Gestures and facial expressions are often inseparable from interjections. So, with a heavy sigh, people say “wow, well ... what have I done?”, thereby adding more meaning when expressing a certain feeling. And sometimes, without the support of gestures or facial expressions, it is very difficult to understand what was said just by the intonation of the voice: whether it was a “message” (insult or anger) or just a playful saying (friendly greeting).
In linguistics, interjections, unlike spontaneous cries, are conventional means, that is, those that a person must know in advance if he wants to use them. Nevertheless, interjections are still on the periphery of linguistic signs proper. For example, like no other linguistic interjection signs are associated with gestures. So, Russian interjection"On the!" only makes sense when accompanied by a gesture, and in some languages West Africa there is an interjection that is pronounced at the same time as the welcome hug.
see also
Notes
Links
- Russian grammar. Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
- I. A. Sharonov. Back to interjections.
- E. V. Sereda. Classification of interjections on the basis of modality expression.
- E. V. Sereda. Finish the paragraph: Interjections in youth colloquial speech.
- E. V. Sereda. Etiquette interjections.
- E. V. Sereda. Unresolved problems in the study of interjections.
- E. V. Sereda. Punctuation marks for interjections and interjection formations.
- E. V. Sereda. Morphology of the modern Russian language. Place of interjections in the system of parts of speech.
- I. A. Sharonov. Distinguishing between emotional interjections and modal particles.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
Synonyms:10th grade
"Unfortunate misunderstanding",
or Interjection
Lesson Objectives: to awaken students' interest in interjections, to teach the appropriate use of interjections in speech, to form an attentive and thoughtful attitude to ongoing linguistic processes, the ability to analyze linguistic phenomena.
DURING THE CLASSES
Introduction by the teacher.
Interjections are the least studied class of words in modern Russian. Academician L.V. Shcherba called the interjection "an obscure and vague category", "an unfortunate misunderstanding", referring to the confusion of views on this part of speech. In the history of the study of interjections, two opposing concepts can be distinguished. The first concept is associated with the name of M.V. Lomonosov. It was she who laid the foundation for the scientific interpretation of interjections. A.Kh. Vostokov, F.I. Buslaev, A.A. Shakhmatov, V.V. Vinogradov. These scholars consider interjections to be words, recognize given words part of speech, study their structure, functions in speech, the history of education. A great contribution to the study of interjections was made by academician V.V. Vinogradov. He believed that the study of interjections is important in terms of the study of the syntax of living oral speech. The peculiarity of interjections V.V. Vinogradov saw that they serve as a subjective means of expressing emotions and feelings and are functionally close to different classes of words, occupying a special place in the system of parts of speech: this is neither a significant nor a service part of speech.
N.I. Grech, D.N. Kudryavsky, D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovskiy, A.M. Peshkovsky are supporters of the opposite concept, who do not consider interjections to be words and exclude them from the parts of speech.
AT school course Russian interjections are considered as a special part of speech.
Updating of basic knowledge.
- What is the name of the section of grammar in which words are studied as parts of speech? (Morphology.)
- What does the concept mean? parts of speech? (Parts of speech are the main lexical and grammatical categories, according to which the words of the language are distributed on the basis of certain features.)
– What are these signs? (Firstly, this is a semantic feature (generalized meaning of an object, action, state, attribute, etc.); secondly, morphological features(morphological categories of the word); thirdly, syntactic features (syntactic functions of the word).)
What are the two groups of parts of speech? (Parts of speech are divided into independent (significant) and service.)
- What part of speech occupies a special place, not related to either independent parts of speech or official ones? (This is an interjection. Interjections do not name objects, signs, or actions, and do not serve to link words. They convey our feelings.)
Studying the topic of the lesson.
So, what is an interjection? (Interjection is a part of speech that includes sound complexes that serve to express feelings and volitional impulses. Interjections are on the periphery of the grammatical and lexical systems of the language and differ significantly from both independent and service parts of speech in their semantic, morphological and syntactic features.)
How do you understand the expression sound complexes? (Interjection is a class of grammatically unchanged words and phrases, which is why the expression is used in the concept sound complexes.)
– So, interjections are devoid of nominative meaning. However, Academician V.V. Vinogradov noted that interjections "have a semantic content conscious of the collective." How do you understand the words of V.V. Vinogradov? (This means that each interjection expresses certain feelings and emotions, which, with the support of intonation, facial expressions and gestures, are understandable to both the speaker and the listener. For example, the interjection fi expresses contempt, disgust (Fie, how disgusting!), interjection ugh expresses reproach, annoyance, contempt, disgust (Ugh, tired of it!) interjection hey expresses disbelief, ridicule (Hey, how tired you are!).)
– Right. The attachment to one or another interjection of a certain content is convincingly expressed in M. Tsvetaeva’s poem “The Speech”:
Capacitive than the organ and louder than the tambourine
Molv - and one for all:
Oh - when it's hard and ah - when it's wonderful,
But it is not given - oh!
What is the difference between interjections and auxiliary parts of speech? (Unlike conjunctions, interjections do not perform the function of linking sentence members or parts complex sentence. Unlike prepositions, they do not express the dependence of one word on another. Unlike particles, they do not add additional semantic shades to words or sentences.)
– Name the morphological and syntactic features of interjections. (From the point of view of a morphological interjection, they are lexical units that do not have inflection forms. The main syntactic feature of interjections is that they do not enter into connection with other words in a sentence, but can act as independent sentences. Interjections are always kept as part of a sentence. apart, which is emphasized by putting a comma or an exclamation mark on the letter.)
– Analyze the following two groups of interjections: ah, eh, oh, ha; fathers, something, however. What do you think: what is their difference? (The first group of interjections are non-derivative lexemes, and the second are derivatives, i.e. formed on the basis of other parts of speech.)
– Give a linguistic commentary on the following examples:
1) Oh oh oh; Oh well;
2) hoo, ege-ge;
3) oh-ho-ho;
4) wow, wow, wow.
1) Repetitions are an important grammatical means of forming interjections.
2) The repetition may be incomplete.
3) In the first part of the interjection, there may be a rearrangement of the vowel and consonant.
4) Separate interjections are able to connect with the pronominal ty, plural imperative ending those, with a verb particle -ka.)
- What phonetic features of interjections are evidenced by the following examples: uh-huh, shoo, puss-kiss, um, shh, whoa. (In interjections yeah, wow pronounced alien literary language [ ] fricative. In interjections shoo, kys-kys there is a combination alien to the Russian language ky. In interjections hmm, shh no vowel sounds. In an interjection Whoa there is a combination of three consonants.)
- Although interjections occupy a separate position in the language system, they remain connected with other elements of this system. How is it shown? Give examples. (Interjections can arise on the basis of significant and functional words. And on the basis of interjections, significant words can be formed: gasp etc.)
- According to semantics, scientists distinguish two categories of interjections. Try to divide the following interjections into two groups and establish a certain pattern: bis, oh, ah, damn, ba, oh, wow, down, bravo, brr, march, let's go, pah, cheers, fathers, hello, God, shh, fi, away. (Interjection oh, ah, oh, wow, ah, ugh, father, lord, fi, damn, bravo, cheers, brr, ba express various emotions, both positive and negative, serve to identify a person's attitude to reality, to the interlocutor's speech.
Interjection encore, down, march, let's go, hello, shh, away express Various types and shades of motivation to action.)
- Right. Interjections belonging to the first group are emotional interjections, to the second group are motivating interjections. Incentive interjections have other names: imperative, imperative. Try comparing two emotional interjections: oh and ba. (Interjection ba unambiguous, but interjection oh polysemantic. Depending on the situation of speech and intonation, the interjection oh can express a complex range of feelings: pain, fear, surprise, admiration, regret, warning, chagrin, joy. Interjection ba expresses surprise.)
Determine which category the following interjections belong to: full, well, let's go, march. (These are motivating interjections.)
– Try to guess whether the same interjection can express both emotions and motivation. Try to include interjections in various speech situations. well.(Yes maybe. Well, get out of here! Well, flowers! In the first example, the interjection expresses motivation, in the second - surprise, admiration.)
- Some linguists as a special category of interjections - etiquette - distinguish well-known sound complexes: hello, goodbye, thank you, goodbye, good night, happy holiday, good health, all the best etc. The main argument of these scientists is that these sound complexes convey the corresponding content in the most general, undivided form. Let's try to challenge this point of view. Let's start by considering whether these expressions have the semantics inherent in interjections. (These sound complexes do not express feelings and motives, which means that they do not have the semantics inherent in interjections.
The main feature of interjections is the absence of a nominative meaning. Expressions of the same type see you, all the best, good night, good morning retain the direct nominative values of their components.
Expressions goodbye(those), forgive(those), sorry(those), hello(those) are imperative verbs. Only in special cases, for example, the word hello expresses surprise, displeasure:
– I won’t go to the cinema today.
Hello, you promised.
Let's take the floor Sorry). This word can express protest, disagreement: Should I go to the store again? No, I'm sorry.)
- Well done! And now I will name a few verbal complexes. You have certainly heard them: Lord, my God, mother queen of heaven, tell me for mercy ... What do they express? (Feelings and emotions.)
– Scientists note their structural dissection, phraseology, semantic integrity. Try this series of examples to continue. (Fathers, my God, the devil knows what, that's how, an empty thing, that's a miracle, you're the abyss, tell me, that's how a pound, etc.)
- Make up sentences using these examples.
Prove that interjections serve the purpose of saving language resources. (For example, you did not expect to see, meet your friend in some place. Surprise about this can be expressed in sentences: And you're here, how did you get here? You didn't mean to come here. Who do I see? or with one interjection: Ba!
You can call for silence, you can calm down with sentences: Hush, please, can't hear anything or with one interjection: Shh!)
The practical part of the lesson.
Exercise 1. Dictionary dictation-crossword on the theme "Feelings". The teacher reads the lexical meaning of the word, the students write down the word corresponding to the given lexical meaning.
Supreme satisfaction, delight. - Delight.
Feeling of strong indignation, indignation. - Anger.
The impression of something unexpected and strange, incomprehensible. - Astonishment.
A state of doubt, hesitation due to the inability to understand what the matter is. - Perplexity.
Feelings of irritation, displeasure due to failure, resentment. - Annoyance.
Feeling of annoyance caused by the well-being, success of another. - Envy.
A feeling of joy from pleasant sensations, experiences, thoughts. - Pleasure.
A strong objection to something. - Protest.
Expression of disapproval, condemnation. - Censure.
Task 2 . Insert appropriate interjections in front of the indicated values in the table. Students were given sheets with a table in which the second and fourth columns were not filled. Interjections for choice: ehma, chur, u, fu, uh, oh, sha, chu, uh, uh, hy, tsyts, eh. Think of examples of the use of interjections in speech.
When finished, the table will look like this:
| No. p / p | Interjection | Expressed interjection meaning |
Examples use in speech |
| 1 | Sha | An exclamation in the meaning of "it's time to finish, that's enough" | Let's run - and sha! |
| 2 | hy | Expresses disbelief, ridicule | Hey, what do you want! |
| 3 | Chu | Expresses a call to pay attention to a low, obscure or distant sound | Chu! Something crackled in the garden. |
| 4 | E | Expresses bewilderment, surprise, distrust and other various feelings | Hey, how did you get here? Eh, I don't agree. |
| 5 | wow | Expresses surprise, appreciation, admiration and other similar feelings | Wow, fidget! Wow, you will get from your grandmother! |
| 6 | Chur | 1. An exclamation that demands to comply with some condition. 2. Exclamation (usually in children's games), which are forbidden to touch something, to go beyond some limit | Just don't touch me! Damn not me! |
| 7 | At | Expresses reproach or threat, as well as surprise, fear and other emotions | Wow, how tanned you are! O, shameless! |
| 8 | tsyts | A shout expressing a prohibition, an order to stop something or to be silent | Tsyts, Valentine! |
| 9 | Eh | Expresses regret, reproach, concern | Oh, what can I say after all! |
| 10 | uv | Expresses tiredness, weariness, or relief | Wow, how hard! |
| 11 | ehma | Expresses regret, surprise, determination, and similar feelings | Ahma, I didn't expect this. |
| 12 | Ugh | Expresses reproach, annoyance, contempt, disgust | Fu, tired! |
| 13 | Oh | Expresses regret, sadness, pain and other feelings | Oh, I can't take it anymore! |
Task 3. Determine the part of the underlined words. Justify the answer.
1) And I won't give you a penny. 2) AND, full! 3) There are hopes and he became cheerful again.
1) Write with a pen, a not with a pencil. 2) BUT, gotcha! 3) Let's go for a walk a?
Task 4. In offer Hurt! try inserting different interjections.
(Aw, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Ooh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Ah, it hurts!)
Task 5. Make a linguistic comment on the following examples: fullness, come on, come on, let's go to the river, march into the room.
Many motivating interjections are close to the forms of the imperative mood, this proximity is confirmed by the fact that interjections can acquire a plural indicator -those(completeness). Interjections can be combined with a particle -ka(take that), able to manage other words (well, go to the river, march into the room).
Task 6. Remember the proverbs, which include interjections.
Chur alone - do not give to anyone.
Ay-ay, the month of May is warm, but cold.
Ah, ah, but there is nothing to help.
Ah, what a sadness! I would not let go of a piece, I would eat everything and sing songs.
Oh-ho-ho-ho-honyushki, life is bad for Afonyushka.
Task 7. Determine what syntactic functions the interjections perform in the following sentences. Comment on your answer.
2) If the guy in the mountains is not Oh, if it immediately became limp and down, the step stepped onto the glacier and wilted ... (V. Vysotsky)
3) All these hee hee, ha ha, singing, cowardly talk - an abomination! (A. Tolstoy)
4) He could not be silent, could not smile condescendingly or get rid of his nasty "BUT!" he had to say something. (Yu.Kazakov)
5) What lay down for the people - ah-ah! (D. Furmanov)
Answer. The interjection is not syntactically related to other elements of the sentence. But in these examples, interjections act as different members of the sentence. Examples 1, 2 - predicate, example 3 - subject, example 4 - object, example 5 - circumstance. If the interjection acts as a subject and an object (examples 3, 4), then it acquires the ability to have a definition with it.
Task 8. Linguists distinguish three groups of interjections among emotional ones:
a) interjections expressing satisfaction - approval, pleasure, joy, admiration, etc., a positive assessment of the facts of reality;
b) interjections expressing dissatisfaction - reproach, censure, protest, annoyance, anger, anger, etc., a negative assessment of the facts of reality;
c) interjections expressing surprise, bewilderment, fear, doubt, etc.
Try to give as many examples as possible for each group of interjections.
a) Aha!, ah!, ah!, bravo!, oh!, hurrah! etc.;
b) ah!, ah!, here's another!, brr!, ugh!, fu! etc.;
in) ba!, fathers!, mothers!, well, well!, like a cranberry!, just think!, alas!, hmm! etc.
The same interjections, depending on the expression of emotions, are included in different groups. These are the interjections ah!, ah!, ah!, oh!, oh!, fu!, eh! and etc.
Find interjections in the following sentences and determine their belonging to a particular group.
1) Someone, distilling, said over her ear: “Ah yes eyes!”. (A. Tolstoy)
2) Oh, bring them back! groaned the nervous lady. “Ugh, how stupid you all are!” (A. Kuprin)
3) Fathers! – the thin one was amazed. - Misha! Childhood friend! (A.Chekhov)
4) Pantelei Prokofievich looked at the black head protruding from the pile of diapers in a businesslike manner, and, not without pride, certified: “Our blood ... Ek-hm. Look you!”. (M. Sholokhov)
5) - That's it! Romashov widened his eyes and sat down slightly. (A. Kuprin)
Sentences 1, 4 - interjections ah, ek-um express satisfaction (admiration, pleasure) - that means they belong to the first group.
Sentence 2 - interjections ah, fu express dissatisfaction (annoyance, anger, anger) - therefore, belong to the second group.
Sentences 3, 5 - interjections dude, like this express surprise and bewilderment, therefore they belong to the third group.
Task 9. Read the interjections: ay!, let's go!, scat!, hello!, hey!, gop!, out!, but!, guard!, shh!, well!, chick!, choo!, shh! What are these interjections? Try to group them. What do you think: is it possible?
Incentive (imperative). These interjections can be combined into two groups: interjections expressing a command, an order, a call to some action, etc. (come on!, scat!, gop!, get out!, but!, shh!, well!, chick!, choo!, shh!), and interjections expressing a call to respond, serving as a means to attract attention, etc. (ay!, hello!, guard!, hey!).
Determine what the interjections in the following sentences express.
1) Don't play! the foremen waved to the musicians. - Shh... Yegor Nilych is sleeping. (A.Chekhov)
2) - Guard! Cut! he shouted. (A.Chekhov)
3) Guys! It's warm, let's go for a swim. (Vs. Ivanov)
4) - Hey! Grigoriev shouted and waved. The wagon turned into a field road and soon rolled up. (V.Ketlinskaya)
5) - Well, - I said, - lay out what you need? (K. Paustovsky)
In examples 2, 4, interjections express a call to respond, serve as a means to attract attention. In examples 1, 3, 5, interjections express a call to some action.
Task 10. Compare the following examples: Well, ball! Well, Famusov! He knew how to name guests.(A. Griboedov). Rewrite! Fast, well!(Vs. Ivanov)
Answer. In the first example, the interjection well! is emotional, in the second - motivating.
Answer. Interjections are widely used in colloquial and artistic speech. They serve as a means of conveying a variety of feelings of a person, his attitude to the facts of reality. In addition, in the works fiction they enhance the emotionality of the utterance. Often, interjections, as it were, absorb the meaning of several words, which increases the conciseness of the phrase, for example: Let it not succeed, nothing will come of it—nothing. If it succeeds - wow! (D.Furmanov) The use of interjections conveys the features of lively speech, rich in emotions, gives the text liveliness, ease, expression. Interjections play an important role in characterization.
Task 12. All of you have read A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". What do you think: why is Repetilov's speech full of interjections?
Repetilov, as follows from his own words, is only capable of “making noise”. His empty enthusiasm naturally results in exclamations sprinkled with interjections. (Oh! Get to know him; Oh! Wonder!; ...Ah! Puffer, my soul...)
Remember the famous Ellochka Schukina from the novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov "The Twelve Chairs". How many interjections does her vocabulary include? What does this indicate?
Answer. Ellochka easily managed thirty words, of which three are interjections (ho-ho!, think about it!, wow!). This testifies to the linguistic and mental wretchedness of the character.
Task 13. Comment on punctuation marks. Students receive a table consisting of two columns. The first column contains examples. The second column is empty. In the second column, students write down a comment.
| Examples |
In the 18th century, the French philosopher and writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau said, "To exist is to feel." The language has special words that express a variety of feelings. These are interjections. In the lesson, you will learn all about interjection as a special part of speech. You will also learn how interjections are written and what punctuation marks are isolated.
Theme: Interjections
Lesson: Interjection as a part of speech. Hyphen in interjections
Interjection- a special part of speech that is not included in either independent or official parts of speech, which expresses various feelings, impulses, but does not name them.
For example: oh, ah, hooray, ba, my God, etc.
Features of interjections:
are not grammatically related to other words;
Do not answer questions
do not change;
are not members of the proposal;
Unlike service parts of speech, interjections do not serve to connect words in a sentence, nor to connect parts of a sentence.
By origin, interjections are divided into non-derivative and derivative
· Non-derivative interjections do not correlate with words of other parts of speech and usually consist of one, two or three sounds: ah, oh, uh, ah, oh, eh, wow, alas. Compound interjections like ah-ah-ah, oh-oh-oh etc.
· Derived interjections formed from words of other parts of speech:
a) verbs ( hello, goodbye, think);
b) nouns ( fathers, guards, lord);
c) adverbs ( pretty, full);
d) pronouns ( the same).
Derived interjections also include words of foreign origin ( hello, bravo, bis, kaput).
According to the structure of the interjection can be:
· simple, that is, consist of one word (a, oh, oh, alas);
· complex, i.e. formed by combining two or three interjections ( ah-ah-ah, oh-oh-oh, father-lights);
· constituent, that is, consist of two or more words (alas and ah; that's the same; here you are; here you are).
Types of interjections by meaning:
· emotional interjections express, but do not name feelings, moods (joy, fear, doubt, surprise, etc.): oh, oh-oh-oh, alas, my God, fathers, these are the times, thank God, no matter how, fu and etc.;
interjections that express call to action, commands, orders: well, hey, guard, kitty-kitty, out, shoo, march, whoa, come on, shh, ay;
· etiquette interjections are the formulas of speech etiquette: hello, hello, thank you, please, excuse me, all the best.
Interjections adjoin, but do not include words denoting instantaneous actions ( bang, clap, slap, etc.), as well as words imitating various sounds and voices of animals and birds ( tra-ta-ta; boom Boom Boom; Meow meow; WOF WOF; ha-ha-ha, etc.).
Interjections are used in colloquial speech and in artistic style to express the author's emotions or convey the mood of the hero of the work.
Sometimes interjections pass into the category of independent parts of speech, while they take on a specific lexical meaning and become a member of a sentence.
For example: Far away it roared Hurrah».
Fee - Alas and Oh.
Homework
Exercises #415-418. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - M.: Education, 2012.
Task number 1. Read. Pay attention to the intonation with which interjections are pronounced. Write down the sentences in the following sequence: 1) sentences with emotional interjections; 2) sentences with incentive interjections. Specify shades of emotions and motives.
1. Ah! Cursed Cupid! And they hear, they don't want to understand... 2. Well! Guilty! What a hook I gave. 3. Oh, the human race! it fell into oblivion that everyone himself must climb there, into that little chest, where he neither stands nor sits. 4. Sorry; I was in a hurry to see you sooner, I did not stop by home. Farewell! I'll be back in an hour... 5. Ah! Alexander Andreich, please, sit down. 6. Oh, Alexander Andreevich, it's bad, brother! 7. Hey, tie a knot for memory; I asked to be silent... 8. Women shouted: hurrah! and threw caps into the air! 9. Ah! My God! Fell, killed! 10. Tightened the reins. Well, what a miserable rider. 11. Ah! Evil tongues are worse than a gun. 12. Hey! Filka, Fomka, well, tricky! 13. Eh! Brother! It was a glorious life back then. 14. Hello, Chatsky, brother! 15. Well, I dispersed the cloud. 16. Wow! I definitely got rid of the noose: after all, your father is crazy ... (A. Griboyedov)
Task number 2. In the examples from A. S. Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit", highlight the words, phrases and sentences that act as interjections.
1.God is with you, I remain again with my riddle. 2. Pardon me, we are not guys: why are the opinions of strangers only holy? 3. Prince Pyotr Ilyich, princess, my God! 4. And a present for me, God bless him! 5. "I've done it." - "Good! I plugged my ears." 6. And the ladies? .. God grant patience - after all, I myself was married.
Didactic materials. Section "Interjection"
Didactic materials. Section "Onomatopoeic words"
3. Culture writing ().
The culture of writing. Interjection.
Interjection. Encyclopedia Around the World.
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 hours, 8th ed. – M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
Interjection is an important part of the Russian language. It is interjections that in many ways make speech richer, more expressive and richer - they allow you to convey emotions, feelings, make descriptions more vivid and lively. The very definition of interjections sounds exactly like this - these are words and expressions that help express emotions, feelings and expressions of will, while not defining them.
Interjections are neither independent nor functional parts of speech and remain an isolated group. However, they can be classified according to several criteria.
Basic and additional types of classification of interjections
First of all, interjection words are usually divided into non-derivatives and derivatives. What does this mean?
- Derivatives of interjections formed from other parts of speech are modified forms some words. For example, interjections “completely”, “please say”, “let it be to you”, “fathers” can be attributed to them.
- Non-derivative interjections were originally formed on their own and are not associated with any parts of speech - for example, these are “oh” and “ay”, “oh” and “ah”, “a” and “well”.
It is also customary to subdivide interjections in accordance with their composition into simple, complex and compound. It is very easy to understand the meaning:
- simple ones are more like sounds and consist of only one word - “oh”, “ah”, “God”;
- complex ones are represented by several repeated words - “oh-oh”, “well-well”, “ah-ah”;
- components include several different words and in fact they are whole expressions - “damn it”, “wow”, “please tell me”.
Another classification of interjections subdivides them according to their meaning in speech.
- Emotional interjections - such as "ah", "cheers", "oh", "what a horror" - are needed to express certain feelings and emotions.
- Incentive interjections offer to perform some kind of action - for example, “stop”, “have mercy”, “scat”, and so on.
- Etiquette interjection words are used in speech to express gratitude, for greetings and goodbyes, requests - for example, "hello" and "salute", "merci" and "thank you" and the like.
For derivative interjections, a separate classification can be distinguished according to parts of speech - depending on the word due to which they are formed. There are interjections pronouns and nouns, verbs, interjections from conjunctions, adverbs and particles.
The peculiarity of interjections is that they are not members of the sentence, and there are no test questions for them. These words are needed solely in order to emotionally express any feelings.
An interjection is a special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings and impulses. Interjections are not included in either independent or auxiliary parts of speech.
Examples of interjections: ay, ah, oh, well, ah-ah, alas.
Interjections can express various feelings and moods: delight, joy, surprise, fear, etc. Examples: ah, ah, ba, oh, oh, eh, alas, cheers, fu, fi, ugh, etc. Interjections can express various impulses: the desire to expel, stop talking, encourage speech, action, etc. Examples: out, shh, tsyts, well, well, well, hey, scat, etc. Interjections are widely used in colloquial style. AT works of art interjections are commonly found in dialogues. Do not confuse interjections with onomatopoeic words (meow, knock-knock, ha-ha-ha, ding-ding, etc.).
Morphological features
Interjections are derivative and non-derivative. Derivatives were formed from independent parts of speech: Drop it! Sorry! Fathers! Horror! and others. Compare: Fathers! Oh my God! (interjection) - Fathers in the service (noun). Non-derivative interjections - a, e, y, ah, eh, well, alas, fu, etc.
Interjections do not change.
Examples of interjections
Ah, my head is on fire, all my blood is in excitement (A. Griboyedov).
Hey, guys, sing, just build a harp (M. Lermontov).
Ba! All familiar faces (A. Griboyedov).
Alas, he does not seek happiness and does not run away from happiness (M. Lermontov).
Well, sir, - the driver shouted, - trouble: a snowstorm! (A. Pushkin).
Hey, coachman, look: what's blackening there? (A. Pushkin).
Well, well, Savelich! Enough, make peace, to blame (A. Pushkin).
And over there: this is a cloud (A. Pushkin).
Syntactic role
Interjections are not members of sentences. However, sometimes interjections are used in the meaning of other parts of speech - they take on a specific lexical meaning and become a member of the sentence:
Hey honey! (A. Pushkin) - the word "ah yes" in the meaning of the definition.
Here comes the "wow!" far away (N. Nekrasov) - the word "ay" in the meaning of the subject.
Morphological analysis
For a part of speech, an interjection morphological analysis is not done.