Denikin Anton Ivanovich was born on December 16, 1872, in a suburb of Wloclawek, which at that time had the status of a county town on the territory of the Warsaw province of the Russian Empire. As historians later noted, this future fighter against communism had a much more "proletarian origin" than those who later called themselves "leaders of the proletariat."
Ivan Efimovich, father of Anton Denikin, was once a serf. At the time of his youth, Ivan Denikin was recruited, and for 22 years of faithful service to the sovereign, he managed to obtain the status of an officer. But the former peasant did not stop there: he remained in the service and built a very successful military career, which subsequently became a role model for his son. Ivan Efimovich resigned only in 1869, having served 35 years and rising to the rank of major.
Elizaveta Franciskovna Vrzhesinskaya, the mother of the future military figure, came from a family of impoverished Polish landowners, who once had a small plot of land and several peasants at their disposal.
Shorts.ru Anton Ivanovich was brought up in strict Orthodoxy and was baptized at the age of less than a month old, since his father was a deeply religious person. However, sometimes the boy also visited the church with his Catholic mother. He grew up as a gifted and precocious child: already at the age of four he read well, spoke not only Russian, but also Polish. Therefore, later it was not difficult for him to enter the Włocław Real School, and later - the Łowicz Real School.
Russia 360 Although Anton's father was a respected retired officer in those days, the Denikin family was very poor: his mother, father, and the future politician himself had to live on his father's pension of 36 rubles a month. And in 1885, Ivan Efimovich died, and Anton and his mother got really bad with money. Then Denikin Jr. took up tutoring, and at the age of 15 he received a monthly student allowance as a successful and diligent student.
The beginning of a military career
The family, as already mentioned, served as a source of inspiration for Anton Denikin: from a young age, he dreamed of building a military career (like his father, who was born a serf and died a major). Therefore, after completing his studies at the Lovichi School, the young man did not think for a second about his future fate, successfully enrolling in the Kiev Infantry Junker School, and then in the very prestigious Imperial Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff.
Facets He served in various brigades and divisions, took part in the Russo-Japanese War, worked in the General Staff, and was commander of the 17th Archangelsk Infantry Regiment. In 1914, Anton Denikin received the rank of general, having entered the service in the Kyiv military district, and soon after that he rose to the rank of major general.
Political views
Anton Ivanovich was a person who closely followed the political life of his native country. He was a supporter of Russian liberalism, spoke out in favor of reforming the army, against bureaucracy. Since the end of the 19th century, Denikin has repeatedly published his thoughts in military magazines and newspapers. The most famous is the cycle of his articles "Army Notes", published in a magazine called "Scout".
Coollib.net As in the case of the Russo-Japanese War, immediately after the outbreak of the First World War, Anton Ivanovich filed a report asking him to be assigned to the ranks. The fourth brigade of the Iron Riflemen, commanded by Denikin, fought in the most dangerous areas and repeatedly demonstrated courage and courage. During the years of the First World War, Anton Denikin himself received many awards: the Order of St. George, St. George's weapons. In addition, for breaking through enemy positions during the offensive operation of the Southwestern Front and the successful capture of Lutsk, he received the rank of lieutenant general.
Life and career after the February Revolution
During the February Revolution of 1917, Anton Ivanovich was on the Romanian front. He supported the completed coup and, despite his literacy and political awareness, even believed in numerous unflattering rumors about and the entire royal family. For some time Denikin worked as chief of staff under Mikhail Alekseev, who shortly after the revolution was appointed supreme commander of the Russian army.
Officers of the Russian Imperial Army When Alekseev was removed from his post and replaced by General Brusilov, Anton Denikin resigned his position and took over as commander of the Western Front. And at the end of August 1917, the lieutenant general had the imprudence to express his support for the position of General Kornilov by sending a corresponding telegram to the Provisional Government. Because of this, Anton Ivanovich had to spend about a month in the Berdichev prison in anticipation of reprisal.
Colors life At the end of September, Denikin and other generals were transferred from Berdichev to Bykhov, where another group of arrested senior army officials (including General Kornilov) was kept. Anton Ivanovich stayed in the Bykhov prison until December 2 of the same 1917, when the Bolshevik authorities, preoccupied with the fall of the Provisional Government, for some time forgot about the arrested generals. Having shaved off his beard and changed his first and last name, Denikin went to Novocherkassk.
Formation and functioning of the Volunteer Army
Anton Ivanovich Denikin took an active part in the creation of the Volunteer Army, smoothing out conflicts between Kornilov and Alekseev. He made a number of important decisions, became commander-in-chief during the first and second Kuban campaigns, finally deciding to fight the Bolshevik government at all costs.
graphics In the middle of 1919, Denikin's troops fought so successfully against enemy formations that Anton Ivanovich even conceived a campaign against Moscow. However, this plan was not destined to come true: the power of the Volunteer Army was undermined by the lack of a coherent program that would be attractive to ordinary residents of many Russian regions, the flourishing of corruption in the rear, and even the transformation of part of the white army into robbers and bandits.
Anton Denikin at the head of the army | Russian courier At the end of 1919, Denikin's troops successfully recaptured Orel and settled on the outskirts of Tula, thereby being more successful than most other anti-Bolshevik formations. But the days of the Volunteer Army were numbered: in the spring of 1920, the troops were pressed to the sea coast in Novorossiysk and, for the most part, captured. Civil War was lost, and Denikin himself announced his resignation and left his native country forever.
Personal life
After fleeing from Russia, Anton Ivanovich lived in different European countries, and soon after the end of the Second World War he went to the USA, where he died in 1947. His family: his faithful wife Ksenia Chizh, with whom fate repeatedly tried to divorce them, and daughter Marina, participated in these wanderings with him. To date, quite a lot of photos of the emigrated couple and their daughter have been preserved abroad, especially in Paris and other cities of France. Although Denikin wanted more children to be born to him, his wife could no longer give birth after a very difficult first birth.
WikiReading In exile, the former lieutenant general continued to write on military and political topics. In particular, already in Paris, well-known to modern specialists, “Essays on Russian Troubles”, well-known to modern specialists, came out from under his pen, based not only on the memoirs of Denikin himself, but also on information from official documents. A few years after that, Anton Ivanovich wrote an addition and an introduction to the Essays - the book "
Anton Ivanovich Denikin was a prominent figure in the fight against Bolshevism. He is one of the founders of the Volunteer Army, the formation of which he was engaged on a par with Kornilov and Alekseev.
Born December 4, 1872 in the family of an officer, his mother Elizaveta Fedorovna was a Pole. Father Ivan Efimovich - a serf, was recruited. After 22 years of service, he received an officer rank, retired with the rank of major. The family lived in the Warsaw province.
Anton was smart and educated, he graduated from the Lovichsky School, military school courses at the Kiev Infantry Cadet School and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff.
He began his service in the Warsaw military district. After the start of the war with Japan, he asked to be transferred to the active army. In battles with the Japanese, he earned the Order of St. Anna and St. Stanislaus. For military distinctions he was promoted to colonel. In March 1914 Anton Ivanovich had the rank of major general.
At the beginning of the First World War, Denikin was the quartermaster general of General Brusilov. On his own initiative, he joined the ranks and was the commander of the famous Brusilov Iron Brigade. His division quickly became famous. She participated in large and bloody battles. For participation in the battles, Anton Ivanovich was awarded the Order of St. George of the 4th and third degrees.
Denikin perceived the February Revolution as Russia's entry onto the path of progressive reforms. He had a high military post during the rule of the interim government, did not expect that soon Russia would be on the verge of destruction, and realized the tragedy of the events of February. He supported Kornilov's speeches and almost lost his freedom for this, and then his life.
On November 19, after the October coup, he was released from prison together with the participants in the Kornilov rebellion. Soon, using fake documents, he goes to the Kuban, where he participates in the formation of the Volunteer Army together with Kornilov and Alekseev. Alekseev was in charge of finances, and negotiations with the Entente, Kornilov was responsible for military affairs. Denikin commanded one of the divisions.
After the death of Lavr Kornilov, he led the Volunteer Army. Because of his slightly liberal views, he could not unite under his command all the forces of the white South of Russia. Both Keller and Krasnov refused to cooperate with him. Denikin expected help from the Entente allies, but they were in no hurry to provide it. Soon he managed to unite the armies of Krasnov, Wrangel and other white generals under his command.
In May 1919, he recognizes Admiral Kolchak as the Supreme Ruler of Russia and enters into submission to him. The autumn of 1919 was a time of success for the anti-Bolshevik troops. Denikin's armies occupied large territories, and came close to Tula. The Bolsheviks even began to evacuate government offices from Moscow to Vologda. Moscow was 200 kilometers away. He did not overcome them.
Soon his army began to suffer defeat. The Soviets threw huge forces into the fight against the general. The number of the Red Army sometimes exceeded three times. In April 1920, Denikin emigrated with his family to England. Then he moved to Belgium. For some time he lived in France. In exile, he found himself in literary work. Anton Ivanovich is not only a talented military man, but also a writer. Essays on Russian turmoil have become a real bestseller. The general also has many other wonderful works. Died 08/07/1947. in the USA, buried in the Donskoy Monastery.
Anton Ivanovich Denikin is a worthy son of the Russian Land. A man who felt all the bitterness of the betrayal of the allies in the Entente, whom he firmly believed. Denikin is a hero, and no one will prove otherwise. He did not participate in the battles, on the side of Germany in the Second World War. Perhaps that is why he became one of the few rehabilitated white generals. Although most of the figures of the civil war, who spoke on the side of the whites, are certainly worthy of rehabilitation.
Denikin Anton Ivanovich(1872 – 1947)
Anton Ivanovich Denikin was born on December 4, 1872 in the village of Shpetal Dolny, a suburb of Vlotslavsk, a county town of the Warsaw province. The surviving metric record reads: “I hereby testify with the application of the church seal that in the metric book of the Lovichi parish Baptist Church for 1872, the act of baptizing the infant Anthony, the son of retired major Ivan Efimov Denikin, of the Orthodox confession, and his legal wife, Elisaveta Fedorova, of the Roman Catholic confession, is written as follows: in the account of births of the male sex No. 33, time of birth: one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, December the fourth day. Time of baptism: the same year and month of December, the twenty-fifth day. His father - Ivan Efimovich Denikin (1807 - 1885) - came from serfs in the village of Orekhovka, Saratov province. At the age of 27, he was recruited by the landowner and for 22 years of "Nikolaev" service served the rank of sergeant major, and in 1856 he passed the exam for an officer rank (as A.I. Denikin later wrote, "officer exam", according to it was very simple for that time: reading and writing, four rules of arithmetic, knowledge of military regulations and writing, and the Law of God”).
Having chosen a military career, after graduating from college in July 1890, he joined the 1st Infantry Regiment as a volunteer, and in the autumn he entered the military school course of the Kyiv Infantry Cadet School. In August 1892, having successfully completed the course, he was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant and sent to serve in the 2nd field artillery brigade, stationed in the city of Bela (Sedletskaya province). In the autumn of 1895, Denikin entered the Academy of the General Staff, but at the final exams for the 1st year he did not score the required number of points for transfer to the 2nd year and returned to the brigade. In 1896 he entered the academy for the second time. At this time, Denikin became interested in literary work. In 1898, his first story about brigade life was published in the military magazine Scout. Thus began his active work in military journalism.
In the spring of 1899, Denikin graduated from the academy in the 1st category. However, as a result of the plans started by the new head of the academy, General Sukhotin, with the blessing of the Minister of War A.N. Kuropatkin’s changes, which affected, among other things, the order of counting points scored by graduates, he was excluded from the already compiled list of those assigned to the General Staff.
In the spring of 1900, Denikin returned for further service in the 2nd field artillery brigade. When the feelings about the obvious injustice subsided somewhat, from Bela he wrote a personal letter to the Minister of War Kuropatkin, briefly outlining "the whole truth about what happened." According to him, he did not expect an answer, "I just wanted to take my soul away." Unexpectedly, at the end of December 1901, news came from the headquarters of the Warsaw Military District that he had been assigned to the General Staff.
In July 1902, Denikin was appointed senior adjutant of the headquarters of the 2nd Infantry Division, stationed in Brest-Litovsk. From October 1902 to October 1903, he served as a qualified command of a company of the 183rd Pultus Infantry Regiment stationed in Warsaw.
From October 1903 he served as senior adjutant of the headquarters of the 2nd Cavalry Corps. With the outbreak of the Japanese War, Denikin filed a report on transfer to the active army.
In March 1904, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and sent to the headquarters of the 9th Army Corps, where he was appointed chief of staff of the 3rd Zaamur border guard brigade, which guarded the railway between Harbin and Vladivostok.
In September 1904, he was transferred to the headquarters of the Manchurian army, appointed as a staff officer for special assignments at the headquarters of the 8th Army Corps and assumed the post of chief of staff of the Transbaikal Cossack division, General P.K. Rennenkampf. Participated in the battle of Mukden. Later he served as chief of staff of the Ural-Transbaikal Cossack division.
In August 1905, he was appointed chief of staff of the Consolidated Cavalry Corps, General P.I. Mishchenko; promoted to the rank of colonel for military distinction. In January 1906, Denikin was appointed as a staff officer for special assignments at the headquarters of the 2nd Cavalry Corps (Warsaw), in May - September 1906 he commanded a battalion of the 228th Infantry Reserve Khvalynsky Regiment, in December 1906 he was transferred to the post Chief of Staff of the 57th Infantry Reserve Brigade (Saratov), in June 1910 he was appointed commander of the 17th Archangelsk Infantry Regiment, stationed in Zhytomyr.
In March 1914, Denikin was appointed a corrective general for assignments under the commander of the Kyiv military district, and in June he was promoted to the rank of major general. Later, recalling how the Great War began for him, he wrote: “The chief of staff of the Kyiv military district, General V. Dragomirov, was on vacation in the Caucasus, the general on duty too. I replaced the latter, and the mobilization and formation of three headquarters and all institutions - the South-Western Front, the 3rd and 8th armies - fell on my still inexperienced shoulders.
In August 1914, Denikin was appointed Quartermaster General of the 8th Army, commanded by General A.A. Brusilov. He "with a feeling of great relief surrendered his temporary position at the Kiev headquarters to the general on duty who returned from vacation and was able to immerse himself in the study of the deployment and tasks ahead of the 8th Army." As quartermaster general, he took part in the first operations of the 8th Army in Galicia. But the staff work, according to his confession, did not satisfy him: “I preferred direct participation in combat work, with its deep feelings and exciting dangers, to drawing up directives, dispositions and tedious, albeit important, staff equipment.” And when he learned that the post of head of the 4th rifle brigade was being vacated, he did everything to go into service: “To receive such an excellent brigade in command was the limit of my desires, and I turned to ... General Brusilov, asking him to let me go and appoint to the brigade. After some negotiations, consent was given, and on September 6 I was appointed commander of the 4th Infantry Brigade. The fate of the "iron shooters" became the fate of Denikin. During his command of them, he received almost all the awards of the St. George Statute. Participated in the Carpathian battle in 1915.
In April 1915, the "Iron" brigade was reorganized into the 4th rifle ("Iron") division. As part of the 8th Army, the division took part in the Lvov and Lutsk operations. On September 24, 1915, the division took Lutsk, and Denikin was promoted ahead of schedule to lieutenant general for military merit. In July 1916, during the Brusilovsky breakthrough, the division took Lutsk a second time.
In September 1916, he was appointed commander of the 8th Army Corps, which led fighting on the Romanian front. In February 1917, Denikin was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander of the Russian Army (Mogilev), in May - Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the Western Front (headquarters in Minsk), in June - Assistant Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, at the end of July - Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the South-Western front (headquarters in Berdichev).
After the February Revolution, Denikin, as far as possible, opposed the democratization of the army: in "rally democracy", the activities of soldiers' committees and fraternization with the enemy, he saw only "collapse" and "decay". He defended the officers from violence by the soldiers, demanded the introduction of the death penalty at the front and in the rear, supported the plans of the supreme commander-in-chief, General L.G. Kornilov to establish a military dictatorship in the country to suppress the revolutionary movement, liquidate the Soviets and continue the war. He did not hide his views, publicly and firmly defending the interests of the army, as he understood them, and the dignity of the Russian officers, which made his name especially popular among the officers. The "Kornilov rebellion" put an end to Denikin's military career in the ranks of the old Russian army: by order of the head of the Provisional Government A.F. Kerensky, he was removed from his post and arrested on August 29. After a month of detention in the garrison guardhouse in Berdichev, on September 27-28, he was transferred to the city of Bykhov (Mogilev province), where Kornilov and other participants in the "mutiny" were imprisoned. On November 19, by order of the Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, General N.N. Dukhonin was released along with Kornilov and others, after which he left for the Don.
In Novocherkassk and Rostov, Denikin took part in the formation of the Volunteer Army and the leadership of its operations to protect the center of the Don region, which M.V. Alekseev and L.G. Kornilov was considered as the base of the anti-Bolshevik struggle.
On December 25, 1917, in Novocherkassk, Denikin married with his first marriage to Ksenia Vasilievna Chizh (1892 - 1973), the daughter of General V.I. Chizh, a friend and colleague in the 2nd Field Artillery Brigade. The wedding took place in one of the churches on the outskirts of Novocherkassk in the presence of only a few of the closest.
In February 1918, before the army set out on the 1st Kuban campaign, Kornilov appointed him his deputy. March 31 (April 13), 1918, after the death of Kornilov during the unsuccessful assault on Yekaterinodar, Denikin took command of the Volunteer Army. He managed to save the army, which suffered heavy losses, avoiding encirclement and defeat, and withdraw it to the south of the Don region. There, thanks to the fact that the Don Cossacks rose to the armed struggle against the Soviets, he was able to give the army a rest and replenish it with an influx of new volunteers - officers and Kuban Cossacks.
Having reorganized and replenished the army, Denikin moved it to the 2nd Kuban campaign in June. By the end of September, the Volunteer Army, having inflicted a number of defeats on the Red Army of the North Caucasus, occupied the flat part of the Kuban Territory with Ekaterinodar, as well as part of the Stavropol and Black Sea provinces with Novorossiysk. The army suffered heavy losses due to an acute shortage of weapons and ammunition, replenished by the influx of volunteer Cossacks and supplied with the capture of trophies.
In November 1918, when, after the defeat of Germany, the army and navy of the allies appeared in the south of Russia, Denikin managed to solve the supply issues (thanks primarily to commodity loans from the British government). On the other hand, under pressure from the allies, Ataman Krasnov in December 1918 agreed to the operational subordination of the Don Army to Denikin (in February 1919, he resigned). As a result, Denikin united in his hands the command of the Volunteer and Don armies, on December 26 (January 8, 1919) he accepted the title of Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in the South of Russia (VSYUR). By this time, the Volunteer Army, at the cost of heavy losses in personnel (especially among volunteer officers), had completed the cleansing of the Bolsheviks in the North Caucasus, and Denikin began the transfer of units to the north: to help the defeated Don army and launch a broad offensive into the center of Russia.
In February 1919, the Denikins had a daughter, Marina. He was very attached to the family. Calling Denikin "Tsar Anton", his closest employees were kindly ironic. There was nothing "royal" in his appearance or manners. Of medium height, dense, slightly disposed to fullness, with a good-natured face and a slightly rude low voice, he was distinguished by naturalness, openness and directness. The offensive of the All-Union Socialist Republic, launched in the spring of 1919, developed successfully on a wide front: during the summer - early autumn, three armies of the All-Union Socialist Republic ( Volunteer, Don and Caucasian) territories were occupied up to the line Odessa - Kyiv - Kursk - Voronezh - Tsaritsyn. The "Moscow directive" published by Denikin in July set specific tasks for each army to occupy Moscow. In an effort to quickly occupy the maximum territory, Denikin (in this he was supported by his chief of staff, General Romanovsky), tried, firstly, to deprive the Bolshevik government of the most important areas for fuel extraction and grain production, industrial and railway centers, sources of replenishment of the Red Army with human and horse staff and, secondly, to use all this for the supply, replenishment and further deployment of the VSYUR. However, the expansion of the territory led to the aggravation of economic, social and political problems.
In relations with the Entente, Denikin firmly defended the interests of Russia, but his ability to resist the self-serving actions of Great Britain and France in southern Russia was extremely limited. On the other hand, the material assistance of the allies was insufficient: the units of the Allied Forces of South Russia experienced a chronic shortage of weapons, ammunition, technical equipment, uniforms and equipment. As a result of the growing economic ruin, the disintegration of the army, the hostility of the population and the insurrectionary movement in the rear in October-November 1919, a turning point occurred in the course of the war on the Southern Front. The armies and military groups of the All-Union Socialist League suffered heavy defeats from the superior armies of the Soviet Southern and South-Eastern fronts near Orel, Kursk, Kyiv, Kharkov, Voronezh. By January 1920, the VSYUR with heavy losses retreated to the Odessa region, to the Crimea and to the territory of the Don and Kuban.
By the end of 1919, Wrangel's criticism of Denikin's policy and strategy led to a sharp conflict between them. In the actions of Wrangel, Denikin saw not just a violation of military discipline, but also an undermining of power. In February 1920, he dismissed Wrangel from military service. 12 - 14 (25 - 27) March 1920 Denikin evacuated the remnants of the All-Union Socialist Republic from Novorossiysk to the Crimea. Bitterly convinced (including from the report of the commander of the Volunteer Corps, General A.P. Kutepov), that the officers of the volunteer units no longer trust him, Denikin, morally defeated, on March 21 (April 3) convened military council for the election of a new commander-in-chief of the AFSR. Since the council proposed the candidacy of Wrangel, Denikin on March 22 (April 4) appointed him commander-in-chief of the All-Union Socialist League on March 22 (April 4). In the evening of the same day, the destroyer of the British Navy "Emperor of India" took him and his entourage, among whom was General Romanovsky, from Feodosia to Constantinople.
The “Denikin group” arrived in London by train from Southampton on April 17, 1920. The London newspapers marked their arrival in Denikin with respectful articles. The Times devoted the following lines to him: “The arrival in England of General Denikin, the valiant, though unfortunate commander of the armed forces, who supported the allied cause in the South of Russia to the end, should not go unnoticed by those who recognize and appreciate his merits, as well as what he tried to carry out for the benefit of his homeland and organized freedom. Without fear or reproach, with a chivalrous spirit, truthful and direct, General Denikin is one of the most noble figures put forward by the war. He is now seeking refuge among us and asks only that he be given the right to rest from his labors in the calm home atmosphere of England ... "
But due to the flirtation of the British government with advice and disagreement with such a situation, Denikin and his family left England and from August 1920 to May 1922, the Denikins lived in Belgium.
In June 1922 they moved to Hungary, where they lived first near Sopron, then in Budapest and Balatonlelle. In Belgium and Hungary, Denikin wrote his most significant work, Essays on Russian Troubles, which is both a memoir and a study on the history of the revolution and the Civil War in Russia.
In the spring of 1926 Denikin and his family moved to France, where he settled in Paris, the center of Russian emigration. actively exposed Hitler's aggressive plans, calling him "the worst enemy of Russia and the Russian people." He argued the need to support the Red Army in the event of war, predicting that after the defeat of Germany, she would "overthrow the communist regime" in Russia. “Do not cling to the specter of intervention,” he wrote, “do not believe in a crusade against the Bolsheviks, because simultaneously with the suppression of communism in Germany, the question is not about the suppression of Bolshevism in Russia, but about the “Eastern program” of Hitler, who only dreams of conquering south of Russia for German colonization. I recognize as the worst enemies of Russia the powers that think of dividing it. I consider any foreign invasion with captivating goals a disaster. And the repulse of the enemy by the Russian people, the Red Army and emigration is their imperative duty.
In 1935, he transferred to the Russian Foreign Historical Archive in Prague part of his personal archive, which included documents and materials that he used when working on the Essays on Russian Troubles. In May 1940, in connection with the occupation of France by German troops, Denikin and his wife moved to the Atlantic coast and settled in the village of Mimizan in the vicinity of Bordeaux.
In June 1945, Denikin returned to Paris, and then, fearing forcible deportation to the USSR, six months later he moved to the United States with his wife (daughter Marina remained to live in France).
On August 7, 1947, at the age of 75, Denikin died of a second heart attack at the University of Michigan Hospital (Ann Arbor). His last words, addressed to his wife Xenia Vasilievna, were: “Here, I won’t see how Russia will be saved.” After the funeral service in the Assumption Church, he was buried with military honors (as a former commander in chief of one of the allied armies during the First World War), first at the Evergreen Military Cemetery (Detroit). On December 15, 1952, his remains were transferred to the Russian cemetery of St. Vladimir in Jackson (New Jersey).
His last desire was for the coffin with his remains to be transported to his homeland when she threw off the communist yoke ...
May 24, 2006 memorial services for the general were held in New York and Geneva Anton Denikin and philosopher Ivan Ilyin. Their remains were taken to Paris, and from there to Moscow, where on October 3, 2006, the ceremony of their reburial took place in Donskoy Monastery. The first stone of the memorial of civil accord and reconciliation was also laid there. Consent to the reburial of Anton Denikin was given by the 86-year-old daughter of General Marina Denikina. She is a well-known historian and writer, the author of about 20 books on Russia, in particular White movement.
Private bussiness
Anton Ivanovich Denikin(1872 - 1947) was born in the Kingdom of Poland, in the suburbs of the city of Wrocławek. His father, Ivan Efimovich (1807-1885), was a serf from the Saratov province, recruited. He managed to rise to the rank of officer and retired as a major of the border guards three years before the birth of his son. The boy was fluent in Russian and Polish since childhood.
In 1882, Denikin entered the Vlotslav real school. After the death of his father, he began to help the family, earning lessons, and soon received a scholarship for academic excellence. He graduated from the last classes in a real school in the city of Lovech.
After graduating, Anton Denikin, who wanted to become a military man following his father's example, entered the First Rifle Regiment, stationed in the city of Plock, as a volunteer, and was soon sent to the Kiev Infantry Cadet School. After graduating from college in 1892, he was promoted to second lieutenant and sent to the Second Artillery Brigade, stationed in the county town of Bela, Sedlec province. In 1895 he entered the Academy of the General Staff, from which he graduated in 1899. He was promoted to captain. In 1901 he was assigned to the General Staff. In 1902-1910, he held various staff positions at the brigade, divisional and corps levels. During the war with Japan, he was appointed to the active army, although the unit in which Denikin served at that time was in Poland. Participated in battles in Manchuria, in the battle of Mukden. "For distinction in cases against the Japanese" was promoted to colonel and awarded the Order of St. Stanislaus 3rd degree with swords and bows and St. Anne 2nd degree with swords.
In 1910-1914 he commanded the 17th Archangelsk Infantry Regiment on the Austrian border. He was promoted to major general. During the First World War, he served in the Eighth Army of A. A. Brusilov, reaching the position of division commander. Participated in the Carpathian battle, Lvov and Lutsk operations, Brusilov breakthrough. For the capture of Lutsk, he was promoted to lieutenant general. In September 1916 he became commander of the Eighth Army Corps on the Romanian Front, in February 1917 - assistant chief of the General Staff. From April 5 to May 31, he served as Chief of the General Staff. On May 31 he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Western Front, on August 2 - Commander-in-Chief of the South-Western Front.
On August 29 (September 11), 1917, Anton Denikin was arrested for supporting Lavr Kornilov. He spent almost three months in prison in the prisons of Berdichev and Bykhov. After the fall of the Provisional Government, Supreme Commander Dukhonin, having learned about the approach of echelons with Bolshevik troops, released the generals imprisoned in the Bykhov prison. Denikin with a certificate in the name of "assistant chief of the dressing detachment Alexander Dombrovsky" made his way to Novocherkassk, where he took part in the creation of the Volunteer Army. Participated in the First Kuban ("Ice") campaign. After the death of Kornilov in 1918, he took the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. On March 5-27, 1920, Denikin managed to evacuate the remnants of his troops from Novorossiysk to the Crimea. On April 4, he handed over power to Wrangel and emigrated to England.
In protest against the desire of the British government to make peace with Soviet Russia, in August 1920 he left England and moved to Belgium, then lived in Hungary, and from 1926 in France.
Unlike a number of emigrant figures who planned to participate in hostilities against the Red Army on the side of foreign states unfriendly to the USSR, he advocated the need to support the Red Army against any foreign aggressor. During the occupation of France, he rejected the offer of the Germans to move to Germany. Denikin settled under the control of the German commandant's office and the Gestapo in the village of Mimizan near Bordeaux. Many of the books, pamphlets and articles written by Denikin in the 1930s ended up on the list of literature banned in the territory controlled by the Third Reich.
At the end of 1945, fearing forcible deportation to the USSR, he moved to the United States. In the summer of 1946, he issued a memorandum "The Russian Question" addressed to the governments of Great Britain and the United States, in which, while allowing a military clash between the leading powers of the West and Soviet Russia in order to overthrow the rule of the Communists, he warned them against intentions to carry out the dismemberment of Russia in this case.
What is famous
Anton Denikin
One of the main leaders of the White movement, who in 1919 managed to turn the Volunteer Army into a serious threat to the Bolsheviks.
Denikin launched an offensive with his 85,000-strong army in the spring of 1919. At the end of the summer, the cities of Poltava, Nikolaev, Kherson, Odessa, and Kyiv were taken by the Whites. By October, his troops took Orel. It was expected that Denikin would soon take Moscow, the Bolsheviks were preparing to go underground. An underground Moscow Party Committee was created, and government offices began evacuating to Vologda.
But Denikin could not overcome the remaining 200 miles to Moscow. His rear was destroyed by the raid of the army of Nestor Makhno, to fight the Makhnovists, Denikin had to withdraw troops from the front. At this time, the Bolsheviks concluded an unspoken truce with the Poles and Petliurists, freeing up forces to fight Denikin. The mass mobilization of the population into Denikin's army, robberies, violence, the establishment of military discipline at militarized enterprises, and most importantly, the restoration of the landlords' property rights to land deprived Denikin of the support of the population. In addition, Denikin refused to recognize the independence of the states formed on the territory of Russia, which did not allow him to create a powerful coalition with the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, and caused conflicts with the Don and Kuban Cossacks.
What you need to know
Having started publishing stories and journalistic articles even before the revolution, Denikin devoted himself mainly to literary activity during the years of emigration. His main work is the five-volume Essays on Russian Troubles. The two-volume book "The Old Army" presents various aspects of the life of the Russian army from the 1890s to the First World War and contains the author's observations on the relationship between the army and the public on the eve of the 1905 revolution.
He also left an interesting autobiographical book, The Way of a Russian Officer. He owns a number of other works of a political orientation, a significant number of journalistic articles and notes. Some of Denikin's manuscripts remain unpublished to this day.
Direct speech
“In the first year of my life, on the day of some kind of family holiday, according to an old belief, my parents arranged a fortune-telling: they laid out a cross, a children's saber, a glass and a book on a tray. Whatever I touch first will determine my fate. They brought me. I immediately reached for the saber, then played with my glass, but for no reason did I want to touch anything else. Telling me later about this scene, my father laughed: “Well, I think it’s bad: my son will be a grunt and a drunkard!” The fortune-telling both came true and did not come true. The Saber, indeed, predetermined my life path, but I did not renounce book wisdom either. And I didn’t become a drunkard, although I don’t shy away from alcohol at all. I was drunk once in my life - on the day of promotion to officers.
Anton Denikin "The Way of the Russian Officer"
“The black pages of the Army, like the light ones, already belong to history. History will sum up our deeds. In her indictment, she examines the natural causes arising from the ruin, impoverishment of the country and the general decline in morals, and points out the guilt: the government, which failed to provide for the Army; command, unable to cope with other bosses; commanders who could not (some) or did not want (others) to curb the troops; troops who could not resist the temptation; a society that did not want to sacrifice its labor and wealth; hypocrites and hypocrites who cynically savored the wit of the army phrase “from the grateful population” and then threw stones at the Army ... Truly, the thunder of heaven was needed to make everyone look back at themselves and their ways.
Anton Denikin "Essays on Russian Troubles"
“Denikin received me in the presence of his chief of staff, General Romanovsky. Medium height, stout, somewhat disposed towards fullness, with a small beard and long black mustache with considerable graying, a rough low voice, General Denikin gave the impression of a thoughtful, firm, thick-set, purely Russian person. He had a reputation as an honest soldier, a brave, capable commander with great military erudition. His name has become especially popular since our turmoil, when first as chief of staff of the supreme commander in chief, and then commander in chief of the southwestern front, he independently, boldly and firmly raised his voice to defend the honor and dignity of his native army and Russian officers.
Pyotr Wrangel
6 facts about Anton Denikin
- Anton Denikin learned to read at the age of four.
- Since 1898, Denikin began to write and publish stories about military life under a pseudonym.
- The brigade under the command of Denikin twice, in 1915 and 1916, took the city of Lutsk. On the St. George weapon, which was awarded to Denikin, the inscription "For the two-time liberation of Lutsk" was made.
- During the First World War, Denikin was awarded the highest military order of Romania - the Order of Michael the Brave 3rd degree.
- In 1943, Denikin sent a carload of medicines to the Red Army at his own expense, which puzzled Stalin and the Soviet leadership. It was decided to take the medicines, but not to disclose the name of the donor
- Anton Denikin was buried at Evergreen Cemetery in Detroit. In 1952, his remains were transferred to St. Vladimir's Russian Cemetery in New Jersey. On October 3, 2005, the ashes of General Denikin and his wife Xenia were reburied at the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow.
Materials about Anton Denikin
General Staff Lieutenant General Denikin A.I. *)
DENIKIN Anton Ivanovich (1872-1947), Russian military figure, lieutenant general (1916). In the 1st World War he commanded a rifle brigade and division, an army corps; from April 1918 commander, from October commander-in-chief of the Volunteer Army, from January 1919 commander-in-chief of the "Armed Forces of the South of Russia" (Volunteer Army, Don and Caucasian Cossack armies, Turkestan army, Black Sea Fleet); simultaneously with January 1920 "Supreme ruler of the Russian state." From April 1920 in exile.
Commander-in-Chief of the VSYUR, General Staff Lieutenant General Denikin A.I.,
1919, Taganrog. *)
DENIKIN Anton Ivanovich (1872, village of Shpetal Dolny, Warsaw province. - 1947, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA) - military figure, one of the leaders of the white movement. Born into a poor family of a retired major, a former serf. In 1882 - 1890 he studied at the Lovichsky real school and showed brilliant abilities in mathematics. Dreaming from childhood military service, in 1892 he graduated from the Kiev infantry cadet school. In 1899 he graduated from the Academy of the General Staff and was promoted to captain. In 1898 in a military journal. "Scout" was the first story published by Denikin, after which he worked hard in military journalism. He expressed the essence of his political sympathies as follows: "1) Constitutional monarchy, 2) Radical reforms, and 3) Peaceful ways of renewing the country. I carried these worldviews inviolably until the revolution of 1917, without taking an active part in politics and devoting all my strength and labor to the army." During Russo-Japanese War 1904 - 1905 showed excellent qualities as a military officer, rising to the rank of colonel, and was awarded two orders. He reacted extremely negatively to the revolution of 1905, but welcomed the Manifesto of October 17, considering it the beginning of transformations. believed that the reforms P.A. Stolypin will be able to resolve the main question of Russia - the peasant. Denikin served successfully and in 1914 was promoted to major general.
With the outbreak of the First World War, he commanded a brigade, a division. The valor of Denikin, shown in battles, the highest awards (two St. George's crosses, St. George's weapons, decorated with diamonds) lifted him to the top of the military hierarchy. The February Revolution of 1917 stunned Denikin: "We were not at all prepared either for such an unexpectedly quick denouement, or for the forms that it took." Denikin was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, commanded the West, then the South-West. front. In an effort to contain the collapse of the empire, he demanded the introduction of the death penalty not only at the front, but also in the rear. I saw a strong personality in L. G. Kornilov and supported his rebellion, for which he was arrested. Liberated N.N. Dukhonin
Denikin, like other generals, fled to the Don, where, along with M.V. Alekseev
,
L.G. Kornilov
,
A. M. Kaledin
was involved in the formation of the Volunteer Army. Participated in the 1st Kuban ("Ice") campaign.
After the death of Kornilov in 1918, he took the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. With an army of 85,000, material assistance from England, France, and the United States, Denikin hatched plans for the capture of Moscow. Taking advantage of the fact that the main forces of the Red Army fought against A.V. Kolchak , Denikin in the spring of 1919 launched the Volunteer Army on the offensive. In the summer of 1919, Denikin occupied the Donbass, reached a strategically important line: Tsaritsyn, Kharkov, Poltava. Oct. he took Orel and threatened Tula, but Denikin could not overcome the remaining 200 miles to Moscow. The mass mobilization of the population into Denikin's army, robberies, violence, the establishment of military discipline at militarized enterprises, and most importantly, the restoration of landlords' property rights to land doomed Denikin to failure. Denikin was personally honest, but his declarative and vague statements could not captivate the people. Denikin's position was aggravated by internal contradictions between him and the Cossack elite, who aspired to separatism and did not want the restoration of "one and indivisible Russia." The struggle for power between Kolchak and Denikin prevented coordinated military operations. Denikin's army, suffering heavy losses, was forced to retreat. In 1920, Denikin evacuated the remnants of his army to the Crimea and on April 4. 1920 left Russia on an English destroyer. Lived in England. Having abandoned the armed struggle against the Bolsheviks, Denikin wrote a 5-volume memoir-study "Essays on Russian Troubles", an important source on the history of the civil war. Financial difficulties forced Denikin to wander around Europe. In 1931, he completed work on a major military-historical study, The Old Army. After Hitler came to power, Denikin declared that it was necessary to support the Red Army, which, after the defeat of the Nazis, could be used to "overthrow the communist regime." He spoke out with the condemnation of emigrant organizations that collaborated with Nazi Germany. In 1945, under the influence of rumors about the possibility of forced deportation to the USSR, the United States emigrated. Denikin worked on the book. "The Way of the Russian Officer" and "The Second World War. Russia and Abroad", which he did not have time to complete. Died of a heart attack.
Used materials of the book: Shikman A.P. Figures of national history. Biographical guide. Moscow, 1997
General for assignments at the headquarters of the Kyiv military district,
of the General Staff, Major General Denikin A.I. *)
In the revolution of 1917
DENIKIN Anton Ivanovich (December 4, 1872, Lovich, near Warsaw, - August 7, 1947. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA). The son of a major, a native of serfs. He graduated from the Lovichsky real school, in 1892 - the Kiev infantry. cadet school, in 1899 - the Academy of the General Staff. He served in the military headquarters of the Warsaw Military District. Member of Russian-Japanese. wars of 1904-05. From March 1914 at the headquarters of the Kyiv Military District; since June - Major General. After the start of the 1st world. war com. brigades, divisions, from Sept. 1916 - 8th arm. Corps of the 4th Army Rum. front.
From con. March 1917 at Headquarters, pom. early headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief, from April 5. to May 31st Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief Gen. M.V. Alekseeva . Fought to limit the powers of soldiers. set of households. functions, for increasing the representation of officers in them, sought to prevent the creation of committees in divisions, corps, armies and on the fronts. On the sent military. min. A.I. Guchkov project to create a system of soldiers. org-tions with fairly broad powers, developed in the Zap. front, replied with a telegram: "The project is aimed at the destruction of the army" (Miller V.I., Sold. to-you of the Russian army in 1917, M., 1974, p. 151).
Speaking at the officer congress in Mogilev (May 7-22), he said: " Due to the inevitable historical laws, the autocracy fell, and the country passed to democracy. We stand on the verge of a new life... for which we carried our heads on the chopping block, languished in the mines, many thousands of idealists languished in the tundra". However, Denikin emphasized: "we look to the future with anxiety and bewilderment," "for there is no freedom in the roar. dungeon", "there is no truth in the fake bunks. voices", "there is no equality in the persecution of classes" and "there is no strength in that crazy bacchanalia, where everyone around is trying to snatch everything that is possible at the expense of the tormented Motherland, where thousands of greedy hands are reaching for power, shaking its foundations" (Denikin A.I. ., Essays on Russian Troubles, The Collapse of Power and the Army, February-September 1917, Moscow, 1991, p. that the Russian officers were left with “everything that is honest, thinking, everything that has stopped on the verge of common sense, now abolished.” “Take care of the officer! - Denikin called - For from a century to the present, he stands faithfully and unchangingly on guard of the Russian. statehood" (ibid., pp. 367-68).
New Glavkoverkh A.A. On May 31, Brusilov appointed Denikin commander-in-chief of the Zap. front. On June 8, announcing his assumption of office to the troops of the front, he declared: I firmly believe that victory over the enemy is the key to the bright life of the Russian land. On the eve of the offensive, which decides the fate of the Motherland, I call on everyone who has a feeling of love for her to do their duty. There is no other way to the freedom and happiness of the Motherland" ("Orders of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the Western Front. 1917", No. 1834, TsGVIA. B-ka, No. 16383).
After the failure of the front offensive (July 9-10), at a meeting at Headquarters, in the presence of members of the Provisional Government, he delivered a speech on July 16 in which he accused the government of the collapse of the army and put forward an 8-point program to strengthen it: " 1) Consciousness of their mistake and guilt by the Provisional Government, which did not understand and did not appreciate the noble and sincere impulse of the officers, who joyfully accepted the news of the coup and gave an uncountable number of lives for the Motherland. 2) Petrograd, completely alien to the army, not knowing its life, life and historical foundations of its existence, to stop all military legislation. Full power to the Supreme Commander, responsible only to the Provisional Government. 3) Remove politics from the army. 4) Cancel the "declaration" (of the rights of a soldier) in its main part. Abolish commissars and committees, gradually changing the functions of the latter. 5) Return power to the bosses. Restore discipline and outward forms of order and decency. 6) Make appointments to senior positions not only on the basis of youth and determination, but, at the same time, on the basis of combat and service experience. 7) To create in the reserve of chiefs selected, law-abiding units of the three types of weapons as a support against a military revolt and the horrors of the upcoming demobilization. 8) Introduce revolutionary military courts and the death penalty for the rear - troops and civilians who commit identical crimes"(Essays on Russian Troubles", pp. 439-40). "You have trampled our banners into the mud," Denikin addressed the Time. pr-vu- Now the time has come: raise them and bow before them "(ibid., p. 440). Later, evaluating Denikin's program, outlined on July 16, the emigrant historian General N.N. Golovin wrote: "Although General Denikin and does not utter these words ["military dictatorship" - Authors], but the requirements set forth in paragraphs 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 could only be carried out by military force" (see: Polikarpov VD., Military counterrevolutionary -tion in Russia, 1904-1917, Moscow, 1990, p. 215).
Aug 2 appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Yugo-Zal, Front (instead of Gen. L.G. Kornilov , from July 19 of the Commander-in-Chief). Upon taking office on 3 Aug. issued an order in which he called on "all ranks, in whom love for the Motherland has not faded, stand firmly in defense of Russian statehood and devote their work, mind and heart to the cause of reviving the army. Put these two principles above political hobbies, party. intolerance and grievous insults inflicted on many in the days of insane frenzy, for only fully armed with state order and strength will we turn the "fields of shame" into fields of glory and through the darkness of anarchy we will lead the country to the Church. ("Orders of the commander-in-chief of the armies of the South-Western Front, 1917", No. 875, TsGVIA, B-ka, No. 16571). Aug 4 in Order No. 876 announced the restriction of the activities of the military to-tov within the framework of the existing military. legislation; ordered to-there not to expand, and the chiefs not to narrow their competence (ibid.).
On August 27, having received a message about Kornilov's speech, he sent Temp. pr-vu telegram: "... Today I received news that General Kornilov, who made certain demands that could still save the country and the army, is being removed from the post of Commander-in-Chief. Seeing this as the return of power to the path of systematic destruction of the army and, consequently, the death of the country , I consider it my duty to bring to the attention of the Provisional Provision that I will not go along this path with him "(Essays on Russian Troubles", pp. 467-68).
Aug 29 Denikin and his supporters in the South-West. front were arrested and imprisoned in Berdichev prison, later transferred to Bykhov. Nov 19 by order of the Commander-in-Chief, Gen. N.N. Dukhonin was released from custody along with other generals. He fled to the Don, after 3 days he arrived in Novocherkassk. Participated in the formation of Dobrovolch. army. In an effort to resolve differences between Alekseev and Kornilov, initiated a compromise, in accordance with the Crimea, Alekseev was in charge of civil. control, external relations and finances, and Kornilov had a military. power; chieftain A. M. Kaledin belonged to the administration of the Don region. During the 1st Kuban ("Ice") campaign, Denikin was the beginning. Volunteer divisions of almost all formations of the Dobrarmia), then pom. commands. Kornilov's army, and after his death he was appointed commander of the army by Alekseev on April 12, 1918. In December 1918, he assumed command of "all land and sea forces operating in the south of Russia." In the spring of 1920, after the defeat of the White Guard troops, he was evacuated to the Crimea, where he transferred command to the gene. P.N. Wrangel . and went abroad. Lived in France; retired from political activity. In the 1930s, anticipating a German war against the USSR, " wished the Red Army that, having repelled the German invasion, it would defeat the German army, and then liquidate Bolshevism"(Meisner D., Mirages and reality, M., 1966. p. 230-31). During the years of the 2nd world war of 1939-45, he condemned emigre organizations that collaborated with Nazi Germany.
The materials of the article by V.I. Miller, I.V. Obedkov and V.V. Yurchenko in the book: Politicians of Russia 1917. biographical dictionary. Moscow, 1993 .
Romanovsky, Denikin, K.N. Sokolov. Stand N.I. Astrov, N.V.S,
1919, Taganrog. *)
In the White Movement
Denikin Anton Ivanovich (1872-1947) - Lieutenant General of the General Staff. The son of an officer of the border guards, who has served as a soldier. He graduated from the Lovichsky real school, military school courses at the Kiev infantry cadet school and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff (1899). From the school he went to the 2nd artillery brigade. In 1902 he was transferred to the General Staff and appointed to the post of senior adjutant of the 2nd Infantry Division. From 1903 to March 1904 - senior adjutant of the headquarters of the 2nd cavalry corps. During the Russo-Japanese War in March 1904, he filed a report on transfer to the active army and was appointed as a staff officer for special assignments at the headquarters of the 8th Army Corps, where he served as chief of staff of the 3rd Zaamur Border Guard Brigade. Lieutenant colonel. Since September 1904, he was a headquarters officer for special assignments at the headquarters of the 8th Army Corps, where on October 28 of the same year he was appointed to the post of chief of staff of the Trans-Baikal Cossack Division, General Rennenkampf. In February 1905, he assumed the post of chief of staff of the Ural-Transbaikal division as part of the cavalry detachment of General Mishchenko. In August 1905 he was appointed chief of staff of the Consolidated Cavalry Corps, General Mishchenko. Awarded with orders St. Stanislaus and St. Anna 3rd class with swords and bows and 2nd class with swords. He was promoted to the rank of colonel - "for military distinctions".
After graduation Russo-Japanese War from January to December 1906 he served as a staff officer for special assignments at the headquarters of the 2nd cavalry corps, from December 1906 to January 1910 - a staff officer in the management (chief of staff) of the 57th infantry reserve brigade. On June 29, 1910, he was appointed commander of the 17th Archangelsk Infantry Regiment. In March 1914 he was appointed and. d. general for instructions from the Kyiv military district and in June of the same year he was promoted to major general.
At the beginning of the Great War, he was appointed to the post of Quartermaster General of the 8th Army, General Brusilov. At his own request, he went into service and was appointed on September 6, 1914 as commander of the 4th Rifle ("Iron") brigade, deployed in 1915 into a division. The "Iron" division of General Denikin became famous in many battles during the Battle of Galicia and in the Carpathians. During the retreat in September 1915, the division took Lutsk with a counterattack, for which General Denikin was promoted to lieutenant general. For the second time, General Denikin took Lutsk during the Brusilov offensive in June 1916. In the autumn of 1914, General Denikin was awarded the St. George weapon for the battles near Grodek, and then for a bold maneuver near Gorny Luzhok - the Order of St. George 4th degree. In 1915, for the battles near Lutowisko - the Order of St. George, 3rd degree. For breaking through enemy positions during the Brusilov offensive in 1916 and for the second capture of Lutsk, he was again awarded the St. George weapon, showered with diamonds with the inscription "For the double liberation of Lutsk." On September 9, 1916 he was appointed commander of the 8th Army Corps. In March 1917, under the Provisional Government, he was appointed assistant chief of staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and in May of the same year - Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the Western Front. In July 1917, after the appointment of General Kornilov as Supreme Commander, he was appointed in his place as Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the Southwestern Front. For active support of General Kornilov in August 1917, he was dismissed from his post by the Provisional Government and imprisoned in the Bykhov prison.
On November 19, 1917, he fled from Bykhov with papers in the name of a Polish landowner and arrived in Novocherkassk, where he took part in the organization and formation of the Volunteer Army. On January 30, 1918, he was appointed head of the 1st Volunteer Division. In the 1st Kuban campaign, he acted as Deputy Commander of the Volunteer Army, General Kornilov. On March 31, 1918, when General Kornilov was killed during the assault on Ekaterinodar, he took command of the Volunteer Army. In June 1918 he led the Volunteer Army in the 2nd Kuban campaign. July 3, 1918 took Ekaterinodar. On September 25 (October 8), 1918, after the death of General Alekseev, he became Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army. On December 26, 1918, after a meeting at the Torgovaya station with the Don ataman, General Krasnov, who recognized the need for a unified command and agreed to subordinate the Don Army to General Denikin, he became Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (VSYUR). In 1919, from the headquarters of the AFSR in Taganrog, General Denikin exercised the main command of the Caucasian Volunteer Army of General Wrangel, the Don Army of General Sidorin, the Volunteer Army of General Mai-Maevsky, and also directed the actions of General Erdeli, the commander-in-chief in the North Caucasus, General Schilling, the commander-in-chief in Novorossia, and the commander-in-chief in the Kyiv region, General Dragomirov and the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Admiral Gerasimov. The management of the occupied regions, except for the Cossack ones, was carried out with the participation of the Special Conference, created by General Alekseev. After the retreat of the VSYUR troops in the autumn of 1919 - in the winter of 1920, General Denikin, shocked by the catastrophe during the evacuation of Novorossiysk, decided to convene the Military Council so that he would elect a new Commander-in-Chief. On March 22, 1920, after the election of General Wrangel at the Military Council, General Denikin gave the last order for the Armed Forces of Russia and appointed General Wrangel as Commander-in-Chief.
On March 23 (April 5), 1920, General Denikin left with his family for England, where he did not stay long. In August 1920, he moved to Belgium, not wanting to stay in England during negotiations with Soviet Russia. In Brussels, he began work on his fundamental five-volume work Essays on the Russian Troubles. He continued this work in difficult living conditions on Lake Balaton, in Hungary. Volume 5 was completed by him in 1926 in Brussels. In 1926, General Denikin moved to France and took up literary work. At this time, his books "The Old Army" and "Officers" were published, written mainly in Capbreton, where the general often talked with the writer I. O. Shmelev. During the Parisian period of his life, General Denikin often made presentations on political topics, and in 1936 he began publishing the Volunteer newspaper. The declaration of war on September 1, 1939 found General Denikin in the south of France in the village of Monteuil-aux-Viscounts, where he left Paris to begin work on his last work, The Way of the Russian Officer. Autobiographical in its genre, the new book, according to the general's intention, was to serve as an introduction and addition to his five-volume Essays on the Russian Troubles. The German invasion of France in May-June 1940 forced General Denikin, who did not want to be under German occupation, to urgently leave Bourg-la-Reine (near Paris) and drive towards the Spanish border in the car of one of his associates, Colonel Glotov. The fugitives managed to get only to the villa of friends in Mimizan, north of Biaritz, as here they were overtaken by German motorized units. General Denikin had to leave his friends' villa on the beach and spend several years, until the liberation of France from German occupation, in a cold barracks, where he, needing everything and often starving, continued to work on his work The Way of the Russian Officer. General Denikin condemned Hitler's policies and called him "the worst enemy of Russia." At the same time, he hoped that after the defeat of Germany, the army would overthrow the communist government. In May 1946, in one of his letters to Colonel Koltyshev, he wrote: “After the brilliant victories of the Red Army, many people had an aberration ... somehow faded, receded into the background, that side of the Bolshevik invasion and occupation of neighboring states, which brought them ruin , terror, Bolshevization and enslavement ... - He continued further: - You know my point of view. The Soviets bring a terrible disaster to the peoples, striving for world domination. Their impudent, provocative, threatening former allies, raising a wave of hatred, their policy threatens to turn into ashes everything that has been achieved by the patriotic enthusiasm and the blood of the Russian people ... and therefore, true to our slogan - "Defending Russia", defending the inviolability of Russian territory and the vital interests of the country We dare not, in any form, identify with the Soviet policy - the policy of communist imperialism" 1).
In May 1945, he returned to Paris and soon, at the end of November of the same year, taking advantage of the invitation of one of his associates, went to the USA. His extensive interview was published in the New Russian Word of December 9, 1945. In America, General Denikin spoke at numerous meetings and wrote to General Eisenhower calling for a stop to the forced extradition of Russian prisoners of war. He died of a heart attack on August 7, 1947 at the University of Michigan Hospital and was buried in the cemetery in Detroit. On December 15, 1952, the remains of General Denikin were transferred to the St. Vladimir Orthodox Cemetery in Casville, New Jersey. He owns:
Essays on Russian Troubles: In 5 volumes. Paris: Ed. Povolotsky, 1921-1926. T. 1. 1921; T. II. 1922; Berlin: Slovo, 1924. Vol. III; Berlin: Slovo, 1925. Vol. IV; Berlin: Bronze Horseman, 1926. Vol. V.
Books: "Officers" (Paris, 1928); The Old Army (Paris, 1929. Vol. 1; Paris, 1931. Vol. II); "The Russian Question in the Far East" (Paris, 1932); "Brest-Litovsk" (Paris, 1933); "Who saved the Soviet government from destruction?" (Paris, 1937); "World events and the Russian question" (Paris, 1939).
Memoirs: "The Way of the Russian Officer" (New York: Chekhov Publishing House, 1953).
Numerous articles in S. P. Melgunov's journal "Struggle for Russia", in "Illustrated Russia", in "Volunteer" (1936-1938), etc. The last article of General Denikin - "In the Soviet Paradise" - was published posthumously in No. 8 Parisian magazine "Vozrozhdenie" for March-April 1950.
1) General Denikin A. I. Letters. Part 1 // Facets. 1983. No. 128 S. 25-26.
Used materials of the book: Nikolai Rutych Biographical directory of the highest ranks of the Volunteer Army and the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. Materials for the history of the White movement M., 2002
Lieutenant Denikin A.I. 1895 *)
Member of the First World War
DENIKIN Anton Ivanovich (4.12.1872, Wloclawek, Warsaw province - 8.7.1947, Detroit, USA), Russian. lieutenant general (1916). The son of a retired major, who came from serfs. Educated at the military school courses of the Kyiv infantry. cadet school (1892) and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff (1899). Released in the 2nd art. brigade. From 23.7.1902 senior adjutant of the headquarters of the 2nd infantry. divisions, from 17.3.1903 - 2nd cavalry. corps. Member of the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-05: from 28.3.1904 he was a staff officer for special assignments at the headquarters of the IX, from 3 June. - VIII AK; first, D. acted as chief of staff of the brigade of the Zaamursky district of a separate corps of the border guards, then chief of staff of the Transbaikal kaz. divisions of Gen. PC. Rennenkampf and the Ural-Transbaikal Kaz. divisions. Member of the raid behind enemy lines (May 1905), during which the communications of the Japanese army were disrupted, warehouses were destroyed, etc. corps, from 12/30/1906 a staff officer in command of the 57th infantry. reserve brigade, from 29.6.1910 commander of the 17th infantry. Arkhangelsk regiment. At the beginning of 1914, I.D. general for assignments under the commander of the troops of the Kyiv Military District.
With the outbreak of World War 19/7/1914 he was appointed quartermaster general of the headquarters of the 8th Army. From 19 Sept. - head of the 4th rifle brigade (during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878 it was called the "Iron Brigade"), which in August. 1915 deployed to a division. For battles 10/2-11/1914 at Sambir, he was awarded the Order of St. George, 4th degree (order 4/24/1915). In the battles of 18 Jan. - 2 Feb. 1915, near the Lutovskaya part of D., they knocked out the enemy from the trenches and threw him back behind the Sun in the Smolnik-Zhuravlin section, for these actions D. was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd degree (11/3/1915). For fights 26-30 Aug. 1915, near the village of Grodek, D. received St. George's weapon (11/10/1915), and for differences near Lutsk (May 1916), when the division took a large number of prisoners and successfully stormed enemy positions, - St. George's weapon, decorated with diamonds (order 9/22/1916) . 10(23) sept. 1915 took Lutsk, but two days later he was forced to leave it. In Sept. the division became part of the newly formed from the rifle units XL AK gene. ON THE. Kashtalinsky. Oct 5(18) D.'s division took Czartorysk, St. 6 thousand people, 9 guns and 40 machine guns. He took part in the offensive of the Southwestern Front in 1916, acting in the Lutsk direction. He broke through 6 lines of enemy positions, and then on May 25 (June 7) took Lutsk. On September 9, 1916, the commander of the VIII AK, who in Dec. 1916 as part of the 9th Army transferred to the Romanian front. For several months, during the fighting near the settlements of Buzeo, Rymnik and Focsany, 2 Romanian corps were also subordinate to D..
After the February Revolution, when Gen. M.V. Alekseev was appointed Supreme Commander, D. at the request of the Provisional Government on March 28 was appointed its chief of staff. He took part in the development of operational plans (including the future June offensive of 1917); opposed the "revolutionary" transformations and "democratization" of the army; tried to limit the functions of the soldiers' committees only to economic problems. After replacing Alekseev gen. A.A. Brusilov D. On May 31, he was moved to the post of commander-in-chief of the armies of the Western Front. Before the start of the June offensive, the front (under the chief of staff, Lieutenant General S.L. Markov) included the 3rd (gen. M.F. Kvetsinsky), 10th (gen. N.M. Kiselevsky) and 2nd (gen. A.A. Veselovsky) of the army, XLVIII AK (which included heavy artillery for special purposes) was in the reserve of the front. According to the plan of the command of the army of the front, in order to help the Southwestern Front, which was delivering the main blow, they were supposed to deliver an auxiliary blow to Smorgon - Krevo. The armies of the front took part in the offensive in the summer of 1917, inflicting the main blow in the direction of Vilna. After a successful art. On July 9 (22), the forces of the 10th Army of the Front went on the offensive, occupied 2 lines of enemy trenches and then returned to their positions. Due to the beginning of the disintegration of the army, the offensive suffered a complete failure. On July 10 (23) D. refused to resume the offensive. During the meeting on July 16 (29) at Headquarters in the presence of Minister-Chairman A.F. Kerensky and Minister of Foreign Affairs M.I. Tereshchenko D. made an extremely harsh speech accusing the Provisional Government of destroying the army. Having announced his program for saving the army and the country, D. incl. demanded to "stop all military" lawmaking, "remove politics from the army ... abolish commissars and committees ... introduce the death penalty in the rear", etc. After the appointment of the gene. L.G. Kornilov Supreme Commander D. 2 Aug. received the post of commander-in-chief of the armies of the South-Western Front. Aug 4 By his order, he limited the activities of committees in the armies of the front. During Kornilov's speech, D. 27/8/1917 openly expressed his full support to him, for which on 29 Aug. “Discharged from office with trial for rebellion”, arrested in Berdichev (together with his chief of staff, General Markov, Quartermaster General, Major General M.I. Orlov) and sent to prison in Bykhov, where Kornilov and others were already there. From there, by order of Gen. N.N. Dukhonin, he, among others, was released on November 19. and three days later arrived by rail in Novocherkassk. Close assistant Gen. Alekseev and Kornilov in the formation of the Volunteer Army, tried to smooth out their constant clashes. Initially, D. was appointed head of the Volunteer Division, but after the reorganization he was transferred to the post of assistant commander.
Member of the 1st Kuban (Ice) campaign. After gi-. Beli Kornilov 13 Apr. during the storming of Ekaterinodar, D. accepted the post of army commander and took her back to the Don. From 31 Aug. he was simultaneously the 1st Vice-Chairman of the Special Meeting. After the death of Gen. Alekseeva D. 8 Oct. became commander-in-chief of the Volunteer Army, uniting military and civil power in his hands. From 8.1.1919 Commander-in-Chief of the VSYUR. Under D., a special meeting was created under the chairmanship of the gene. A..M. Dragomirova, who served as the government. On December 30, 1919, D. abolished the Special Conference and created a government under the commander-in-chief. 4.1.1920 A.V. Kolchak declared D. the Supreme Ruler of Russia. In March 1920, D. created the South Russian government. The military actions of D. against the Bolsheviks, despite the successes gained at the beginning, ended in a heavy defeat for the White armies, and on 4/4/1920 D. was forced to transfer the post of commander-in-chief to Gen. P.N. Wrangel. After that, he left for Constantinople. In Apr. 1920 arrived in London (UK), in Aug. 1920 moved to Belgium, where he lived in the vicinity of Brussels. From June 1922 he lived in Budapest (Hungary). In mid-1925 he moved to Belgium, and in the spring of 1926 - to France (in the suburbs of Paris). He did not take an active part in political activities in exile. When the Germans entered France in 1940. troops, D. and his family went south to Mimizan, where he spent the entire occupation. During the 2nd World War, he opposed cooperation with the Germans and in support of Soviet army. Nov. 1945 left for the USA. Author of the memoirs “Essays on Russian. unrest” (vols. 1-5, 1921-26), etc.
Used materials of the book: Zalessky K.A. Who was who in World War II. Allies of Germany. Moscow, 2003
Patriot emigrant
Denikin Anton Ivanovich (1872-1947) - Lieutenant General of the General Staff. The son of an officer of the border guards, who has served as a soldier. The grandson of a serf. He graduated from the Lovichsky real school, military school courses at the Kiev infantry cadet school and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff (1899). During the Russo-Japanese War, being a senior adjutant of the headquarters of the 2nd Cavalry Corps in March 1904, he filed a report on transfer to the active army and was appointed staff officer for special assignments at the headquarters of the 8th Army Corps. Lieutenant colonel. Awarded with the orders of St. Stanislav and St. Anna 3rd class with swords and bows and 2nd class with swords. He was promoted to the rank of colonel - "for military distinctions". In March 1914 he was promoted to major general.
At the beginning of World War I, he was appointed to the post of Quartermaster General of the 8th Army, General Brusilov. At his own request, he joined the ranks and was appointed on September 6, 1914 as commander of the 4th rifle ("Iron") brigade, deployed in 1915 into a division. The "iron" division of General Denikin became famous in many battles during the Battle of Galicia and in the Carpathians. During the retreat in September 1915, the division took Lutsk with a counterattack, for which General Denikin was promoted to lieutenant general. For the second time, General Denikin took Lutsk during the Brusilov offensive in June 1916. In the autumn of 1914, General Denikin was awarded the St. George weapon for the battles near Grodek, and then for a bold maneuver near Gorny Luzhok - the Order of St. George 4th degree. In 1915, for the battles near Lutowisko - the Order of St. George, 3rd degree. For breaking through enemy positions during the Brusilov offensive in 1916 and for the second capture of Lutsk, he was again awarded the St. George weapon, showered with diamonds with the inscription "For the twofold liberation of Lutsk." On September 9, 1916 he was appointed commander of the 8th Army Corps. In March 1917, under the Provisional Government, he was appointed assistant chief of staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and in May of the same year - commander-in-chief of the armies of the Western Front. In July 1917, after the appointment of General Kornilov as Supreme Commander-in-Chief, he was appointed in his place as Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the Southwestern Front. For active support of General Kornilov in August 1917, he was dismissed from his post by the Provisional Government and imprisoned in the Bykhov prison.
On November 19, 1917, he fled from Bykhov with papers in the name of a Polish landowner and arrived in Novocherkassk, where he took part in the organization and formation of the Volunteer Army. On January 30, 1918, he was appointed head of the 1st Volunteer Division. In the 1st Kuban campaign, he acted as Deputy Commander of the Volunteer Army, General Kornilov. March 31. In 1918, when General Kornilov was killed during the assault on Ekaterinodar, he took command of the Volunteer Army. In June 1918 he led the Volunteer Army in the 2nd Kuban campaign. July 3, 1918 took Ekaterinodar. On September 25 (October 8), 1918, after the death of General Alekseev, he became Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army. On December 26, 1918, after a meeting at the Torgovaya station with the Don ataman, General Krasnov, who recognized the need for a unified command and agreed to subordinate the Don Army to General Denikin, he became Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in the South of Russia (VSYUR). In 1919, from the headquarters of the AFSR in Taganrog, General Denikin exercised the main command of the Caucasian Volunteer Army of General Wrangel, the Don Army of General Sidorin, the Volunteer Army of General Mai-Maevsky, and also directed the actions of General Erdeli, the commander-in-chief in the North Caucasus, General Schilling, the commander-in-chief in Novorossia, and the commander-in-chief in the Kyiv region, General Dragomirov and the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Admiral Gerasimov. The management of the occupied regions, except for the Cossack ones, was carried out with the participation of the Special Conference, created by General Alekseev. After the retreat of the VSYUR troops in the autumn of 1919-winter 1920, General Denikin, shocked by the catastrophe during the evacuation of Novorossiysk, decided to convene the Military Council so that he would elect a new Commander-in-Chief. On March 22, 1920, after the election of General Wrangel at the Military Council, General Denikin gave the last order for the Armed Forces of Russia and appointed General Wrangel as Commander-in-Chief.
On March 23 (April 5), 1920, General Denikin left with his family for England, where he did not stay long. In August 1920, he moved to Belgium, not wanting to stay in England during the talks with Soviet Russia. In Brussels, he began work on his fundamental five-volume work, Essays on the Russian Troubles. He continued this work in the difficult conditions of life on Lake Balaton, in Hungary, the 5th volume was completed by him in 1926 in Brussels. In 1926, General Denikin moved to France and took up literary work. At this time, his books "The Old Army" and "Officers" were published, written mainly in Capbreton, where the general often talked with the writer I. O. Shmelev. During the Parisian period of his life, General Denikin often made presentations on political topics, and in 1936 he began publishing the Volunteer newspaper.
Denikin 30s, Paris. *)
The declaration of war on September 1, 1939 found General Denikin in the south of France in the village of Monteuil-aux-Viscounts, where he left Paris to begin work on his latest work, The Way of the Russian Officer. Autobiographical in its genre, the new book, according to the general's intention, was to serve as an introduction and addition to his five-volume Essays on the Russian Troubles. The German invasion of France in May-June 1940 forced General Denikin, who did not want to be under German occupation, to urgently leave Bourg-la-Reine (near Paris) and drive towards the Spanish border in the car of one of his associates, Colonel Glotov. The fugitives managed to get only to the villa of friends in Mimizan, north of Biaritz, as here they were overtaken by German motorized units. General Denikin had to leave his friends' villa on the beach and spend several years, until the liberation of France from German occupation, in a cold barracks, where he, needing everything and often starving, continued to work on his work The Way of the Russian Officer. General Denikin condemned Hitler's policy and called him "the worst enemy of Russia." At the same time, he hoped that after the defeat of Germany, the army would overthrow the communist government. In May 1946, in one of his letters to Colonel Koltyshev, he wrote: “After the brilliant victories of the Red Army, many people had an aberration ... somehow faded, receded into the background, that side of the Bolshevik invasion and occupation of neighboring states, which brought them ruin, terror, Bolshevization and enslavement... - further, he continued: - You know my point of view. The Soviets bring a terrible disaster to the peoples, striving for world domination. Insolent, provocative, threatening former allies, raising a wave of hatred, the policy threatens to turn them into dust everything that has been achieved by the patriotic enthusiasm and blood of the Russian people ... and therefore, true to our slogan - "Defending Russia", defending the inviolability of Russian territory and the vital interests of the country, we do not dare to identify with Soviet policy in any form - policy of communist imperialism.
In May 1945, he returned to Paris and soon, at the end of November of the same year, taking advantage of the invitation of one of his associates, went to the USA. In America, General Denikin spoke at numerous meetings and wrote a letter to General Eisenhower calling for a stop to the forced extradition of Russian prisoners of war. He died of a heart attack on August 7, 1947 at the University of Michigan Hospital and was buried in the cemetery in Detroit. On December 15, 1952, the remains of General Denikin were transferred to the St. Vladimir Orthodox Cemetery in Casville, New Jersey. He owns the books: "Essays on the Russian Troubles" (5 volumes, 1926), "Officers" (1928), "The Old Army" (1929), "The Russian Question in the Far East" (1932), "Brest-Litovsk " (1933), "Who saved the Soviet government from destruction?" (1937), "World events and the Russian question" (1939), "The path of the Russian officer" (1953).
Curriculum vitae reprinted from Russkiy Mir magazine (enlightenment almanac), N 2, 2000
General Denikin with his daughter. *)
General Denikin A.I. with his wife. *)
Lieutenant General
Anton Ivanovich Denikin 1872 -1947. AI Denikin is best known as a "white general", who almost defeated the Bolsheviks in 1919. He is less known as a commander of the Russian army during the First World War, a writer and historiographer. Considering himself a Russian officer and patriot, Denikin throughout his long life retained a deep dislike for the Bolsheviks who had taken over in Russia, and a belief in the national revival of Russia.
Anton Denikin was born in the city of Wlotslavsk, Warsaw province, and was the son of a retired major who came from a peasant family. Anton's mother was Polish; love for her and the memory of his childhood years on the Vistula instilled in Denikin a good attitude towards the Polish people. His childhood was not easy. "Poverty, 25 rubles pension after the death of his father. Youth - in work for bread," he recalled. After graduating from a real school in Lovich, 17-year-old Denikin entered the Kiev infantry cadet school. Upon completion of a two-year study, he graduated as a second lieutenant of the 2nd field artillery brigade stationed in Poland.
In the autumn of 1895, Anton Ivanovich passed the exams for the Academy of the General Staff. It was not easy for a provincial officer to study in the capital. Upon its completion, Denikin, instead of being enrolled in the officers of the General Staff, was appointed to a combat position in the former artillery brigade. Having appealed this appointment to the Minister of War, two years later he achieved a transfer to the staff of officers of the General Staff. He served as a staff officer in the Warsaw Military District - first in the 2nd Infantry Division, then in the 2nd Infantry Corps. The Russo-Japanese War found him in the rank of captain.
Although the troops of the Warsaw Military District were not to be sent to the Far East, Denikin immediately filed a report with a request to send him to the theater of operations. During the war, he headed the headquarters of various formations and more than once commanded combat sectors. "Denikinskaya Sopka", near the positions of the Tsinkhechan battle, is named after the battle in which Anton Ivanovich repulsed the enemy advance with bayonets. For distinction in battles, Denikin received the ranks of lieutenant colonel and colonel. Coming back from Far East, Anton Ivanovich first observed the unrest in connection with the revolution of 1905. Even then, he was a supporter of the idea of a constitutional monarchy and was of the opinion: radical reforms are necessary, provided that civil peace is preserved.
After the Russo-Japanese War, Denikin served in staff positions in Warsaw and Saratov, and in 1910 he was appointed commander of the 17th Arkhangelsk Regiment in the Kiev Military District. In September 1911, nearby, in the Kiev theater, Russian Prime Minister P. Stolypin was killed; his death deeply saddened Anton Ivanovich, who saw in Stolypin a great patriot, an intelligent and strong man. But the service continued. In June 1914, Denikin was promoted to major general and approved as a general for assignments under the commander of the Kyiv military district. A month later the First World War broke out.
With the outbreak of war, Anton Ivanovich was appointed quartermaster general of the 8th army of A. Brusilov, but on August 24 he was entrusted with a command position: he led the 4th brigade of the 8th army. From the very first battles, the arrows saw Denikin in the advanced chains, and the general quickly gained their confidence. For valor in the battle of Gorodok, Anton Ivanovich was awarded the St. George weapon. In October, he distinguished himself by a bold and unexpected counterattack against the Austrians in Galicia and received the Order of St. George, 4th degree. After the breakthrough into the Carpathians and the capture of the Hungarian city of Meso-Laborch, the army commander Brusilov telegraphed Denikin: "For dashing actions, for the brilliant fulfillment of the task assigned to it, I send my low bow and thank you from the bottom of my heart." The commander of the brigade and the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich congratulated.
Severe mountain winter of 1914-1915. The 4th brigade, which earned the nickname "Iron", as part of the 12th army corps of General A. Kaledin, heroically defended the passes in the Carpathians; for these battles, Anton Ivanovich was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd degree. During the difficult period of the spring and summer of 1915, the brigade, reorganized into a division, was constantly transferred from one hot sector to another, where it was difficult, where there was a breakthrough, where there was a threat of encirclement. In September, the "Iron Division", unexpectedly counterattacking the enemy, captured the city of Lutsk, capturing about 20 thousand people, which was equal to the strength of Denikin's division. He was awarded the rank of lieutenant general. In October, his unit again distinguished itself by breaking through the enemy front and driving the enemy out of Czartorysk; when breaking through, the regiments had to fight on three, and sometimes on all four sides.
During the famous offensive of Brusilov's Southwestern Front (May - June 1916), the main blow was delivered by the 8th Army of Kaledin, and in its composition - the 4th "Iron Division". Denikin fulfilled his task with valor, becoming one of the heroes of the "Lutsk breakthrough". For his military art and personal courage, he received a rare award - St. George's weapon, adorned with diamonds. His name became popular in the army. But he still remained simple and friendly in dealing with the soldiers, unpretentious and modest in everyday life.
The officers appreciated his intelligence, unchanging calmness, ability for apt words and mild humor.
From September 1916, Denikin, commanding the 8th Army Corps, acted on the Romanian front, helping the allied divisions to escape defeat. Meanwhile, the year 1917 came, foreshadowing Russia's internal upheavals. Denikin saw that the tsarist autocracy had exhausted itself, and he thought with anxiety about the fate of the army. The abdication of Nicholas II and the coming to power of the Provisional Government gave him some hope. At the initiative of the Minister of War A. Guchkov, Anton Ivanovich was appointed chief of staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief - M. Alekseev on April 5. Two talented and self-sacrificing commanders strove to preserve the combat effectiveness of the army and save it from revolutionary rallies. Having received from the Minister of War Guchkov a project for organizing a system of soldier organizations, Denikin replied with a telegram: "The project is aimed at destroying the army." Speaking at an officers' congress in Mogilev, Anton Ivanovich said: "There is no strength in that insane bacchanalia, where everyone around is trying to snatch everything that is possible at the expense of the tormented homeland." Addressing the authorities, he urged: "Take care of the officer! For from a century to the present, he stands faithfully and unchangingly on guard of the statehood."
On May 22, the Provisional Government replaced Alekseev as supreme commander with the "more democratic" Brusilov, and Denikin chose to leave Headquarters; on May 31 he became commander of the Western Front. In the summer offensive of 1917, the Western Front, like others, was not successful: the morale of the troops was undermined. On July 16, at a meeting at Headquarters, Denikin proposed a program of urgent and firm measures to restore order at the front and in the rear. Addressing the members of the Provisional Government, he declared: "You have trampled our banners into the mud, raise them and bow before them... If you have a conscience!" Kerensky then shook hands with the general, thanking him for his "bold, sincere word." But later he characterized Denikin's speech as a program for the future "Kornilov rebellion", "the music of the future military reaction."
On August 2, Denikin was appointed commander of the Southwestern Front (instead of Kornilov, from July 19, supreme commander). In the days when the Commander-in-Chief was declared a "rebel" and removed from his post, Anton Ivanovich openly expressed his support to Kornilov. On August 29, on the orders of the commissar of the Southwestern Front of the Jordanian Denikin and his assistants, they were arrested and imprisoned in Berdichev, later they were transferred to Bykhov, where Kornilov and other generals were detained. On November 19, after the Bolsheviks came to power, all the prisoners were released by order of the commander-in-chief, General Dukhonin, who paid for it with his life.
In early December, Denikin barely reached Novocherkassk. On the Don, he became an associate of Generals Alekseev, Kornilov and Kaledin in organizing the White movement. With the entry of Kornilov on December 27 into the post of commander of the Volunteer Army, Anton Ivanovich was appointed head of the Volunteer Division. In Novocherkassk, 45-year-old Denikin married Ksenia Vasilievna Chizh, who came to him from Kyiv, where in 1914 they first met. His wife will accompany him for all subsequent years, supporting him in all the trials of fate.
During the retreat of the Volunteer Army to the Kuban, Denikin served as assistant commander, and after the death of Kornilov (April 13, 1918), with the consent and at the suggestion of Alekseev, he led a small white army. In May, the army returned to the Don, where Ataman Krasnov managed to overthrow Soviet power. The period of strengthening the Volunteer Army, the growth of its ranks and the conduct of active offensive operations began. In the summer and autumn, Denikin again moved south with her, occupied the Kuban and advanced into the North Caucasus. Experiencing a lack of material and technical supply, he began to accept the help of the Entente countries, considering them still allies. The volunteer army grew to 40 thousand bayonets and sabers. In January 1919, Denikin headed the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, which included the Volunteer and Don armies, later also the Caucasian (Kuban) army, the Black Sea Fleet and other formations.
In a number of his declarations, the commander-in-chief determined the main directions of his policy: the restoration of "Great, United and Indivisible Russia", "fight against the Bolsheviks to the end", defense of faith, economic reform taking into account the interests of all classes, determination of the form state government in the country after the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, elected by the people. “As for me personally,” Anton Ivanovich said, “I will not fight for a form of government, I am fighting only for Russia.” In June 1919, he recognized the supremacy over himself of the "Supreme Ruler of Russia" Admiral Kolchak.
Denikin did not seek power; she accidentally came to him and weighed him down. He still remained an example of personal modesty, dreamed of the birth of his son Vanka (in February 1919, his daughter Marina was born). While preaching high principles, he noticed with pain how the disease of moral degradation developed in his army. “There is no peace of mind,” he wrote to his wife. “Every day is a picture of theft, robbery, violence throughout the territory of the armed forces. The Russian people have fallen so low from top to bottom that I don’t know when they will be able to rise from the mud.” The commander-in-chief could not take decisive measures to restore order in his army, which had disastrous consequences. But the main weakness of Denikin was the delay in the economic reform in the countryside, and the Bolsheviks eventually managed to win over the peasants to their side,
On July 3, Denikin gave the "Moscow directive", setting the goal of an attack on Moscow. In September, his troops captured Kursk and Orel, but the Bolsheviks, having mobilized all their forces, first stopped the enemy, and then threw him back to the Don and Ukraine. Failures, criticism from General Wrangel and other military leaders who lost faith in their leader, moral loneliness broke Denikin. In early April 1920, he resigned and, by decision of the Military Council, handed over the post of commander-in-chief to Wrangel. On April 4, his last order was made public: "Lieutenant General Baron Wrangel is appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. To all who honestly followed me in a difficult struggle, a low bow. Lord, give victory to the army and save Russia."
Sailing to Constantinople, Denikin left Russia forever. The entire capital of the former commander-in-chief, translated into hard currency, was less than 13 pounds sterling. Then life began in a foreign land - in England, Hungary, Belgium, from 1926 - in France. Not wanting to accept handouts, Anton Ivanovich earned money to support his family through literary work. In 1921 - 1926 he prepared and published a 5-volume work "Essays on Russian Troubles", which became a major monument to the Russian army and the White movement. Denikin avoided participation in White émigré organizations. With the outbreak of the Second World War, he ardently desired the victory of the Red Army in the name of great Russia and the Russian people. “Remaining irreconcilable with respect to Bolshevism and not recognizing Soviet power,” wrote Denikin, “I always considered myself, and I still consider myself a citizen of the Russian Empire.” Living in occupied France, he rejected all German offers of cooperation.
With the end of World War II, Denikin moved to live in the United States. There he continued his literary work, wrote an autobiographical book "The Way of a Russian Officer" (remained unfinished), gave lectures, and began work on a new work, "The Second World War and Emigration." The Russian general died at the age of 75. The American authorities buried him with military honors. The ashes of Denikin rest in the town of Jackson, New Jersey. Anton Ivanovich's last wish was that the coffin with his remains should be transported to his homeland over time, when the situation in Russia changes.
Used materials of the book: Kovalevsky N.F. History of Russian Goverment. Biographies of famous military leaders of the 18th - early 20th centuries. M. 1997
Colonel A.I. Denikin, commander of the Arkhangelsk regiment, Zhitomir, 1912 *)
DENIKIN Anton Ivanovich (04.12.1872-08.08.1947) Major General (06.1914). Lieutenant General (09/24/1915). He graduated from the Lovichskoe real school, the Kiev infantry cadet school (1892) and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff (1899). Member of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. Member of the First World War: Quartermaster General of the 8th Army of General Brusilov. 09/06/1914 was appointed commander of the 4th Rifle ("Iron") brigade, which in 1915 was deployed into a division. Participated in battles in Golitsya and in the Carpathian mountains; captured Lutsk and 06.1916 captured this city a second time during the "Brusilov" breakthrough. 09/09/1916 was appointed commander of the 8th Army Corps on the Romanian Front, 09/1916-18/04/1917. Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, 04 - 05/31/1917. Commander of the Western Front (31.05 - 02.08.1917). Commander of the Southwestern Front, 02.08 - 10.1917. For supporting the rebellion of General Kornilov, he was imprisoned in the city of Bykhov. On 11/19/1917, together with Kornilov and other generals, he fled from the Bykhov prison to the Don, where, together with generals Alekseev and Kornilov, he created the Volunteer (White) Army. Chief of Staff of the Volunteer Army, 12.1917 -13.04.1918. Commander of the Volunteer Army (after the death of Kornilov), 04/13 - 09/25/1918. Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army (after the death of Alekseev), 09/25 - 12/26/1918. Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia - VSYUR, 12/26/1918 (01/08/1919) - 03/22/1920. Evacuated on March 14, 1920, leaving Novorossiysk last on board the destroyer Captain Saken. From 06/01/1919 - Deputy Supreme Ruler of Russia Admiral Kolchak, recognizing on 05/30/1919 the power of the Supreme Ruler of Russia Admiral Kolchak over himself, 12/26/1918-03/22/1920. Decree of Admiral Kolchak 01/05/1920 was declared the Supreme Ruler of Russia, that is, he became Kolchak's successor in Russia. On March 22, 1920, he handed over the command of the VSYUR to Wrangel and on April 4, 1920 left the Crimea for emigration on an English destroyer to England. 08.1920 moved to Belgium, Brussels. 07.1922-03.1926 - in Hungary. From 1926 he lived in France. During the German occupation of France 06.1940 he moved to the south of France; lived in the Biaritz region, hiding in a cold hut. After the Second World War 05.1945 he returned to Paris and 11.1945 moved to the USA. He died at the Ann Erber University Hospital of Michigan (USA).
Used materials of the book: Valery Klaving, The Civil War in Russia: White Armies. Military History Library. M., 2003.
Notes:
*) Digital photographs from the personal collection of Igor A. Marchenko, NJ, USA
Contemporary testimony:
General Denikin received me in the presence of his chief of staff, General Romanovsky. Medium height, stout, somewhat disposed towards fullness, with a small beard and long black mustache with considerable graying, a rough low voice, General Denikin gave the impression of a thoughtful, firm, thick-set, purely Russian person. He had a reputation as an honest soldier, a brave, capable commander with great military erudition. His name has become especially popular since our turmoil, when first as chief of staff of the supreme commander in chief, and then commander in chief of the southwestern front, he independently, boldly and firmly raised his voice to defend the honor and dignity of his native army and Russian officers.
Contemporary testimony:
I still had no connection with my corps (We are talking about military operations in June 1916 - CHRONOS). It was claimed that Lutsk, 25 kilometers to the north, had already been captured, and I decided to try to cross the Tam River. We walked all night - the fourth night in a row - and by morning we reached Lutsk, which was indeed taken by Russian units.
General Denikin, whose rifle division took part in the capture of the city, explained the situation to me as he understood it. Right now, on the western outskirts of Lutsk, there were battles against enemy infantry.
In order to disrupt the enemy's communication with Vladimir-Volynsky in accordance with the instructions I received, I decided to first capture the town of Torchin, which stood at a crossroads twenty kilometers west of Lutsk. This crossroads was very important for the movements of our infantry and the supply of units. It turned out to be very difficult to break through the front line in order to go deep into enemy territory, fierce battles continued all day and all the next night. It was the fifth night when the division did not get off the saddles, and the horses and people were in dire need of food and rest. The next day we captured the village of Boratyn, which is north of Torchin, and after a midday rest, the battle for Torchin began, which lasted all night.
Now it was necessary to move deep into the territory of the enemy in the direction of Vladimir-Volynsky. On the morning of June 11, even before Torchin fell, I concentrated my main forces about ten kilometers from him - opposite a small village. When Torchin was captured, the retreating columns of the enemy passed through this village, and after that my division managed to break into the territory of the enemy. We headed towards the highway leading to Vladimir-Volynsky, in order to cut it twenty kilometers from the city. These battles continued for three days.
Meanwhile, the Austrians threw their reserves into battle, and the battle reached its climax. I received an order to urgently transfer the division to the western outskirts of the city of Kiselin to cover the redeployment of infantry formations. The soldiers of the division were terribly exhausted, the horses were completely exhausted, so it was a very difficult task to quickly transfer it to new positions.
The division was already halfway to Kovel. There were several hills not far from my column. Apparently, General Denikin, whose division we left behind, did not see any practical sense in them. Since the general did not take care to capture the heights, I decided to do it on my own initiative. But as soon as my units went on the attack, the battle for these heights began literally from all sides. According to the information received from the prisoners, we learned that the forces attacked by us were the advanced units of the German troops transferred from Kovel. Apparently, reserves from Germany began to arrive. I called Denikin and offered him to change my units on these heights during the day if he did not want the hills to fall into the hands of the enemy. The general refused - he had already begun redeployment, but in the future, if he needed the heights, he could always capture them. To which I replied that after some time it would be very difficult to push the Germans back.
- Where do you see the Germans? shouted Denikin. - There are no Germans here!
I remarked dryly that it was easier for me to see them, since I was standing right in front of them. This example vividly reflects the inherent desire of Russian commanders to downplay those circumstances that, for one reason or another, do not fit into their plans.
When my division was withdrawn to the reserve of the army corps at nightfall, the hills were again in the hands of the Germans. The significance of this fact, General Denikin realized the very next day.
Compositions:
Denikin A.I. Essays on Russian Troubles. T.I-5.- Paris; Berlin, 1921 -1926.
Denikin A.I. The path of a Russian officer: [Autobiography]. - M.: Sovremennik, 1991.-300 p.
Denikin A.I. Officers. Essays, Paris. 1928;
Denikin A.I. Old Army, Paris. 1929;
Literature:
Gordeev Yu.N. General Denikin: Voen.-ist. feature article. M. Publishing house "Arkayur", 1993. - 190 p.
Vasilevsky I.M., Gen. Denikin and his memoirs, Berlin, 1924
Egorov A.I. The defeat of Denikin, 1919. - M .: Military Publishing House, 1931. - 232 p.: diagrams.
History of the First World War 1914 - 1918: In 2 volumes / Ed. I.I. Rostunov. - M.: Nauka, 1975. See Decree. names.
Who is a gen. Denikin?, Kharkov, 1919;
Lekhovich D.V. White versus red. The fate of General Anton Denikin. - M.: "Sunday", 1992. - 368 p.: ill.
Lukomsky A.S. Memoirs of General A.S. Lukomsky: Period of Europe. war. The beginning of devastation in Russia. The fight against the Bolsheviks. - Berlin: Kirchner, 1922.
Makhrov P.S. In the White Army of General Denikin: Zap. early command headquarters. armed forces of the South of Russia. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Logos", 1994.-301 p.
Great Don Army
Kara-Murza Sergey. The true essence of the "white movement(article)