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In Slovak you will find a lot of similarities with Russian. Let's start with what is usually written and read in Slovak.
vowels
Slovak letters a, e, i/y, o, u similar to Russian a, uh, and(y = hard and), about, at. Differences in pronunciation i and y no, it's a matter of writing. The same letters with a dash on top ( á
,
é
, í
/ý
, ó
, ú
) sound longer: ah, uh, ee, oh, woo.
The stress is usually on the first vowel of the word.
| a, á | brat, mal, malo, bál sa | |
| e, é | ten, krem, pekne, mesto | |
| i, í and y, ý | beer, wine; syn, miles | |
| o, ó | bol, gol, ona, bola | |
| u, ú | ruka, ruku, mú, malú |
ä - soft uh
There is a separate letter for the next one - ô she sounds like u smoothly transitioning to o:
CONSONANTS
Letters b, d, f, g, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, z sound like russians b, d, f, G, to, l, m, n, P, R, with, t, h. Letter h sounds like ukrainian G(with aspiration); ch sounds like russian X. Letter x be pronounced " X" (in i-no chats and forums sometimes used as Russian X) .
Listen to some examples:
Letter v usually pronounced like Russian in- víno, Viera, however, at the end of a word and in the middle between a vowel and a consonant, it is pronounced bilabial, that is, lip-labial, like English W - domov, krv, polievka, pravda.
Letters q and w occur only in foreign words, such as Quido, WC.
SOFT CONSONANTS
All soft consonants except c, dz, j, are written with ticks (softening signs) above them.
After a soft consonant sound and spelled "soft" i(mäkké i ), instead of "solid" y(tvrdé y ). C sounds like russian c. Dz as dz. J like a russian th.
| c | noc, praca, cena, Slovaai | |
| dz | medzi, cudzi, prichadza | |
| j | ja, Jan moje, ahoj |
Consonants č , š , ž , dž pronounced h, w, well, j.
| č | caká, reč, English | |
| š | široký, špinavý, píšeš | |
| ž | žena, môžeš, žiletka | |
| dž | džús, džem, hádže |
Ď /ď , Ť /ť , Ň /ň , Ľ /ľ sound like d, be, ny, eh.
SOFT WRITING RULE
Before letters e, i and í letters d, t, n pronounced like ď , ť , ň . Those. soft sign is not written.
Instead of voiced consonants, their deaf equivalents are pronounced at the end of a word (before a pause), and before a deaf sound:
Prepositions like v, are recognized as part of the following word:
| v place(vmesťe) /in the city/, v kine(fkiňe) /at the cinema/ | |
| s Petrom(spetrom), s matkou(zmatkou), s Davidom |
ALPHABET
The alphabetical order of Slovak is almost the same as in English, but note that
- ch comes after h
- č , š , ž and ä , ô are considered separate letters (after c, s, z; a, o)
I think that many have already noticed that sometimes there are different icons above and below the French letters: sticks, houses, dots, worms, commas ...
As you understand, they are drawn for a reason.
The letter of the alphabet already known to us is e (this is the one when we fold our lips as if we were talking about, but we say uh) with different icons is pronounced differently.
é
If you see such an icon above it (accent aigu (acute accent) or “stick to the right”), you need to pronounce it, smiling.
Prepare your lips for the sound and and say it yourself uh.
That is, stretch the lips to the ears as much as possible. And with such a smile from ear to ear and say uh.
fé e, bé bé, café, é cole, é tudie, ré cit, té lé, é té, é crire, litté rature, pré fé ré
Cé cile dé teste le café.
C "est l" é cole numé ro deux.
C "est la discipline pré fé ré e de Bé né dicte.
Le bé bé de Pé pé a le nez e pate.
Il a pitié des bé bé s.
è ê ë
The scientific name for these icons is: accent grave, accent circonflexe, tréma (let's call them in our own way - a stick to the left, a house, two dots).
All three options are pronounced the same, like Russian uh.
trè s, prè s, aprè s, frè re, pè re, mè re, poè te, crè me, problè me, modè le
fê te, bê te, rê ve, crê pe, forê t, fenê tre, Noë l
C "est le pè re de Pierre.
Le Noë l est ma fê te préférée.
I hope everyone knows that the French language grew out of Latin (as well as Italian, Spanish). That is, Latin roots predominate in French words.
So. Where in Latin the letter s was in this root, in modern French the letter is above house. But in other languages (and not only Romance, but, for example, in English and Russian), this s has been preserved.
look at the word fê te!
Let's restore the letter hidden under the house. What happened? Festa.
What does it remind us of? Look at the Spanish word fiesta and Russian word"the festival". Correctly! It's a "holiday"! So you can guess the meaning of the word in which there is e with a house.
And now the word forê t.
We act in the same way. Restoring the letter s - forest.
Those who speak English have already understood that this is a "forest". By the way, this letter has been preserved in French, for example, in the word forestier (forester).
Two dots can stand not only above e, but also above other letters too.
The main purpose of this icon is to separate vowels.
Usually two vowels in a row make one sound. For example, the letter combination a i is read as uh(more on this later).
But if you put not one, but two dots over i, this letter combination will be read as ai.
naï f, égoï ste, Raphaë l, Noë l
The house (accent circonflexe) and the “stick to the left” (accent grave) can stand not only above the letter e.
These icons can be used to differentiate the meaning of words.
du - masculine partial article (or continuous article)
dû is the past tense of the verb devoir
sur - preposition "on, about"
a - verb avoir (to have) for pronouns "he, she"
à - preposition "in"
ou - union "or"
où is an interrogative word “where? where?"
la - pronoun "her" (answers the question "who?")
là - adverb "there, here"
Attention! It has no effect on pronunciation.
ç
garçon, leçon, maçon, façon, façade, limaçon, reçu
Apostrophe
This is such a comma above and to the right of the letter, which hides an extra vowel underneath.
In French everything should be fine :) But two vowels in a row is a mess.
You can't leave de elle. It is necessary to hide the vowel in the preposition under the apostrophe. It turns out d "elle.
Instead of le arbre - l "arbre, je ai - j" ai.
You get used to it very quickly, because very quickly you realize that it is really much more convenient to pronounce it this way.
Lesson summary"Letters with icons":
- é (lips for sound and and say it yourself uh):
Cé cile dé teste le café. - and ê ë (Russian uh):
Le pè re de Noë l rê ve de fê te. - ç (Russian with):
Le garç on a reç u une leç on. - apostrophe:
instead of le arbre - l "arbre, je ai - j" ai. - two dots above a vowel separate it from the previous one, that is, they do not form letter combinations, but are pronounced separately:
egoï ste, Noë l - house over a vowelû distinguishes the meaning of words, does not affect pronunciation:
su r - preposition "on, about"
sû r - adjective "confident" - wand to the left above the letterà distinguishes the meaning of words, does not affect pronunciation:
a - verb avoir (to have) for pronouns "he, she"
à - preposition "in"
In addition to using different types text formatting such as: changing the font, using bold or italic, sometimes it is necessary to make an upper underline in Word. Positioning a line over a letter is quite simple, consider several ways to solve this problem.
With the help of diacritics
Thanks to the character panel, you can make a dash on top as follows. Position the mouse cursor at the desired location in the text. Go to the "Insert" tab, then find and click in the "Symbols" area on the "Formula" button and select "Insert a new formula" from the drop-down menu.
An additional tab "Formula Tools" or "Designer" will open. From the options presented in the "Structures" area, select "Acts" and click on the box with the name "Dash".
In the added window, type the desired word or letter. 
The result will look like this.
Underlining from above with a shape
Using figures in the Word, you can underline the word both above and below. Let's take a look at the top underline. First you need to print desired text. Next, go to the "Insert" tab in the "Illustrations" area, select the "Shapes" button. In the new window, click on the "Line" shape.
Put a cross over the word at the beginning, press and drag the line to the end of the word, moving up or down to align the line and release.
You can change the color of the top underline, you need to click on the line and open the "Format" tab. Select the desired color by clicking on the Shape Outline button. You can also change the underline type and thickness. To do this, go to the sub-item below "Thickness" or "Strokes".
In accordance with the settings, the wand can be converted to a dash-dotted line, or changed to an arrow, in the desired direction.
Thanks to such simple options, putting a line over a letter or number will not take much time. You just need to choose the most suitable method from the above.
The Russian ruble has finally acquired an official graphic symbol - now the national currency will be denoted by the crossed-out letter "R". About why currencies need special graphic signs and why there are horizontal "dashes" in most of the symbols of the monetary units of the world - in the material of the site.
Why do currencies need graphic symbols
Not every currency in the world can boast of its own sign. So, Latvian lats, Swiss francs, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish kronas, Croatian kunas and many other monetary units of the world do without special symbols. Total, according to the global Unicode standard (a standard for encoding characters and characters written languages), at the moment only about thirty world currencies have officially registered graphic symbols. Among them there are already unused ones - for example, the signs of the Italian lira (£), German mark (ℳ), French franc (₣), obsolete after the introduction of the euro.
Meanwhile, it is hard not to admit that currencies that have their own graphic symbols are much more widespread than monetary units that do not have their own symbols. Thus, the dollar ($), pound (£), euro (€), as well as the yen (¥) are undoubtedly not only the most popular, but also the most powerful and influential currencies in the world.
Ruble symbol approval
The introduction of the official symbol of the Russian ruble, according to the Bank of Russia, has become major event in the economy of the country. "Moscow claims the status of an international financial center. There is an objective need to introduce a national currency symbol recognized at home and abroad," Elvira Nabiullina, chairman of the Central Bank of Russia, said on December 11, presenting the approved designation of the Russian currency.
The adoption of one sign as a designation of the monetary unit allows, in addition, to unify all variants of its former spelling: for example, after the official approval of the ruble symbol, you no longer have to doubt how best to say about the ruble in writing- 100 rubles, 100 rubles. or 100 rubles.
What do the symbols of different world currencies have in common
Some of the graphic images of monetary units developed naturally, as a result of various historical events, and some were formed during the development of many options, as well as popular votes. So there are no special requirements for creating a symbol of a particular currency. However, a graphic image should be convenient and easy to write, otherwise it will be useless - after all, currency signs are introduced in order to become recognizable and replace in written speech full names currencies.
Dollar, euro, pound, Japanese yen, Vietnamese dong, Israeli new shekel
Graphic designations of almost all currencies of the world have horizontal "dashes" in their structure. This is not only the British pound sterling (£), euro (€), Ukrainian hryvnia (₴), Japanese yen (¥), Kazakhstani tenge (₸) and, finally, the symbol of the Russian ruble that has received official status. Thus, the symbols of the Indian rupee (₹), the South Korean won (₩) and many other currencies of the world are also written using one or more crossed out horizontal bars.
Such stripes on signs are a universally recognized symbol of the stability of the currency in which they are written. That is why, as the representatives of the Central Bank of Russia themselves stated, the line is also used in the symbol of the ruble.
From Russia with love
The approved symbol of the Russian ruble, which is a crossed out "P", is not at all the first sign of the national currency, but the only one officially recognized. It should be added, however, that for a long time it was the most popular of the unofficial designations of the Russian currency.
At times Russian Empire there was another way to write the ruble: it was a combination of capital letters "r" and "y". According to the most common version, "p" was turned 90 degrees counterclockwise, and then "y" was written over the letter. Such a designation of the ruble was indicated not after the numbers, as today, but above them. However, despite the attempts of some publishers, such a sign of the ruble was not widely used in the press.
Now the graphic symbol of the ruble has become - and already quite legally - the crossed-out letter "R". Such sign was approved by the Central Bank of Russia on December 11. The selected symbol was recognized as the most popular according to the results of the voting, which the Central Bank conducted on its website. A one ruble coin with a new graphic sign of the national currency will appear in circulation as early as 2014.
The approved designation of the ruble. Photo: cbr.ru
In early November, the Central Bank submitted for public discussion the graphic symbol of the ruble. The signs-finalists were selected by the working group of the Bank of Russia from more than three thousand options. The crossed-out "P" during the voting was supported by more than 61% of respondents.
Crossed letters and more
Since horizontal stripes are a fairly popular "attribute" of currency symbols, it is not surprising that there are already a number of monetary units in the world, the signs of which are very similar to the new ruble designation. So, most countries in which the peso is accepted for payment use the American dollar sign ($) or similar, with only two transverse stripes, to designate their currencies. But in the Philippines, the peso, meanwhile, is denoted by a different symbol - ₱, which is similar to the new designation of the Russian ruble.
Symbols of various currencies of the world: including the American dollar, the Korean won, the Netherlands Antilles guilder
The Nigerian naira is also crossed out - however, already with two stripes (₦). In addition, similar designations - in the form of crossed out letters - have the Ukrainian hryvnia (₴) and the Lao kip (₭).
In the graphic styles of some national currencies, horizontal lines are present in a different way. So, the new Israeli shekel looks more like a beautiful rectangular pattern (₪), the taka of the countries of Bangladesh looks like a solid sign from the Russian alphabet (৳), and the guilder of the Netherlands Antilles looks like a mathematical notation for a function (ƒ).
Where did the most famous currency symbols come from?
Today there is no single view on the origin of the $ sign, but it is quite possible that the American currency owes its characteristic design to the inhabitants of Foggy Albion. The fact is that English king George III ordered at one time to use the Spanish reals in circulation, which cost 1/8 of the English pound sterling. This money was called "piece of eight" ("a piece of eight"), which eventually turned into an abbreviated "peso". Soon they began to pay with them in the North American colonies of England, where they were also called dollars.
The crossed-out eight was wisely chosen as the written symbol for "piece of eight". However, soon such a spelling turned out to be too long and inconvenient, as a result of which the symbol turned into a "truncated" eight - $.
According to the theory of American patriots, however, $ originated differently: becoming a simplified combination of the letters "U" and "S" (the first letter of the name of the United States - US), superimposed on each other. Another version of the appearance of the American dollar symbol says that the "progenitors" of the $ sign were the Spaniards, who in writing denoted the peso currency by combining the letters "P" and "S".
The roots of whimsical writing British pound sterling lie in the Latin letter "L", supplemented horizontally by a line (or two lines) in the middle. The very same "L" comes from the Latin word libra (libra, pound), denoting the main measure of weight in Ancient Rome and England.
Pound - £ or ₤ - is used not only in Great Britain, but also in some other countries of the world.
Euro, as a young currency, received its sign as a result of an analysis of European public opinion. It is believed that the authors of the € were four experts, whose names, for some reason, it was decided not to disclose.
According to the European Commission, the graphic image of the euro carries the significance of European civilization (it is symbolized by the Greek letter "epsilon"), identity with Europe itself (the letter "E") and stability (parallel lines crossing the letter).
From $ to €
1972 dates back to the first use of the symbol of any (some) currency. It may be necessary if, for example, the sign of the desired currency is not available in the computer font.
Designation of any currency
The sign of a certain currency is a circle, from which, like from the sun, four rays depart at an angle of 90 degrees with respect to each other.
Anna Teplitskaya