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Presentation for the lesson
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Lesson Objectives:
- Educational- to acquaint students with the uniqueness of the PTK Ural and compare it with the Caucasus.
- Educational- to continue the development of the ability to determine the geographical position; to improve the generalized cartographic method of reading conventional signs.
- Educational- generate interest in the topic being studied; ecological thinking; cultivate respect for the environment.
Lesson type: a lesson in improving knowledge, skills and abilities, learning new material.
Type of lesson: lesson-journey using a computer.
Forms and methods of the lesson: individual work, pair work, heuristic conversation, messages
Means of education: atlases, slides, computer, interactive whiteboard.
Concepts: Ural, names of minerals and rocks.
Nomenclature: Deposits of iron ores - Magnitogorsk, Kachkanorsk, copper ores - Krasnouralsk, Gayskoye, gold - Berezovskoye, asbestos - Bazhenovskoye, salt - Verkhnekamskoye, Sol-Iletskoye, oil - Ishembaysky.
Lesson plan:
1. Organizational moment.
2. Checking homework.
3. Learning a new topic:
3.1 Geographic location
3.2. Relief, geological development
3.3. Climate
3.4. Inland waters
3.5. Natural resources
4. Consolidation and withdrawal.
5. Homework.
DURING THE CLASSES
1. Organizational moment
2. Checking homework on the topic “Caucasus”
3. Learning a new topic
There is already a link in your chain of knowledge about the Caucasus Mountains (Slide 2 - image of the chain). Let's continue exploring the mountains. “Only mountains can be better than mountains ...” - the epigraph of today's lesson. Topic: "The Urals - the stone belt of the Russian land." The purpose of the lesson: To get acquainted with the uniqueness of the PTK of the Urals and compare it with the Caucasus (Slide 3 - the topic of the lesson).
Let's recall the plan for characterizing the study of the PTK and fill in the information about the Caucasus in the table. Working with an interactive whiteboard (Slide 4)
Teacher: Guys, what do you know about the Urals? (Mountain country, length 2000 km, border between Europe and Asia)(Slide 5).
– And today we will continue to fill the link with new knowledge.
1. The name of the mountain
Teacher: Ancient authors called these mountains Rifian, “Stone”, “Earth Belt”, “Stone Belt of the Russian Land” - this is how the Urals were called until the 18th century. The name Ural first appears in the works of the Russian historian and geographer Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev and replaces all previous names. What does this word mean: “Ur” in Mansi, and “ure” in Evenki means “mountain”, in Turkic “belt” (students write in notebooks). The Ural, which has a length of 2000 km, is not only a mountain, but a whole mountainous country, a mountain belt.
2. We determine the geographical position of the Ural Mountains. To do this, recall the plan for determining the geographical location. (Students work with atlases and an interactive map)
- In what direction are the Ural Mountains stretched?
- How can the nature of the Urals be affected by its elongation for ... km.
- Determine on the map 5 peaks of the Urals and its height? (Slide 7)
3. Relief and geological development. The Urals is located between two tectonic structures: Russian ... and West Siberian ...
The Ural was formed in the ancient Paleozoic - in the Hercynian period, in the Mesozoic it was almost completely destroyed. In the Neogene - Quaternary time, individual blocks were raised. Then again weathering. The destruction of the mountains revealed rich mineral deposits, made them available for development.
(Teacher's story)(Slide 8)
4. The climate of the Urals is diverse. Why?
Map task:
1. Determine the average January temperature in the north of the Urals.
2. Average temperature in the south of the Urals.
3. Average July temperature in the north of the Urals.
4. The average temperature in the south of the Urals (slide 8)
Practical work of students on maps of the atlas(Slide 9)
- The mountains are stretched for 2000 km. in the meridional direction and the northern part of the Urals is located beyond the Arctic Circle and receives much less solar radiation than the southern
- Differences in moistening of the western and eastern slopes.
- In any mountains, climatic conditions change with height.
5. Inland waters
The Ural is a watershed of current rivers, along the West Siberian Plain and along the Russian Plain. Find on the map the rivers flowing from the Ural Mountains.
Students mark major rivers and lakes on a contour map.(Slide 10).
Messages-presentations about the Chusovaya River, lakes Turgoyak and Zyuratkul are heard.
6. Natural resources of the Urals
Soviet poet Alexander Tvardovsky wrote:
Ural! The supporting edge of the state,
Her earner and blacksmith,
The same age as our ancient glory
And glory to the current creator ...
4. Brainstorm: Why did this particular region receive such a high title: “The stronghold of the state, its miner and blacksmith?” (Students' opinions are heard)
The Urals is the underground pantry of the country, about one thousand varieties of minerals have been found here and over 12 thousand mineral deposits have been taken into account.
The main wealth of the Urals is ores, and complex ones, with an admixture of titanium, vanadium, nickel, chromium, and copper ores with an admixture of zinc, gold, silver.
The Northern Urals are rich in forest resources, the Southern Urals are rich in soil, agro-climatic, but there are not enough water resources. The Urals are rich in recreational resources. (Slide 13)
Tourists are attracted not only by beautiful places, picturesque lakes, but also by the only Ilmensky mineralogical reserve. (student presentation)
5. Conclusions. Return to the purpose of the lesson. Checking the table "Comparative characteristics of the Caucasus and the Urals." (Slide 14)
6. Reflection. The journey is over. Did you like it? What have you learned?
7. Homework (slide 15)
Tikhonov Vladimir
The presentation material can be used in the lessons of the world around this topic. The presentation tells about the location of the Ural Mountains, their structure, rivers and lakes, climate, wildlife, natural resources.
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Slides captions:
URAL - STONE BELT OF RUSSIA Lesson on OM for a student of the 4B class of secondary school No. 605 of St. Petersburg Tikhonov Vladimir (teacher Bushueva V.Yu.)
"Ural" in Bashkir - belt There is a Bashkir tale about a giant who wore a belt with deep pockets. He hid all his wealth in them. The belt was huge. Once a giant stretched it, and the belt lay across the whole earth, from the cold Kara Sea in the north to the sandy shores of the southern Caspian Sea. This is how the Ural Range was formed.
The stone belt of the Urals stretches for more than 2500 km from the shores of the Arctic Ocean in the north to the semi-desert regions of Kazakhstan in the south. The Ural stretches between the East European and West Siberian plains, is located at the junction of Europe and Asia and is the border between these regions.
The Ural Mountains are divided into five parts: Polar Urals Subpolar Urals Northern Urals Middle Urals Southern Urals
The Polar Ural is the northernmost part of the Ural Mountains. The area is about 25,000 km². It is separated from the Subpolar Urals by the Khulga River. An active branch of the Northern Railway passes through one of the valleys. Polar Ural
The Subpolar Urals is a mountain system in Russia, stretching from the headwaters of the Lyapin (Khulga) River in the north to Mount Telposiz ("The Nest of the Winds") (altitude about 1617 m) in the south. Subpolar Urals
Lakes of the Subpolar Urals Mountain lakes are mainly of the glacial type. 499 reservoirs are located at an altitude of 500 to 1000 m above sea level - the deepest (28 m) is Lake Torgovoe.
Lakes of the Subpolar Urals Above 1000 m there are only 68 lakes, and among them the deepest (38 m) is Lake Mansi. The water in the lakes is very clean, transparent, colorless, slightly mineralized.
The Northern Urals stretches from Kosvinsky Kamen to the banks of the Shchugor River. The Northern Urals The Northern Urals is one of the most remote and inaccessible regions of the Urals. Bear Corner - this is the name of one of its peaks.
The massifs of the Middle Urals are much lower, usually not higher than 600-800 m. There are relatively few lakes, but here are the sources of the Pechora and Ural rivers. Middle Ural
The name "South Ural" is also accepted as the unofficial name of the Chelyabinsk region. The Southern Ural is the widest southern part of the Ural Mountains. Southern Urals
Rivers Rivers belong to the basins of the Arctic Ocean: Pechora, Usa, Tobol, Iset, Tura, Lozva, Northern Sosva; and the Caspian Sea: Kama, Chusovaya, Belaya, Ural.
The climate of the Urals is typical mountainous; rainfall is unevenly distributed. The climate is very diverse, as all zones possess. Ural climate
Fauna A couple of centuries ago, the animal world was richer than it is now. Plowing, hunting, deforestation have displaced and destroyed the habitats of many animals. Wild horses, saigas disappeared
bustard bustards
Herds of deer migrated deep into the tundra. But rodents (hamsters, field mice) spread on the plowed lands
Forests are inhabited by predators: brown bears, wolves, foxes, wolverines, sables, ermines, lynxes
Ungulates are found in them: roe deer, elk, deer
Countless treasures lie in the Ural mountains And the “Mistress of the Copper Mountain” guards them
The Mistress of the Copper Mountain lives in the underground halls of the Ural gems if she wants to - she will turn into a green lizard, she will cry - the emeralds are dripping.
Natural resources cobalt potash salt rock salt gold platinum gems forest resources asbestos zinc copper ores iron ores
slide 1
Final lesson on the topic: "Ural" Grade 8slide 2
1. Expand and generalize students' knowledge about the nature of the Urals. 2. To develop students' knowledge of cause-and-effect relationships in nature using the example of the Urals. 3. Continue to form ideas about the natural resources of the Urals and their use.
slide 3
1. Along which meridian are the Ural Mountains located? 2. What plain is located west of the Urals? 3. What is the name of the highest peak of the Urals? 4. With the era of what folding is the formation of the Urals associated? 5. What are the main natural resources of the Urals? 6. What ornamental stones lie in the Urals? 7. What is the name of the mineralogical reserve in the Urals? 8. What minerals occur in Magnitogorsk and Kachkanar? 9. What fuel minerals are mined in the Cis-Urals? 10. What is the length of the Ural Mountains?
slide 4
1. Along which meridian are the Ural Mountains located? (60 ° E) 2. What plain is located to the west of the Urals? (Russian Plain) 3. What is the name of the highest peak of the Urals? (Narodnaya) 4. With what era of folding is the formation of the Urals associated? (Hercynian) 5. What are the main natural resources of the Urals? (minerals - ores) 6. What ornamental stones lie in the Urals? (malachite, jasper, etc.) 7. What is the name of the mineralogical reserve in the Urals? (Ilmensky) 8. What minerals occur in Magnitogorsk and Kachkanar? (iron ores) 9. What fuel minerals are mined in the Cis-Urals? (oil and gas) 10. What is the length of the Ural Mountains? (2000 km).
slide 5
... Ural! The supporting edge of the state, Its earner and blacksmith, The same age as our ancient glory And the creator of the present glory! A.T. Tvardovsky
slide 6
Borderline Geographical position 1. Between two parts of the world 1. Deep position 2. Between different parts of the earth's crust. 2. Position on the border 3. Between the various forms of Europe and Asia relief. 4. Between the basins of the largest rivers. 5. Between climatic zones and regions. 6. Between several natural areas. Main Factors
Slide 7
GP factors position inside the mainland elongation from north to south accessibility to winds from the Arctic Ocean
Slide 8
You raised a stony skeleton Above the great deserts of the past years. Rubbing with the winds, for centuries Your worn-out stone to the foot. The winnowed ashes lay in a veil on the hidden mounds of the ancient ridges, And there was no trace left of the heights - Only the depths are ancient, and ore is in the depths. The steeps celebrate housewarming at the top, Young rivers cut gorges, Young streams dig for ores, Young keys to ancient riches Yu.K. Efremov
Slide 9
slide 10
“If you look at the mountain from afar, it seems that its entire slope is covered with small gravel, like paving stones. These are stone placers - kurums. To enter the mountain along the placer, you will have to climb from stone to stone for a long time. When you rise to the top of the mountain, a majestic picture will appear before you: the placer slides down a solid gray mass of boulders, as if poured out of a huge bag by some giant. The edges of the placer are usually overgrown with bushes of honeysuckle, bird cherry, raspberry, willow-tea, in some places Siberian cedars, mountain spruces and firs rise. (According to D. Mamin-Sibiryak).
slide 11
slide 12
slide 13
Rivers of the Urals flowing into the Russian Plain flowing into the West Siberian Lowland 1. Vishera 1. Shchuchya (tributary of the Ob) 2. Usa (tributary of the Pechora) 2. Tura (tributary of the Tobol) 3. Shchuger (tributary of the Pechora) 3. Sosva 4. Kosva (tributary of the Kama), etc. 4. Son, etc.
slide 14
Determine which areas the following characteristics apply to. Write your answer in numbers. 1. Here is the highest part of the Urals. 2. Winter lasts eight months, and a short gloomy summer with the sun not setting beyond the horizon - only two months. 3. Taiga here seems silent and gloomy. Krasnovishersk and Ivdel are the largest cities here. 4. The nature of this part of the Urals has been most changed by man. The small old factories have now become great centers of industry. 5. Low foothills are replaced by separate mountains - remnants, among them the famous Magnetic. 6. On warm days, mosquitoes rule over the tundra, which force the deer to migrate closer to the sea coast, to its refreshing winds. 7. The Pechora River originates in this area. 8. The Ilmensky State Reserve is located in this area. 9. The largest city of the Urals is located. 10. In clear weather, from the flat ruined top of Mount Iremel to the west, a wide panorama opens up to the lower chains of mountains, and beyond the mountains - steppes. AREA NAME ANSWER Polar 2, 6 Subpolar 1 North 3, 7 Medium 4, 9 South 5, 8, 10 AREA NAME ANSWER Polar Subpolar North Medium South
slide 15
1. The word "Ural" means "belt". Is this name justified? Prove it. 2. Compare the western and eastern slopes of the Urals on a physical map. What is their difference? Explain. 3. Why is the Middle Urals the richest in minerals? 4. In the city of Zlatoust, the annual amount of precipitation is 540 mm, in Chelyabinsk - 390 mm, despite the fact that these cities lie on the same geographical latitude. How to explain such a difference?
slide 16
Topic: "The Urals - the stone belt of the Russian land."
MBOU PSOSH №46 named after V.P. Astafiev
Teacher A.A. Silence
Lesson Objectives:
1. To form knowledge about the features of the geographical location, the history of development, to show the originality of the natural area;
2. Give an assessment of the natural resources of the Urals.
The Ural Mountains were called - "Riphean" (in ancient times);
Until the 18th century - "The Stone Belt of the Russian Land";
"A rock";
- "Earth belt";
The name "Ural" - from the 18th century appears in the works of Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev, a Russian geographer and historian, and displaces all the previous ones.
(textbook by I.I. Barinov-Geography-nature of Russia")
1. We disassemble fig. 99 - p. 182 and table 7
- Ural - "the stone belt of the Russian land", the border between two parts of the world: Europe and Asia.
- The length from north to south is 2500 km, from west to east from 50 to 150 km.
history of the development of the Urals. Arrange in the form of a table
ancient inhabitants
First settlements
Occupation of the inhabitants
What is created?
Statesmen, scientists and...
According to the features of nature and relief, the Urals are divided into Polar,
Subpolar, Northern, Middle, Southern.
- _-Ural is located between two tectonic structures:
- in the west - the Russian platform,
- in the east - the West Siberian plate.
- The Urals are separated from the Russian platform by the Cis-Urals
- deflection.
- Ural - mountains of Herzen folding.
Mountains consist of several chains that stretch parallel to each other in the meridional direction.
“The Ural Range is an unusual phenomenon in its geographical position. This is a separate wall, long and narrow, growing in the middle of the vast plains directly adjacent to its sole, ”wrote one of the most famous Russian geologists in the middle of the last century.
Write in notebooks: Ural-system of medium and low ridges. G. Narodnaya-1895 m.
D/ task
On the outline map:
1. Apply relief elements, rivers
2. Mark the natural resources of the Urals
In the relief of the Urals, two bands of foothills (western and eastern) and a system of mountain ranges located between them, elongated parallel to each other in a submeridional direction, are clearly distinguished.
The ridges are separated from each other by extensive depressions along which rivers flow. As a rule, ridges correspond to anticlinal folds composed of older and more durable rocks, while depressions correspond to synclinal ones.
The Ural Mountains are not high. Only some of their peaks exceed 1500 m. The highest point of the Urals is the mountain Folk(1895 m). Along the strike of the mountains, there is an alternation of elevated and lower areas, due to undulating deformations. Neogene-Quaternary about the period. This allows us to distinguish within the Urals several orographic areas, replacing each other when moving from north to south.
- Pai-Khoi stretches from the Yugorsky Shar Strait to the valley of the Kara River in a southeasterly direction. It is a separate isolated ridges and hills with heights up to 400-450 m (mountain Moreiz - 467 m), rising among the low plains.
- The Polar Ural starts from Mount Konstantinov Kamen and ends at the headwaters of the Khulga River. The ridges here have a southwestern strike, average heights are 600-800 m, but some peaks rise above 1000 m. The highest point is Mount Payer (1492 m)
The Subpolar Urals is located between the upper reaches of the Khulga River and the latitudinal segment of the Shchugor River. This is the highest part of the Urals, a mountain junction within which the mountain system changes its direction from southwestern to submeridional. It is represented by large fragmented arrays. Several peaks have heights of more than 1600 m: Mount Karpinsky (1662 m), Neroika (1646 m), Belfry (1649 m). Here is the highest point of the Urals - Mount Narodnaya.
- The Northern Ural begins with Mount Telpoziz and ends with Konzhakovsky Stone (1569 m). The height of the ridges here is less than in the Subpolar Urals and averages up to 1000 m, but increases in the northern and southern parts.
- Middle Ural stretches up the mountain Yurma. This is the lowest part of the mountains. The average heights here are 500-600 m. Only Mount Oslyanka in its northern part reaches 1119 m, all other peaks are below 1000 m. The mountains here form an arc, slightly curved to the east.
- Southern Urals starts from Mount Yurma and stretches to the southern borders of Russia. This is the widest and second highest part of the mountains. The ridges in the northern part are the highest (up to 1200-1600 m) and have a southwestern strike, which is replaced by meridional to the south. To the south, the mountains decline. The highest points are the mountains Yamantau (1638 m) and Iremel (1582 m).
- The dominant type of morphostructures of the Urals are resurrected fold-block mountains on the pre-Paleozoic and Paleozoic basis. There are morphostructures transitional from folded to platform areas: plateaus(South Ural peneplain), socle ridge hills(Pai-Khoi) and basement plains(Trans-Ural peneplain). Platform structures are represented by reservoir plains Cis-Ural marginal foredeep and plateau (Trans-Ural plateau).
Morphostructures created under the combined influence of endogenous and exogenous processes are complicated by smaller relief forms created by exogenous relief-forming processes. The imposition of various morphosculptures on morphostructures creates all the diversity of the relief of the Urals.
- As in most mountainous regions in the Urals, erosion relief. The main erosional forms here are river valleys. The Urals are characterized by the displacement of the main watershed ridge to the east of the axial part of the mountains, which is one of the manifestations of the asymmetry of the mountain structure. The most complex hydrographic pattern and the greater density of the river network are characteristic of the western slope of the mountains.
The climate of the Urals is typical mountainous; rainfall is unevenly distributed.
The West Siberian Plain is a territory with a harsh continental climate; in the meridional direction, its continentality increases much less sharply than on the Russian Plain. The climate of the mountainous regions of Western Siberia is less continental than the climate of the West Siberian Plain. Interestingly, within the same zone on the plains of the Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals, the natural conditions differ markedly. This is explained by the fact that the Ural Mountains serve as a kind of climatic barrier. To the west of them, more precipitation falls, the climate is more humid and mild; to the east, that is, beyond the Urals, there is less precipitation, the climate is drier, with pronounced continental features.
- The diversity of the soil and vegetation cover and fauna of the Urals is predetermined by the large meridional extent of the country and the relatively low heights of the mountains. The main pattern in the distribution of soils and biocomponents is latitudinal zonality. In the mountains it is complicated altitudinal zonality, and the zonal boundaries are shifted to the south. As a result of the barrier influence of the mountains in the Cis-Urals, the boundaries of natural zones pass to the south than in the Trans-Urals, and certain differences are observed in their structure.
Soils foothills are similar to the zonal soils of the adjacent plains. In the north they are tundra-gley loamy soils and tundra podburs on stony-rubbly eluvium and deluvium of bedrocks. These soils are suitable for the foothills of the mountains on the western slope up to 65 ° N, and on the eastern - only up to the polar circle. To the south, taiga soils are distributed in a wide strip - gley-podzolic, podzolic and sod-podzolic in combination with swamps. In the Cis-Urals south of Perm, they are replaced by gray forest with spots gradually increasing to the south podzolized, leached chernozems and typical. In the Trans-Urals at these latitudes, leached chernozems predominate with areas meadow-chernozem and small patches of gray forest soils. In the basin of the Sakmara River in the Cis-Urals, and in the Trans-Urals south of the Uy River, i.e. 180 - 200 km to the north, dominance in the soil cover passes to southern chernozems, changing in the southeast from chernozems to southern solonetzic and dark chestnut solonetzic soils .
- Mountain soils of all types found in the Urals have some common features. They have a shortened profile and are saturated with clastic material. The most common and diverse here are mountain forest soils: podzolic, brown-taiga, acid non-podzolized, gray forest and sod-carbonate. In the Southern Urals there are mountain chernozems. In the north and in the upper parts of the mountains are common mountain tundra soils and mountain podburs. The soil cover of the mountains is interrupted by rocky outcrops, and in some places by rocky placers.
- The Ural is quite monotonous. About 1600 species of plants take part in its formation. Of these, only 5% are endemic (kachim Ural, Helm's astragalus, needle-leaved carnation, Krasheninnikov's woodweed, Litvinov's rank, etc.). The poverty of the Urals in endemic species is explained by its middle position on the mainland, the availability for settlement and mixing of various floras that overcame the mountains without forming isolated areas. So, many Siberian coniferous tree species crossed the Urals, and the western border of their range now runs along the Russian Plain.
- Tundras are common in the far north from foothill plains to mountain peaks. Plain tundra on the slopes are replaced by mountain ones. Near the Arctic Circle, the tundra turns into an altitudinal belt that occupies the slopes and peaks of the mountains, and sparse forests approach their foothills, which already in the southern part of the Polar Urals are replaced by closed ones and rise along the slopes of the mountains up to 200-300 m.
- Forests are the most common type of vegetation. They stretch in a continuous strip along the mountain slopes of the Urals from the polar steep to the sublatitudinal section of the Sakmara River (south of 52 ° N), and along the foothills to the Ufimsky plateau and the Yekaterinburg region. The forests of the Urals are diverse in composition: coniferous, broad-leaved, small-leaved. Coniferous forests of Siberian spruce and Scotch pine predominate. The composition of dark coniferous forests, most characteristic of the Cis-Urals and the western slopes of the mountains, includes Siberian fir and cedar. The most widespread fir-spruce forests. For the eastern slopes of the Urals are more typical pine forests. They account for about a third of all coniferous forests. Sukachev's larch is found in the northern regions, and along the eastern slopes of the mountains it reaches the southern regions of the Urals, but there are practically no pure larch forests in the Urals.
- In the southern part of the taiga of the Cis-Urals (south of 58 ° N), an admixture of broad-leaved species appears in the composition of coniferous forests: linden, Norway maple, elm, and elm. To the south, their role increases; however, they more often do not enter the tree layer, remaining in the undergrowth layer, and only occasionally form the second layer of the forest stand. Real coniferous-broad-leaved and broadleaf forests distributed only on the western slopes of the mountains of the Southern Urals, and they do not occupy the bottoms of intermountain basins with their temperature inversions. Widely known linden forests of Bashkiria. Here are common oak forests. However, broad-leaved forests occupy no more than 4-5% of the forested area in the Urals. There are no such forests on the eastern slope. Of the broad-leaved species, one linden comes beyond the Urals.
- Much more widely represented in the Urals small-leaved birch and birch-aspen forests. They are distributed throughout the Urals, but there are especially many of them in the South and Middle. There are native birch forests, but there are especially many secondary ones that have arisen on the site of cut down coniferous forests.
- The upper border of the forest in the Northern Urals passes at an altitude of 500-800 m, the peaks of the Middle Urals practically do not go beyond the forest belt (800-900 m), and in the Southern Urals the forest border rises to 1200 m. Above it is a narrow infracarp belt, the basis of vegetation of which is formed by low-growing sparse forests in combination with meadows. He is changing mountain tundra, and in the north - and cold bald deserts .
- The fauna of the Urals is not original. It is composed of tundra, forest and steppe animals common on neighboring plains. There are no real mountain animals within the Ural mountain country. True, the rockiness of the mountains and foothills has a certain effect on the living conditions of animals and their distribution. For example, the distribution of the northern pika (haystack) is associated with stony screes, including in the forest belt, and with chars and stony tundras - tundra partridge (up to the Southern Urals). Almost all peregrine falcon nesting sites in the Southern Urals are located on the cliffs of transverse sections of rivers, where they flow in deep rocky gorges, and much less often among the rocks of mountain peaks.
- Lemmings are numerous in the tundra of the Urals. Of the predators, the arctic fox, snowy owl, buzzard, peregrine falcon live here. Of the birds, snow bunting, Lapland plantain, red-throated pipit, and ptarmigan are common and most numerous. Mountain tundras are poorer in animals. Of the animals and birds, there are hoofed lemmings, Middendorf's vole, tundra and white partridges, golden plover, Lapland plantain.
- The forests are inhabited by elk, brown bear, wolverine, sable, marten, Siberian weasel, squirrel, chipmunk, white hare, and mole. Typical taiga birds are capercaillie, hazel grouse, black grouse, nutcracker, crossbills. Common here are redstart, whitethroat, cuckoo, titmouse, three-toed woodpecker, nuthatch. Often there are birds of prey: eagle owl, sparrow hawk, hawk owl. Forest animals are best preserved in the Northern Urals, where forests have suffered the least from human activities.
- Various rodents are numerous in the steppes - steppe marmot or marmot, reddish and small ground squirrel, steppe pika, hamster, Eversmann's hamster, etc. There are many birds of prey here - golden eagle, steppe eagle, steppe harrier, long-legged buzzard, kite, steppe kestrel. Of the small steppe birds, larks (up to a dozen species), chased wheatears are very characteristic. Of the predatory animals, the wolf, corsac fox, and steppe polecat are common.
- About half of the mammals in the Urals are commercial species. New valuable animals are also settled here - muskrat, muskrat, beaver, maral, etc.
- Of the natural resources of the Urals, its mineral resources are of paramount importance. The Urals has long been the largest mining and metallurgical base of the country. And in the extraction of some mineral ores, the Urals ranks first in the world.
- Back in the 16th century, deposits of rock salt and sandstone containing copper were known on the western outskirts of the Urals. In the 17th century, quite numerous iron deposits became known and ironworks appeared.
- Placers of gold and deposits of platinum were found in the mountains, and precious stones were found on the eastern slope. From generation to generation, the skill of searching for ore, smelting metal, making weapons and art products from it, and processing gems was passed on.
- Numerous deposits of high-quality iron ores are known in the Urals (the mountains are Magnitnaya, High, Blagodat, Kachkanar), copper ores (Mednogorsk, Karabash, Sibay, Guy), rare non-ferrous metals, gold, silver, platinum, the best bauxites in the country, rock and potassium salts (Solikamsk, Berezniki, Berezovskoye, Vazhenskoye, Ilyetskoye). There is oil in the Urals (Ishimbay), natural gas (Orenburg), coal, asbestos, precious and semi-precious stones.
- The hydropower potential of the Ural rivers (Pavlovskaya, Yumaguzinskaya, Shirokovskaya, Iriklinskaya and several small hydropower plants) remains a far from fully developed resource.
Ural - stone belt Russian land .
He is the Asian mainland
Came on a stone threshold
He knows the mammoth skeleton
In frozen soils. Downpours, winds
It has been sharpened for millions of years
So that the edges sparkle in a line.
Iron, nickel, chrome ores
I will touch with a word, I will find a rhyme for them.
No wonder the emerald stone in the mines
Green eye looks into the darkness.
The ridge will confuse the path of moose,
Ripe blueberries will start to regale,
Shines between the pines of the river Sosva,
The glacier will reach the bright cloud,
He will look into the lakes, he will enter the verse like this.
He smelled of forests and flowers
And bitter factory smoke.
S. Schipachev
Ural is a mountainous country,
stretching from victory
cut of the Kara Sea to
steppes of Kazakhstan from the north
more than 2000 km to the south, with
west to east - from 50
Continuation of the Ural Mountains
in the north are the islands
Novaya Zemlya and Vaigach, and on
south of the Mugodzhar mountains.
Ural is natural
border between Europe
called Riphean.
"Stone belt of the Russian land",
"Stone", "Earth belt" - so on-
called the Urals until the 18th century.
The name "Ural" appears from
from the 18th century In the works of the Russian historian
rik and geographer Vasily Nikiti-
cha Tatishcheva ("ur" in Mansi,
and "ure" in Even means
The Ural Mountains rise
ridges near the eyes
low-rise ridges and ridges
zhey dressed in taiga.
The highest point of the Urals
some mountains - Mount Narodnaya
Mountains consist of several
drink that run parallel
but to each other in the meridian
direction. The ridges are divided
longitudinal intermontane ponies
the paths through which the rivers flow.
Transverse valleys dismember
these chains into separate ridges and
History of development Ural.
- People settled in the Urals and moved gradually along the mountain steppes to the edge of the glacier.
- The ancient population of the Urals - the ancestors of the Udmurts, Komi, Khanty and others in the era of primitiveness created a rich and unique culture.
- The first people spoke the language of the modern peoples of the Khanty and Mansi. The Abashev tribes lived in the steppes of the Southern Urals, as well as on the territory of the Chelyabinsk region.
bashkir village
- The main population of the Southern Urals in IX – XI centuries were the Bashkirs.
- From the second half XVI century Bashkiria became a vassal of the Muscovite state.
- The first Bashkir villages began to appear.
Cossacks
- AT XVI in. on the river In the Urals, free people appear who create a "Cossack republic" here.
- AT XVII in. Orenburg Cossacks formed in the Southern Urals.
Building fortresses
- In 1730-1750. near the area of present-day Miass, the first Russian settlements arose: Chebarkulskaya, Kundravinskaya, Uiskaya.
- The task of the government was to build fortresses in the Southern Trans-Urals, which led to an influx of peasants and service people.
The ancient inhabitants of the Urals
there were Bashkirs, Udmurts, Komi,
Khanty, Mansi, local Tatars.
The first settlements of the Russians
curled in the Urals in the upper reaches of the Ka-
we, their inhabitants, were engaged in hunting
that and fishing. In the XI century. on-
garden people Kalinnikovs-
we created the first salt-
varni in the village of Sol-Kama
(modern Solikamsk).
18th century - century of development of the mining plant -
Russian industry of the Urals.
The study of natural resources
Ural, deals with their description
at this time, V.N. Tatishchev. He justified
new the need for construction
you large industrial
ntra Ural and chose for him a me-
hundred. So Catherine was founded
Geological research
of the Urals is actively
were born in the 19th century in I.V. Mushka-
tov, A.E. Fersman and others.
Mining industry
the Urals studied and
could improve
scientist D.I. Mendeleev.
About the fabulous wealth of the Urals
spoke brightly and colorfully
their tales about the mistress of Mednaya
mountains P.P.Bazhov.
"Ural! The supporting edge of the state,
Her earner and blacksmith,
The same age as our ancient
And the glory of the current creator "
(A. Tvardovsky)
Natural resources Ural.
The Ural strikes with the wealth of its
bowels Ural is called a pantry
countries. About 1000 found here
various minerals and taken into account
over 10 thousand p/i deposits.
In terms of reserves of platinum, asbestos,
precious stones, potassium salts
The Urals owns one of the
places in the world.
Map work.
1. Between what tectonic structures
is the Ural
2. What structure separates the Urals from the Russian Plateau?
3. What minerals are complex in the region
howling deflection of the Urals?
Ancient mountains of the Urals,
formed in the Paleozoic
during the Mesozoic and Paleo-
gene were almost full
tew are destroyed. In the Neogene
Quaternary time current
tonic movements under-
taken to different heights
separate blocks of the Urals.
Thus, folded
blocky Ural mountains
Ural fold system
Russian platform
West Siberian Plate
Stages of the origin of the Ural Mountains.
Stage 1.
Archean and Proterozoic era .
Stage 2. Palaeozoic. (Hercynian folding)
Stage 3. Mesozoic era.
4 stage . Cenozoic era.
After that, the mountains were again subjected to
destruction as a result of
ness of external forces - weathering,
activity of rivers and ice. As a result-
those at the surface turned out to be internal
part of the folds, where intense
mineral formation processes were going on,
various ores arose.
As a result of weathering
education is taking place
kurums, trogs, circuses,
caves, caravans
Cis-Urals
Zauralye
central band
Relief and geological structure
Salekhard
Saber (1497)
Solikamsk
Chelyabinsk
hercynian
folding
ore
useful
fossils
Mid-altitude
and low
the mountains
sedimentary
useful
fossils
hills
Cis-Urals
edge of Russian
platforms
edge
West Siberian
slabs, break
ore useful
fossils
Zauralye
The main wealth of the Urals is ores,
moreover, complex ores, for example
measures, iron ores with admixture
titanium, vanadium, nickel, chromium.
Copper ores with an admixture of zinc,
gold, silver.
Most ore deposits
is located on the eastern slope
not where igneous predominates
Magnitogorsk
Vysokogorskoe
Krasnouralskoe
Large ore deposits
Kachkanarskoe
Khalilovskoe
Bakalskoe
The Urals are rich in deposits of color
ny metals.
Copper ore is mined at Krasno-
Ural, Gaisk and other deposits
deniya. In the north of the Urals were found
dens are large deposits of bok-
bauxite and manganese.
A lot of nickel is mined in the Urals
and chrome. The oldest place is gold
production in Russia – Berezovskoe
deposit near Yekaterinbur-
From non-metallic minerals follow-
em note the huge deposits
asbestos ("mountain flax") - price-
the most refractory material
la. Bazhenovskoye field
asbestos is one of the largest
The Urals have long been famous for all kinds of
ny precious and ornamental
with stones. Known Ural
gems: amethyst, smoky
topaz, green emerald,
sapphires, clear mountain
crystal, alexandrite, etc.
All these gems are mined
are mined mainly for
exact slope.
On the western slope of the Vish-
ry found high-
nye diamonds.
Ornamental stones of the Urals.
jasper
coil
malachite
In the Cis-Urals, Permian salt deposits
nye thicknesses of the marginal deflection
hold large reserves of potash
salt, rock salt, gypsum
(Verkhnekamskoe, Sol-Iletskoe,
Usolskoye deposit).
There are many construction projects in the Urals
materials - limestone, granite,
cement raw materials. Is in the Urals
also oil (Ishimbay and others) and
coal.
In addition to minerals
resources Ural is rich in forest
resources. Especially a lot
forests in the Northern Urals.
false Ural?
2. Determine what differences exist
yut in climatic conditions:
a) Northern and Southern Urals
b) Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals.
1. What water basins do the Ural rivers belong to?
2. What parts of the Urals are well provided with water resources?
river Chusovaya
Insufficient supply of water
resources of the Middle Urals.
The main rivers of the Urals: Chusovaya,
White, Ural, Kama.
R. Serebryanka
Waterfall on the river Zhigolan
The harsh beauty of the Polar and Se-
faithful Urals, exotic islands
dances, karst caves
him and the South Urals attracted
There are many tourists in these areas.
But recreational resources
insufficiently developed.
Nomenclature:
- Relief: Southern Urals, Middle Urals, Northern Urals,
polar Urals, Polar Urals, Pai-Khoi Ridge, Narodnaya town, Konstantin-
nov Kamen, city of Telpoziz, city of Denezhkin Kamen, city of Konzhakovsky
Stone, Kachkanar, Yamantau, Magnitnaya, Payer.
- Minerals .
- Rivers : Pike, Northern Sosva, Kosva, Tagil, Chusovaya, Ufa,
Yuryuzan, Ural, Belaya, Samara.
K.k. pp. 12-13, atlas p.42-43
photo gallery Ural mountains
