The name of the national hero Ivan Osipovich Susanin is known to any Russian child of the 3rd grade. Many do not know his biography, but they know that he led someone somewhere into the impenetrable jungle. Let's take a quick look at this biography. famous person and try to understand what is reality and what is fiction.
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It must be said that not much is known about Ivan. He was born in the Kostroma region in the village of Derevenki. According to other sources, the place of birth is the village of Domnino, which was the patrimony of the Shestov nobles. Who I. Susanin was during his lifetime is also not very clear. According to different sources there are different views:
- Generally accepted - a simple peasant;
- Little accepted - the village headman;
- Little known - Ivan Osipovich acted as a clerk and lived at the court of the Shestov boyars.
For the first time, they learned about him in 1619 from the royal charter of Tsar Mikhail Romanov. From this letter we learn that in the fierce winter of 1612, the Polish-Lithuanian detachment of the Commonwealth appeared. The purpose of the detachment was to find the young Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov and destroy him. At that time, the tsar, together with his mother, nun Martha, lived in the village of Domnino.
A detachment of Poles and Lithuanians advanced along the road to Domnino and met the peasant Ivan Susanin and his son-in-law Bogdan Sobinin. Susanin was ordered to show the way to the court where the young king lives. The peasant reluctantly agreed and led the enemy in the other direction. According to the letter and legend, Ivan led them to the swamps into the impenetrable jungle. When the deception was revealed, the gentry tortured him and cut the body into small pieces. They were never able to get out of the wilds and froze in the swamps. Under the yoke of torture, Ivan Osipovich did not change his decision to destroy the enemy and did not indicate the right path.
History shows that that Susanin led the gentry, and son-in-law Sobinin went to Domnino to warn the king. The king and his mother took refuge in a monastery. Judging by the fact that son-in-law Sobinin is mentioned, it is determined that Susanin's age was about 35-40 years. According to other sources - it was an old man of advanced years.
In 1619, the tsar grants a letter to his son-in-law Bogdan Sobinin to manage half of the village and exempt from taxes. In the future, there were still salaries to the widow of Sobinin and the descendants of Susanin. Since then, the legend of the immortal feat of the Russian peasant Ivan Susanin lives and is passed from mouth to mouth.
The cult of Susanin in Tsarist Russia
In 1767, Catherine the Great traveled to Kostroma. After that, she mentions the feat that the hero accomplished and speaks of him as the savior of the tsar and the entire Romanov family.
Before 1812 little was known about him. The fact is that this year the Russian writer S. N. Glinka wrote about Susanin as a national hero, about his feat, self-sacrifice in the name of the tsar-father and the Fatherland. Since that time, his name has become the property of the entire public of tsarist Russia. He became a character in history textbooks, many operas, poems, stories.
In the reign of Nicholas I, the cult of the hero's personality intensified. It was a political light image tsarist Russia, who advocated the ideals of self-sacrifice for the sake of the tsar, autocracy. The image of a peasant hero, a peasant defender of the Russian land. In 1838, Nicholas I signed a decree renaming the main square of Kostroma into Susaninskaya Square. A monument to the hero was erected on it.
A completely different perception of the image of Susanin was at the beginning of the formation of the power of the Soviets. He was ranked not among the heroes, but among the king's saints. All monuments to the tsars were demolished by Lenin's decree. In 1918 they began to demolish the monument in Kostroma. The square was renamed Revolution Square. In 1934, the monument was completely demolished. But at the same time, the rehabilitation of the image of Susanin as a national hero who gave his life for his homeland began.
In 1967, a monument to Ivan was re-erected in Kostroma. The photo of the monument reveals the image of an ordinary peasant in long clothes. The inscription on the monument reads: "To Ivan Susanin - a patriot of the Russian land."
Arseniy Zamostyanov tells about Ivan Susanin, his feat and the significance of this story for the Russian statehood.
The feat of Ivan Susanin
With Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, the three-hundred-year reign of the Romanov dynasty began - and this happened after a dashing, shameful decade of unrest.
“Not a single royal house began as unusually as the house of the Romanovs began. Its beginning was already a feat of love. The last and lowest subject in the state offered and laid down his life in order to give us a tsar, and with this pure sacrifice he already linked the sovereign inseparably with his subject, ”these are the words of Gogol.
This last subject is the peasant Ivan Osipovich Susanin, a key figure in the autocratic ideology. Remember the triad of Count Uvarov - "Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality"? The Minister of Public Education formulated it in the 1840s, but in historical reality this ideology has existed for centuries. Without it, it would be impossible to overcome the turmoil. This very “nationality” was personified by Ivan Susanin, a peasant in the village of Domnina, seventy miles from Kostroma, a serf of the Shestov nobles. Nun Marfa Ivanovna, she is also Xenia, the wife of the boyar Fyodor Romanov and the mother of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, bore the surname Shestova as a girl, and the village of Domnino was her fiefdom.
The name of Ivan Susanin in Russia is known to everyone, but only fragmentary and vague information has been preserved about his life. The Orthodox, especially the people of Kostroma, revere the hero, but in response to the age-old question about canonization, a reasonable one sounds: “We need to study, investigate the biography of the martyr. We need to know more about him…”
Official version
How was it? Let us turn to the official version - on which all the Romanovs were brought up.
In February 1613, a Polish detachment scoured the Kostroma region in search of Mikhail Romanov and his mother, nun Martha. They intended to capture or destroy the real Russian pretender to the throne of Moscow. Or maybe they wanted to capture him in order to demand a ransom. According to a legend that was passed down from generation to generation in the Domnino parish, the future tsar, having learned about the approach of the Poles, fled from the village of Domnina and ended up in settlements, in the house of Susanin. The peasant regaled him with bread and kvass and covered him in a barn pit, throwing firebrands and burnt rags at it.
The Poles raided Susanin's house and began torturing the old man. He did not give Michael away. The Poles failed to find him with the dogs: the firebrands interrupted the human smell. The drunken enemies cut down Susanin and galloped away. Mikhail got out of hiding and, accompanied by peasants, went to the Ipatiev Monastery.
Another interpretation of events is better known. Not far from Domnino, the Poles met the village head Ivan Susanin and ordered him to show the way to the village. Susanin managed to send his son-in-law, Bogdan Sabinin, to Domnino with instructions to equip Mikhail Romanov to the Ipatiev Monastery. And he himself led the Poles in the opposite direction - to the swamps. He was tortured and executed - but it was Susanin's feat that allowed Mikhail to reach Ipatievskoye unharmed.
Susanin was buried first in his native village, and a few years later the ashes were transferred to the Ipatiev Monastery - which became a symbol of the salvation of the dynasty. True, this version is often questioned - there are several alleged graves of Ivan Susanin. And ten years ago, archaeologists (not for the first and probably not the last time) discovered the place of Susanin's death...
In a word, a mystery shrouded in mystery. Even the hero's memorial day has not been set. The most probable date of the feat and death is February 1613, 400 years ago ... Before the revolution, honors were brought to the savior of the first royal Romanov on September 11, on the feast of the Beheading of the head of the Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist of the Lord John. A special funeral commemoration of the national hero was performed. This tradition was revived in the 21st century.
The late His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II addressed the fellow countrymen of the legendary hero: “Kostroma, for several centuries referred to as the “cradle of the Romanov house”, overshadowed by the All-Russian shrine - the miraculous Feodorovskaya Icon of the Mother of God - had special meaning in the events of 1613, which marked the beginning of overcoming the Time of Troubles. The appeal to the memory of Ivan Susanin is seen by Us as a good sign of the spiritual revival of the Kostroma region and all of Russia. Remembering with love our visit to the places of life and deeds of Ivan Susanin, which took place in 1993, now with the entire Kostroma flock We offer up Our First Hierarchal prayers for the blessed repose of the servant of God John in the villages of the righteous, “where there is illness, no sorrow, no sighing, but endless life ".
The story is symbolic, parable, mysterious.
Why was the legend about Ivan Susanin necessary?
The point is not only that the village headman has become a model of sacrificial, selfless devotion to the sovereign. A vivid (albeit mysterious) episode of the massacre of a peasant who lured a Polish detachment into impenetrable swamps was the last manifestation of the Time of Troubles - and so it remained in people's memory. Troubles are both civil war, and anarchy, and betrayal of the ruling circles, and the bestiality of the people, and rampant impostorism, and the outrages of the conquerors ... Ivan Susanin gave his life in the name of ending this misfortune.
Skeptics will throw up their hands: yes, he could not think about such matters as the salvation of statehood or national sovereignty ... At best, the peasant showed vassal devotion.
Perhaps he was hostile towards non-Christian Catholics, but Susanin was not and could not be any conscious statesman ... Yes, Susanin was hardly a politically literate patriot. It is unlikely that he thought in terms of "state", "sovereignty", "war of liberation". Perhaps he did not even have a chance to see the great Russian cities. But the meaning of any act is determined over decades ...
In 1619, during a pilgrimage, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich remembered the winter of 1613. Most likely, it was then, in the hot pursuit of events, that he was told about the deceased peasant. Russian autocrats often made trips to monasteries - but Mikhail Fedorovich chose the Trinity-Makarevsky Monastery, on the Unzha River, for prayer of thanksgiving. This monastery is associated with the work of St. Macarius Zheltovodsky. The holy elder lived 95 years, died in 1444 - and was in Tatar captivity, in Kazan, which had not yet been conquered. He (even before canonization, which took place just during the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich) was prayed for the salvation of the captives. The tsar's father, Patriarch Filaret, was released from captivity alive and unharmed - and the Romanovs saw this as the patronage of the Zheltyvodsk elder. There is a version that in February 1613, when Ivan Susanin destroyed the Polish detachment, Martha and Mikhail were heading to Unzha, to the Trinity-Makarevsky Monastery.
The feat of Susanin prevented the looting of the monastery and the capture of the future king. The king, bowing to the relics of St. Macarius, decided to reward the relatives of the fallen hero. It was then that the sovereign drew up a letter of commendation to Ivan Susanin's son-in-law, Bogdan Sobinin. This is the only document testifying to the feat! Let's not forget: these lines were written six years after the February events of 1613, when the memory of them had not yet faded:
“By the grace of God, we, the great sovereign, king and Grand Duke Mikhailo Fedorovich, autocrat of all Russia, by our royal mercy, and on the advice and petition of our mother, the empress, the great old woman nun Marfa Ivanovna, granted Esma of the Kostroma district, our village of Domnina, the peasant Bogdashka Sobinin, for service to us and for blood, and for the patience of his father-in-law Ivan Susanin: how we, the great sovereign, tsar and grand duke Mikhailo Fedorovich of all Russia, were in Kostroma in the past 121 (that is, in 1613 from the birth of Christ!) and at that time came to the Kostroma district Polish and Lithuanian people, and his father-in-law, Bogdashkov, Ivan Susanin, at that time, Lithuanian people confiscated and tortured him with great, unreasonable tortures and tortured him where at that time we, the great sovereign, the tsar and Grand Duke Mikhailo Fedorovich of all Russia were, and he Ivan, knowing about us, the great sovereign, where we were at that time, enduring unreasonable tortures from those Polish and Lithuanian people, did not say about us, the great sovereign, to those Polish and Lithuanian people where we were at that time, but Polish and Lithuanian some people tortured him to death.
And we, the great sovereign, the tsar and the grand duke Mikhailo Fedorovich of all Russia, granted him, Bogdashka, for the service of his father-in-law Ivan Susanin to us and for the blood in the Kostroma district of our palace village of Domnina, half of the village of Derevnishch, on which he, Bogdashka, now lives, one and a half four of the land was ordered to be whitewashed from that semi-village, and one and a half four of the land was ordered to be whitewashed on it, on Bogdashka, and on his children, and on our grandchildren, and on our great-grandchildren, no taxes and feed, and carts, and all sorts of canteen and grain stocks , and in urban handicrafts, and in mostovshchina, and in others, they did not order any tax to imati from them; they ordered them to whitewash that half of the village in everything, both for their children and grandchildren, and for the whole family immobile. And there will be our village of Domnino in which the monastery will be in return, that half of the village of Derevnishch, one and a half four of the land in which the monastery with that village was not ordered to be given, they ordered, according to our royal salary, to own it, Bogdashka Sobinin, and his children, and grandchildren and unmoved into their generation forever. This is our royal charter in Moscow in the summer of 7128 (from the Nativity of Christ - 1619) November on the 30th day.
Note: Susanin is not called Ivashka, but Ivan - with reverence. And his son-in-law is Bogdashka. In those years, the autocrats rarely rendered such an honor to the “vile people”.
Ivan Susanin: martyr's crown
Since then, Russia has not forgotten about Ivan Susanin.
“Faithful to his Christian duty, Susanin accepted a martyr’s crown and blessed, like the righteous Simeon of old, God, who vouchsafed him, if not to see, then to die for the salvation of the lad, whom God anointed with holy oil and called him the king of Russia,” they wrote about Susanin by the beginning of the 19th century. This is how schoolchildren and high school students recognized the hero.
And is it possible to forget the thought of Kondraty Ryleev - which was studied at school in the Soviet years. True, instead of "for the tsar and for Russia" in our anthologies it was written: "For dear Russia." In the Soviet tradition, Susanin is the hero of the liberation struggle of the Russian people against the interventionists; monarchist aspirations were kept silent about.
These lines are unforgettable:
"Where did you take us?" - Lyakh old cried out.
- "Where you need it!" Susan said.
“Kill! torture! My grave is here!
But know, and rush: - I saved Mikhail!
A traitor, they thought, you found in me:
They are not and will not be on the Russian land!
In it, everyone loves their homeland from infancy,
And he will not destroy his soul by betrayal. —"Villain!", shouted the enemies boiling:
"You will die under swords!" “Your anger is not terrible!
Who is Russian by heart, then cheerfully and boldly
And joyfully dies for a just cause!
Neither execution nor death, and I'm not afraid:
Without flinching, I will die for the tsar and for Russia! —
"Die!" The Sarmatians shouted to the Hero -
And the sabers over the old man, whistling, flashed!
"Die, traitor! Your end has come!" —
And the solid Susanin fell all over in ulcers!
The snow is clean, the purest blood stained:
She saved Mikhail for Russia!
With Ivan Susanin, the Russian opera began, in which a peasant in a sheepskin coat so impressively declared himself, bringing out in bass wonderful unborrowed tunes: “They smell the truth! You, dawn, rather shine, rather build, raise the hour of salvation! Great opera image. By the way, Glinka's "Life for the Tsar" was not the first opera about that feat. Back in 1815, Katerino Cavos created the opera Ivan Susanin. This plot was perceived as state-forming. But then the time came to revise the usual ideas about the history of Russia. From the monarchical myths, gilding flew off. “Is it sacred? A total lie!"
“It could be that the robbers who attacked Susanin were the same kind of thieves, and the event, so loudly glorified later, was one of many that year,” wrote historian Nikolai Kostomarov, the eternal troublemaker of academic peace and subverter of ideals.
No, the feat of Ivan Susanin is not a falsification, not someone's fantasy, the peasant really fell victim to the interventionists in the Kostroma swamps. But the main thing in this feat is a parable, a legend, a historical context. If young Mikhail Romanov had not become the first king of a powerful dynasty, history would hardly have preserved the name of a pious peasant. In those years, Russian people often became victims of atrocities - and the first to die were those who remained faithful to their faith and legitimate authority. History itself wove a laurel wreath for Ivan Osipovich - and the disgrace of noble ideals has not yet brought happiness to anyone. We are told about the slavish ("dog") devotion of the serf Susanin to his masters. But what grounds do skeptics have for such a cruel diagnosis? According to many testimonies (including the testimonies of foreign guests of Russia), the Muscovite peasants, despite their slave status, developed self-esteem. Do not throw mud at loyalty, do not treat it arrogantly.
Of course, Susanin did not know that a conciliar decision had been made in Moscow to call Mikhail Fedorovich to the kingdom. As hard as it is to believe, there was no radio or internet in those years. But it can be assumed that the wise peasant heard rumors that this young boyar is our future autocrat. And he felt the high significance of the feat - to save the young man, not to let the enemy through Domnino, to give his life with a prayer for others ...
The Russian land is glorious with heroes. Many feats have peasant roots. And the first in the people's memory was Susanin - he was (I hope that he remains!) An example for posterity. He will still serve the Fatherland: the heroes who died for the Motherland do not die. A village does not stand without a righteous man - and without legends and myths.
In this article you will find several essays about the feat of Ivan Susanin.
Children love to write school essays about Ivan Susanin. After all, this is a national hero who at one time was a noble warrior, just and true to his ideology. Below you will find several essays on this topic.
The image of Ivan Susanin in the Ryleev Duma: composition
The image of Ivan Susanin in the Ryleev DumaAny statements of certain people of our time or the past about Ivan Susanin are always positive. After all, this is a real national hero. Here essay about image Ivan Susanin in the Ryleev Duma:
In creation Susanin seems to be a hard-working and strong, hardy peasant, a faithful, courageous and steadfast son of his country. We can say that it is precisely this patriotism and conviction that bribes the reader.
By the way, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin himself was not serious and critical of the doom genre, he believed that this was not a serious work, but only a description of historical events. However, the great Russian poet was sure that every line Ryleeva, breathes national consciousness, and the image Susanina succeeded in recreating it as realistically as possible.
Externally Susanin seems to be a strong man, but not young. He is not alien to such character traits as straightforwardness, determination, honesty, love for the Motherland, a thirst for justice. The hero also possesses the sacrifice that is so inherent in the Russian people. Ivan loves his Motherland so much that he is ready to lay down his life on the altar in order to lure the Polish detachment into impassable, swampy swamps.
We can say that the hero symbolizes the last stronghold of the autocratic ideology. He is fair, noble (despite his peasant origins), used to looking fear in the face and never retreats halfway.
Susanin sincerely believes in a worthy king, despises invaders. However, there is still some understatement about who Ivan turned out to be - a folk hero or a victim of circumstances.
What feelings does the feat of the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin evoke: composition, essay
Any person we associate with something good or bad. It all depends on his actions or image. Image Ivan Susanin cannot cause negativity, since he was ready for a heroic deed and believed in his ideals. Here is an essay on the topic: “What feelings does the feat of the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin evoke?”:
Feat Susanina evokes a feeling of pride in the Russian people, makes one admire its determination, resourcefulness, and courage. It cannot be said that the reader also develops hatred towards the Poles. However, it excites the fact that a person did not spare his stomach in order to deal with enemies. After all, leading the enemy to where there is no return, Susanin knew that he would perish with them.
But there was no other option - either to die, but to eliminate the enemy, or to allow the invaders to dispose of their native lands. Of course this Susanin could not allow. He knew perfectly well how his act would end. But a sense of duty did not allow him to transgress through his principles. This is what made him a folk hero. However, there is also a certain duality - it is difficult to say whether the peasant considered any other possibility at all? It is quite possible that he did not fully realize the fact of his death, acted intuitively, obeying some spiritual impulse.
Either way, he certainly hadn't thought about intentionally doing a heroic deed. blind faith Ivana in the king and the correctness of his doctrine, of course, can be considered both a plus and a minus. Since the peasants, for the most part, were illiterate and suggestible people. Consequently, ghostly ideals could not be as true as they seemed to the hero of the work. One way or another, one can only envy his dedication and patriotism. But, not everyone is capable of such an act.
When was the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin born: date, how old was Ivan Susanin
Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin Was born Ivan Susanin in Kostroma region in village Derevenki. However, there is another version, supposedly the place of his birth is Domnino village, patrimony of nobles Shestov. About who you really were Ivan there are several opinions:
- The most common - Susanin was a simple peasant.
- Alternative - the national hero was a village headman.
- Weakly widespread - he was a clerk, lived at the court of the Shestov boyars.
The age is not exactly specified, but given the work, you can see what is mentioned. son-in-law Sobinin. So Susanin was at least 35 years old. And most likely more. The average is considered to be 40 years. However, the gradation can be expanded. More likely, Ivan Susanin's age is from 40 to 60 years. Of course, it all depends on the source. After all, some characterize Susanina as a mature husband, and some as a wise old man.
What is Ivan Susanin famous for: the feat of Ivan Susanin briefly
Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin What made him famous Ivan Susanin, What is he famous for? Here is a summary of his feat:
It is known that detachments of enemies, Lithuanians and Poles, moved to Ivan's native village. Unexpectedly, foreigners met two Russian men - Susanina and his son-in-law Bogdan Sobinin. They ordered Ivan to show them the way to the court, they wanted to see the young king.
Reluctantly heart Susanin agreed. However, later he came up with the idea that just to give up early, you can circle the enemies around your finger. Moreover, they do not know the way in these parts. Ivan led the enemy not to the king, but in the opposite direction, to the marshy swamps. There were impenetrable jungles all around. Therefore, even after learning about the guide's cunning, the enemies could no longer find their own way.
Of course, they revealed the deception, tortured the peasant, persuaded him to tell them the truth. But the Russian proved to be persistent. In the end they cut the body Susanina into small pieces. However, they could not get out of the wilds. They died there.
This story once again clearly shows the determination, endurance and patriotism of the Russian people. After all, if Ivan was weaker in body and spirit, he could well have surrendered during the torture, show the right path, and, perhaps, would have remained alive. But even dying Susanin did not change his decision and did not regret it.
My attitude to the feat of Ivan Susanin: composition
Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin As mentioned above, every person has a good attitude towards Ivan Susanin. After all, he was a hero - fearless and not afraid of anything. An essay about "My attitude to the feat of Ivan Susanin":
Regardless of the difference between eras, each of which dictates its own political, national and moral ideals, Ivan Susanin admires me for its stamina and fortitude. I am sure that few in his place would have endured all the torment and pain that strangers inflicted on him in the process of torture, and would have taken the secret of the right path with them to the grave.
After all, no matter what “just” cause a person would advocate, sometimes circumstances arise when anyone understands that their own life is more expensive. But Ivan did not back down, did not commit treason, and did not ruin his reputation. He chose to die for his beliefs (no matter if they were true or not), which already speaks of his strong will, unbending character, which is impossible not to admire.
Saying that "everyone is in place Susanina would have done the same" is very stupid. Because this is not true. Often, even strong in spirit and body, adult men can break down under the pressure of external circumstances. Therefore, it is difficult to say whether I could, in his place, with dignity endure all the tortures through which the Poles and Lithuanians tried to extort from Susanina right path.
In my opinion, Ivana They don't call him a folk hero for nothing. Even if the legend about him is a fiction, then his image can be regarded as a collective one, as the embodiment of a great, invincible, courageous, desperate and resolutely Russian man who does not give up to the last in the fight against the enemy.
Who was Ivan Susanin: biography
Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin The student should know the biographies of many famous people and even more so, national heroes. Here is a biography and a description of who he was Ivan Susanin for writing:
A folk hero was born in the second half 16th century in the village villages. His death falls on 1613 year. You can call him a savior Mikhail Romanov from enemy units. It is believed that Ivan Susanin belonged to the serfs Shestov, noble families.
Incidentally, the area Kostroma region, in which Ivan was (presumably) born, is now called Susaninsky. Childhood, adolescence, youth Ivan Susanin do not have any historical displays. They differed little from the milestones in the life of representatives of this class.
However, some sources say that Ivan was not just a peasant, but a clerk or patrimonial elder. These versions have the right to exist, because for some reason it was he who was assigned to lead the detachment, and not another person. This confirms the makings of a leader.
Other resources say that Ivan was a manager at the boyar court. Hero's age is at least 35-40 years old. Although most sources state that Ivan was far away 40, because he had an adult, married daughter and son-in-law. More likely, 55-60 years old.
About personal life Susanina little is known. He lost his wife early. The second time, most likely not married. In those centuries it was not accepted. daughter's name Antonida She was married, she had children.
Ivan Susanin: interesting facts from life
Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin The prescription of the events that took place forces us to put forward more and more new versions of events and potentially possible facts regarding the national hero. Here Interesting Facts from life Ivan Susanin for writing:
Fact 1. The secret of the name
- Name "Ivan" known exactly. But was he really Susanin?
- The catch is that in those centuries the peasants did not have official surnames.
- Often patronymics were used. Let's say Mishka Petrov is the son of Peter, Stepka Dmitriev is the son of Dmitry.
- However, it was on this principle that Russian surnames were formed.
- By the way, some sources say that Susanin, Ivan remembered by the fact that his mother's name was Susanna.
- It turns out, Ivan - Sunannin son. Child Susanna.
- Pretty realistic version. Despite the fact that such identification nicknames were given not by the mother, but by the father, it is possible that the peasant grew up without a father, therefore he was given the nickname in connection with his mother's name.
Fact 2. Descendants of the hero
- At Susanina had a daughter Antonida.
- At that time, she was already married to Bogdnom Sobinin. Judging by some sources, the hero already had 2 grandchildren - Konstantin and Daniel.
- By the way, on 1631 Sobinin is already listed as deceased, and the owners are his sons, who, according to many sources, had families.
Fact 3. Gratitude
- Later 100 years after the death of the hero, the dynasty Romanovs repaid for salvation Michael.
- Andrey Semenov and Ivan Sobinin freed from peasant duties and expressed gratitude.
Fact 4. Did the son-in-law participate?
- Participated. Yes, he did not go to the swamps, but precisely Sobinin, Ivan sent to Mikhail Romanov with news of impending danger.
- At least that's what the posterity said.
Fact 5. Place of burial
- There is a version that the king ordered to find the body of the hero.
- Susanina found. Apparently he was buried in Ipatiev Monastery.
- However, this version is questioned. Some researchers tend to believe that he was buried in his homeland, in Domnino.
Fact 6. Who killed Susanin?
- It is believed that the Poles during torture.
- However, either robbers or rebels who roamed through the forest could do this.
- Accordingly, the peasant could escape from the hands of the enemy.
These interesting facts have already been proven. Although some of them are still in doubt, however, it is still considered true.
In what year was Ivan Susanin written: date
To write an essay, you will definitely need the date in which year it was written "Ivan Susanin". Here is that information:
Kondraty Fyodorovich Ryleev sang the feat Ivan Susanin in 1822. As for the opera of the same name M. Glinka, it was created a little later - in 1836. However, few people know that these are not the first attempts to revive the historical events of that time. In fact, there is an even more ancient source - the opera Caterino Kavosa – "Ivan Susanin". Its premiere took place in 1815. It should be noted that the creation was sustained in the style of the French comic opera, in which the dialogues occupied an approximately equal amount of space with the music.
Ivan Susanin - Russian national hero: essay
"Ivan Susanin - Russian national hero"- such a topic is often asked at the school of Russian language and literature for writing creations. Here is how you can write such an essay:
Probably, there will not be a person who would not remember the name of a hero who did not spare his life for the king and the freedom of his native land. His memory is passed down from generation to generation. Patriotism Susanina can only envy. It is not in vain that his bright image is reflected in music and literature. Moreover, there are even monuments to this man.
There was a lot of violence and robbery at that time. Popular indignation raged. That is why the king was chosen by the people. Ascended to the throne Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. The Poles found out about this and decided to kill the young king. They came to the Russian lands and demanded that the peasant take them to the village. However Ivan outwitted the adversaries. He sent his son-in-law to Romanov with a warning, and he himself led the enemies into the wilds that surrounded the marshy swamps. So that they can't get out of there.
By the way, in deception Susanin confessed himself and accepted the torture with dignity. It is impossible not to admire his courage. The descendants of the hero were richly rewarded royal family. No wonder, after all Romanovs owe him his life Michael. Susanina in his mind he sang not only Ryleev but also many other artists. This is the image of a fearless public defender.
Response to the feat of the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin: briefly
You may need to write a response to the essay. Here is a short excerpt about the feat of the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin:
Loyal to the king Ivan he did not allow himself to bring enemies to him personally, but sacrificed his own life in order to eliminate the detachments and protect the ruler from attack. He acted not only as a devoted citizen of his country, but also as a man - strong, courageous, selfless and noble.
The meaning of the feat of Ivan Susanin: important
Ivan Susanin - Russian national hero The significance of that event for the family Romanovs and Russia in general, huge. Everyone knows about it. Here's how you can describe the meaning of a feat Ivan Susanin:
From the outside, it seems that simply leading the enemy "in the wrong direction" is not such a difficult matter. Moreover, the stranger does not know the area, trusts the guide. But despite the fact that Susanin did not rush at the enemy with weapons at the ready, but acted by other methods, his feat is of great importance. After all, the result was the salvation of the king himself.
By the way, act Ivan Susanin proves that, sometimes, in order to protect Fatherland and their ideals, it is not necessary to get involved in an open fight. You can eliminate the enemy with ingenuity, using other advantages. In fact, the peasant deprived the ruler of a direct threat to his life, which means he did a lot for the country as a whole.
Video: The film "Ivan Susanin"
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Of course, every inhabitant of our country heard about Ivan Susanin. And in terms of the number of jokes with Susanin, perhaps only Chapaev and Stirlitz can be compared. And who is Ivan Susanin really? Here are just a few stories, legends, myths about the fate of this amazing man.
According to the official version, Ivan Susanin, a village headman (and not a serf at all) from the Kostroma province, in 1613 led a Polish detachment looking for a new Tsar Mikhail Romanov into impenetrable swamps, where the conquerors died, and Susanin himself was brutally murdered.
To understand what the young king was doing in a remote village, let's go back to history. In 1605, Tsar Boris Godunov died, and the throne was taken by a series of one-day rulers, Fyodor Godunov, False Dmitry I, Vasily Shuisky ... a period of "troubled times" began in the country. After a famine, a series of uprisings and lost battles, a period called the Seven Boyars began, since everything ended in the country, even sovereigns. At this moment of crisis, the Zemsky Sobor (a meeting of representatives of cities) was convened and the first representative of the Romanov family, Mikhail Romanov, was elected to reign. Before that, the Romanovs, who were in disgrace at that time, lived in the patrimonial village of Domnino, where Ivan Susanin was the headman.
So why did the Poles need a Russian tsar? It's simple - at that time, Russian troops were bled dry by the war with the Commonwealth, and the young Russian tsar could become an excellent trump card for enemies in negotiations for surrender.
Since then, the Romanovs have glorified the patriot-peasant in every possible way, at the cost of own life who saved the young Mikhail Romanov.
Nicholas I especially tried in the 19th century. It was during his reign that the main square of Kostroma was named Susaninskaya, on which a monument to the legendary hero was erected.
By the way, soon after the death of Susanin, his relatives reminded the king of their existence. The son-in-law of the hero Bogdan Sobinin turned to Tsar Mikhail with a request not to bypass the descendants of Susanin with royal mercy. In 1619, Sobinin received in his possession the village of Dominino in the Kostroma district. Mikhail freed him from all taxes: "For service to us and for blood, and for the patience of his father-in-law Ivan Susanin."
“By the grace of God, we, the great sovereign, tsar and grand duke Mikhailo Fedorovich, autocrat of all Russia, by our royal mercy, and by the advice and petition of our mother, the empress, the great old woman nun Marfa Ivanovna, granted us the Kostroma district, our village Domnina, peasant Bogdashka Sobinin, for service to us and for blood, and for the patience of his father-in-law Ivan Susanin: how we, the great sovereign, tsar and grand duke Mikhailo Fedorovich of all Russia in the past 121 (that is, in 1613 from the Nativity of Christ!) year were in Kostroma, and at that time Polish and Lithuanian people came to the Kostroma district, and Lithuanian people confiscated his father-in-law, Bogdashkov, Ivan Susanin at that time and tortured him with great, unreasonable tortures and tortured him where at that time we, the great Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhailo Fedorovich of All Russia were, and he was Ivan, knowing about us, the great sovereign, where we were at that time, enduring unreasonable tortures from those Polish and Lithuanian people, about us, the great sovereign, by those Polish and Lithuanian He didn’t tell people where we were at that time, but the Polish and Lithuanian people tortured him to death.
And we, the great sovereign, the tsar and the grand duke Mikhailo Fedorovich of all Russia, granted him, Bogdashka, for the service of his father-in-law Ivan Susanin to us and for the blood in the Kostroma district of our palace village of Domnina, half of the village of Derevnishch, on which he, Bogdashka, now lives, one and a half four of the land was ordered to be whitewashed from that semi-village, and one and a half four of the land was ordered to be whitewashed on it, on Bogdashka, and on his children, and on our grandchildren, and on our great-grandchildren, no taxes and feed, and carts, and all sorts of canteen and grain stocks , and in urban handicrafts, and in mostovshchina, and in others, they did not order any tax to imati from them; they ordered them to whitewash that half of the village in everything, both for their children and grandchildren, and for the whole family immobile. And there will be our village of Domnino in which the monastery will be in return, that half of the village of Derevnishch, one and a half four of the land in which the monastery with that village was not ordered to be given, they ordered, according to our royal salary, to own it, Bogdashka Sobinin, and his children, and grandchildren and unmoved into their generation forever. This is our royal charter in Moscow in the summer of 7128 (from the Nativity of Christ - 1619) November on the 30th day.
Interestingly, for another 200 years, the descendants of the hero were given letters of commendation confirming their benefits, following the model of the royal letter of 1619.
Little is known about the biography of Ivan Susanin himself. No one can even say how old the hero was at the time of his feat. As a rule, Susanin is portrayed as a kind of gray-haired old man, although there is evidence that Susanin's daughter Antonida was 16 years old at that time, and Ivan Osipovich himself, according to some historians, was 35-40 years old.
For many years, researchers have been interested in the question: where was the dead place where Susanin brought enemies, and was his grave preserved? Although, finding the grave of Susanin is an almost impossible task, because, according to legend, he died along with the Poles. Nevertheless, at the beginning of our century in the Kostroma region there were purposeful searches for the remains of the savior of the royal dynasty.
Historians, archaeologists, criminologists conducted a grandiose study: 360 remains were found and studied in the area of the village of Isupovo, not the place of the supposed death of the national hero. A comparative analysis of the DNA of Susanin's descendants with the finds of the 17th century was carried out. It may seem surprising, but the members of this expedition are sure that Susanin was buried there. Forensic analysis of the remains of one of the men confirms this.
It is interesting that not only streets and squares in our country bear the name of Susanin. For example, in St. Petersburg, a store of ... navigators is named after the legendary hero.
The name of Ivan Susanin, who gave his life for the tsar, is known to many history lovers, but this folk hero is especially appreciated by the Kostroma residents. In the glorious city on the Volga there is a monument to the martyr who died a terrible death in order to save the life of the monarch. We offer you to find out what Ivan Susanin is famous for, as well as get acquainted with some interesting facts from his life path.
Information about life
Since the hero of our material was a serf before he committed the feat, there is very little information about his childhood and life as a whole - no one was interested in the fate of an ordinary forced person. Therefore, in the biography of Ivan Susanin there are more blank spots than verified facts. However, researchers believe that this brave man was originally from the village of Derevnishchi (another version is Derevenki), lived in the village of Domnino, Kostroma Region (which now belongs to the Susaninsky District).
It is believed that Susanin was not an ordinary serf, but a headman in the estate, but this version is based on local legend and has no evidence. There is also an opinion that the future folk hero lived at the boyar court and served as a clerk.
The next fact is that Ivan Susanin had a daughter, Antonida, who got married and gave birth to children. However, we have not received any information about the wife of the peasant, so the researchers suggested that he was married, but widowed early.
historical setting
Speaking about what Ivan Susanin is famous for, one should characterize the historical situation that developed in Russia during the period of his life. It was a difficult time, the Time of Troubles, a time of fierce struggle for the throne on the one hand and Polish-Lithuanian attacks on the other. At the beginning of the 17th century, a terrible famine struck the country, the autocratic throne was temporarily occupied by an impostor, then the throne went to Prince Vasily Shuisky, who had been king for about 4 years. The former monarch was overthrown, captured by the Poles and ended his life path away from their native land.
The boyars came to power, who tried to put a prince from Poland on the Russian throne. In these circumstances, the feat of Susanin takes on a new meaning - the peasant not only saved a particular young monarch, but also did not allow a Pole to be at the head of Russia.
Legend of the feat
What did Ivan Susanin do to perpetuate his name forever? At the cost of his life, he saved Tsar Mikhail Romanov from the attack of the Polish-Lithuanian detachment. The young monarch and his mother in 1613 lived in their Kostroma patrimony in the village of Domnino, whose headman was Susanin. The Polish invaders decided to get to the young king and kill him, but they needed a guide to show them the way. This mission was to be carried out by the headman. Susanin managed to ask his son-in-law, Bogdan Sobinin, to warn Mikhail and advise him to hide behind the walls of the Ipatiev Monastery, and this saved the tsar's life.
Hero's death
Threats and bribery did not work. According to a popular legend, the brave peasant agreed, but led the enemy detachment into an impenetrable swamp, the strangers could not get out of there. Having exposed the deceit, the Poles tortured the hero, but he did not give up and did not betray the king's refuge. After that, the angry invaders brutally killed Ivan Susanin. Who was he, according to this concept? A true patriot who was martyred for the sake of Tsar Michael.
Another version of the feat
There is another legend explaining what Ivan Susanin is famous for, more prosaic and therefore less popular. The bottom line is this: Tsar Michael, while in his fiefdom in Domnino, accidentally found out that a Polish detachment was approaching him in order to capture him. The monarch hastily fled and, by chance, ended up in the house of Ivan Susanin. He fed the king and hid him so well that the Poles who came could not find Michael even with dogs. They tortured the peasant, forcing him to reveal the location of the king, but the hero remained faithful to the ruler and accepted his death courageously.
After the departure of the detachment, Mikhail left his shelter and hid behind the walls of the Ipatiev Monastery.
Historical facts
We got acquainted with the legend of the feat of Ivan Susanin. However, so little reliable information has been preserved about this folk hero that some skeptics believe that in reality he did not exist. We offer you to find out some real historical information that has documentary evidence.
- Susanin entered the annals of history as a man who gave his life for the king. At the same time, the wording itself is called into question by some scientists, because if this man led the Poles into impenetrable forests at the end of 1612 (and not in 1613, as is commonly believed), then young Michael was not yet king.
- It is known for certain that the folk hero was not a simple peasant, but the patrimonial elder of the Romanovs.
- Susanin's patronymic has not been preserved, despite the fact that, according to tradition, the full name Ivan Osipovich is attributed to him. We have not received data on the real name of the father of the hero.
- The sources do not contain data on the name of Susanin's wife, but he had a daughter, Antonida, most likely the only descendant. Also known is the name of Antonida's husband, Bogdan.
The key evidence that Ivan Susanin really existed is a nominal letter from the monarch, in which the son-in-law of the hero, Bogdan, and his descendants are exempt from taxes. Also, by the will of the king, Antonida's wife was granted half of the village. If we assume that the feat is nothing more than a legend, then it becomes incomprehensible why the tsar should grant such unprecedented favors to an ordinary peasant.
controversial points
We learned what Ivan Susanin is famous for, however, in his biography a large number of white spots. The very facts of the heroic deed of this patriot cause controversy:
- The place of death of the hero is unknown. So, some researchers believe that the Poles, enraged by the deceit, brutally tortured the unfortunate peasant and then killed him in the forest. This version, as a more interesting one, was used by writers and poets in literary works and therefore is more common. However, other historians believe that the national hero was killed near the village of Isupovo.
- The death of the Poles in the swamp. It is generally accepted that Ivan Susanin led the enemy detachment into an impenetrable swamp, where his plan was exposed, he himself was brutally tortured and killed. And the invaders could not get out of the swamp and died themselves. However, this fact is called into question by archaeological finds.
- Age. It is customary to portray Susanin as a deep old man with long gray hair. In fact, his age hardly exceeded 40 years. Most likely, Antonida at the time of the feat reached 16 years old.
- Saved the king from what? Not all historians are sure that in the event of captivity by the Polish invaders, Mikhail would have been killed. It has been argued that a captive monarch would force Russia to be more accommodating and capitulate.
Despite these disagreements, the Romanov dynasty later highly appreciated the feat of Ivan Susanin:
- Nicholas I ordered to call the main square of the city of Kostroma Susaninskaya (this name has been preserved to this day). Also in the city on the Volga, a majestic monument to the national hero was erected.
- After the charter of 1619, for two hundred years, the descendants of Susanin received letters of commendation from subsequent monarchs confirming their privileges.
The legend of Ivan Susanin and his feat is very popular, musical and literary works are dedicated to this man, many streets of Russian cities bear his name. There is a museum of the feat of this patriot, and motor ships and ice drift were named in his honor.
The meaning of the feat
Speaking about what Ivan Susanin is famous for, it is necessary to indicate the following points:
- After the national hero saved the tsar, the Romanov dynasty reigned in Russia, which ended the difficult situation for the country and its people. Time of Troubles. There was a certain stability, still weak and illusory, but the monarch, God's chosen one, was on the throne, instilling in people the hope that life would get better.
- The very accession of Michael is associated with patriotism, a simple peasant gave his life for this monarch, his sacrifice was disinterested, so the young king immediately earned a special attitude towards himself.
Ivan Susanin is a significant figure, this peasant managed not only to save the tsar, but also to demonstrate to the enemy the power of Russian patriotism.