PARADIGM OF IMAGES HUMAN - ANIMAL IN COMPARATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
Krylova Maria Nikolaevna
Azovo-Chernomorsk State Agroengineering Academy
PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Professional Pedagogy and Foreign Languages
annotation
The article considers the paradigm of images man - animal as a stable correlation of concepts representing the subject of comparison associated with a person and an object associated with an animal. Motivations for comparison within this paradigm, the most used images of animals, individual and clichéd figurative paradigms are analyzed. The desire of a person to correlate himself with the animal world is explained by animalization, as well as by ancient totem beliefs, reflecting the deep connection of all life on earth.
PARADIGM OF IMAGES MAN – ANIMAL IN THE COMPARATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS OF MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
Krylova Maria Nikolaevna
Azov-Black Sea State Agroengineering Academy
PhD in Philological Science, Assistant Professor of the Professional Pedagogy and Foreign Languages Department,
Abstract
The article considers the paradigm of images man - animal as a sustainable relationship between the concepts representing the subject of comparisons associated with a person and an object associated with an animal. The motivation for comparison within this paradigm, the most commonly used images of animals, individual and cliched paradigms of images are analyzed. The human tendency of correlating with the world of animals is explained by animalization and ancient totem beliefs that reflect a deep connection of all life on earth.
Bibliographic link to the article:
Krylova M.N. The paradigm of images of a man - an animal in the comparative constructions of the modern Russian language // Modern scientific research and innovation. 2013. No. 10 [Electronic resource]..03.2019).
Comparison, as the most ancient form of intellectual activity, as a mental stereotype and a means of artistic expression, has long attracted the attention of philosophers, psychologists, and philologists.
Comparison is a way of figurative representation of the real world through the prism of worldview and worldview of the creator of the statement. The idea of the world, understanding the essence of what is happening is reflected in the creation of a speech work through the paradigm of images that the author uses. The creator of the term, N.V. Pavlovich, gives him the following definition: “The paradigm of images is an invariant of a number of images similar to it, which consists of two stable meanings connected by an identification relation” . The purpose of the image is to most fully reveal the phenomenon of reality described by the author (the speaker). We understand the paradigm of images as a stable correlation of concepts representing the subject and object of comparison. The subject is what is compared in this comparative construction, the object is what it is compared with.
The figurative paradigm presents comparison as a linear act of comparison, in which the compared (subject) and what is compared with (object) are in close mental and emotional connection, conditioning each other, demonstrating the stable nature of the interaction based on semantic commonality.
The material for this study is more than 6100 comparative constructions, selected by us from various oral and written texts in modern Russian: literary works of various genres; mass media; advertising; texts of popular songs; the language of feature films and television series, etc.
Considering the figurative paradigm man is an animal, implemented in comparative constructions, we see that a linguistic personality uses it in more than 20% of cases.
Motivations for comparison within this figurative paradigm may be different. The most common base of comparison is resemblance. Comparative constructions are actively used in describing the appearance of heroes, while ironic banter, sometimes ridiculing a character, is unchanged: Captain Singh, the second-in-command for personnel operations, looked like a dark-skinned toad (D. Kazakov. Demons of Valhalla), and the creation of a reverent attitude towards the character through the image of his insecurity, so characteristic of animals: The knee of the victim of molestation was skinny, as frog foot (B. Akunin. Diamond Chariot).
A person can be like an animal in behavior, impulses and actions: bullfinch frisky colt rushed ahead(B. Akunin. State Councilor); I will be calm, silent, cool-headed, as carp (TV series “Who is the boss in the house?”); In men, the activity number is seasonal, as in insects (thin film "Love-carrot").
Feelings of the character, his feelings can also become the basis for creating a comparison in the paradigm man is an animal: How are you feeling, Alexander? - How fly in a golden snuffbox(TV series "Shifted").
Often compared personal traits man and animal, and here there are especially many clichéd comparisons based on the generally accepted idea of the character of an animal: He's stubborn like ram, does not want to - will not budge(TV series "Shifted"). The qualities of animals chosen as the basis for comparison, as a rule, are typified, associated with stereotypes, folklore representations, fairy tales, etc. If a person is compared with a hare, then usually because he showed cowardice, a pike symbolizes predation, a chicken - stupidity, etc. .p. For example: What is a femme fatale? What is it like pike in the pond(TV show "Let them talk").
Comparisons are not so rare, in which the objects are the names of exotic animals that are not connected in our imagination with fabulous allegorical parallels (monkeys, crocodiles, anacondas, monitor lizards). Here the comparison is based on observations of the behavior of these animals, of how people treat them: About five years ago it was fashionable to take a girl from the suburbs and, as monkey, on a leash to lead and show(TV show "Extra") or impressions from feature films, TV shows in which these animals appear: Lev Ilyich Izmailov thought swiftly and ruthlessly, like a spring anaconda This withered, ugly face of a drunkard, this wrinkled, monitor lizard, neck(V. Platova. Scaffold of oblivion); Unshaven kid, healthy as grizzly… (Seryoga song).
Although sometimes an exotic image is chosen obviously at random, it is used without any reason, only to draw attention to the phrase, the events described, to make the picture more vivid, to exaggerate what is depicted: Frazier yelled, like a stung in the heel gibbon (D. Kazakov. Demons of Valhalla); - Is the face impudent? - Like a drunk monkeys (thin film "Antiboomer"); And outside the door already roared, as castrated rhinos (O. Markeev. Black moon). It seems that hardly anyone has seen how a gibbon stung in the heel jumps, what a drunken monkey looks like, etc. The groundlessness of the image chosen in this case can be considered as an element of the author’s incompetence, his desire to , we are dealing with one of the manifestations of a humorous world transformation, a demonstration of the imagination of a native speaker.
In general, behind comparisons of humans and animals, we often see certain typical life situations, animated, transmitted through a figurative paradigm: I never thought that you would want to kill me, poison me like rat (TV program "Federal Judge") - the fight against rats is relevant for modern cities; When drunk, he likes you partridge, shoot or give to be torn to pieces by his thugs(Yu. Shilova. Punishment by beauty) - the picture of hunting, according to various sources, is familiar to everyone.
The names of some animals sound vulgar in the text, they look like elements inserted for the purpose of shocking, attracting special attention, sometimes insults: Stop, stop, why are you swaying like worm which?(TV series "Big Girls"); You need to be pressed like nits… (L. Soboleva. There will be night - she will return ...); There are men staring at you, as males (Yu. Shilova. Punishment by beauty). In the general context of modern word usage, the use of such images in oral speech or in its imitation does not seem to be something unusual, out of the general picture. On the contrary, in works of art, the authors, introducing vulgarized comparisons into the speech of characters, strive to follow the principle of life-like plausibility. The chosen image is intended to directly influence the feelings of the person who perceives the statement, and in this case the effect is extremely strong.
Quantitative analysis of comparisons with figurative paradigm man is an animal shows that most often native speakers compare a person:
– with chicken (14 examples in the analyzed material): And you, like wet hen, / Walking barefoot down the street(group "Brothers Grim");
– with a monkey (16 examples): The thimble was old and wrinkled, like a dying monkey (V. Pelevin. Yellow Arrow);
– with a pig (16): Drunk every night like a pig
- with a hare (18): I've been running since nine in the morning hare … (advertising);
– with a cow (18): This skier, like that very sacred cow, no one will withdraw from the distance(sport commentary);
– with a snake (21): The streams of water gliding along the wet slopes seemed silvery. snakes (O. Markeev. Black moon);
- with a wolf (23): Overlaid us, like those wolves (O. Tarugin. Secret of the seventh level);
– with a mouse (27): But for now, you have to sit still like mice (O. Markeev. Black moon);
– with a fly (30): Azerbaijani hijackers flies stick to Moscow region traffic cops(newspaper "Moskovsky Komsomolets", A. Gracheva);
– with fish (32): Until ten I will be silent, as fish (B. Akunin. Turkish Gambit);
– with a bird (46): Where is my darling bird fly in(Group "Umaturman");
– with the beast (53): He was yelling something, baring his teeth, as beast (Yu. Nikitin. Hyperborea);
– with a dog (78): Sleep like dog, I optimistically lied(O. Tarugin. Secret of the seventh level).
The absolute record holder is the image of a cat, cat, kitten (100): At least they would say, otherwise they left, like the blind kittens (TV series "Stormgate").
The figurative paradigm can be individual and clichéd. The latter is observed during the functioning of stable comparisons of varying degrees of repetition, up to phraseological units. The following stable paradigms can be identified:
– man is a fish: I am very pleased here, comfortable, I feel like fish in water(TV series "Agency Alibi");
– elephant man: I'm healthy like elephant (TV show "Let them talk");
– Human(often female) horse: He had problems with work, and I plowed like horse (TV program "Without complexes");
– man is a squirrel: Since the morning I've been spinning like squirrel in the wheel(advertising);
– man - wolf: The girl believed us, she works like ox (TV series "Silver Lily of the Valley");
– Human– donkey: Well, how stubborn are you donkey? (TV series "Secrets of the Investigation");
– Human– pig: Every night drunk as pig, threw darts at me and the cook(D. Dontsova. Fig leaf haute couture).
We also observe a comparison of body parts of a person and an animal, while parts of the body can be different:
– ears - tail: And the ears stick out like a tail peacock (TV series "Happy Together");
– mouth - mouth: Yes, your Roberts has a mouth like sharks (D. Dontsova. Fig leaf haute couture);
– lips– chicken tail: Folding sponges chicken tail, the secretary took the cake from the tray(T. Ustinova. The myth of the ideal man);
– arms– wings: In the blue sky, these hands / Like straightened wings (S. Vdovikina).
The figurative connection appears especially brightly in the chain of comparisons, when the constructions are strung one on top of the other, both related to different figurative paradigms, and within one. For example: I live in expectation of a miracle, like a Mauser in a holster, / As if spiderin a web, / Like a tree in the desert, / Like a black a foxin the hole(song of the Splin group).
As you can see, the names of pets are heard more often in comparisons, which is no coincidence. According to V.M. Shaklein, "domestic animals are reflected in the figurative picture of the world, they are widely represented in both positive and negative stable associations of peoples" .
Observations of animals have long been of particular interest to humans, since animals are the only community on earth that is united with man by the criterion of “living, feeling”. Therefore, comparing something, and especially oneself, with animals is natural for a person, initially, expected and predictable. The desire to relate oneself to the animal world is called animation(from the word animal - animal). A. Mashevsky says that during animalization “the main thing is to find your social (ecological) niche and merge with it”, that is, by putting forward an animal as an image, a person demonstrates a desire to ecologize his life, to be closer to nature or society, connect with them. That's just unity with nature should not take place in isolation from culture.
If you find a violation of copyright or related rights, please notify us immediately by
"Puncunation Marks Part Two A book for students and applicants to universities Moscow NPO OBRAZOVANIE Introduction You have discovered..."
-- [ Page 4 ] --
86. 1. What is looking for ... distant? What... native? 2.... death,..., like... a year,.... 3. And there,... sands,... reeds, sleeping..., prey... waves,... 5...., that one..., at his desk,...
: 6...., in the center of London,... a ship built... of Rome,.... 7...., called Montignac, in the center of France, in the region of Périgord,... pâtés,. ... They ... friend - ...
8.... in Panama,.... 9...., in the south of France,... Herzen,.... 10...., on the banks of the Neva,...
Hermitage -....
Sentences with subordinate clauses inside the main clause - 2.7.
87. 1. There the forest and valleys are full of visions; there about the dawn .... 2. There, ... bad weather, .... 3 ...., at the ravine, .... There is always a shadow. Around - a stream ... laziness, flowers ..., and never ... penetrate, ...
4...., just on that day,....
5. There, in the park, a grandmother... a fairy tale about a dragon and a prince,... living and dead.... 6. In the Czech Republic,... region,... in a hundred-year-old swamp.... On this one. .. start development....
Wood... tons transported.... Now cypress... Bridge,.... 7.... turtles and crocodiles, we must... go south,....
The scheme corresponds to sentence 3 (Around the stream ...).
88. 1...., in Georgia,... relics: posthumous..., imported..., and a diadem....
Tiara..., on velvet,.... 2...., behind Feodosiya,.... And above everything: over Green's house,... - stood.... 3.... ... in Moscow - a building built ... back, ...
two:
Woland and Azazello. 4...., on the corner.... Over the roof..., and in this tower.... Furnishings...
modest: ... a bed, ... a table, ... drawers, ... a file cabinet, thousands .... From his ... - he always sat down to work at five in the morning - he watched ... Locomotives ... , coming from the station, saw off ...
Explanation: 1. In Georgia - specifying circumstance of place; two relics - a generalizing word with homogeneous members; brought by someone to such a distance - a common definition that comes after the word being defined.
89. With a convulsive yawn, the procurator ... took off ..., put .... Banga ..., head to head, and the procurator, putting ... his neck, finally closed ....
90. Banga, ... breathing, lay down ..., moreover ..., that ... a thunderstorm, the only ..., of which ..., and also that ... here, nearby ... , whom ..., respected people, thanks to ..., higher ....
So both of them, and the dog, and the man, friend, ....
91. 2...., shortly before sunset,... 3. There, in the mountains,... 7...., when...
92. According to ... tradition, ... from a soothsayer that ..., named Achilles, ....
Contrary to... prophecy,... Deep..., hiding it from everyone,.... At the same time..., and all... except.... When..., he... But during..., as a result of which.... This..., that....
93. Famous... that.... Instead of..., he... who.... If he had..., he..., as a result of which.... Thanks to this story, ... the expression "Buridan's donkey". To them ..., hesitating ....
In addition to the first and last sentences, all have isolations with prepositions.
94. According to... legend, titan... arts, crafts, skill..., taught..., a..., gave..., kidnapped.... His... sun,... rain, storms, and besides all this, every.... Torment... until..., against the will of the gods,
95. 1. I did not want ..., except for me, ... questions, .... 2 ...., that ... the neighbors by the breakup, and ..., contrary to ... the war, teach a lesson .... 3. Contrary to ..., the owner ..., but ... ordered to feed us and .... 4. And ..., except for the ring, ... trees, and nothing ..., except .... 5. In quite ..., except ... volumes about delicious .... 6. And father and son, instead of ... chest, then stepping back and looking around, ....
96. 1. Despite... the weather,.... 2. Thanks to... the cook,.... 3. Beyond... expectations,....
4. For lack of... accommodation,.... 5. In the evening, according to... tradition,.... 6. Along with tourist,... years, and... 7. In the Zhiguli... than ..., except for .... 8. I ..., except for a sparrow .... 9. Not passed ..., like ..., except for two or three, .... 10. For stern ..., except smoothly .... 11. All summer, except, of course, ..., I ..., on warm nights even ..., donated ....
Chapter III About colons and dashes, non-union sentences and direct speech Why was the colon invented?
Isn't one point enough? Why two? The dot is a very necessary and highly respected sign. But she is able to communicate the end of a sentence. The dot has nothing to do with what happens inside the sentence. Meanwhile, inside the sentence there are many meanings and important messages that require their own signs.
What meanings does such a strong sign as a colon help to express? One of them you already know. This is a colon after the generalizing word, followed by homogeneous terms.
1. In the following examples, find generalizing words and ask a question from them to continue the sentence; Write the sentences using the correct signs.
1. The tree of peace bears two sweet fruits of poetry and friendship (Indian folk wisdom). 2. The book is the life of our time. Everyone needs it, old and young (V. G. Belinsky). 3. From the first steps of my mental activity, I set myself two parallel tasks to work for science and write for the people (K. A. Timiryazev).
In the part of the sentence that goes before the colon, the question is hidden. It can be mentally put to the continuation of the sentence, since the continuation reveals the meaning of the previous part.
The question necessarily arises after a generalizing word before homogeneous members. The generalizing word, as you remember, is the common dwelling of all homogeneous members.
Go back to task 1 and remember what questions you asked.
(You should get questions what exactly? who exactly? and what exactly?) Sometimes these questions can be in other cases. Other questions may be asked.
A colon is placed not only after a generalizing word, but also between parts of a complex sentence connected by intonation. Such sentences are called compound non-union sentences. But a colon is not always put in them, but only under certain conditions.
Let's remember. Your first commandment when confronted with a sentence is to figure out if it's simple or complex. The second commandment (if it is complex) is to find out how its parts are connected: 1) "safe" unions, or repeated "dangerous" unions, or allied words; or 2) single "dangerous" alliances; or 3) just intonation.
Colon in a non-union complex sentence As you remember, if parts of a complex sentence are connected only by intonation, one of four characters can stand between them: either a comma, or a semicolon, or a colon, or a dash. In the absence of unions, these signs signal the semantic relationship between the parts of the sentence. One of the signals of a whole group of meanings is the colon. In such non-union sentences, the second, and sometimes subsequent parts of the complex sentence reveal the content of the first.
From it, one of the following questions is posed: 1) why? (for what reason?), or 2) one of the questions of cases, or 3) how? how?
The second part of the non-union complex sentence can also answer the question, which one? and determine the qualities, signs, properties of what is being discussed in the first part, revealing the definition in the first part.
So, the colon is placed: 1) in front of homogeneous members, if the generalizing word is in front of them (sometimes not next to them, but a little earlier); 2) between parts of an allied compound sentence, if the first part hides a question that the next part of the sentence answers.
Even if you do not yet know what questions can be hidden, you can already distinguish what is in front of you: either homogeneous members with a generalizing word, or the second part of a complex sentence.
In the diagram, non-union complex sentences with a colon are indicated as follows:
– – –
1. The writer Ilya Ilf said that in the small town where Mark Twain was born there is a monument to his famous heroes Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. In this monument, the character of the boys is very expressively embodied: one of them is holding a dead cat by the tail. 2. In India, one hears the art of dance, painting, weaving, jewelry art, all this is nonsense compared to the art of caring for an elephant. 3. Suvorov knew many languages German French Italian Polish Finnish Turkish Arabic Persian wrote poetry in these languages and even printed them. 4. When the Americans dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, all the beautiful residential buildings, palaces, parks, and people died in the city in an instant. The more carefully the search was carried out, the more sad strange shadows were found on the stones, the shadows of grasses and flowers, the shadows of children's hands and female profiles, the dramatic shadows of male figures. There were no people or grasses, they disappeared, evaporated, disintegrated into atoms, leaving behind only shadows. 5. In his fairy tale "The Little Prince", the French writer and pilot Antoine Saint-Exupery simply and heartfeltly speaks about the most important thing about duty and fidelity, about friendship and love for life and for people, and about how a person should be on this sometimes unkind but beloved and our only planet Earth (N. Gal). 6. In Tokyo and other major cities in Japan, there is a rule that if a temple stands on the site of a future skyscraper, then the temple is transferred to the roof of this house. At the same time, the temple continues to operate at any hour, a high-speed elevator will take you to its open doors (from magazines).
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
3. Continue each sentence in two versions: one with a colon, the other with a comma. The sentences are taken from the myths of Ancient Greece.
1. Gorgon Medusa was a terrible monster.... 2. It was impossible to look at her.... 3. But Perseus defeated her....
Let's take a closer look at the meanings reported by the colon in the non-union complex sentence. Here we can talk about several cases.
The case of the first. The second part (or several parts) of a complex sentence reveals the reason for what is happening in the first. Having caught the causal relationship and found the place where the question arises, how much at ?, you can easily put the colon in the right place.
It might look like this.
1. Lamps must be protected (why?): a gust of wind can extinguish them ...
(A. Saint-Exupery). 2. Architecture is also a chronicle of the world, why? : she speaks when both songs and legends are silent (G. Belskaya).
Now mentally turn these sentences into conjunction sentences. You, of course, will have a union because, and a comma will appear in front of it. The meaning of both sentences will be the same, but the signs are different.
4. Using the substitution of the question why? and mentally turning this sentence into a sentence with the union because, put the missing signs in the following examples.
1. How many geographical objects and geographical names are there on planet Earth?
Their number cannot be counted, because on our planet there are a huge number of cities and even more villages and villages with names (L. A. Vvedenskaya, N. P. Kolesnikov).
2. Argue with a person smarter than you, he will defeat you ... But from your very defeat, you can benefit for yourself. Argue with a man of equal mind whoever wins, you will experience the pleasure of fighting. Argue with a man of the weakest mind, argue not out of a desire to win, but you can be useful to him (I.S. Turgenev).
– – –
1. An ostrich runs with amazing speed in an hour, he can run 180 miles (from magazines). 2. Many masters of the pole vault can envy the grasshopper the height of his jump is ten times his own height. 3. In Nepal, there is an interesting ritual that girls aged 8-12 are betrothed to a tree. This rite is associated with a cruel religious custom several centuries ago when a husband died at the stake, his widow was burned. To circumvent this terrible custom, betrothal to a tree was invented in the event of the death of her husband, the widow is not burned because she is also the wife of the tree (from magazines). 4.
The Ministry of Agriculture of Japan appealed to residents of areas prone to earthquakes with an appeal to breed white fish in aquariums a few hours before the earthquake, they begin to rush around the aquarium restlessly.
For the Japanese, this is truly a goldfish, because they have from three to five earthquakes every day in different parts of the country (N. Sladkov).
Make sentence patterns from example 3 (This, rite...; To get around...).
– – –
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
We hope that this work was not particularly difficult for you. Sometimes it's harder.
This happens when words like saw or heard are omitted and only implied. For example: I listened: from somewhere came the beautiful and sad sounds of the violin. Then the question changes. More or less like this.
– – –
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
9. Before you are "segments" of sentences that are taken from the myths of ancient Greece.
Place punctuation marks where you can confidently do so. Record the number of each example in the corresponding column of the table.
Confidently put a comma Confidently put a colon It is not clear what to put 1.... everything and the mountains disappeared... 2.... sometimes features of different lion animals are found in people... 3. When Zeus and other gods Prometheus appeared... 4....
famine came to the earth, the fields and the trees were no longer... 5.... you remember that people still did not do anything... 6.... did not suffer from hunger and cold... 7.... they did not know how to spoiled...
8.... the only way left was to... 9. And he realized he needed to return... 10....
swore a great and unbreakable oath...
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
The fourth case. If questions are posed between the parts of a complex non-union sentence: but to and to exactly? how?
You can put a colon. Like this: He twirls his glasses this way and that (how about?): either he presses them to the crown, then he strings them on his tail, then he sniffs them, then he licks them (I.A. Krylov).
10. Place signs in the following sentences.
1. This is how Baron Munchausen demonstrated his skill as a rider, he made the horse jump on the tea table and at the same time not break a single cup. 2.
Baron Munchausen jumped on top of a cannonball that was flying towards the enemy and got back so he waited for the oncoming cannonball flying from the enemy’s fortress, jumped on it and returned unharmed to his own. 3. Baron Munchausen fell down to the throat into the swamp along with his horse and could have died if he hadn’t got out of this dangerous situation, so he grabbed himself by the scythe and pulled out of the swamp not only himself but also the horse which he tightly squeezed between his knees (according to E. Raspe).
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
– – –
11. The property of a wise person consists of three things: the first is to do what he advises others to do, the second is to never act against justice, and the third is to patiently endure the weaknesses of the people around him (L. N. Tolstoy). 12.
Every physicist and poet, tractor driver and chemist should be able to think consistently, judge, and convincingly refute incorrect conclusions. Especially in our time, bringing a lot of discoveries and inventions in various fields in geography in politics in public life (E. Kolman, O. Zikh). 13. The car was invented by the labor of many people, each of whom contributed a small share, one made a gasoline engine, the other put this engine on wheels, the third came up with rubber muds inflated with air (K. Dombrovsky). 14. In the cinema, many people of different specialties work on each film. The director directs the shooting, the cameraman shoots, and the director of the film organizes the shooting and generally deals with all administrative issues related to the production of the film (K. Dombrovsky). 15. In the end, it turned out that Munchausen, stunned with fear, was lying on the ground behind him, a lion was preparing to jump, and a crocodile opened its mouth in front. And that's how it ended, the lion rushed to him, but jumped over him with a run and got right into the mouth of the crocodile and the head of one got stuck in the throat of the other (according to E. Raspe).
Among these proposals, there are two that fit the pattern:
Write down the numbers of these proposals.
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
If you did not have any mistakes, skip the next task, if you did, do everything in a row.
12. Place signs. Record the number of each example in the corresponding column of the table.
– – –
1. Paustovsky considered it quite possible to erect monuments to literary heroes Don Quixote or Gulliver Taras Bulba, Pierre Bezukhov, Lermontov Maxim Maksimych or Bela. 2. Baron Munchausen turned around the whole back of his poor horse as if it had never happened. 3. Munchausen was alert from the side of the road, the tread of a predator was heard (according to E. Raspe). 4. An old fort was located on the island. In this fort everything was romantic and dilapidated drawbridges and casemates and powder magazines and ancient cannons (K. Paustovsky). 5. Levitan left about a hundred autumn paintings, not counting sketches. They depicted things familiar from childhood, haystacks, small rivers blackened from dampness, lonely golden birches swirling in whirlpools of fallen leaves, a sky not yet beaten by the wind, similar to thin ice (K. Paustovsky).
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
13. Before you are "segments" of sentences. Put signs in them where you can. Write down the number of each "segment" in the corresponding column of the table.
Confidently put a comma Confidently put a colon It is not clear what to put
1. I was guided by the rule of not climbing ... 2. An amazing tree grows in India ... 3. The doctor looked up and was stunned it was ... 4. The wind immediately became cold because ... 5. Meeting a flying plane with birds can end badly... 6. But even on the ground, birds annoy aviators... 7. The cooks fussed with might and main, they cooked... 8.
The cooks were blissful because...
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
14. Continue each sentence in two versions: one with a colon, the other with a comma.
1. The Historical Library in Moscow is one of the world's largest book depositories... 2. Never be ashamed to ask... 3. The boy rushed to the mournful meow...
15. Task with a smile. One person wrote about himself: "I have twenty-five fingers on one hand, the same number on the other hand, and ten on both feet." How do you imagine this person? To make it look normal, it is enough to put one more punctuation mark. Determine which sign and where.
Direct speech with a colon What is direct speech?
Watch how some people talk about others.
The narrator often repeats the gestures, facial expressions, intonations of the person he is talking about, in a word, "mimics" him. And, of course, he repeats his words as accurately as possible. Talented storytellers literally transform into their characters, conveying their speech.
And if the narrator reports about someone not verbally, but in writing? How to convey on paper his voice, his intonation? You will never be able to do this. But it is possible, at least in the general flow of the narrator's speech, to single out the speech of the one about whom they are talking. There is a special set of punctuation marks for this.
In grammar, the words of the narrator are called the words of the author, and the words of the person being told about have two varieties: direct and indirect speech.
Direct speech is an accurate transmission of someone else's speech, preserving its content and form. For example: The boy said: "I have a good day today."
The same words of the boy in indirect speech look like this: The boy said that he had a good day today.
An important condition for the correct selection of direct speech in writing is the ability to distinguish it from the words of the author.
To do this, it is important to have an "inner ear": when reading books or writing down your text, you need to feel the difference in the intonation of the author and his character (or characters). It seems that it is difficult, but in fact, if you set yourself such a task, you will cope with it perfectly. Because intonation always sounds within us, even if we are not aware of it. But, unfortunately, not everyone listens to her. "Intonational deafness" is often visible in your written works: direct speech and the words of the author are mixed, and such exponents of live intonation as question and exclamation marks do not appear at all.
The ability to highlight direct speech intonation develops when reading, if you try to mentally "hear", or rather, imagine different voices.
Special words-signals - verbs of speaking - also help to highlight direct speech. They warn that now someone's words will "be heard" or have already been "heard". The most commonly used words are said, asked, answered. But if you limit yourself to these words, your speech becomes impoverished, because in fact there are countless verbs of speaking.
The more you know them and know how to recognize them at a meeting, the more confidently you will highlight direct speech when writing.
Let's dive into the world of speaking verbs and learn how to use all the variety of these words. For such an immersion, you need to remember something.
It has long been no secret to you how direct speech stands out if the author's words come before it: after them a colon is placed, then direct speech follows in quotation marks and with a capital letter. Let's denote the author's words with the letter A, and direct speech with the letter "P", enclosing it in quotation marks.
With quotation marks, direct speech, as it were, is "fenced off" from the rest of the text. Here's what happens: A: "P". The dot is placed behind the quotation marks because it ends the entire sentence.
Now decide for yourself which two more rules you need to remember in order to confidently handle direct speech.
You are right if you reasoned like that.
Since direct speech conveys the intonation of live speech, it is very important to remember the signs of the end of sentences. Here is a diagram of direct speech with an interrogative sentence: A: "P?" Here, the question mark refers only to direct speech, and quotation marks are placed after it.
After the quotation marks, the dot is not put in this case.
Direct speech with an exclamation point in the diagram is indicated as follows:
A: "P!" The exclamation point is placed inside the quotes, the dot is not put after it. And since direct speech is addressed to someone, it’s good to remember about appeals.
We can now begin our instruction for direct speech that is not interrupted by the words of the author (see p. 116).
Let's collect all the schemes together (see p. 117).
Armed with this knowledge, let's start training.
17. Write down the verbs of speaking. Try to guess the author of each example.
Place signs in the following sentences.
1. Psari shout Ahti guys thief
2. My trickster started negotiations and started like this Friends Why all this noise
3. A fish swam up to him and asked what do you need old
– – –
18. Now we offer you some sayings of prominent people. Write them down as direct speech after the words of the author, adding the words of the author from yourself. And, of course, put punctuation marks.
1. Mathematics is the only perfect method that allows you to lead yourself by the nose (A. Einstein). 2. A long speech does not move things forward just like a long dress does not help in walking (Taleyrand). 3. It is human nature to err, but a fool to insist on his mistake (Cicero). 4. How can we demand that someone keep our secret if we ourselves do not know how to keep it (La Rochefoucauld). 5. You cannot be a mathematician without being at the same time a poet in your soul (Sofya Kovalevskaya). 6.
To be left without friends is the worst misfortune after poverty (Daniel Defoe). 7. Fools talk most of all about wisdom and villains about virtue (Paul Ernst).
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
Now write out the verbs of speaking from your sentences and see if they are varied enough. As we have already said, the monotony of the verbs of speaking (Gogol said. Tolstoy wrote) is one of the most depressing shortcomings of school essays.
The variety of word-signals and their place How many words-signals of direct speech can there be in a language?
In the dictionary of synonyms, 29 synonymous verbs are given for the word say, and 24 verbs for the word speak, 6 synonyms for the word ask, and 9 synonyms for the word answer.
Think of as many synonyms for these verbs as you can.
How much did you get?
The richness of synonymic rows is the richness of your own oral and written speech. This wealth is already available to the youngest students, and even more so to you.
Get acquainted (carefully!) with the list of direct speech signal words from the children's book by N. Nosov "The Adventures of Dunno": he said, answered, told, and let's shout, they said, he began to ask, agreed, asked, suggested, explained, muttered to himself, shouted at the top of her lungs, grumbled, shouted, announced, mimicked, continued to grumble, yelled, picked up, justified, roared, echoed her, muttered under her breath, confirmed, asked, swore, spoke, interjected, added, gasped, stretched out, warned, swore, exclaimed, hissed, whispered, objected, declared, pleaded, commanded, called out, invited, greeted, suggested, sang, was indignant, persuaded, quipped, confessed, repeated, yelled, sobbed, argued, prompted, howled.
19. And now we offer you a list of sentences, each of which is a direct speech that does not have the words of the author. You need to do the following: 1) find word-signals that are suitable in meaning, 2) add the words of the author to them from yourself, placing them before direct speech.
1. Hey you! Get down now! 2. Maybe something will come out of this. 3.
Please to the table! 4. When is the trip? 5. Well, of course! 6. And I do not agree with this. 7.
Good morning! 8. Well, here's another! 9. Tomorrow at twelve o'clock a gathering of tourists opens.
10. I broke the glass. 11. You always get into some stupid stories. 12. Hands up! 13. But I could not do otherwise. 14. Well, please wait a little!
15. Really? 16. No way! 17. Beware! There's a broken step!
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
Many do not distinguish direct speech in examples of this type, they get it like this:
Tonya looked at the golden rays and spoke with deep sadness. Will our friendship fade as the sun is fading now? (N. Ostrovsky.) Correct the mistake and try to explain it.
You are right if you think so. Perhaps those who made a mistake did not see the signal word introducing direct speech. And it is, but it does not stand before the beginning of a direct speech, but a little earlier. This word was spoken.
20. Let's work with examples in which signal words are not in front of direct speech. Place punctuation marks and underline signal words.
1. When the Roman emperor Vespasian did not have time to do a single good deed in a day, he spoke bitterly. Friends, I lost a day. 2. The father of geometry, Euclid, said when he finished each of his mathematical derivations, which was what was required to be proved. 3. Julius Caesar thus informed Rome of a quick victorious battle. He came, he saw, he conquered. 4. People think a lot about intelligence and stupidity. Here is what the Dagestani poet Rasul Gamzatov said about this. Snake venom is also useful if it is in capable hands. Harmful and bee honey if it is in the hands of a fool. 5. They asked Lucian Who did you learn politeness from? He answered From the ignorant. I refrain from speeches and actions that are unpleasant to me in them.
6. From the first days of the bitter year, the World heard through a formidable thunder Vasily Terkin repeated We endure - we will grind ...
(A. Tvardovsky)
– – –
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
Signal words in direct speech can correspond not only to "verbs of speaking", but also to words with the meanings "heard", "heard" or "sounded", "thought" and their synonyms.
In the children's book "The Adventures of Dunno" we have already mentioned, we found such phrases with signal verbs: Znayka's voice was heard, one could hear, Dunno heard a whisper; a whisper was heard, an angry hissing was heard, exclamations were heard from all sides, voices were heard.
21. Underline the signal words and highlight direct speech in the following examples.
1. Then, from above, the resounding voice of Peter was heard For work with God
2. Hurray broke out in the distance. The regiments saw Peter.
3. Mighty Oleg drooped his head And thinks What is fortune-telling
4. And he thought Otsel would threaten the Swede (A.S. Pushkin)
Many schoolchildren we know were unable to isolate direct speech in the sentence: On the armor of the tank was scrawled: "Death to the German invaders!" It turned out that they did not find a signal word in it. Try to do it.
You are right if the highlighted phrase was scribbled. What does scrawled mean? Written in ugly, uneven handwriting (or written with something sharp on a hard surface). Thus, the word scribble is synonymous with the word write. And this word has eleven synonyms (try to remember as many as you can!), and all of them can be signal words.
The same signal can be the word to read.
And direct speech, decorated with these words, looks like this (arrange the signs!):
The French writer and scientist Blaise Pascal wrote The smarter and kinder a person is, the more he notices goodness in people.
Of course, you remember the name of a sentence or phrase written or spoken by one person and used by another - a quote. In the written text, the quotation is formalized as direct speech.
22. We offer you some interesting statements. Write them down as quotes, supplementing yourself with the words of the author. Set up punctuation marks.
1. Everything in a person should be beautiful: face and clothes, soul and thoughts (A.P. Chekhov). 2. Noise proves nothing. The chicken that laid the egg often cackles as if it had taken down a large planet (M. Twain). 3. The most incomprehensible thing in this world is that it is understandable (A. Einstein). 4. The best philosophers in the world are boys whose beard is breaking through (Plato). 5. Megalomania is when the mouse imagined itself as a cat and ate itself (M. Svetlov).
Find among these quotes a simple sentence with a generalizing word and homogeneous members.
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
Try to determine what direct speech joins in this example: On the orders of the city authorities, a string of donkeys and camels were led through the streets of a Portuguese town, on whose necks signs dangled: "Only we do not read books" (from magazines).
We suggest you choose the answer that you think is correct: 1) does not attach anything; 2) joins in meaning; 3Appends with missing words that can be recovered.
You are right if you think that two answers are valid here: both the second and the third.
Direct speech here is guessed by the meaning, and, in addition, you can mentally substitute words like it was written or their synonyms. And besides (do not forget!), Your inner ear will always tell you where the direct speech is, because it has a different intonation than the words of the author. So, there are three ways to recognize direct speech: 1) penetration into thought; 2) mental substitution of signal words;
3) mental hearing intonation. Armed with these methods, we move on to training.
23. Arrange the signs in the examples.
1. Immediately moved a grenade through the door Jumped down disappeared in the smoke Officers and soldiers Come out one at a time
– – –
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
Before you are words that in themselves are not signals of direct speech, but can be mentally supplemented with them: angry, offended, surprised, interested, boiled, threatened, scared, laughed, worried, delighted, approved.
24. Below are sentences, each of which can become direct speech. Choose a suitable word for each sentence, add the words of the author on your own, placing them before direct speech.
1. Hooray! Tomorrow at the circus! 2. Wonderful! 3. Oh, I can't! Just morbid! 4. No matter how worse it turned out! 5. What an outrage! 6. Will he attack us? 7. Is it all true? 8. The devil knows what it is! 9. Here I am, tomboys! 10. Why are you yelling at me? 11. Tell me, please, how did all this happen?
– – –
26. Place punctuation marks in the "segments" of sentences, including end-of-sentence signs after the ellipsis.
. .. 5.... with reproach Why do you never... 6....
Wondering who is...
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
Now you are familiar with three cases of using a colon: 1) after generalizing words before homogeneous members; 2) in non-union complex sentences; 3) before direct speech, standing after the words of the author.
Let's practice distinguishing between these cases.
27. Place punctuation marks. Enter the number of each example in the corresponding column of the table. Work with film.
– – –
28. Place punctuation marks.
1. Mark Twain owns one of the funniest phrases ever spoken. When the press began to spread false news that he had died, he told the press that the rumors about my death were somewhat exaggerated (Yu. Olesha).
2. I shake hands with fools with both hands How much, in essence, we owe them to them After all, if others were not fools, We ourselves would have to be fools.
(S.Ya.Marshak)
3. In South America, I noticed one thing that at first very surprised me in populated areas there are much more snakes than in undeveloped ones. In populated areas, the worst enemies of snakes, birds and large mammals, have been exterminated or expelled (R. Blomberg). 4. The Greek philosopher Socrates said about his fellow citizens Yes, I am wiser than them, because I know that I know nothing, and they, knowing nothing, think that they know everything.
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
29. Place punctuation marks in the "segments" of sentences.
loved to repeat Never... 6.... smile because smile... 7.... in a voice ringing with delight Long live... 8.... and I see they are sitting... 9.... in the voice of a father Where are my...
10.... barely perceptible sounds of someone with cautious steps... 11.... from different cities from ancient Pskov and...
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
A few stories from the life of a dash The first story is the setting of a dash between the subject and the predicate. This story is familiar to you for a long time, tell it to yourself. But at the same time, keep in mind that there are four episodes in it, when a dash between the subject and the predicate is put, three episodes - when it is not put. You also know two episodes when a dash is put in an incomplete sentence. If you can't remember all this, turn to the first part of the book "Punctuations" and repeat the chapter "Dashes within a sentence."
The second story from the life of a dash you recently repeated. It tells about the setting of a dash after homogeneous terms. It has two episodes. Remember them yourself. In case of difficulty, see chapter I of this book.
The third story is a dash with applications. You can also remember it yourself, and if it doesn’t work out, go back to chapter II.
Dash in non-union sentences The fourth story in the life of the dash is perhaps the most difficult: the dash in the non-union complex sentence. The setting of this sign depends on the semantic relations that unite the parts of a complex sentence. Let us consider several cases of such semantic relations. To make them clearer to us, let us first take sentences with a union. Determine what meaning the parts of the complex sentence are combined in the following examples: 1. If you do not water the plant, it will not be able to develop normally. 2. When the masters fight, the foreheads of the servants crack.
If you have thought about the meanings of these sentences, it is clear to you that in the first example, the first part denotes the condition of the action taking place in the second part, and in the second example, time.
And what happens if we skip alliances? Here's what: 1. If you do not water the plant, it will not be able to develop normally. 2. The Lords are fighting - the foreheads of the servants are cracking.
The semantic relations in these sentences are preserved, only their signals are no longer unions, but dashes. The dash, as it were, embodies the expectation: so what will happen?
30. We offer you a few suggestions. Place signs in them, and then write out the numbers of sentences in which the dash denotes the semantic relationships of time and conditions. Work with film.
1. Three brave girls smiled On the back of a Bengal tigress.
Now all three have a tigress inside And a smile on the face of a tigress.
(S.Ya.Marshak)
2. Called himself a weight, climb into the body. 3. The word is not a sparrow, you will not catch it. 4.
If you chase two hares, you won't catch one. 5. Do not spit in the well, it will come in handy to drink water. 6. Arthur Conan Doyle devoted nine books, four novels and five collections of short stories to Sherlock Holmes, a total of fifty-six stories (K. Andreev). 7. The main thing that attracts readers to Sherlock Holmes is the wonderful power of his thought. Sherlock Holmes is almost the only character in children's world literature whose main occupation is thinking logic. Stories about Sherlock Holmes are called detective because the English detective is a detective (K. Chukovsky). eight.
Rejoicing people arises a cheerful song. Thinking sad, a sad, unhurried melody comes to mind. And grief has fallen, nothing will express it like music is a song (according to N. Kolosova).
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
In this task, you not only worked with new material, but also had to remember a lot of what you already know. Tell yourself what you remember.
The next episode from the life of a dash is devoted to the relationship between an action and its result. Every action has a result. You hit the ball with a racket - and what will happen? - he will take off, hit the glass - and what will happen? - it will shatter into smithereens. If the parts of the non-union sentence relate to each other in meaning as an action and its result, then a dash is placed between them.
31. Arrange punctuation marks. Write down the numbers of sentences with the semantic relation action - result.
1. You whistle you, I won't make you wait!
2. No, he does not have a deceitful look. His eyes do not lie ...
They truthfully say That their owner is a rogue!
(R.Burns, trans. S.Ya.Marshak)
3. There was no nail Horseshoe Missing.
There was no horseshoe. The horse was lame.
Horse lame Commander Killed.
The cavalry is defeated. The army is running.
The enemy enters the city of the prisoners without sparing Because there was no nail in the forge!
(English song, per. S.Ya. Marshak) Test yourself on the answers at the end of chapter III.
Scientists are very serious people. However... They say that one day a student came to Academician Pavlov and saw that Ivan Petrovich was launching boats in a basin of water. In response to the surprised look of his guest, Pavlov said: "A loan from childhood."
In our book, too, from time to time there will be a "loan from childhood": excerpts from children's poems, fairy tales, funny stories. This will allow us to sometimes smile during the most serious work. Remember: a smile is a man's best friend!
32. Collect "scattered" sentences from a fairy tale you know well, put the necessary signs in them and explain them.
1. Boyar, arrow, let, daughter, fell, son, yard, and, elder, her, boyar, raised, on, an arrow. 2. She fell, merchant, arrow, daughter, middle, raised, son, and, merchant, on, arrow, yard, let go. 3. Swamp, in, let in, frog, son, fell, junior, and, arrow, her, arrow, raised.
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
Perhaps you remember the funny children's poems of the poet Roman Sef:
"Everything in the world looks like everything: a snake - like a leather strap; the moon - a huge round eye; a crane - like a skinny crane; a striped cat - for pajamas, I - for you, and you - for your mother."
Talk about similar has its expression in punctuation. Similarity relations between parts of a complex sentence are expressed by a dash, and not only in sentences without conjunctions, but even occasionally in sentences with conjunctions, if intonation suggests it.
33. Rewrite with punctuation marks.
1. Doesn't the blind notice them, but the sighted speaks about them
– – –
34. Read the retelling of an ancient Egyptian myth. Place the signs.
Every day the solar god Ra sails along the heavenly Nile and in the evening passes into the night boat on which he sails along the underground Nile. When the boat of Ra reaches the underground gate, he is attacked by his terrible enemy, the serpent Ahop. Ra defeats the enemy and the gods praise him with such a song.
Strong Ra weak enemies Ra high Ra low enemies Alive Ra dead enemies Sit Ra hungry enemies Ra watered thirsty enemies Ascended Ra fallen enemies Ra swims to the underground mountains, the gates of the horizon will open before him. Ra will move from the night boat to the day boat and will illuminate the earth with its radiance.
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
And now try to determine for yourself what semantic relationships connect the parts of the sentences in the song that praises Ra.
You are right if you think that there are relations of opposition, opposites. And you probably already guessed that with such semantic relationships, a dash is placed between parts of sentences.
So, if between the parts of the sentences there are relations of opposition, opposites, then a dash is put between them.
If you doubt whether it is necessary to put this sign, mentally substitute but or a in this place. If this works out, feel free to put a dash.
35. Try to mentally substitute unions but or a between parts of the sentence and place punctuation marks.
1. The monkey was very bad. The man was much worse.
– – –
38. Rewrite the text and place signs in it.
Divorce Prevention In one of the Hebrides, there is such a custom before marriage that the groom must stand the whole night on one leg on the "wall of lovers" located above the rocky shore of the Atlantic Ocean. It is worth making one wrong move, the future husband can break on the stones. It is not surprising, therefore, that on the islands the divorces of hunters are so rare to pass through such an ordeal a second time is very small (from magazines).
Check yourself with the answers at the end of chapter III.
39. Work as a corrector! We offer you a few aphorisms and proverbs.
Find and correct punctuation errors in them.
1. If you want to study yourself: look at people and their deeds;
If you want to study people: look into your heart.
(M.Mikhailov)
2. Chatterbox is like a pendulum, both must be stopped (Kozma Prutkov). 3.
Every thing is a form of manifestation of infinite diversity (Kozma Prutkov). 4. I don’t quite understand - why do many people call fate a turkey and not some other bird more like fate? (Kozma Prutkov). 5. The nose was pulled out, the tail got stuck. 6. Thunder will not strike: the peasant will not cross himself. 7. Make a fool pray to God: he will hurt his forehead.
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
40. Place punctuation marks in the "segments" of sentences.
1.... they throw all sorts of dirty tricks... 2.... it doesn't work because the cat Leopold... 3.... they will set a trap for him themselves in it... 4.... they spoke with fear at night in the castle... 5.... thought it was a ghost... 6.... a rooster will crow the ghost will hide... 7. No matter how hard we try... 8. Just call me right there...
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
So, you have learned about all the cases of setting a dash in complex sentences.
The next story from the life of a dash is a dash in direct speech.
Following direct speech Do you remember what happens if there is a generalizing word in front of homogeneous members? It is followed by a colon, and then homogeneous members follow. If the generalizing word changes position and is behind, then a dash is placed in front of it. The same transformations are experienced by the punctuation design of direct speech: the words of the author before direct speech end with a colon, and after direct speech (having those end-of-sentence signs that are due to it), a dash is placed before the author's words. Schematically, this is depicted as follows (see p. 132).
Now we can supplement the instruction already partially familiar to us for direct speech, not broken by the words of the author (see p. 133).
On the pediment of the Greek temple of Apollo in Athens was this inscription: "Know thyself."
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
42. Let's arrange the signs and highlight the signal words in the following examples from Krylov's fables.
1. Listen, the neighbor here Huntsman interrupted in response.
2. Yes, did you work for the summer, the Ant tells her.
3. Stepanushka, dear, don't betray him. From under the bear, he prayed to the farm laborer.
4. Oh, you're a glutton, oh, the villain here Vaska The cook reproaches.
5. Here is a friend I love cried Demyan.
6. Isn't it better to turn to your godfather for her Mishka answered.
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
43. Rewrite, placing the necessary signs.
1. What a person does not know A person does not know the limit of his strength, says the Mongolian folk wisdom. 2. A person gets tired when he has nothing to do, says the Uzbek proverb. 3. Smart is short in words but active in deeds, they say in India. 4.
Best of all firmness without anger perseverance without argument civility without haughtiness is considered so in Ireland. 5. While a person does not give up, he is stronger than his fate, wrote the German anti-fascist writer Remarque.
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
44. We offer you a few sayings of prominent people. The names of these people are given in brackets after each saying. Add the words of the author from yourself and place them after the direct speech. Once in the role of the author, try not to make your words monotonous. Set up punctuation marks.
1. Who fanns the flame of a quarrel and rolls firebrands, he should not complain if sparks hit him in the face (V. Franklin). 2. Without imagination, no judgment is possible (Aristotle). 3. In the work of thought there is joy, breathtaking power, harmony (V.I. Vernadsky). 4. The brave are known in battle, family and children in trouble and friends in misfortune (Indian proverb).
5. The day will come and the hour will strike When the mind and honor On the whole earth will come the turn To stand in the first place.
6. Treat others as you would like to be treated (Voltaire).
7. A full-flowing river is calm, a smart person is not arrogant (Mongolian proverb).
8. A well-organized brain is worth more than a well-filled brain (Montaigne).
9. If you want to forget something, immediately write down what you must remember (Edgar Allan Poe). 10. Cheerful people recover faster and live longer (Ambroise Pare).
Among these sayings, there are two sentences that correspond to this scheme. Write down their numbers.
Test yourself against the answers at the end of Chapter III.
45. Now read the pairs of examples, compare them and tell me all you can about them.
Fill in the missing punctuation marks.
1. Tastes do not argue - said the ancient Romans. The Russian proverb corresponds to this proverb: There is no comrade for taste, for color. 2. Hurry slowly - advised Latin wisdom. The same idea is expressed in the Russian proverb: If you hurry, you will make people laugh.
Unrest can be represented by a single complex of the following parts: 1) the epistemological part, which includes a description and explanation of the origin, formation, functioning and development (changes) of this system; 2) the ontological part - the object, subject, purpose, tasks, system, principles and sources of this system, its relationship with others ... "
“Open the world with us! CRIB FOR PARENTS - GARDEN FLOWERS DESCRIPTION: The aster got its name from the Greek word "aster" "star" for the star-shaped inflorescence-basket. More than 600 species are grown: pink, red, burgundy, purple, white, purple and many other colors. They are widely distributed in nature, growing in the mountains and steppes, forests. These are perennials or biennial herbaceous plants, less often shrubs. Asters bloom from late spring to late autumn, remaining even ... "
“Baltic Sea Survey – Version 11 April 2010. Hello! We are studying people's attitudes towards various aspects of the Baltic Sea and would like to ask you a few questions on this topic. This will take 10-20 minutes. We are conducting this survey together with research institutes in all countries bordering the Baltic Sea, and the same questions are now being asked in all these countries. Your responses will remain anonymous.0. We would be very grateful if you took part in ... "
“On the forests of the Republic of Karelia (with amendments and additions as of 23.06.95) Page 1 of 39 Text (in full) Table of contents Status It is referred to Topics Text LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF KARELIA On the forests of the Republic of Karelia - The law of the Republic of Karelia was put into effect on 27.03.92 d. With amendments and additions introduced on 01.10.93 by the Law of the Republic of Karelia On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the Republic of Karelia On Forests of the Republic of Karelia N XII-20/550, entered into force on 10.20.93, (Vedomosti.. ."
"AUCTION CONTEMPORARY ART December 17, 2011 DONETSK LOT ROYTBURD A. 82 LOT GONCHAR M. 72 LOT CHICKAN I., PSYFOX 22 LOT TISTOL O. 76 LOT KERESTEY P. 12 AUCTION HOUSE "GOLDEN SECTION" AUCTION №21 CONTEMPORARY ART 17 DECEMBER 2011 Saturday 14:00 ADDRESS Donetsk, st. Chelyuskintsev, 189 ArtDonbass Exhibition Center [email protected] UKRAINE, DONETSK LOT TSAGOLOV V. 68 PRE-AUCTION EXHIBITION DECEMBER 10–16, 2011 EXHIBITION HOURS 11:00 – 19:00...»
«QUARTERLY REPORT Open Joint Stock Company «Interregional Distribution Grid Company of Center and Volga Region» Issuer code: 12665-E for the 1st quarter of 2013 Issuer's location: 603950 Russia, Nizhny Novgorod, st. Rozhdestvenskaya, 33 The information contained in this quarterly report is subject to disclosure in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on securities Director General E.V. Ushakov Signature Date: May 15, 2013 Chief Accountant Chief...»
“At present, almost every one of us has a bank card, and many of us have more than one. The number of bank cards issued by Russian credit institutions as of January 1, 2013 amounted to about 240 million. Cards have become part of our lives everywhere, but unlike many other countries, according to statistics in Russia, about 35% of plastic card holders use them exclusively as "salary", i.e. the user withdraws cash from the nearest ATM. And the vast majority…”
bible stories for grow i n g k i d s Francine Rivers and Shannon Rivers Coibion by Illustrated by Pascale Constantin Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. Carol Stream, Illinois Visit Tyndale’s exciting Web site at www.tyndale.com Check out the latest about Francine Rivers on her Web site at www.francinerivers.com TYNDALE is a registered trademark of Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. Tyndale Kids logo is a trademark of Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. Bible Stories for Growing Kids Copyright © 2007 by...»
“5 Adatpa Diplomas zhoba shayn zher serikti rama badarlau zhyesin modeldeu zhne zertteuge arnalan. Diplomas of work of kіpіcpe, tpt blіm, rytyndy of debit tіzіmі kpcetіlgen. Jobad diplomas 9 keste, 46 suri zhne 15 debit kzi oldanylan. Diplomas of Zhobany zhalpy klemi 79 bet. Annotation The thesis project is devoted to modeling and research of the combined attitude control system of a small satellite. The structure of the work is represented by an introduction, four sections, a conclusion and a list of references. In the diploma ... "
“Litera O 26.51.53.110 GAS ANALYZERS ANKAT-7631Micro Operation manual IBAL.413411.058-11 RE AGREED: DEVELOPED: Head of Quality Control Department Lemeshev _ O.M. Pshonko 2015 2015 Head of MD - chief metrologist sector _ N.A. Divakov _ K.N. Lashkov 2015 2015 Head of KTO - chief technologist Checked by _ A.Yu. Zotov _ O.A. Kanishchev 2015 2015 Head of Marketing Department Performed by _ I.V. Samsonov _ D.L. Itunin 2015 2015 Head of Department of Public Administration No. 6 ... "
“Hereditary variants of thyroid cancer in children, diagnostic markers for the practicing clinician T.P. Kazubskaya, V.M. Kozlova, T.T. Kondratieva, A.I. Pavlovskaya, A.V. Marakhonov, N.V. Ivanova, A.A. Stepanova, F.A. Amosenko, R.V. Shishkov, V.G. Polyakov, E.I. Trofimov Russian Cancer Research Center named after N.N. Blokhin, Moscow FSBSI "Medical Genetic Research Center", Moscow Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Otorhinolaryngology, FMBA, Moscow Endocrine cells of the thyroid gland from ... "
Find out what character traits and behaviors of the animal are similar to yours and find yourself among the "powerful ones"
The animal world lives by strict rules. The stronger eat the weak, the reproductive instincts and survival instincts take over and only the strongest always wins. Unlike animals, nature gave man a soul, the ability to compassion and pity, although sometimes animals have a more open heart when it comes to children or the sick than some people. The animal world is clearly divided into flocks, as well as people into "castes". But animals do not exterminate themselves, as a person does during a constant desire to develop and develop "civilization" and receive more and more "benefits" to save their time and energy.
Interesting is the fact that the main features of the character and behavior in animals and humans are identical. Among the representatives of "intelligent" beings there are also eternal "predators" and eternal "victims". The stronger "eat" the weak and defenseless. Only those who could heartlessly step over others and become the leader of the “pack” rise to the top.
To understand what kind of animal you are, or rather, the character traits and behaviors of which animal are similar to yours, read the description and find yourself among the “powerful ones”, and then, perhaps, you will be able to answer some personal questions that torment you, but that you don't want to say out loud. The answers are very often on the surface, it's just that a person is used to looking for a "double bottom" in the elementary.
Wolf
The wolf is a predator that constantly goes to its goal. He takes care of his family, not thinking about the feelings and opinions of "strangers". The wolf is cruel in the case of protecting his own. He will not look for ways to get closer to strangers, because everything alien is always a threat. The wolf is always secretive and rarely opens his heart to anyone. This predator only comes when it wants or sees fit to reward someone with its presence. It's useless to call him. He is not emotional, so it is sometimes difficult to withstand his "painful" restraint and "unemotionlessness". If suddenly you are on the list of the Wolf's enemies, then you just have to enjoy every moment of life as if it were the last, because Wolves do not forgive insults.
Wolves are most often: Capricorns, Aries, Sagittarius, Aquarius, Cancers.
a lion
Big cat. Proud and majestic. The physical form of the Lion is always excellent, the males are always large and strong. Lions around the clock ready for exploits. They are eager to fight in order to always be on top. They do not know how to lose, lions are eternal winners. This animal is a born leader and manager. Leo knows that he is strong, and therefore does not understand the meaning of the words "loss", "fatigue", "concessions", "compromise". Leos do nothing just for the sake of a whim or pleasure, they live for the sake of "satisfying hunger", not offending anyone for the sake of ordinary self-satisfaction. Leos love luxury and wealth. They are used to getting aesthetic pleasure from everything that surrounds them. Kings are always kind to their slaves. And the lion has always been and always will be king.
Lions are most often: Lions (sorry for the tautology), Scorpios, Capricorns.
Dog
The dog is a sincere and reliable friend, an intelligent interlocutor and a devoted protector. This animal is characterized by a heightened sense of justice in personal and work matters. The main "talent" of the dog is their ability to listen carefully and understand what the interlocutor needs from them. The dog does not like to be the center of attention, but he always appears at the right moment. Such a kind of friend is Superman (a).
Dogs are most often: Taurus, Virgo, Libra, Pisces.
A fox
The fox is always kind to others on the outside, but very insidious inside. Representatives of this species of animals are found on all continents, in all countries, in every city. Her color is always bright, her appearance is attractive and luxurious. For its own benefit, the fox can dissemble, blackmail, “pocket” and take away, but she does all this beautifully, unobtrusively and without any trace of her “crime”. To be a fox means to fall in love with everyone. She is a real woman by nature: beautiful, cunning and sometimes deadly.
Foxes are most often: Gemini, Scorpio, Pisces, Libra.
Cat
A domestic and needy creature. Sometimes "purring" with pleasure, and sometimes showing claws. They do not like separation and prefer the eternal campaign of warm and dear people. The main feature of this beauty is an increased level of egocentrism. Not getting enough warmth and attention, she can become depressed. If you have done something wrong in front of the Cat, then do not even dream that you will get away with this. Revenge will catch up with you.
If the Cat is in a bad mood, then you will immediately understand this. In this case, the main rule is to please and amuse. Only 100% attention and the manifestation of love can save the situation.
Cats are most often: Pisces, Virgo, Libra.
Horse
Stately, beautiful and cheerful animal. The horse always knows what is in fashion, which "field" has the most delicious grass, how to attract attention in a large crowd, and who she really needs in her life. The perfect combination of intelligence and beauty. The horse rarely admits his mistakes, repents of his sins. She will blame the circumstances and the people around her, but she will never admit she was wrong. Horses are in constant motion, they need dynamics and speed. A partner is a prerequisite for their happy life. The horse loves to live with a backup plan for a rainy day.
Horses are most often: Gemini, Pisces, Libra.
Which animal is closest in character to you? Share your thoughts in the comments!
Marina Poznyakova
1. What unites man with animals
What evidence is there for the relationship between humans and animals?
Anthropologist: Like all living beings, a person needs food, water, and sleep to maintain life. Like all animals, he grows old and dies. These similarities, as they say, "lie on the surface." But there are others, perhaps not so obvious. I have already told you that the structure of the human body is in many ways similar to the structure of the body of other animals. Comparing the skeleton or individual organs that perform the same functions (for example, digestion or respiration), scientists find many similarities. Of course, most of these coincidences are with closely related animals (especially monkeys, everyone who has seen a monkey immediately notices this). But even in the case when we begin to compare the human body with the body of such a creature unlike him as a fish, many common features are quickly revealed (fish, like people, have a spine, heart, stomach, nervous system, etc. .).
Is there any other evidence for this?
Anthropologist: Without a doubt! The relationship of man with other animals is evidenced by the presence of so-called rudimentary organs, that is, such organs that have lost their significance in the process of evolution. There are several dozen of them. For example, studying the structure of the coccyx - the lower part of the human spine, consisting of several fused vertebrae, we can conclude that the distant ancestors of man once had a tail. On the human body, many small sparse hairs are the remnants of the thick wool of our ancestors. The human caecum has a small process - the appendix, which is not involved in the process of digestion. But in many herbivores, this is the most important section of the intestine. What does it say? Correctly! Our distant ancestors were herbivores. But when the ancient people switched to meat food, the need for the appendix disappeared, and it eventually turned into a rudimentary organ. You can, if you wish, find other examples that indicate that man came out of the animal world and still has much in common with them.
2. Instincts and reason
How is man different from other animals?
Anthropologist: The main difference between man and all other living beings is that he has a mind. It is thanks to the mind that a person is able to quickly navigate the environment and make decisions that are most appropriate for the present moment.
Well, that's not a fact! Can't other animals do this? Consider at least bees, ants and other insects.
Anthropologist: Yes, at first glance their behavior may seem meaningful. However, scientists have proven that all the actions of insects are dictated not by reason, but by instincts.
Instinct is an innate form of behavior.
Here is just one example. In order to provide their larvae with food, wasps dig minks and drag insects paralyzed by poison (for example, grasshoppers) there. Having put the prey at the hole of the mink, the wasp, before finally dragging it in, quickly “searches” its premises. This is expedient, since you have to drag the prey from afar, and someone could climb into the "apartment". After making sure that everything is in order, the wasp gets out, takes the prey and hides it in a mink. And what will happen if we make minor adjustments to her instinctive actions? When the wasp disappears into the hole, move its prey slightly away from the entrance. In our opinion, nothing has changed, but for the wasp, the entire chain of actions starts all over again. She again drags the paralyzed insect to the entrance and again dives into the hole for a "check". One explorer pushed the prey away forty times, and the wasp each time again and again “searched” the mink, the entrance to which was perfectly visible to her! We can say that she behaved in this case like an automaton. However, this is how it really is. The behavior of insects is "programmed" from their very birth. They behave as they have for many millions of years of evolution. Their every action is dictated by instinct. They are simply not able to “think over”, change their behavior in accordance with changed circumstances.
Suppose everything is clear with insects. What about dogs or monkeys?
Anthropologist: Indeed, the behavior of highly organized animals (for example, dogs or monkeys) is much more complex than the behavior of insects. They are able to make a choice, to foresee the consequences of one or another of their actions. However, in this case, the behavior of animals is instinctive, not rational. Just highly organized animals are capable of learning. Monkeys and dogs, unlike insects, can change their behavior depending on the situation. But they are completely incapable of creativity, of creating something new. This ability is unique to humans. A person works, and as a result of his labor activity, the surrounding world is transformed. A person can think, analyze, generalize, draw conclusions, accumulate and transmit information. He is the only living being who is capable of knowing the world and himself. This feature is called intelligence.
Reason is the ability of a person to understand and comprehend the world and himself, the ability to create and cognize.
It was the mind that allowed man to invent many useful things and take a dominant position on our planet. Yes, he does not run as fast as a leopard, not as sharp-sighted as an eagle, he does not know how to fly like birds, he does not have sharp claws, powerful fangs, thick skin. But thanks to binoculars, a person sees better than an eagle, thanks to a car he moves faster than a leopard, and thanks to an airplane he flies higher and faster than any bird.
People are like animals. So they have instincts too?
Anthropologist: Although man has a mind, he also has instincts. For example, a newborn baby, when hungry, eagerly sucks milk. Nobody taught him this. The child "knows how to eat" from birth. However, the ability to speak, read, play, work and much more a person acquires only through training. That is why they say that instincts play an incomparably smaller role in his life than in the lives of other animals.
3. The brain is the main instrument of mental activity
If the mind is the most important thing that distinguishes man from other animals, then they must have a different brain structure!
Anthropologist: Indeed, the main instrument of human rational activity is his brain. But this vital organ is also found in many other living beings, such as fish, birds, and animals. However, they are not intelligent! It would be tempting to think that his brain is built quite differently from the brains of other animals. However, scientific studies have not confirmed this. In the structure of the human brain, as well as in the structure of its other organs, one can find many common features with the structure of the brain of animals and birds, which once again confirms the fact that a person came out in his development from the animal world, that he is a part of nature. To begin with, in the work of any brain, be it the brain of a bird, a monkey or a person, special nerve cells, neurons, play a leading role. (For example, in humans, neurons make up one tenth of all cells in the nervous tissue). The complexity of the nervous system is directly related to the number of its constituent neurons. For example, worms have only about 100 of them, while humans have more than 10 billion!
It turns out that the larger the brain size of a creature, the “smarter” it is?
Anthropologist: That's not entirely true. Elephants and dolphins are known to have larger brains than humans. However, only humans are intelligent. Scientists believe that along with the volume of the brain, the number of connections that arise between individual neurons plays an extremely important role. The human brain can be likened to a magical forest: neurons stretch out long processes that intertwine with each other, like tree branches. With the help of these processes, individual neurons constantly exchange nerve impulses with each other. The number of such connections of one neuron alone can reach 20 thousand! In no other creature do the neurons of the brain form such complex and numerous connections. And this is where the human brain differs from the animal brain. However, it should be noted that a newborn baby does not have branched connections between neurons. They are formed only as a result of his communication with other people and learning. The more a person learns, the more he thinks or creates, the more neural connections are established in his brain. And this shows that reason is not given to a person from birth. It is formed, “created” only in a social environment!
"The tiger is also a man, only the shirt is different"
The natives of the island of Kalimantan claim that the Orangutan is also a man, only cunning. He deliberately pretends not to be able to talk so that he will not be forced to work.
Just go to the zoo, Konstantin, and see the orangutan. You will immediately understand that this is a person.