Our ancestors at the dawn of mankind were completely dependent on nature. Knowledge about nature in general, the characteristics of minerals, individual plants, the habits and lifestyle of animals, relationships in nature were passed down from generation to generation in the form of signs and legends. Human life depended on this knowledge and the ability to use it.
Already in those distant times, people noticed that if it is wrong to collect roots or seeds, mollusks, bird eggs, mindlessly hunt animals, let the fire spread to the surrounding forest or steppe, then you can be left without the necessary means of subsistence. And people began to take measures to protect their most important wealth - the surrounding nature and its individual components. This is how sacred groves arose, which served as a source of resettlement and restoration of plants, sacred animals, trees, stones, streams, animal rookeries, places for fish spawning, nesting birds.
From generation to generation, "taboos" were passed on - prohibitions that limited or forbade the killing of various animals, collecting plants in one or another period of the year, in one place or another. With the advent of the state, these customs, rules turned into laws. The first such laws in Russia appeared in the 11th century, they are recorded in the oldest code of laws - "Russian Truth".
Gradually, people accumulated knowledge about the laws of nature. At the same time, the number of various products made by people's hands increased. To get it even more, a person used more and more natural resources. This led to great changes in the environment, sometimes in ways that could no longer be corrected. Then people in many countries began to understand that it is necessary to organize nature protection, using the latest achievements of science and technology, involving state authorities, taking international measures. In 1913, the First International Congress on Nature Protection took place.
But this problem arose especially seriously for mankind in the middle of our century, when the changes brought about by economic activity man in the nature of the planet. Today, nature conservation is one of the most important tasks that people must solve. And if it is solved, it will become as great an achievement as the creation of atomic fuel, the exit of man into near-Earth space, the solution to the method of transmission of hereditary traits in living organisms. The future of all mankind, the possibility of further development of industry, technology, agriculture, etc., depend on the solution of the problem of nature protection.
Biologists were the first to defend nature, since plants and animals primarily respond to changes that occur as a result of human activities. Then they paid attention to how soils, relief, the entire landscape, air, water, and geological deposits began to change. It turned out that in order to preserve the natural environment for all those living on Earth and their descendants, it is necessary to carefully treat any natural resources. Plan their consumption, taking into account the benefits that can be obtained not only now, but also in the future, when, armed with better knowledge, people can get the maximum benefit from them, minimizing waste.
Such a planned, correct use of the resources of nature, taking into account its protection, is possible only in countries that have embarked on the path of socialist development, with a planned socialist management of the economy that takes into account the present and future interests of the entire population, and not of individuals or families.
The resources of nature must be protected and it is very important to use them without loss. This means to clean every drift in the mines so that not a single kilogram of ore, coal, shale and other minerals remains there, to prevent the burning of natural gas in flares, the useless gushing of oil and artesian water from wells, and not to leave wood waste in the cutting areas. When processing raw materials, it is necessary to strive to reduce the waste of wood, metal, leather, and look for ways to use waste. Proper, economical use of heat, electricity, water, food waste, scrap metal, waste paper allows you to save many natural sources for the future.
Pollution of air and water, destruction of green spaces and forests, damage to the surrounding landscape, throwing garbage anywhere, excessive noise destroy the natural environment, have a detrimental effect on all living things, including the human body. Violation of natural processes occurring in nature is the source of many human diseases. Consequently, the protection of nature is the protection of human health, the increase in the duration of his life and working capacity depends on this.
So it turns out that in our time, nature conservation is a complex set of state, public and international events that contribute to the organization of proper environmental management, protection natural resources, their restoration and multiplication in the interests of all living and future generations of people.
In any developed country in our country, great attention is paid to nature protection, the fundamentals of land, water, forest legislation, the fundamentals of subsoil legislation, laws on the protection of atmospheric air and on the protection and use of wildlife are adopted. Laws on the protection of nature are being adopted.
Nature protection is one of the main duties of every citizen of any country, this is stated in the Constitutions of many countries.
Remember, the health, life and well-being of you and all the people of our great Motherland depend on how you, your friends and relatives treat nature.
Whatever you do: plant trees in the village, help the foresters to take into account and protect anthills, hang artificial bird nests; save fry from drying up reservoirs; fight those who break bushes and trees, walk on lawns, gather armfuls of flowers, poach; make a soil map of fields; carry out chemical analysis of soil samples taken; collect waste paper, scrap metal or other secondary raw materials - all this is a contribution to the protection of the nature of our country.
Man is a part of nature, therefore protection environment is the most important task of mankind. The ill-considered interference of man in the natural balance has led to terrible consequences: desertification and depletion of soils, shallowing of rivers and lakes, disappearance of forests, plants, animals, birds and fish. In this lesson, we will learn about which international organizations are engaged in environmental issues, and talk about why their work is so important.
Exist abiotic factors- inanimate nature, and biotic factors - wildlife (Fig. 2). They affect each other and the person as well.
All living organisms are located in a certain way on the surface of the Earth, forming biosphere(the living shell of the Earth), which includes the upper layers of the lithosphere, the entire hydrosphere and atmosphere up to the ozone layer (Fig. 4).
Rice. 4. Biosphere ()
This is the source from which a person draws everything necessary for life. Ancient people did not have agriculture and industry, but relied on nature, completely dependent on it (Fig. 5, 6).
But over time, people learned to work the fields and raise livestock, built cities with factories and plants (Fig. 7-10).
This gave man a sense of power over the world and nature, a sense of independence from natural factors. With the help of technology, a person began to change nature to suit his needs, but over time he began to notice that the once dense forests thinned out, herds of wild animals decreased, and some animals disappeared altogether, many rivers and lakes became shallow, and deserts began to approach cities and villages, soil fertility has declined. Then a person began to think about the reasons that led to such consequences, making the Earth unsafe for present and future generations of people.
To avoid extinction, we must try to save all life on Earth. Scientists argue that before the existence of man, one species of living things disappeared in a thousand years, and in the period from 1850 to 1950. every 10 years, a living species disappeared, and now one living species (plants, animals, microorganisms) disappears every day.
People need to fight against the disappearance of forests, since trees and other green plants produce the oxygen necessary for all living things, which is why forests are called the "lungs of the planet" (Fig. 11).
It is also necessary to fight deserts. Over the past 50 years alone, the area of deserts around the world has increased so much that it has reached the size of half South America. On the verge of becoming a barren desert is 1/5 of the Earth's land mass in more than 100 countries. For example, the African Sahara desert annually moves south by 10 km (Fig. 12).
Rice. 12. Sahara Desert ()
In Russia, desertification every year removes up to 50,000 hectares of land from agricultural use.
It is extremely important to protect the Earth from various types of pollution. Decision environmental issues is one of the most important tasks of modern man.
The more often a person faced with the impoverishment of the Earth, the more he understood the need to preserve the natural balance and respect for the laws of nature, respect for natural resources.
Initially, people protected nature unconsciously, protecting their cultivated lands from the raids of other tribes. In the laws of Babylon King Hammurabi rules for the protection of forests and recommendations for compliance with these rules were prescribed (Fig. 13).
Rice. 13. Hammurabi ()
For illegal felling of trees in the forests of a foreign tribe, a considerable fee was supposed to be charged from the culprit.
During the period Middle Ages feudal lords introduced fines for shooting game in their forests. In Russia, the regulation of hunting appeared under Yaroslav the Wise(Fig. 14).
Rice. 14. Yaroslav the Wise ()
Back in the 13th century, peculiar laws on environmental protection were formed in the Vladimir-Volyn principality. On the territory of Belovezhskaya Pushcha, hunting for all kinds of animals was completely prohibited (Fig. 15).
Rice. 15. Belovezhskaya Pushcha ()
It was the first reserve -.
During the reign Alexey Mikhailovich hunting bans for some species of animals and nature protection laws were introduced (Fig. 16).
Rice. 16. Alexey Mikhailovich ()
In pre-Petrine times, forests were cut down to free land for arable land. But by order Peter I forests were carefully guarded as material for shipbuilding (Fig. 17).
Several decrees were issued, where it was forbidden to cut down and burn forests, to graze livestock in them. An office was created in St. Petersburg, which monitored the safety of forests located along the rivers. Violators were severely punished. Peter I cared not only about the protection of existing forests, but also about planting new ones, he planted many trees with his own hands. At his request, he was planted in the Voronezh region (Fig. 18).
Rice. 18. Thorns forest ()
In 1702, by order of Peter I, a Pharmacy Garden, and in 1714 in St. Petersburg (Fig. 19, 20).
Not only plants, but animals fell under the protection of the decrees of Peter I. The tsar paid much attention to the problems of maintaining soil fertility, protecting canals and river banks from erosion.
environmental protection is an important task for all mankind. To solve environmental problems, well-established international cooperation is necessary. Therefore, states create special international treaties in order to work together to protect and save nature.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora is an international governmental agreement that came into effect on July 1, 1975. The purpose of the Convention is to ensure that international trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. This agreement provides various degrees of protection for more than 33,000 species of animals and plants.
At the moment, many international organizations have been created that deal with environmental protection problems.
World Wildlife Fund(Eng. World Wildlife Fund, abbr. WWF) - founded in 1961, international public organization subsidizing actions for the protection and study of endangered and rare species of animals, plants and their habitats. The emblem of this organization depicts a giant panda - one of the rare animals that are on the verge of extinction (Fig. 21). There are branches of the World Wildlife Fund in every state, they all oversee projects to preserve the nature of these regions.
Greenpeace(from the English Greenpeace - Green World) - founded in 1971, an independent international public organization that aims to preserve the environment (Fig. 22). Greenpeace opposes nuclear testing and radiation threats, pollution of the environment by industrial waste, protection of wildlife, etc. Greenpeace influences public opinion through the press, educational institutions, and conducts non-violent protests, seeking solutions from industrial companies and governments on specific environmental problems.
United Nations Environment Program - UNEP(United Nations Environment Program). It operates on a permanent basis with headquarters in Nairobi (Kenya) (Fig. 23).
UNESCO(United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization) carries out work on the program "Man and the Biosphere", conducts research on socio-economic factors of development and the relationship between man and the environment (Fig. 24).
In the next lesson, we will learn what is called folk craft, get acquainted with some of the types of folk crafts, and talk about the connection of crafts with the nature of each particular region.
Bibliography
- Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. World around 3. - M.: Ballas.
- Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around 3. - M .: Publishing house "Fedorov".
- Pleshakov A.A. The world around 3. - M .: Education.
- Social network of educators Nsportal.ru ().
- Rudocs.exdat.com().
- Poznanie21.ru ().
Homework
- Give a detailed answer to the question "Why is it necessary to protect nature, protect the environment?".
- Prepare a short report about one of the international organizations involved in nature conservation.
- * Develop an environmental program outline for your area.
Nature protection is a set of measures covering the protection, rational use and restoration of objects of living and inanimate nature.
Here are just a few disturbing facts. Every year, 100 billion tons of minerals (25 tons per person) are withdrawn from the bowels of the Earth. Of these, more than 90% goes to waste. The amount of oxygen consumed by individual countries already exceeds the production of its plants in these countries. The rain forest (the main "lungs" of the Earth) has been destroyed by more than 40%. Its felling continues at a speed of more than 20 hectares per minute! Nearly 1,000 animal species and 25,000 plant species are now threatened with extinction. The main reasons for this are destruction, overexploitation, suppression of native species by animals relocated by humans from other geographic areas, and environmental poisoning. chemicals. Mankind, having accumulated unheard-of technical power, does not cease to strive for the benefit of today. This entails the impoverishment of earthly riches and undermines the foundation.
The conflict between man and nature did not arise suddenly. It grew gradually. Even our ancestors noticed that with an excessive increase in the number of livestock in a limited area, fat pastures turn into deserts. Thoughtless hunting, burning forests, extermination of fish in reservoirs often left people without the necessary funds. Therefore, even in ancient times, people cared about the reasonable use of natural resources about preserving and increasing them. There were bans on catching animals, grass pastures, deforestation. They began to allocate reserved lands, protect and breed valuable animals and birds. These were the first feeble attempts to balance the use of natural resources with their protection and restoration. However, the balance was not reached. And nature, and with it humanity, as an integral part of it, suffered more and more damage.
By the beginning of the XX century. it became clear that special and effective measures were needed. The first International Congress for the Protection of Nature took place in 1913. But the problem of the impoverishment of the Earth continued to worsen. In the second half of our century, it became on a par with other, closely interconnected global issues: saving the world from a nuclear catastrophe, protecting the environment, increasing the number of people on Earth (population explosion), fighting hunger, overcoming the energy crisis. The cause of nature protection, as well as the cause of peace, concerns every person on Earth, depends on his mind, activity and good will. It requires the efforts of all states and peoples.
Only a deep knowledge of the laws of nature, their correct application in practice, general natural science education and upbringing will give mankind the opportunity to overcome the disaster that is now called the ecological crisis, i.e., the consistent impoverishment of nature, threatening the death of many species of plants and animals, and ultimately undermining the basis of human existence. The experience of a number of countries, primarily socialist countries, and international cooperation have already shown that with a scientifically substantiated organization of the protection of natural resources and their rational use, many environmental difficulties can be overcome.
Grafting a cedar onto a pine makes it possible to achieve the promotion of this valuable plant to new areas. Voronezh state reserve.
Bustard. Red Book.
Gray cranes and Siberian Crane (right). The Siberian Crane is the rarest bird listed in the Red Book. Oksky State Reserve.
Plot of virgin feather grass steppe. Central Chernozem Reserve named after VV Alekhin.
Avdotka. Red Book.
Pink seagull. Red Book.
Black stork. Red Book.
In many reservoirs of our country, the white water lily has become a rare plant. She needs to be protected at all costs.
These bustards are bred in an incubator. The grown birds will be released into the wild.
Since ancient times, using plants and animals for their needs, people gradually began to notice that where there were dense forests in the past, they began to thin out, that the herds of wild game animals decreased, and some animals completely disappeared ... Biological Encyclopedia
PROTECTION OF NATURE- 1) a system of measures aimed at maintaining a rational interaction between human activity and the natural environment, ensuring the conservation and restoration of natural resources, preventing direct and indirect impact ... ... Ecological dictionary
Environmental protection, a comprehensive system of measures aimed at the conservation, rational (sustainable) use and co-production of natural resources, including the conservation of species diversity (genofund) of flora and ... ... Biological encyclopedic Dictionary
PROTECTION OF NATURE- protection of the natural environment, a system of complex measures aimed at the conservation, rational use and reproduction of natural resources and the environment. The most important tasks of O. p.: maintenance of the main. ecological processes and... ... Agricultural Encyclopedic Dictionary
A set of international, state and regional events aimed at maintaining the nature of the Earth in a state corresponding to the evolutionary level of the modern biosphere and its living matter. In English: Nature protection… … Financial vocabulary
Protection of Nature- Leningrad and its environs. Measures for the protection of nature have been taken in St. Petersburg since the founding of the city. Peter I introduced bans and restrictions on logging, highlighting the protected species of trees (oak, elm, elm, ash, elm, pine ... ... Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg"
Leningrad and its environs. Measures for the protection of nature have been taken in St. Petersburg since the founding of the city. Peter I introduced bans and restrictions on logging, highlighting the protected species of trees (oak, elm, elm, ash, elm, ... ... St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)
Modern Encyclopedia
A set of measures for the conservation, rational use and restoration of the Earth's natural resources, including the species diversity of flora and fauna, the richness of the subsoil, the purity of the waters and the atmosphere. The danger of irreversible changes in the natural environment in individual ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
NATURE PROTECTION, this concept has recently acquired many meanings, different, although related to each other, in the field of nature conservation and conservation of natural resources. Saving nature requires sound planning and organization, ... ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
Protection of Nature- NATURE PROTECTION, a set of measures for the conservation, rational use and restoration of the Earth's natural resources, including the species diversity of flora and fauna, the richness of the subsoil, the purity of the waters and the atmosphere. The danger of irreversible changes in natural ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Books
- Protection of natural monuments. Conservation International, D.N. Anuchin. Professor D. N. Anuchin. Protection of natural monuments. With 29 drawings. Professor G. A. Kozhevnikov. International Conservation of Nature. Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1914 edition ...
- Nature Conservation, Drozdov Nikolay Nikolaevich, Makeev Alexey Kuzmich. Series of books` Live nature with Nikolai Drozdov` is addressed to young readers, those who are just starting to get acquainted with the wonderful world of wildlife, discovering its secrets and mysteries for the first time. Reading…
Nature protection, as a scientific field of knowledge, reveals the essence of ecological processes, helps to anticipate possible violations of the ecological balance, make the right decisions and effective measures to restore it.[ ...]
The protection of nature (and the environment) consists in a system of measures to preserve the ecological niches of living organisms, including humans.[ ...]
NATURE PROTECTION - a set of international, state, regional, administrative, economic, political and public activities aimed at the regional use, reproduction and conservation of the natural resources of the Earth and the nearest outer space in the interests of existing and future generations of people.[ ...]
Nature protection is a general designation of measures (technological, economic, biotechnical, administrative-legal, international, educational, etc.). providing the possibility of preserving nature's resource- and environment-reproducing functions, the gene pool, as well as the preservation of non-renewable natural resources. This system is also aimed at maintaining a rational interaction between human activities and the natural environment, and preventing direct and indirect impact of the results of society's activities on nature and human health. Nature protection is closely connected with nature management. Important principles of nature conservation are: prevention (orientation to prevent negative consequences), complexity, ubiquity, territorial differentiation and scientific validity.[ ...]
The Department of Nature Protection of the SNPZ together with the NP STC "Bionika" carried out bioremediation of the soil of barn No. 5: when filling it with "clean soil", activated sludge was introduced from the treatment facilities of the enterprise itself with the addition of sawdust and mineral fertilizers. In 2000, the field was sown with rye. Uneven seedlings were obtained - from plots with high yields to almost none.[ ...]
Legal protection of nature is the establishment by the state legal regulations and legal relations arising on their basis, aimed at the implementation of measures to preserve the natural environment, rational use of natural resources, improve the human environment in the interests of present and future generations. Legal protection is carried out by enshrining in the relevant laws a list of objects of nature, introducing preventive, prohibitive, punitive and incentive norms, regulating the forms and methods of monitoring the state of the environment, fulfilling the requirements for its protection, determining the nature of responsibility and methods of compensation for damage caused to nature.[ . ..]
Monuments of nature are not independent legal entities. Ensuring the regimes of protection and use established for them is entrusted to the institutions on whose lands they are located. Control over compliance with the regime of protection and use should be carried out by state environmental protection authorities.[ ...]
First, nature conservation is a complex scientific discipline developing general principles and methods of conservation and restoration of natural resources, including the protection of land, water, atmosphere, natural complexes, flora and fauna. Secondly, nature conservation is a system of measures aimed at maintaining rational interaction between human activities and the natural environment, ensuring the conservation and restoration of natural resources, preventing direct or indirect impact of the results of society's activities on the natural environment and human health (GOST 17.00.01 -76).[ ...]
The concept of "nature protection" includes not only the natural environment, but also the environment transformed by man (cities, parks, gardens, recreational complexes, industrial zones, etc.), i.e. the entire environment as a combination of biotic, abiotic and social environments, the natural and man-made material world (Tetior A.N., 1992), the latter is sometimes understood as “second nature”.[ ...]
Reimers N.F. Protection of nature and the human environment: Dictionary-reference book. - M.: Enlightenment, 1992.[ ...]
In 2001, the Department of Nature Protection of the Saratov Oil Refinery and graduate School environmental education conducted detailed surveys to identify the dependence of the crop on all of the above parameters in order to determine their regulations - hydrogeological studies of soils were carried out at the base - up to a three-meter depth, the biocenosis of the arable layer was determined by plots, heavy metals, the content of Na, K, P. [ . ..]
In the general problem of nature conservation and rational use natural resources, an important place is occupied by the protection of soils from chemical pollution, the reclamation of polluted lands.[ ...]
The most important problems of nature protection are: protection of the atmosphere and natural waters from pollution by harmful substances, noise control, protection of subsoil and rational use of natural resources, ensuring radiation safety, protection of the gene pool of plants and animals, global monitoring of various anthropogenic pollutants, etc. “Nature in all its forms must be protected. Protecting the beautiful Russian landscape is the landscape that has played and is playing a huge role in shaping the character of the Russian people, in the fact that this people is infinitely talented and courageous ”(K. Paustovsky).[ ...]
Zakhlebny A. N. School and problems of nature conservation: The content of environmental education. - M., 1991.[ ...]
In our country, the soil, as well as nature and its resources in general, is protected by the state. Laws on the protection of nature and soils are in place in all Union republics. The Law “On the Protection of Nature in the RSFSR” adopted in 1960 states: “Nature protection is the most important state task and the business of the whole people.” In this law, land is indicated as the first object of nature to be protected. It is further noted that all lands, especially arable lands, assigned to land users, as the main means of production in agriculture, are subject to protection.[ ...]
The entire organization of state conservation of nature in our country is currently being built on the basis of all-Union laws on nature protection and the corresponding laws of the Union republics. The first law on nature protection in the RSFSR was adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR on October 27, 1960. Similar laws were adopted in other union republics. According to these laws, the objects of nature protection are land, subsoil, water, forests and other vegetation, green spaces in settlements, typical landscapes, resort areas, forest park protective belts and suburban green areas, rare and interesting objects, animal world, atmospheric air. Laws on the protection of nature provide for strict liability for both the heads of enterprises and departments, and individual citizens for the misuse or damage to natural resources.[ ...]
The primary task in the field of nature protection at the enterprises of the oil and gas industry is the comprehensive and consistent reduction of emissions of harmful substances into the main elements of the biosphere and bringing them up to the established standards in the coming years 121.[ ...]
The most important document on the legal basis of nature protection is the Constitution of the USSR. It focuses the environmental policy of our state on the observance of the interests of the present and future generations of people, regulates social relations in the field of interaction between man and his environment.[ ...]
The first reaction to the irreversible destruction of nature (however, very belated) was the desire to at least partially preserve, conserve natural systems. In 1872, the famous Yellowstone Park-Reserve with an area of about 9 thousand km2 was founded in the USA. In 1898, the zoological and acclimatization park (garden) Askania-Nova was created in Russia and virgin lands were declared protected areas. At the beginning of the 20th century, nature conservation societies and environmental commissions began to form both in Europe and in Russia, for example, under the Russian Geographical Society.[ ...]
A new important stage in the further improvement of nature conservation and the rational use of natural resources, as already mentioned, was the decisions of the XXV Congress of the CPSU: “... you can use nature in different ways,” L. I. Brezhnev said at the congress. the history of mankind knows many examples of this - leaving barren, lifeless, hostile spaces behind it. But it is possible and necessary, comrades, to ennoble nature, to help nature to reveal its vital forces more fully. There is such a simple, well-known expression "blooming land". This is the name of the land where the knowledge, experience of people, their affection, their love for nature truly work wonders. This is our socialist path”2.[ ...]
Principles of A. G. Bannikov: 1 - the main direction of nature conservation - protection in the process of its use; 2 - an integrated approach to the use of natural resources; 3 - regional approach to the use of natural resources.[ ...]
Normative legislative documents on nature protection include environmental quality standards, which establish the optimal characteristics of the natural environment, achieved with the current level of technical progress and ensuring the preservation of public health, the development of flora and fauna. The main tasks of the system of standards in the field of nature protection are: ensuring the safety of natural complexes; promotion of restoration and rational use of natural resources; promoting a balance between the development of production and the sustainability of the environment; improvement of environmental quality management in the interests of humanity.[ ...]
The desire to harmonize the use of forests with the laws of nature conservation forces specialists to recognize the patterns of development of forest communities. Establishing relationships between the forest and the environment, the silvicultural characteristics of the main species and their combination, the development of forest care and harvesting methods, along with the rational use of harvested products and forest reproduction, as well as methods for controlling the quality of forest products, are the main tasks of specialists who optimize ecological forest management.[ ...]
It follows from this law that the ultimate goal of the so-called conservation of nature is the preservation of the biosphere as the natural and only habitat of human society.[ ...]
International scientific and technical cooperation in the field of nature protection is an integral part of relations with foreign countries. It includes the exchange of experience and research results, the intensification of development, the international division of labor, the development and implementation of collective measures to reduce the transboundary transfer of harmful substances, etc.[ ...]
The purposefulness of technological and organizational methods of nature protection in the process of industrial production and construction is of a managerial nature and contributes to the exact observance of the production regulations in strict accordance with the established criteria.[ ...]
Environmental legislation should establish the priority of protecting nature and public health over other types of activity, formulate principles and establish uniform rules and procedures for conducting economic activities for all forms of ownership in order to ensure this priority, primarily with the help of economic management methods. This requires an adequate introduction of appropriate changes and additions to the legislation related to the use of natural resources: laws on state enterprises, on property, on conversion, etc.[ ...]
In 1948, at the initiative of the United Nations, the International Council for the Protection of Nature (ICCP) was created on the basis of the Brussels International Bureau for Conservation of Nature. Since 1959, it has become known as the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).[ ...]
Naturally arising due to certain historical conditions, the problem of nature protection is a vital and absolutely urgent problem of mankind, which, like the problems of disarmament and detente, has no reasonable alternative. It does not belong to the number of far-fetched problems, is not the fruit of someone's imagination or idle hobbies. Its emergence is predetermined by the entire course of previous social development. Further development of the productive forces of society not only does not remove this problem, but, on the contrary, requires even more attention to it.[ ...]
Among international non-governmental organizations, the most important is the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources), established in 1948, whose main activities are the publication of Red Data Books on rare and endangered species of organisms, the organization of reserves and national natural parks, environmental education, etc. P.[ ...]
The sources of environmental law are the following legal documents: 1) the Constitution; 2) laws and codes in the field of nature protection; 3) Decrees and orders of the President on issues of ecology and nature management; government environmental regulations; 4) normative acts of ministries and departments; 5) regulatory decisions of local governments.[ ...]
We started this book by substantiating two cornerstone postulates of modern nature management: firstly, to protect nature means to use it correctly, i.e., to use it in an environmentally correct way, and secondly, nature protection (or environmental protection) is the business of responsible professionals of each nature management industries at their workplaces. The second condition, obviously, provides for the need for ecological thinking of specialists, which is based on knowledge of the fundamental foundations of ecology, which was the subject of the previous chapters of the book.[ ...]
Our “home”, in which humanity lives, consists not only of a natural complex (which includes a person as part of nature), but also of a cultural complex (we will call it conditionally “human culture”, although there is also a culture created by animals and plants). the world). We live in an environment of historical monuments, works of art, results of scientific research, technological advances. Therefore, ecology consists of two parts: the protection of nature and the protection of culture. The latter is all the more important because it concerns the very essence of man. Man is a part of nature, but he is also a part of a culture created over millennia.[ ...]
An example of the successful work of enterprises aimed at protecting the natural environment is the activity of the department of nature protection, created in the production association "Nitron" to coordinate the work of shops, services, departments, and a sanitary laboratory. The Department of Nature Protection identifies sources of pollution, conducts re-certification of wastewater and an inventory of emission sources, and compiles a material balance for all types of waste. As a result of his work, the amount of pollution discharged into the river has been significantly reduced.[ ...]
Obviously, in the last definition, the defining part is wider than the defined part: the words "environment" appear in it. The word "nature" refers more to the natural world, while "environment" means not only the natural, but also the world created or transformed by man: it includes man-made landscapes, residential areas, industrial complexes. Therefore, along with the concept of "nature protection", another concept is now more often used - "environmental protection".[ ...]
In the middle and senior grades, when studying the integrated courses "Health and the Environment", "Biosphere and Man", "Fundamentals of Ecology", "Human Ecology", "Nature and Culture", "Environmental Protection", the moral orientation of the student in his relationship with nature. Here the foundations of a dialectical understanding of the unity of nature and society are laid, and nature conservation is considered as part of common culture person. At this stage, a modern worldview is formed, which is based on integrative knowledge about the surrounding world and manifests itself in responsible, active behavior based on the belief in the need to protect the natural environment. The role of ecological practice is important.[ ...]
The transition from fishing to reproduction is the immediate prospect of forestry. Forestry resources will be practically exhausted in 2000 (deforestation, as stated in the World Strategy for Conservation of Nature, proceeds at a rate of 20 hectares per minute and on a global scale exceeds wood growth by 18 times). The planet's forest cover will decrease for several more years at a rate of about 1% per year and will become critical with a global forest area of about 20% of the land area. After that, people will begin to intensively grow forests not only for recreation and getting wood, but also “for oxygen”, the resources of which, although far from being exhausted, are melting before our eyes.[ ...]
In our country, great importance is attached to the protection of the lithosphere, the protection of the subsoil and their rational use. In this regard, we can point to a number of important documents adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR - "On measures to further improve the protection of nature and the rational use of natural resources" (1972), "On measures to further strengthen the protection of subsoil and improve the use of minerals" (1975).[ ...]
In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Standardization", annually the competent authorities involved in standardization draw up a program for the development of new and revision of existing standards (GOST) in the field of environmental protection, environmental quality, activities of enterprises, organizations, institutions and behavior of citizens, relevant terminology and normative-legal acts regulating nature protection. This program consists of a set of standards in the field of atmospheric protection (“Atmosphere”), protection and rational use of waters (“Hydrosphere”), rational use of biological resources (“Biological Resources”), protection and rational use of soils (“Soils”), improvement use of land (“Land”), protection of flora (“Flora”) and fauna (“Fauna”), protection and transformation of landscapes (“Landscapes”), rational use and protection of subsoil (“Nedra”), disposal of industrial and household waste ( "Waste"), etc.[ ...]
Kamid extract is a turpentine yield stimulant based on fodder yeast, the production of which was launched in 1991 at the Arkhangelsk hydrolysis plant in scientific and technical cooperation with the Arkhangelsk Institute of Forestry and Wood Chemistry and NPC Nature Protection.[ ...]
The manager and specialist of agricultural production of any profile, carrying out certain technological operations that ensure an increase in agricultural production, must first of all provide for their impact on nature, because the process of using and protecting nature is a single process.[ ...]
Environmental issues occupied a prominent place in the work of the Helsinki Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. In the Final Act, an entire section is dedicated to the environment. It contains the political leaders of Europe and North America emphasized that “the protection and improvement of the environment, as well as the protection of nature and the rational use of its resources for the benefit of present and future generations, is one of the tasks of great importance for the well-being of peoples and the economic development of all countries, and many environmental problems, in particular in Europe, can only be effectively resolved through close international cooperation”3.[ ...]
In our country, systematic work is underway to study erosion processes and develop measures to combat it. Special research institutes, experimental stations and strongholds have been organized, major measures are being taken on a nationwide scale to protect soils and protect them from erosion. All the Union republics have adopted laws on the protection of nature and soils, which emphasize that the protection of nature is the most important state task and the concern of the entire people. Great importance for the practical implementation of measures for the protection of soils, the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On urgent measures to protect soils from wind and water erosion” adopted in 1967 has. The resolution specifies a set of organizational, economic, agrotechnical, forest reclamation and hydrotechnical measures that must be applied to combat soil erosion, taking into account specific local soil and climatic conditions.[ ...]
Looking ahead, I note that the further presentation is built according to the scheme: the internal laws of the living and its separate parts - organisms, their relationship with the environment, the composition of populations, communities, ecosystems, the geographical display of these relationships, the general laws of the organization of the ecosphere and biosphere of the Earth, maintaining its reliability, evolutionary laws, interrelationships in the totality of man - nature, the main features of socio-ecological patterns, rules and restrictions on nature management, theoretical principles for the protection of nature and the human environment.[ ...]
The USSR Ministry of Agriculture established strict rules, according to which chemical treatment of crops, plantations and other lands is carried out only after a preliminary examination of them, determining the degree of pest infestation, and also colonization with useful insect species. About the beginning of work with pesticides, residents of nearby settlements, local councils of people's deputies, as well as relevant services (veterinary, nature conservation, etc.).[ ...]
In 1960-1970, the Fundamentals of the Land Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics (1968), the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics on Health (1969), the Fundamentals of the Water Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics (1970) were adopted. d.), “Fundamentals of the legislation of the USSR and the union republics on subsoil” (1975), “Fundamentals of the forestry legislation of the USSR and the union republics” (1977). An important environmental document is the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On measures to further improve nature conservation and rational use of natural resources" (September 1972). These documents define an integrated approach to solving the problems of nature protection and rational use of natural resources in all sectors of the national economy, distribute functions between ministries and departments in the field of planning and monitoring the implementation of environmental measures and the state of the natural environment.[ ...]
The verification of the correctness of the identification of invertebrates was carried out by T.N. Gridina and V.E. Efimik (Perm State University), B.R. Striganova, S.I. Golovach and A.R. Grabeklis (Institute of Problems of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences), for which we express our sincere gratitude to them. The authors are deeply grateful to B.M. Mirkin for scientific editing of the book, B.R. Striganova and G.M. Khanislamova for valuable advice in preparing the text of the monograph, L.K. Sadovnikova, N.Z. Pershina, S.I. Reshetnikov (Department of Soil Chemistry, Moscow State University) for performing chemical analyses. We also express our heartfelt gratitude to the managers and employees of the environmental protection departments of all enterprises where the authors conducted their research.[ ...]
AT study guide the theoretical foundations, methods and specific ways of translating graphic information into electronic formats understandable to information and computer technology, and digitizing images are considered. Made brief analysis development history and state of the art methods and methods of digitization, their connection with specific GIS - software products of different manufacturers. The general principles of entering graphic information and its use in the process of analyzing spatially defined information, both separately and in combination with attributive data for solving typical problems of forestry and agriculture, the forest industry and nature conservation in Russia, the countries of the European Community, Eastern Europe, USA and Canada. Techniques and guidelines for digitizing and using images obtained as a result of remote sensing in GIS technologies for general and special purposes are outlined. Special attention given to the characteristics of raster and vector formats of graphic images and the peculiarities of their use in solving specific problems.[ ...]
Industrial effluents (industrial wastewater) and fecal effluents from social and cultural facilities are characterized by a number of parameters: quantity (in kg or l), physicochemical properties from dissolved, emulsified or suspended substances, their degree of toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, alkalinity or acidity , organoleptic characteristics - smell, color, taste. Industrial wastes are divided into conditionally clean (from the cooling of process equipment) and dirty (from other workshops, sites, construction sites, etc.). Conditionally clean effluents are cooled in settling tanks or cooling towers, cleaned from suspensions and oils, and then returned to production with a limited addition of cold water (evaporative losses). Such a process is called a closed cycle of water consumption; from the point of view of nature protection, it is the most harmless. Dirty industrial wastes are diverted to treatment facilities through sewer collectors, solid fractions are removed from them, oil products are filtered out, then they are disinfected and sent to deep cleaning devices or settling tanks.[ ...]
Biosphere reserves - within the framework of the UNESCO program, they are an international form of protected areas, which began to be created in 1973. The status of state natural biosphere reserves has reserves that are part of the international system of biosphere reserves that carry out global environmental monitoring. Biosphere reserves are designed to preserve natural ecosystems and their gene pool in their natural form, as well as to constantly monitor the state and course of various processes in unchanged (or slightly modified) typical areas of the biosphere. The principle scheme is as follows: in the center is the core (absolutely protected area), a buffer zone is allocated around (protected, on which economic activity is partially limited), and behind it is a zone of ordinary, but strictly rational economic use of the territory. Therefore, on the territory of biosphere reserves, nature protection is combined with fundamental research work in the field of nature management and environmental protection. Currently, there are more than 300 biosphere reserves in the world, including 17 reserves in Russia (Astrakhansky, Baikalsky, Barguzinsky, Voronezhsky, Caucasian, Kronotsky, Laplandsky, Oksky, Pechoro-Ilychsky, Sikhote-Alinsky, Prioksko-Terrasny, Central Black Earth, etc.).