that the Kuban is the land of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, so it must be returned to Ukraine. But those who today are trying to bite off a piece of the multinational pie of the Russian state do not take into account the main thing. A variety of peoples have found refuge in Russian lands. Some have fully or partially assimilated, some live in closed communities, some have split into small ethnic groups. But the lands that once gave them shelter were, are and will remain Russian.
For the first time, people appeared on the territory of the Kuban more than a million years ago, and never left it. Kuban began its development at the moment when people first learned about bronze, and over time became one of the centers that was of particular importance for world history, but let's not look so deeply, but start over.
In the third millennium BC, the territory of the Kuban and the entire Krasnodar Territory was inhabited by nomadic tribes. At the beginning of the first millennium BC, Iranian-speaking tribes began to prevail here, which included the Scythians and Sarmatians, but the tribes that were engaged in agriculture (Meots) were friendly with them. The seventh century BC was marked by the fact that the territory of the Kuban fell under the rule of the Greeks, who formed here such cities as Phanagoria, Germonassa and so on.
In the year 480, the territory of the Kuban belonged to the Bosporus kingdom, which was formed as a result of the unification of Greek cities, and this kingdom was constantly increasing due to the addition of various Greek cities to it. In the fourth and third centuries BC, the Bosporan state was constantly developing, but at the end of the first century BC, this state became subject to the Romans. But already in the first and second centuries of our era, the Bosporan state began to flourish again, but that was the end of it, because over the next two centuries, the Bosporan state did nothing but fight off invaders from barbarian tribes, among which were the Goths. And at the end of the fourth century AD, this state was defeated by the Huns. Throughout the fifth century, wars between barbarian tribes continued here, but gradually all this land passed into the power of Byzantium, which instilled the Christian faith in the local barbarians.
Since that time, the power in the territory of the Kuban has been constantly changing. After Byzantium, it became the property of Great Bulgaria, which consisted of semi-nomadic tribes of Bulgarians and Onogurs. Then the Khazars came here, taking power into their own hands, who in the eighth century AD acquired tremendous power and formed the Khazar Khaganate, which had a semi-nomadic lifestyle. But the nine hundred and fifth year came, this year Svyatoslav the Brave, who was the Kyiv prince, defeated the Khazar Khaganate, but did not exterminate everyone, the Pechenegs and Guzes completed his work, and already in the tenth century AD, the left bank of the Kuban was inhabited by Adyghe tribes.
But the time came when the Huns pushed the Alanian tribes to the upper reaches of the Kuban and the Terek. Here, the Alanian tribes were engaged in agriculture and raised cattle, blacksmithing was also developed here. The Alanian tribes were also strong in trade, which is why the Great Silk Road (the territory of modern Alanya) passed through their territory. In the tenth and eleventh centuries AD, the Alanian tribes first formed a feudal state and adopted Christianity, as a result of which the Alanian diocese was formed here. This was the heyday of the Alanian state.
After the defeat of the Khazars, Prince Svyatoslav the Brave in the year 988 formed the Tmutarakan principality, and then Prince Vladimir, who converted to Christianity, forced all of Russia to accept it, planted his son Mstislav as prince there. Various tribes, Slavic merchants and artisans lived in the Tmutarakan principality.
The Tmutarakan principality was very small, but it had a great influence in the economy, politics and religion of the entire Northwestern Caucasus, and until the end of the eleventh century it was the only political force for the tribes of the Kuban. But already after the year 1944, it was isolated from the Russian lands by the forces of the Polovtsians, and from that moment nothing is known about it, but then, in the twelfth century, the Byzantines seized power here.
Then the thirteenth century was marked by the campaigns of the Tatar-Mongols led by Genghis Khan, who in 1222 sent his troops from Transcaucasia to the North Caucasus. Alans, Circassians suffered from him, after which he attacked the lands of the Polovtsians. Everyone who was conquered by Genghis Khan, he imposed a tribute. So both the Bulgarians and the entire Caucasus, which stretched to Derbent, paid tribute to him. The whole territory, which was captured by the troops of Genghis Khan, he called the Golden Horde.
But already at the end of the thirteenth century, trade missions of the Republic of Genoa appeared on the eastern coast, which eventually became colonial cities. This contributed to the fact that some part of the Black Sea coast again became the center of trade between Europe and the East. But this continued only until the end of the fifteenth century, because the Golden Horde broke up, and the Crimean Khanate was formed, which included the Taman Peninsula in its lands, driving the Genoese out of there. But then Turkey, represented by the Ottoman Empire, took the Crimean Khanate under its rule. From the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, on the right bank of the Kuban lived the Nagais, who were nomads, and the left bank of the Kuban was inhabited by the Circassians, who led a sedentary lifestyle, and were engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding. But they never formed anything resembling a state on their lands.
The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries for the territory of the Kuban were marked by the fact that Russian or Don Cossacks began to appear here, whom Ignat Nekrasov brought in to calm the uprising, and they united with the Old Believer Cossacks who already lived here and formed a Cossack republic.
At the end of the eighteenth century, the Russian and Ottoman states began to fight for the territory of the Crimea and the Caucasus. Despite the fact that Russia won a victory over the Ottoman Republic, it did not lose its influence on the Crimea. Therefore, Russia built the Azov-Mozdok fortified line, and in 1778 Suvorov A.V. moved the western line to the right bank of the Kuban.
But in one thousand seven hundred and eighty-three, Russia and the Ottoman Empire began to be separated only. All this became possible thanks to Catherine II, who annexed the Crimea, Taman and the right bank of the Kuban to Russia.
But the disputes between Russia and the Ottoman Empire did not fade away, resulting in a four-year war between them, which took place from 1787 to 1791. The result of this war was the victory of Russia, so Catherine II gave Taman and the right bank of the Kuban to the Black Sea. But this was not just a gift, but a well-thought-out move, because all the people from the shores of the Black Sea moved to the Kuban, where they began to reclaim the territory, while these same people provided reliable protection from the encroachments of the Ottoman Empire. The Cossacks nicknamed this place, and founded an administrative center there. But here there was not only the assimilation of the land, but also the fortifications of the border lines, which was evidenced by the construction of the border line.
In 1828 - 1829, a peace treaty was signed between the Ottoman Empire and Russia, under the terms of which the left part of the Kuban was also ceded to Russia. Here some omissions began between the Cossacks who lived in the Kuban, the highlanders who lived on the left bank of the Kuban. The consequence of this was changes regarding the protection of the border, the construction of a coastline in order to unite all the northeastern shores of the Black Sea. And when the construction of the line began, the Cossacks and Russian troops faced such a problem as Muridism, which can be described as a highlanders' crusade.
When there was a war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire for the Crimea, Russia had enemies not only from the Ottoman Empire, but also England and France hoped for the fall of Russia. Complicating the whole thing was the fact that Russia also fought against the Circassian tribes, which clearly made life difficult for her. As a result, and were surrendered, but this could not prevent Russia from winning a landslide victory over the Ottoman Empire.
But in the early sixties of the nineteenth century, Russia went far into the territory beyond the Kuban, thereby forcing some Circassian tribes to serve Russia, but those who did not want to recognize the power of Russia were sent to Turkey. The final end of the age-old war between Turkey and Russia for the Caucasus can be considered the date of the twenty-first of May, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-four.
Before the reforms, the Kuban was a border zone, which greatly separated it from the Russian economy. But in the sixties of the nineteenth century, various changes began to be carried out here, which were associated with the fact that the right wing of the Caucasian line began to be called the Kuban region, and the left - the Terek region. Accordingly, the Black Sea Cossack army was now called the Kuban Cossack army, while the rest of the troops were called the Terek Cossack army. Then changes in legislation were introduced, thanks to which local residents could sell their lands to any person from Russia. Six years later, free entry was allowed for people from other cities. This led to the fact that the Kuban region was not only a border region, but already had the opportunity to develop economically, which at the beginning of the twentieth century allowed the Kuban to reach one of the leading positions among the regions in the sphere. The Kuban region became so significant that the Vladikavkaz railway was built here, and industrial and commercial places were formed, which were such cities as Yekaterinodar, Novorossiysk and so on. All this created a new influx of people from all over Russia to the Kuban region.
As for the revolution that took place in Russia in the period from one thousand nine hundred and nine hundred and nine hundred and seven years, it almost did not touch the Kuban region, which cannot be said about the First World War, in which the Cossacks not only took part, but seriously helped Russia win . But the February revolution touched the Kuban, because there was an immediate change of power, in the person of the commissars from Petrograd, who helped strengthen the power of the Soviets, the Bolsheviks and the Socialist-Revolutionaries.
But then the October Revolution happened, which served as the impetus for an internecine war, between the indigenous population of the Kuban and visitors, the local population advocated for the Reds, and non-residents for the Whites, all this led to the fact that both of them experienced great torment, because everywhere destruction and famine reigned. But already in 1920, here the Soviet power finally took power into its own hands.
The twenties and thirties of the twentieth century were not very sweet for the Cossacks and wealthy peasants, as they were oppressed here as best they could, up to bringing such a situation that there was famine in the Kuban, various repressions, and all this was combined with the fact that churches took her valuables.
But, as soon as the Great Patriotic War began, changes were immediately made in the Kuban, funds began to be collected in order to protect the country. Almost all enterprises were converted and began to produce things suitable for war. But already in 1942, the Germans captured, as a result of which thousands of people died, and the economy was almost completely destroyed. In one thousand nine hundred and forty-three, the Krasnodar Territory was knocked out of the hands of the invaders.
As soon as the Kuban was liberated from the power of the invaders, they immediately began to restore everything in it, but it was not so easy, and the final restoration of the Kuban happened only in the sixties of the twentieth century. From that time, almost until the end of the twentieth century, the Krasnodar Territory was developed in the field of agriculture, and quite successfully, because it was the largest region in the entire large country, which united fifteen republics, in which agriculture was well developed. But, it goes without saying that in those cities that were on the Black Sea coast, they developed.
Almost a hundred years ago, a stubborn struggle for influence over the Kuban began between Ukraine and the pro-Russian Don. On January 4, 1918, in response to the call of the Ukrainian Black Sea Rada, 29 political parties and organizations supported the Third Universal of the Central Rada of Ukraine and appealed to the Kuban Military Government with a call to join the once torn away Kuban to Mother Ukraine. As always, such accession was hindered by people from other cities who had come in large numbers from the Russian hinterland, as a rule, persons infected with imperial Bolshevism, who muddied the waters and fooled the common people.
But be that as it may, and on January 28, 1918, the Kuban Regional Military Rada, headed by N.S. Ryabovol on the lands of the former Kuban region, an independent Kuban People's Republic was proclaimed as part of the future Russian Federal Republic.
But the "love" for Muscovy ended very quickly and already on February 16, 1918, the Kuban was proclaimed an independent independent Kuban People's Republic (from December 4, 1918 officially - the Kuban Territory) a new state formation on the territory of the former Kuban region and the Kuban Cossack army, created after the collapse Russian Empire and existed in 1918-1920. The most influential political forces of this state formation were the "Chernomortsy" and "linetsy". "Chernomortsy", stronger economically and politically, represented the Ukrainian-speaking Black Sea Cossacks and stood on pro-Ukrainian positions. "Lineytsy" represented the Russian-speaking linear Cossacks and focused on "one and indivisible Russia."
Despite the powerful Bolshevik propaganda, from spring to autumn 1918 in the Kuban there was a transition of the majority of the Cossack population to oppose the Bolsheviks. This was facilitated by the confiscation and redistribution of military lands, the looting of some Red Army detachments, which consisted of non-residents, and acts of decossackization.
On May 28, 1918, a delegation of the head of the Regional Rada, Ryabovol, arrived in Kyiv. The subject of negotiations was the establishment of interstate relations and Ukraine's assistance to the Kuban in the fight against the Bolsheviks. At the same time, negotiations were underway on the accession of the Kuban to Ukraine. Already at the end of June, the Ukrainian state delivered 9700 rifles, 5 million cartridges, 50 thousand shells for 3-inch guns to the Kuban.
Similar deliveries were carried out in the future. At a time when the Volunteer Army was preparing to march on Yekaterinodar, the Ukrainian side offered to land troops on the Azov coast of the Kuban. At this time, the prepared Cossack uprising was to begin. It was planned by joint efforts to expel the Bolsheviks and proclaim the unification of Ukraine and Kuban. Natiev's division (15 thousand people) was transferred from Kharkov to the Azov coast, but the plan failed both because of the double game of the Germans and because of the delay of the highest ranks of the military ministry.
At that time, the priority directions of the internal policy of the Kuban Territory were: the solution of socio-economic problems, measures to translate educational institutions into Ukrainian in areas where Ukrainians were the vast majority. In foreign policy - the fight against Bolshevism, orientation towards Ukraine, in particular, support for the movement for unification with Ukraine, at first, on a federal basis.
On June 23, a meeting of the Kuban government was held in Novocherkassk, at which the question of who to focus on in the future was decided - to Ukraine or the Volunteer Army. The well-paid supporters of association with volunteers took over, but in the future, relations between the Volunteer Army and the Kuban leaders sharply escalated. Volunteers considered the Kuban as an integral part of Russia, sought to abolish the Kuban government and the Rada and subordinate the ataman of the Kuban Cossack army to the commander of the Volunteer Army. The Kubans, on the other hand, sought to defend their independence, oriented towards Ukraine. The Kuban-Denikin confrontation escalated especially after June 13, 1919. On this day, at the South Russian Conference, the head of the Kuban Regional Council, Nikolai Ryabovol, delivered a speech in which he sharply criticized the Denikin regime. That same night, he was shot dead in the lobby of the Palace Hotel by an employee of the Denikin Special Meeting. This murder caused incredible indignation in the Kuban. Kuban Cossacks began to leave the army; subsequent events led to the fact that the desertion of the Kuban became massive and their share in Denikin's troops, which at the end of 1918 was 68.75%, fell to 10% by the beginning of 1920, which became one of the reasons for the defeat of the white army, bleeding it.
Now the Kuban Territorial Rada has already openly announced that it is necessary to fight not only with the Red Army, but also with monarchism, based on Denikin's army. In early autumn, the deputies of the regional council carried out active propaganda on the separation of the Kuban from Russia, active negotiations began with the Ukrainian People's Republic on accession. At the same time, the Kuban delegation at the Paris Peace Conference raises the question of admitting the Kuban People's Republic to the League of Nations.
But, on March 3, 1920, the strengthened Red Army began the Kuban-Novorossiysk operation. The volunteer corps, the Don and Kuban armies began to withdraw. On March 17, the Red Army entered Yekaterinodar. The Kuban army was pressed to the border of Georgia and capitulated on May 2-3. The Kuban People's Republic, its government and the Kuban Cossack army were abolished. Kuban, together with the Black Sea, forcibly became part of the RSFSR in the form of the Kuban-Black Sea region. However, the mass Cossack insurrectionary movement continued until 1922, and individual rebel detachments operated until 1925. Throughout the 20s and 30s of the 20th century, the Kuban remained the scene of mass repressions, decossackization, dekulakization and large-scale famine.
From not so old historical events, correct and timely conclusions should be drawn. If the Kuban People's Republic, despite the subversive actions from within its pro-Russian elements, both white and red, took a decisive step towards unification with the UNR, it would have kept itself and the UNR as part of a united Ukraine. Then neither Bolshevik Moscow nor the White movement could prevent them from gaining real independence recognized by the world community. Without Ukraine and the Kuban, there would be neither imperial Soviet power nor the imperial white movement. At best, they would fight among themselves, weakening and destroying each other.