Little kids are ready to learn anywhere and anytime. Their young brain is able to capture, analyze and remember as much information as it is difficult even for an adult. What parents should teach their kids has generally accepted age limits.
Children should learn the basic geometric shapes and their names at the age of 3 to 5 years.
Since all children are multi-educational, these boundaries are only conditionally accepted in our country.
Geometry is the science of shapes, sizes, and arrangement of figures in space. It may seem that this is difficult for babies. However, the subjects of this science are all around us. That is why having basic knowledge in this area is important for both children and adults.
To captivate children in the study of geometry, you can resort to funny pictures. In addition, it would be nice to have aids that the child can touch, feel, circle, color, recognize with his eyes closed. The main principle of any activity with children is to keep their attention and develop a craving for the subject using game techniques and a relaxed, fun environment.
The combination of several means of perception will do the job very quickly. Use our mini-manual to teach your child to distinguish geometric shapes, to know their names.
The circle is the very first of all shapes. In nature around us, much is round: our planet, the sun, the moon, the core of a flower, many fruits and vegetables, the pupils of the eyes. A volumetric circle is a ball (ball, ball)
It is better to start studying the shape of a circle with a child by looking at drawings, and then reinforce the theory with practice by letting the child hold something round in his hands.
A square is a figure in which all sides have the same height and width. Square objects - cubes, boxes, a house, a window, a pillow, a stool, etc.
It is very simple to build all sorts of houses from square cubes. Drawing a square is easier to do on a piece of paper in a cage.
A rectangle is a relative of a square, which differs in that it has the same opposite sides. Just like a square, a rectangle is all equal to 90 degrees.
You can find many items that have the shape of a rectangle: cabinets, appliances, doors, furniture.
In nature, mountains and some trees have the shape of a triangle. From the immediate environment of the kids, one can cite as an example the triangular roof of the house, various road signs.
Some ancient structures, such as temples and pyramids, were built in the shape of a triangle.
An oval is a circle that is elongated on both sides. For example, an oval shape is possessed by: an egg, nuts, many vegetables and fruits, a human face, galaxies, etc.
An oval in volume is called an ellipse. Even the Earth is flattened from the poles - ellipsoidal.
Rhombus
Rhombus - the same square, only elongated, that is, it has two obtuse angles and a pair of sharp ones.
You can study a rhombus with the help of visual aids - a drawn picture or a three-dimensional object.
Memorization techniques
Geometric figures The names are easy to remember. Learning them for children can be turned into a game by applying the following ideas:
- Buy a children's picture book that contains fun and colorful drawings of figures and their analogies from the outside world.
- Cut out more different figures from multi-colored cardboard, laminate them with adhesive tape and use them as a constructor - you can lay out a lot of interesting combinations by combining different figures.
- Buy a ruler with holes in the shape of a circle, square, triangle and others - for children who are already friends with pencils, drawing with such a ruler is an interesting activity.
You can come up with many opportunities to teach kids to know the names of geometric shapes. All methods are good: drawings, toys, observation of surrounding objects. Start small, gradually complicating the information and tasks. You will not feel how time flies, and the baby will surely please you with success in the near future.
In today's article, I would like to talk about how easy and fun it is to learn geometric shapes with a baby, and why bother with geometry at such an early age. What games will be interesting for a baby from 1 year old, and what materials you will need for classes - read about all this in the article. In addition, here you will find some useful materials for download.
Why study geometric shapes with a toddler?
- The study of geometric shapes is useful for general development baby, expanding his knowledge of the world around him. If you introduce a child to forms at an early age, it will be much easier for him at school.
Geometric shapes are found everywhere, they can be seen in most of the objects around us: a round ball, a rectangular table, etc. Analyzing the similarity of surrounding objects with geometric shapes, the child wonderfully trains associative and spatial thinking.
Many interesting educational games are based on the ability to distinguish geometric shapes. This is construction, games with, mosaic, mathematical tablet, etc. Therefore, the study of forms at such an early age will contribute to the further successful development of the child.
So, games for learning and consolidating knowledge about geometric shapes :
1. We name geometric shapes always and everywhere
If during games or reading books you come across any figure, be sure to pay attention to the baby and name it (“Look, the ball looks like a circle, and the cube looks like a square”). Even if it seems to you that the child is still unlikely to remember the names of the figures, pronounce them anyway, and they will certainly be deposited in his head. You can do this for up to a year. At first, point only to the main shapes (square, circle, triangle), then, when you realize that the baby has mastered them, start studying other shapes.
2. Playing Geometric Lotto
For the first lessons with the baby, it is better to use the loto, where there are only 3-4 figures. When the baby has mastered such a game well, gradually complicate the task. It is also useful for the first time to make all the pieces on the playing field of the same color and size. In this case, the child will focus on only one sign - the form, while other characteristics will neither distract nor prompt him.
You can impose on the playing field both cards with the image of figures, and three-dimensional figures. Good for this purpose Gyenes blocks (Ozone, KoroBoom), figurines from the sorter, insert frame.
Well, the most troublesome option is to purchase ready-made loto with geometric shapes.
3. Playing with the sorter
Around the age of 1 year, the child begins to notice that the figure he has chosen sorter (Ozone, labyrinth, My shop) can not be pushed into every hole. Therefore, during the game, it is necessary to focus on this: “So, here we have a circle - it doesn’t fit here, it doesn’t fit here, but where does it fit?”. At first, turning the figure at the right angle can be difficult for the baby, but it's not scary, it's a matter of practice. Most importantly, do not forget to pronounce the names of the figures all the time during the exciting process of “pushing through”, and the child will quietly remember them all.
Important! When choosing a sorter, pay attention to the fact that all the main geometric shapes are presented there, and not just hearts and crescents.
4. Playing with the frame insert
It will take such insert frame, which shows all the main figures. At its core, the game is similar to a sorter.
Here is another interesting shape recognition game - "" ( labyrinth, My shop). Despite the fact that the age on it is 3-5 years old, it will be of interest to a child of 2 years old and even a little earlier.
9. Learning forms from Doman cards
In fact, I believe that this method of studying forms is the most effective. If you are engaged in, the child will very quickly remember all the figures, and you will spend a minimum of effort on this. However, it should be noted that in order for the knowledge gained from Doman's cards to be deposited in the baby's head, they need to be fixed through other games (see above). Otherwise, the child will quickly forget everything that you showed him. Therefore, I recommend starting to look at Doman's cards with geometric shapes at about the age of 1 year, since at this time the baby becomes interested in sorters, insert frames, drawing, appliqué, etc. And, having studied the forms from the pictures, he will be able to use the knowledge gained in these games. By the way, you can buy Geometric Shapes cards, but buy HERE.
You can read about our experience in studying figures using Doman's cards.
10. Watch educational cartoons
And, of course, watching cartoons on the theme "Geometric shapes" does not hurt, now you can find a lot of them on the Internet. Here are some of them:
Instead of a conclusion
Very often, the process of teaching a child geometric shapes (and not only shapes) is perceived by parents solely as a constant examination of the child, i.e. they show the child a couple of times, for example, a square, and in the future, the training comes down to the question “Tell me, what kind of figure is this?”. This approach is extremely wrong. Firstly, because, like any person, a child does not like it too much when they arrange a knowledge test for him, and this only discourages him from studying. Secondly, before asking a kid about something, he needs to explain and show it a lot of times!
Therefore, try to keep screening questions to a minimum. Just repeat and repeat the information you are learning, be it the names of shapes or something else. Do this while playing and talking with your baby. And the fact that the child has learned everything, you will soon see for yourself without unnecessary checks.
- a circle;
- oval;
- square;
- rectangle;
- parallelogram;
- trapezoid;
- pentagon (hexagon, etc.);
- rhombus;
- triangle.
- cylinder;
- cone;
- prism;
- sphere or ball;
- parallelepiped;
- pyramid;
- tetrahedron;
- icosahedron;
- octahedron;
- dodecahedron.
Personally, I know:
1 From 2D shapes:
circle, triangle, square, rhombus, rectangle, trapezoid, parallelogram, oval and polygon. Another star (pentagram), if you can call it a figure.
2 From 3D shapes:
Prism, pyramid, parallelepiped, prism, ball (sphere), cylinder, hemisphere (half of a sphere, that is, a ball cut in half) and a cone. Pyramids are divided into triangular, quadrangular and so on (almost to infinity). The more corners a pyramid has at its base, the more it resembles a cone.
The sphere of study of the science of geometry includes flat (two-dimensional) figures and three-dimensional figures (three-dimensional).
From flat:
They are studying planimetry. A point is also a flat figure.
Of the bulk known:
They are studying stereometry.
Two-dimensional figures - triangle, square, rectangle, rhombus, trapezoid, parallelogram, circle, oval, ellipse, polygons (pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon and others).
The dot also applies to figures.
Three-dimensional figures - a cube, a sphere, a hemisphere, a cone, a cylinder, a pyramid, a parallelepiped, a prism, an ellipsoid, a dome, tetrahedra and many others coming from the above. Next come very complex geometric shapes - various polyhedra, which in fact can contain an infinite number of faces. For example, a large wedge crown - consists of 2 squares and 16 regular triangles or a wedge crown made up of 14 faces: 2 squares and 12 regular triangles.
Speaking of geometric shapes, we can distinguish two regular groups such as:
1) Two-dimensional figures;
2) And three-dimensional figures.
So, in more detail about two-dimensional, they include such figures as:
But as for three-dimensional figures, here's what they can be:
The outlines of figures and all possible actions with them are studied by the mathematical sciences of geometry (studies flat figures) and stereometry (the subject of study is three-dimensional figures). At school, I loved both science and science.
This is how flat (2D) shapes are classified:
With three sides, it's a triangle. With four sides - a square, rhombus, rectangle, trapezoid. And there can also be a parallelogram and a circle (oval, circle, semicircle, ellipse).
Volumetric figures (3D) are classified as follows:
This is a cube, parallelepiped, tetrahedron, cylinder, pyramid, icosahedron, ball, dodecahedron, cone, octahedron, prism, sphere. In addition, there are truncated figures (pyramid, cone). Depending on the base, the pyramid, prism are divided into triangular, tetrahedral and so on.
Children's toys (pyramids, mosaics and others) make it possible to introduce children to geometric three-dimensional figures from early childhood. And flat figures can be drawn and cut out of paper.
Of the two-dimensional, we can name the following:
With three-dimensional a little more difficult:
I think many, after reading the last names, asked themselves: What-what? . For clarity - illustration:
In fact, there are enough figures in mathematics. Flat figures are rectangles, squares, triangles, pentagons, hexagons, circles. Volumetric figures or 3D figures are like a pyramid, a cube and a dodecahedron, and so on.
2D shapes (2D): angle; polygon (varieties of polygons: triangle, quadrilateral varieties of a quadrilateral: parallelogram, rectangle, rhombus, square, trapezoid, deltoid, pentagon, hexagon, etc. ad infinitum); circle, circle, circular segment, circular sector, ellipse, oval...
Three-dimensional figures (3D): dihedral angle, polyhedral angle; polyhedron (varieties of polyhedra: prism, prism varieties: parallelepiped, cube, antiprism, pyramid, tetrahedron variety, truncated pyramid, bipyramid, octahedron variety, dodecahedron, icosahedron, wedge, obelisk); cylinder, truncated cylinder, cylinder segment (aka cylindrical horseshoe or hoof); cone, truncated cone, sphere, ball, spherical segment, spherical layer, spherical sector, ellipsoid, geoid ...
From the very beginning, in geometry lessons, we study simple figures that are flat, that is, they are located on the same plane.
So, a list of the main figures can be studied below.
Recently, I just had to tell my granddaughters and grandson what geometric shapes can be.
Starting with flat figures cut out of cardboard or made of plastic, children learned to distinguish between a triangle and a square, an oval and a circle, a rectangle, a rhombus and a polygon.
They helped in memorizing the names of the figures and these are special toys with holes of a certain shape.
Later they switched to volumetric figures, cubes and cones, parallelepipeds, balls and rings, pyramids and cylinders.
They have not grown up to school yet, and when they go, they will be taught to distinguish between isosceles and equilateral triangles, they will learn about a ray and a point, about a circle and everything else.
To basic geometric shapes on the plane are dot and straight line.Line segment,Ray,broken line- the simplest geometric figures on the plane.
The dot is the smallest geometric figure, which is the basis of all other constructions (figures) in any image or drawing.
Any more complex geometric figure is a set points, which have a certain property that is characteristic only for this figure.
A straight line, or a straight line, can be thought of as an innumerable set points, which are located on the same line, which has neither beginning nor end. On a sheet of paper, we see only part of a straight line, since it is infinite. The straight line is shown like this:
Part straight line bounded on both sides dots, is called a line segment, or segment. The segment is shown like this:
A ray is a directed half-line that has point beginning and has no end. The beam is shown like this:
If on straight you put point, then this point divides the line into two beam, oppositely directed. Such rays are called complementary.
The broken line is a few segments connected to each other so that the end of the first segment is the beginning of the second segment, and the end of the second segment is the beginning of the third segment, etc., while adjacent (having one common point) the segments are not on the same straight line. If the end of the last segment does not coincide with the beginning of the first, then such a broken line is called open.
If the end of the last segment of the polyline coincides with the beginning of the first segment, then such a polyline is called closed. An example of a closed polygon is any polygon:
Four-link closed polyline - quadrilateral
Three-link closed polyline - triangle
Plane, like a straight line, is a primary concept that has no definition. A plane, like a straight line, has neither a beginning nor an end. We consider only the part of the plane that is bounded by a closed broken line.
Geometric figures are a complex of points, lines, solids or surfaces. These elements can be located both on the plane and in space, forming a finite number of lines.
The term "figure" means several sets of points. They must be located on one or more planes and simultaneously limited to a specific number of completed lines.
The main geometric figures are the point and the line. They are flat. Besides them, among simple figures select a ray, a broken line and a segment.
Dot
This is one of the main figures of geometry. It is very small, but it is always used to build various forms on a plane. The point is the main figure for absolutely all constructions, even the highest complexity. In geometry, it is usually denoted by a letter of the Latin alphabet, for example, A, B, K, L.
From the point of view of mathematics, a point is an abstract spatial object that does not have such characteristics as area, volume, but at the same time remains a fundamental concept in geometry. This zero-dimensional object simply has no definition.
Straight
This figure is completely placed in one plane. The straight line does not have a specific mathematical definition, since it consists of a huge number of points located on one infinite line, which has no limit and boundaries.
There is also a cut. This is also a straight line, but it starts and ends with a point, which means it has geometric restrictions.
Also, the line can turn into a directional beam. This happens when the line starts from a point, but does not have a clear end. If you put a point in the middle of the line, then it will be divided into two rays (additional), moreover, oppositely directed to each other.
Several segments that are sequentially connected to each other by ends at a common point and are not located on the same straight line are commonly called a broken line.
Injection
Geometric shapes, whose names we discussed above, are considered key elements used in the construction of more complex models.
Angle is a construction consisting of a vertex and two rays that come out of it. That is, the sides of this figure are connected at one point.
Plane
Consider another primary concept. A plane is a figure that has no end or beginning, as well as a straight line and a point. During the consideration of this geometric element, only a part of it, limited by the contours of a broken closed line, is taken into account.
Any smooth bounded surface can be considered a plane. It could be an ironing board, a sheet of paper, or even a door.
Quadrangles
A parallelogram is a geometric figure whose opposite sides are parallel to each other in pairs. Among the private types of this design, a rhombus, a rectangle and a square are distinguished.
A rectangle is a parallelogram in which all sides touch at right angles.
A square is a quadrilateral with equal sides and corners.
A rhombus is a figure in which all faces are equal. In this case, the angles can be completely different, but in pairs. Each square is considered a rhombus. But in the opposite direction, this rule does not always work. Not every rhombus is a square.
Trapeze
Geometric shapes are completely different and bizarre. Each of them has a unique shape and properties.
A trapezoid is a figure that is somewhat similar to a quadrilateral. It has two parallel opposite sides and is considered curvilinear.
A circle
This geometric figure implies the location on the same plane of points equidistant from its center. In this case, a given non-zero segment is usually called a radius.
Triangle
This is a simple geometric figure that is very often encountered and studied.
A triangle is considered a subspecies of a polygon, located on the same plane and limited by three faces and three points of contact. These elements are connected in pairs.
Polygon
The vertices of the polygons are the points connecting the segments. And the latter, in turn, are considered to be parties.
Volumetric geometric shapes
- prism;
- sphere;
- cone;
- cylinder;
- pyramid;
These bodies have something in common. All of them are limited to a closed surface, inside which there are many points.
Volumetric bodies are studied not only in geometry, but also in crystallography.
Curious facts
Surely you will be interested to read the information provided below.
- Geometry was formed as a science in ancient times. This phenomenon is usually associated with the development of art and various crafts. And the names of geometric shapes indicate the use of the principles of determining similarity and similarity.
- Translated from the ancient Greek, the term "trapezoid" means a table for a meal.
- If you take different figures whose perimeter is the same, then the circle is guaranteed to have the largest area.
- Translated from Greek the term "cone" refers to a pine cone.
- There is a famous painting by Kazemir Malevich, which has attracted the attention of many painters since the last century. The work "Black Square" has always been mystical and mysterious. The geometric figure on a white canvas delights and amazes at the same time.
Exist a large number of geometric shapes. All of them differ in parameters, and sometimes even surprise with forms.