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Joan of Arc
We know more about Joan of Arc than about any other of her contemporaries, and at the same time, it is difficult to find another person among the people of the 15th century whose image would be so mysterious to posterity.
Jeanne was born on January 6, 1412 in the village of Domremy near the headwaters of the Maat River, into a peasant family. In the midst of civil strife and the Hundred Years War, a 17-year-old girl named Jeanne appeared to the deprived Dauphin Charles and said that the “voices of heaven” commanded her to free France from enemies. The Dauphin believed in Jeanne's connection with the angels and gave the troops under her command. The story of the liberation of France by the Maiden of Orleans and her enthronement of the rightful heir is very similar to a legend.
Jeanne appeared at the right time and in the right place. The Hundred Years War broke out. King Charles VI of France lost his mind in 1392 and ceded the crown to the British. This caused a struggle for power between England and France. Charles was ready to use any method to achieve power, including the miraculous gift of Joan of Arc. At the age of 17, Jeanne arrived at the representative of the king in the town of Vaucouleurs and declared that God had called her to liberate France.
After long hesitation, the official gave Zhanna a horse and an escort. On February 22, 1429, she appeared at Chinon Castle to meet Charles. To test Jeanne's unusual gift, the dauphin exchanged clothes with his entourage. The guest had never seen the heir before, but immediately went to him. This made a strong impression on Karl and his court. As a result of brilliant military operation Jeanne freed Orleans. Then her troops retook Zharzho, Maina, Beaugency and ensured the coronation of Dauphin Charles on July 17 in Reims.
During an operation near the city of Compiègne on May 23, 1430, Jeanne was captured by the Burgundians. It was said that this happened because she did not have a magic sword with her on this sortie. She was imprisoned in the castle of Beaulieu. Charles VII achieved his goal - he became king, and he no longer needed Jeanne's help. He refused to pay a ransom for her. The Burgundians handed Jeanne over to the British. January 9, 1431 in the city of Rouen, Bishop Pierre Cauchon, councilor English king Henry VI, accused Jeanne of witchcraft, and soon she was burned.
Who was executed in Rouen is not exactly known. On January 30, a woman was brought to the market square, her face covered with a cap. The soldiers were ordered not to let anyone say a word to the criminal. The woman was tied to a pole, covered with brushwood and a fire was lit. When only a pile of ashes remained at the place of execution, one English soldier said: "We died, we burned the saint."
The ashes of the Maiden of Orleans were scattered over the Seine. However, nothing proves that Joan of Arc died. Why did the executioners cover her head? Were you afraid that someone would recognize her by face or voice?
There is another description of the execution of Jeanne. Black smoke, pierced by red flames, rose in thick clouds and hid her from sight; from behind this veil her voice was heard, reciting prayers loudly and with inspiration; when at times the wind carried the smoke aside, one could see a face turned to the sky and moving lips. Finally, the merciful flame quickly shot up, and this face was forever hidden, this voice was forever silent.
5 years after the execution in Rouen, a woman appeared in Lorraine who called herself Jeanne. She sought out the brothers of the Maid of Orleans, and they recognized her as their dead sister! Companions, seeing her, fell to their knees. The Countess of Luxembourg and Count of Warenburg announced that they would be Jeanne's friends. Was it really so easy to deceive these people? Or was it really Jeanne?
Centuries have passed since then. The image of an extraordinary girl - a bright meteor that flew across the sky of France to die out in the smoke of a fire, recedes further and further into the depths of the past. And for us, her image is becoming more and more mysterious, exciting and wonderful.
*House of Joan of Arc
* Visions of Joan of Arc
* Jeanne d "Arc was born on January 6, 1412, in Domremy, in
peasant family. Her childhood was hard for
France during the Hundred Years War: according to the treaty in Troyes
(May 21, 1420), King Henry V of England became
heir to the French throne and ruler of France, and
rightful heir, dauphin, future king Charles VII from
succession to the throne was removed, which actually meant
annexation of France to England.
France, Isabella of Bavaria,
that she was the initiator
this agreement; around the country
prophesy spread:
"Woman ruined France,
the maiden will save her." Around 1424
Jeanne began to have visions: she
were Saint Michael the Archangel,
saints Catherine and Margaret,
urging Jeanne to go to
staying on
not occupied by the British
south of France to the rightful king
Charles VII and save the country. * The mission of Joan of Arc
* On March 6, 1429, Jeanne arrived at Chinon Castle, where Charles was
VII, and announced to him that her "voices" informed her: she was chosen by God,
to lift the siege from Orleans, blocking the British way to the south, and
then bring the king to Reims, the coronation site of French kings.
In the minds of the people, there is only one act of chrismation performed there.
made the monarch a lawful sovereign. Jeanne managed to convince Karl, and he
sent her with an army to Orleans. By the time she arrived in this city
(April 29, 1429) rumor already claimed that it was she who was the maiden
that will save France. This inspired the army, and as a result of a number of
battles in which Jeanne herself took part, May 8, 1429
the siege was lifted. Lifting of the siege and subsequent series of victories
French troops convinced the French that God considered their cause right and
helps them. The campaign against Reims undertaken after that turned into
triumphal procession of the royal army. 17 July Charles VII
was crowned at Reims, and during the solemn act Jeanne held
banner above him. * In August 1429, the French began
advance on occupied by the British
Paris. An attempt to take it turned out
unsuccessful, and despite the insistence
Joan, the royal troops have retreated.
In the autumn - winter of 1429 and in the spring
1430 Jeanne participated in a number of small
skirmishes with the enemy, and May 23, 1430
was taken prisoner by the British. * Judgment and death
* Joan of Arc was transported to Rouen, and on January 9, 1431, she appeared before
court of the Inquisition. She was accused of witchcraft and heresy: subordinates
to the British, the clergy proceeded from the fact that by doing so they would damage
Charles VII, for in this case he would be crowned a heretic and
witch. Zhanna defended herself with rare courage and resourcefulness, but 2
May 1431, she was charged with witchcraft (accusations
fell away in heresy) and it was proposed to renounce the belief in "voices" and
wearing men's clothing. On pain of death, she agreed to
abdication and on May 28 was sentenced to life imprisonment.
However, in prison, men's clothes were planted on her, which meant
recidivism of the crime and automatically led to death. In spite of
a clear provocation, Zhanna stated that she was wearing a man's dress
voluntarily that he takes the renunciation back and regrets it. Two days
later, on May 30, 1431, she was burned alive in the market square of Rouen.
* In 1455-1456, the process of posthumous rehabilitation took place in Bourges
Jeanne d "Arc. On May 16, 1920, she was declared a Catholic
church to the saints. * More about the death of d "Ark from another
source:
* “The British authorities issued
Orleans maiden to the court of the Inquisition,
who accused her of witchcraft and
aiding the devil. But even under
Jeanne tortured the clarity
thought and dignity. When she has
asked if she believed in her
calling by the grace of God,
of course, they wanted to embarrass her and put
into a dead end, for if she answered in the affirmative, she could be accused of pride, of
imposture. And if she answers
negative, it means
is a deception. She answered simply:
"If not, may the Lord please
strengthen this faith in me, if so,
May He support her in me.” * Being unable to convict Jeanne
of witchcraft, she was accused of
unauthorized intercourse with the heavenly
forces and wearing a masculine
costume”, banned by the cathedral
resolutions. Young woman
turned to dad, but so far from him
there was an answer, she was burned at the stake in
Rouen May 30, 1431. Her
relatives, brothers Jean and Pierre,
received from the king as rewards
title of nobility and lands, and the name
Jeanne began to acquire legends and
rumors. Haven't been seen for a long time
French land of false Jeanne,
wishing to acquire the glory of the great
virgins, but no one yet
managed to repeat the feat
self-denial, on which miraculous
young woman turned out to be capable
French country girl Jeanne d'Arc is ordinary
townswoman, simple
girl so fragile and
the same as everyone else, but she -
there is none other than
brave defender
Fatherland left in
memory of every Frenchman.
Her name is known throughout
peace and let her go out
young life, she's gone
from it with dignity and with
honor!
Biography. Jeanne d Arc, Maid of Orleans (January 6, May 1431) is a national heroine of France, one of the commanders of the French troops in the Hundred Years War. Jeanne d Arc was born in the village of Domremy on the border of Champagne and Lorraine in the family of impoverished nobles (according to another version of wealthy peasants) Jacques d Arc and Isabella de Vouton. Jeanne never called herself Joan of Arc, but only "Joan the Virgin", specifying that in her childhood she was called Jeannette. Jeanne d Arc, Maid of Orleans (January 6, May 1431) is a national heroine of France, one of the commanders of the French troops in the Hundred Years War. Jeanne d Arc was born in the village of Domremy on the border of Champagne and Lorraine in the family of impoverished nobles (according to another version of wealthy peasants) Jacques d Arc and Isabella de Vouton. Jeanne never called herself Joan of Arc, but only "Joan the Virgin", specifying that in her childhood she was called Jeannette. House of Joan of Arc in Domremy. Now a museum
Voice from above. At the age of 13, Jeanne for the first time, according to her assurances, heard the voices of the Archangel Michael, St. Catherine of Alexandria and, as it is believed, Margaret of Antioch, who sometimes appeared to her in visible form. After some time, they allegedly revealed to Jeanne that it was she who was destined to lift the siege from Orleans, raise the Dauphin to the throne and expel the invaders from the kingdom. When Jeanne was 17 years old, she went to the captain of the city of Vaucouleurs, Robert de Baudricourt, and announced her mission. Being ridiculed, Jeanne was forced to return to the village, but a year later she repeated her attempt. Vision of Joan of Arc At the age of 13, Jeanne for the first time, according to her assurances, heard the voices of the Archangel Michael, St. Catherine of Alexandria and, as it is believed, Margaret of Antioch, who sometimes appeared to her in visible form. After some time, they allegedly revealed to Jeanne that it was she who was destined to lift the siege from Orleans, raise the Dauphin to the throne and expel the invaders from the kingdom. When Jeanne was 17 years old, she went to the captain of the city of Vaucouleurs, Robert de Baudricourt, and announced her mission. Being ridiculed, Jeanne was forced to return to the village, but a year later she repeated her attempt. The Vision of Joan of Arc The Vision of Joan of Arc (Jules Bastien-Lepage, 1879)
France in the Age of Joan of Arc. The Hundred Years War began in 1337 with an attack on France by the English King Edward III, who claimed his rights to the French throne. Until 1415, the war went on with varying success: the French suffered severe defeats, but still they managed to control a significant part of the country and even from time to time win back some territories. But in 1415, the situation for the French deteriorated sharply: civil strife ceased in England, and the king of the new Lancaster dynasty, Henry V, launched a decisive invasion of the mainland. In France itself, the internal situation was catastrophic, the country was formally ruled by the mad King Charles VI, and groups of Armagnacs and Bourguignons fought for real power in the country. The Hundred Years War began in 1337 with an attack on France by the English King Edward III, who claimed his rights to the French throne. Until 1415, the war went on with varying success: the French suffered severe defeats, but still they managed to control a significant part of the country and even from time to time win back some territories. But in 1415, the situation for the French deteriorated sharply: civil strife ceased in England, and the king of the new Lancaster dynasty, Henry V, launched a decisive invasion of the mainland. In France itself, the internal situation was catastrophic, the country was formally ruled by the mad King Charles VI, and groups of Armagnacs and Bourguignons fought for real power in the country.
France in the Age of Joan of Arc. This time, the captain, struck by her perseverance, was more attentive, and when Jeanne accurately predicted the sad outcome for the French of the "Battle of Herring" under the walls of Orleans, he agreed to give her people so that she could go to the king, and also provided men's clothing with a chaperone, hook and bosses, and Jeanne to the end preferred to dress that way, explaining that in men's clothes it would be easier for her to fight and at the same time not cause unhealthy attention to herself from the soldiers. This time, the captain, struck by her perseverance, was more attentive, and when Jeanne accurately predicted the sad outcome for the French of the "Battle of Herring" under the walls of Orleans, he agreed to give her people so that she could go to the king, and also provided men's clothing with a chaperone, hook and bosses, and Jeanne to the end preferred to dress that way, explaining that in men's clothes it would be easier for her to fight and at the same time not cause unhealthy attention to herself from the soldiers. In 11 days, having overcome the distance along the enemy Burgundian territory between Domremy and Chinon, on March 4, 1429, Jeanne arrived at this castle, the residence of Dauphin Charles. The Dauphin took advantage of the fact that Jeanne wrote to him in a letter that she would definitely recognize him, and gave her a test by placing another person on the throne and standing in the crowd of courtiers. However, Joan passed the test by recognizing the king. She announced to him that she was sent by Heaven to liberate the country from English domination and asked for troops in order to lift the siege of Orleans. In 11 days, having overcome the distance along the enemy Burgundian territory between Domremy and Chinon, on March 4, 1429, Jeanne arrived at this castle, the residence of Dauphin Charles. The Dauphin took advantage of the fact that Jeanne wrote to him in a letter that she would definitely recognize him, and gave her a test by placing another person on the throne and standing in the crowd of courtiers. However, Joan passed the test by recognizing the king. She announced to him that she was sent by Heaven to liberate the country from English domination and asked for troops in order to lift the siege of Orleans.
Jeanne is a military leader. After the appointment, armor is made for Jeanne (she received special permission from the commission of theologians from Poitiers to wear men's clothing), a banner and a banner. The sword for her was found in the church of Sainte-Catherine-de-Fierbois according to the command of Jeanne herself. According to legend, this sword belonged to Charlemagne. Then she went to Blois, the appointed assembly point for the army, and already at the head of the army set out for Orleans. After the appointment, armor is made for Jeanne (she received special permission from the commission of theologians from Poitiers to wear men's clothing), a banner and a banner. The sword for her was found in the church of Sainte-Catherine-de-Fierbois according to the command of Jeanne herself. According to legend, this sword belonged to Charlemagne. Then she went to Blois, the appointed assembly point for the army, and already at the head of the army set out for Orleans. The news that the army was led by a messenger of God caused an extraordinary moral upsurge in the army. Hopeless commanders and soldiers, tired of endless defeats, were inspired and regained their courage. April 29 Jeanne with a small detachment penetrates into Orleans. On May 4, her army won its first victory, taking the bastion of Saint-Loup. Victories followed one after another, and already on the night of May 7-8, the British were forced to lift the siege from the city. Thus, a task that other French military leaders considered impossible, Joan of Arc solved in four days. The news that the army was led by a messenger of God caused an extraordinary moral upsurge in the army. Hopeless commanders and soldiers, tired of endless defeats, were inspired and regained their courage. April 29 Jeanne with a small detachment penetrates into Orleans. On May 4, her army won its first victory, taking the bastion of Saint-Loup. Victories followed one after another, and already on the night of May 7-8, the British were forced to lift the siege from the city. Thus, a task that other French military leaders considered impossible, Joan of Arc solved in four days.
Captivity. On May 23, 1430, the Burgundians took Joan of Arc prisoner. Charles VII offered no ransom. She spent six months in captivity. And the Burgundians sold Joan to the English for livres. She was transferred to Rouen, and on January 9, 1431, she appeared before the court of the Inquisition. On May 23, 1430, the Burgundians took Joan of Arc prisoner. Charles VII offered no ransom. She spent six months in captivity. And the Burgundians sold Joan to the English for livres. She was transferred to Rouen, and on January 9, 1431, she appeared before the court of the Inquisition.
Condemnation. The process began on February 21, 1431. Despite the fact that Jeanne was formally judged by the church on charges of heresy, she was kept in prison under the protection of the British as a prisoner of war. The process began on February 21, 1431. Despite the fact that Jeanne was formally judged by the church on charges of heresy, she was kept in prison under the protection of the British as a prisoner of war. During the process, it turned out that it would not be so easy to accuse Jeanne. The girl held on to the court with amazing courage and confidently denied accusations of heresy and intercourse with the devil, bypassing numerous traps. Since it was not possible to get a confession of heresy from her, the court began to focus on those facts where Joan's voluntary confession was not required, for example, wearing men's clothes, disregarding the authority of the Church, and also tried to prove that the voices that Jeanne heard came from the devil. During the process, it turned out that it would not be so easy to accuse Jeanne. The girl held on to the court with amazing courage and confidently denied accusations of heresy and intercourse with the devil, bypassing numerous traps. Since it was not possible to get a confession of heresy from her, the court began to focus on those facts where Joan's voluntary confession was not required, for example, wearing men's clothes, disregarding the authority of the Church, and also tried to prove that the voices that Jeanne heard came from the devil. Tower in Rouen where Jeanne was imprisoned Tower in Rouen where Jeanne was imprisoned
Execution. On May 30, 1431, Jeanne was taken to her execution in the Old Market Square in Rouen. In the middle of the scaffold stood a pillar with a board on which it was written: "Joan, who calls herself the Virgin, an apostate, a witch, an accursed blasphemer, a bloodsucker, a servant of Satan, a schismatic and a heretic." On May 30, 1431, Jeanne was taken to her execution in the Old Market Square in Rouen. In the middle of the scaffold stood a pillar with a board on which it was written: "Joan, who calls herself the Virgin, an apostate, a witch, an accursed blasphemer, a bloodsucker, a servant of Satan, a schismatic and a heretic." Jeanne was erected on bundles of brushwood and tied to a pole, after which they set fire to it. Jeanne was erected on bundles of brushwood and tied to a pole, after which they set fire to it.
The acquittal. Jeanne's good name was restored. In 1909, Pope Pius X proclaimed Jeanne blessed, and on May 16, 1920, Pope Benedict XV canonized her (Memorial Day May 30). Jeanne's good name was restored. In 1909, Pope Pius X proclaimed Jeanne blessed, and on May 16, 1920, Pope Benedict XV canonized her (Memorial Day May 30). Monument at the place of execution of Jeanne
Versions according to a different outcome of the execution. There are also versions according to which Jeanne was not burned at the stake at all. The absence of an execution protocol in the archives of the Lower Seine and the Archbishopric of Rouen is explained by some researchers by the fact that the execution was never carried out. There are also versions according to which Jeanne was not burned at the stake at all. The absence of an execution protocol in the archives of the Lower Seine and the Archbishopric of Rouen is explained by some researchers by the fact that the execution was never carried out. According to one version, Jeanne, after spending about four years in captivity, returned to the royal court and again received command of the troops. Some time later she married a certain Robert des Armois. According to one version, Jeanne, after spending about four years in captivity, returned to the royal court and again received command of the troops. Some time later she married a certain Robert des Armois. The second version claims that burning at the stake took place, but another woman was burned, while Joan of Arc was secretly killed with poison, and the body was lowered into the Seine. The British did not dare to execute Joan in public, as they feared a possible miracle during the execution. There were two attempts to poison her after the first Zhanna survived, and the second reached her goal. So that no one could expose the substitution, the head of the woman who was executed instead of Jeanne was covered with a paper cap, she was surrounded by 120 (according to other sources 800) soldiers, the crowd of spectators was pushed to the edge of Sennoy Market Square, the fire was partially blocked by a wooden shield on which the sentence was written . The second version claims that burning at the stake took place, but another woman was burned, while Joan of Arc was secretly killed with poison, and the body was lowered into the Seine. The British did not dare to execute Joan in public, as they feared a possible miracle during the execution. There were two attempts to poison her after the first Zhanna survived, and the second reached her goal. So that no one could expose the substitution, the head of the woman who was executed instead of Jeanne was covered with a paper cap, she was surrounded by 120 (according to other sources 800) soldiers, the crowd of spectators was pushed to the edge of Sennoy Market Square, the fire was partially blocked by a wooden shield on which the sentence was written .
Rather, she will become a legend after 17 years. In the meantime, the newborn was named Zhanna.
“In the upsurge of the struggle of the French people against the English invaders, the feat Joan of Arc. The deep faith of a simple peasant girl in victory raised the morale of the troops ”- a passage familiar to everyone from a school history textbook. It has a lot of citizenship, but very little truth.
“From childhood, angels and saints appeared to her, who instructed her on the true path. She was a psychic of the highest order and had influence on the powers that be "- alternative version, in which there is a lot of mysticism, but even less truth.
The Vision of Joan of Arc (Jules Bastien-Lepage, 1879). Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
Give me a miracle!
For some mysterious reasons, the most interesting and exciting version is not considered, which was voiced a long time ago by none other than Cardinal Mazarin, known to us from the Musketeer novel Alexandra Dumas"Twenty years later". Here is how the first political strategist of his time talked about Jeanne: “The whole story with the Virgin of Orleans was just a political trick invented by the courtiers Charles VII. And, believing that all this was done in the name of religion and at the behest of a miracle, all the people of France rushed there like a fire, or rather, like a flock of sheep. In other words, there was a grandiose PR project.
Joan of Arc at the siege of Orleans. S. Lenepvö. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
Imagine: almost half of France is captured by the British and Burgundians. The legitimacy of the French heir to the throne is very doubtful - it is known that his father, King Charles VI, spoke of him as follows: "This so-called my son." Formally, the nine-month-old is considered the king of England and France. Henry VI of England. Orleans is under siege. The fortress falls - France falls, the heir will be sent to a monastery, and his nobles will be deprived of lands, rights and privileges. Only a miracle could save France.
"If God did not exist, he would have to be invented" - famous phrase Voltaire will speak only 350 years later. “We should not wait for a miracle - we need to do it ourselves,” his compatriots decided. There is an opinion that one of the "fathers" of the phenomenon named Zhanna the virgin was a relative of the heir to the throne, a politician, military and alchemist Gilles de Rais. The scheme was simple. To begin with, they started a rumor about some prophecies. According to them, the country that was destroyed by a woman, Isabella of Bavaria, will be recaptured by a woman. Allegedly, an immaculate maiden (in the sense of a virgin) will rise from the Lorraine lands, who will save Orleans, and the kingdom will be returned to its true sovereign, Charles VII.
And in order for the prophecies to be fulfilled properly, the main figure, the virgin itself, had to be found and prepared. There were no problems with “finding” - due to a birth defect, Zhanna was a Virgin with capital letter. The unfortunate young lady suffered from Morris syndrome. It looks like a female, but the ovaries and uterus are completely absent, but there are male testes that look like inguinal hernia, which was documented when Zhanna was examined in captivity. The vagina is so narrow that the Burgundian soldiers who tried to rape her failed shamefully in every sense.
Hashish and a crown?
The preparation was also great. The technology of the "voices of saints and angels" that Jeanne allegedly heard was known to any alchemist since the time of the Crusades in Palestine. A shock dose of hashish mixed with honey allowed the Islamic assassins to see and hear a whole brood of paradise houris. Claim that it was in this way that Jeanne spoke to Archangel Michael and Saint Catherine and margarita probably not. But it all looks very similar. For the time being, these voices visit Zhanna regularly. The funniest thing: the mysterious "messengers of heaven" order only what Charles VII personally needs. Even more amusing is that after a certain moment, the “voices” visiting Jeanne begin to make nonsense and give extremely contradictory, if not completely stupid advice, because of which she, in fact, is captured and put on fire.
Joan of Arc at the coronation of Charles VII. Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, 1854. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
This "moment of truth" was the interval between the introduction of Jeanne to the court and the coronation of Charles VII in Reims. Everything looks like a well-directed performance. Act one. Jeanne arrives to the heir to the throne. Demands that Karl bring her a gift of his kingdom. Usually, after such impudence, either a straitjacket or a rack is required. But no. Charles is only "a little surprised" and orders the court notary to draw up an appropriate act. For three minutes, Jeanne is formally the queen of France, after which she solemnly presents the crown to the “king of heaven”. And only then he gives it to Carl. From now on, he seems to be "crowned by Heaven through the mediation of a holy virgin." Act two. Seven thousand of the best troops march with Jeanne near Orleans. Commanding the "parade" Gilles de Rais. In just two weeks, the blockade of the city is removed almost bloodlessly - even the British are afraid of the "will of Heaven." Act three. Here is how the chronicle says about him: “On the way to Reims, in which Charles was to be crowned, the most important cities surrendered without a fight, because the glory of Jeanne ran ahead.” PR celebration.
But Jeanne was no longer needed and even became dangerous. She had to somehow leave the political scene and life in general. The University of Paris planted a pig on the French king - it was his lawyers who led the process in such a way that Jeanne turned out to be either a witch or a heretic, from whom it was somehow embarrassing to accept the crown. Karl was forced to start a rehabilitation process. The Pope went to meet him. Jeanne was posthumously acquitted, and almost 500 years later she was canonized. And everything would be fine, but this is what the Roman high priest himself wrote about the “feat of Joan”, who justified her: “Was this the work of divine or human hands? It's hard for me to decide…”
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The presentation on the topic "Joan of Arc" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Subject of the project: History. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you interest your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report - click on corresponding text under the player Presentation contains 17 slide(s).
Presentation slides
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Jean d'Arc
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1. Words by A.S. Pushkin. 2. France in the era of Joan of Arc 3. Vision of Joan of Arc 4. Biography 5. Domremy 6-7. Joan - military leader 8-9. Trial and condemnation 10. Joan's signature 11-13. acquittal process
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Words by A.S. Pushkin
Centuries pass. But every generation again and again turns to such a simple and endlessly complex story of Joan of Arc. Appeals to join the enduring moral values. And if history is a teacher of life, then Jeanne's epic is one of her great lessons.
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France in the Age of Joan of Arc
The Hundred Years War began in 1337 with an attack on France by the English King Edward III, who claimed his rights to the French throne. Until 1415, the war went on with varying success: the French suffered severe defeats, but still they managed to control a significant part of the country and even from time to time win back some territories. But in 1415, the situation for the French deteriorated sharply: civil strife ceased in England, and the king of the new Lancaster dynasty, Henry V, launched a decisive invasion of the mainland. In France itself, the internal situation was catastrophic, the country was formally ruled by the mad King Charles VI, and groups of Armagnacs and Bourguignons fought for real power in the country.
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Vision of Joan of Arc
At the age of 13, Jeanne first heard the voices of the Archangel Michael, St. Catherine of Alexandria and, as it is believed, Margaret of Antioch, who sometimes appeared to her in visible form. After some time, they revealed to Jeanne that it was she who was destined to lift the siege from Orleans, raise the Dauphin to the throne and drive the invaders out of the kingdom. When Jeanne was 17 years old, she went to the captain of the city of Vaucouleurs, Robert de Baudricourt, and announced her mission. Being ridiculed, Jeanne was forced to return to the village, but a year later she repeated her attempt. This time, the captain, struck by her perseverance, was more attentive, and when Jeanne accurately predicted the sad outcome of the Herring Battle for the French under the walls of Orleans, he agreed to give her people so that she could go to the king. Moreover, Jeanne to the end preferred to dress in men's clothes, explaining that in men's clothes it would be easier for her to fight and at the same time not cause unhealthy attention to herself from the soldiers.
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Biography
The traditional date of Jeanne's birth is 1412, however, in the decree of Pope Pius X of January 6, 1904, adopted after the solemn meeting, at which the case of canonization of the Virgin was considered, the date was January 6, 1409/1408. Jeanne d'Arc was born in the village of Domremy on the border of Champagne and Lorraine in a family of wealthy peasants (according to another version, impoverished nobles) Jacques d'Arc and Isabella Rome. Jeanne never called herself Joan of Arc, but only "Joan the Virgin", specifying that in her childhood she was called Jeannette.
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Almost all of my short life- seventeen years out of nineteen - Jeanne lived in Domremy. She left there, having not only a firm intention to save the French kingdom, but also a clear plan of action, which she strictly followed. The entire preparatory stage of her feat falls on Domremy.
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Jeanne - military leader
After the appointment, armor is made for Jeanne (she received special permission from the commission of theologians from Poitiers to wear men's clothing), a banner and a banner. Then she went to Blois, the appointed assembly point for the army, and already at the head of the army set out for Orleans. The news that the army was led by a messenger of God caused an extraordinary moral upsurge in the army. Hopeless commanders and soldiers, tired of endless defeats, were inspired and regained their courage.
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Jeanne - military leader
April 29 Jeanne with a small detachment penetrates into Orleans. On May 4, her army won its first victory, taking the bastion of Saint-Loup. Victories followed one after another, and already on the night of May 7-8, the British were forced to lift the siege from the city. Thus, a task that other French military leaders considered impossible, Joan of Arc solved in four days. Day 8 May is celebrated every year in Orleans as the main holiday of the city.
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Tower in Rouen where Joan was imprisoned
Trial and condemnation During the trial, it turned out that it would not be so easy to accuse Jeanne - the girl held on to the court with amazing courage and confidently denied accusations of heresy and relations with the devil, bypassing numerous traps.
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Trial and condemnation
During the process, it turned out that it would not be so easy to accuse Jeanne - the girl held on to the court with amazing courage and confidently denied accusations of heresy and intercourse with the devil, bypassing numerous traps. Since it was not possible to get a confession of heresy from her, the court began to concentrate on those facts where Joan's voluntary confession was not required - for example, wearing men's clothes, disregarding the authority of the Church, and also tried to prove that the voices that Jeanne heard came from the devil.
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acquittal process
After the end of the war in Normandy in 1452, Charles VII ordered that all documents relating to the trial of Joan be collected and an inquiry into its legality should be undertaken. The investigation studied the documents of the process, interviewed the surviving witnesses and unanimously came to the conclusion that gross violations of the law were committed during the process of Zhanna. In 1455, Pope Calixtus III ordered new process and appointed three of his representatives to supervise him.
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On July 7, 1456, the judges read out the verdict, which stated that every charge against Joan was refuted by the testimony of witnesses. The first trial was declared invalid, one copy of the protocols and the indictment was symbolically torn apart in front of the crowd. Jeanne's good name was restored. The canonization of Joan of Arc by decision of the Roman Curia, announced on May 9, 1920 by Pope Benedict XV, cost the French government 30 million gold francs.
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