The black box is able to transform information according to some rule.
As a result of studying the operation of the "black box", a list of the corresponding values of the parameters at the input and output was obtained.
Determine what the system is doing by analyzing the results of its work, i.e. by what principle the values of the input parameters are related to the output ones. Represent this relationship as a function.
Example 1
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What will the black box answer if it is given the number 12?
Answer: the system doubles the parameter value at the input; y = 2x.
The rule can be more complex.
Example 2
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input information |
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What will the black box answer if it is given the number 9?
Answer: The system squares the value of the input parameter and then reverses the digits of the number.
List of some of the most famous "Black Boxes":
- The number is the remainder of dividing it by some given number.
- The sum of the digits of a number.
- Any formula: the square of a number, the number plus three, etc. …
- You can add the move number to the number.
- Three - three, two - three, one - four, (number - how many letters are in his record).
- The number of the first letter "a" in the word: i.e. bomb - 5, 2 - 3, banana - 2, 1 - can't (in this case, you can also say 0)
Tasks for independent solution
A certain "black box" can be configured for ten information conversion programs. As a result of studying his work, test reports were obtained that describe the inputs and the corresponding outputs of the system. It is necessary to determine the type of input information (numerical, textual, symbolic) and the rule for its transformation.
"Processes of information" - Ancient sages about obtaining information by man and others sentient beings. Search for food by animals in unfamiliar areas. It is to study information processes in nature that is my goal. The child is not interested in anything except toys and maternal affection. Then the circle gets larger, and the circle of interest, therefore, expands.
"Legal information" - Regulations and standards. the federal law dated January 10, 2002 N 1-FZ "On electronic digital signature". Document identification details. Legal base. Decree of the President of August 4, 1995 "On presidential programs for legal informatization". MIEMP-NN Department of Informatics and Mathematics Art. teacher Barashkin S.A.
Criminal liability. Responsibility for disclosing the secret of the source of information. Note. Attempts to improve the situation in the field of protection of information sources at the legislative level in the Republic of Kazakhstan. For discussion. Article 353. What means of protection does a journalist have? International standards. Upk rk. What is meant by "judgment"?
"Information and computer" - Language - as a way of expressing information. Hypertext-. Return to the pan. Computer network device. Notation-. Figurative information-. Informatics-. Language-. Model-.
"Information grade 5 lesson" - Reel tape recorder. Your home address. Architectural works. Other knowledge acquired at school. Receive. Grade 5 Informatics teacher Elena Gennadievna Lopatina. RAM. Keep. The invention of cinematography 1895. Other external information storages. The invention of photography 1839.
"Storage of information" - Finally, the printing press was invented, and books appeared. The human mind is the most perfect tool for understanding the world around us. Presentation on informatics on the topic: MOU "Spasskaya basic comprehensive school." And the human memory is an excellent device for storing the information received.
There are 11 presentations in total in the topic
The black box model, examples of which will be given below, is an illustration of an object for which an output and an input are specified. However, its contents are unknown. Let's consider further how to build a black box model.
First stage
The initial action necessary for compiling a model of absolutely any system is the separation of an object from its environment. This simplest operation reflects two most important properties: the isolation and integrity of the object. The object of research is a certain object, the contents of which are unknown.
Interactions with the environment
Any model of system composition is not completely isolated. She supports with environment certain connections. With their help, there is a mutual influence of the object and the conditions in which it is located. Accordingly, when building the "black box" model at the next stage, the connections are shown by arrows and described in words. Those directed to Wednesday are exits. Accordingly, reverse arrows will be inputs.
At this level of system representation, the researcher deals with a declarative model. That is, outputs and inputs are determined by the scale of names. As a rule, such a display is sufficient. However, in some cases it is necessary to give a quantitative description of some or all of the outputs and inputs.
Sets
They are set so that the "black box" model is maximally formalized. As a result, the researcher comes to the task of 2 sets Y and X of output and input variables. At the same time, no relationship between them is fixed at this stage. Otherwise, you get a transparent model, not a "black box". So, for a TV, the set X can be the limiting ranges of the mains voltage and broadcast radio waves.
Black box model: systems analysis
On the final stage object changes are investigated and reflected. For example, they can occur over a certain period of time. That is, the researcher illustrates the state of the object in dynamics. The description of the "black box" model should show correspondences, firstly, between the components of the set X of probable values of the input parameters and the elements of the ordered T-set of time intervals. In addition, a similar relationship should be displayed for output indicators.
Specificity
The key advantage of the object under consideration is its simplicity. However, in many cases it is very deceptive. Quite often, listing outputs and inputs is a rather difficult task. If we consider the car as a model of the "black box" type, then this conclusion will be confirmed. in the study of this object will exceed two dozen. In this case, the list of parameters will be far from complete.
Such a multiplicity of outputs and inputs is determined by the unlimited options for the interaction of the object under consideration with the environment.
Nuances
The structural model of the system is used when it is necessary to illustrate a complex object that contains several elements. In the simplest situations, it contains a set of components. All of them are included in the object itself. In these cases, the concept of "system composition model" is used.
Meanwhile, there are a number of issues that cannot be solved with its help. In particular, to assemble a bicycle, it is not enough to have a box with all its elements. You need to know how to properly connect them to each other. Obviously, only a model of the composition of the system will not help in this case. Moreover, in some cases it is necessary to establish certain connections between the components. Their character shows She gives the opportunity to solve more problems. The block diagram answers the questions: “What is included in the object and what are the relationships between its elements?”
Explanations
Visual images are of particular importance for a person. The definition of a system used in practice does not characterize its internal structure. This allows you to distinguish it from the environment. At the same time, it will be depicted as a model of a "black box" - an integral and relatively isolated object. Achieved goal represents pre-planned changes in the environment, certain products of the work of the object, intended for consumption outside it. In other words, the black box model establishes certain connections and influences external conditions. As mentioned above, they are outputs.
At the same time, the system acts as a means. Therefore, opportunities are needed for its application, impact on it. Accordingly, connections are established from the environment to the object - inputs. The use of the "black box" model allows one to study only the interaction between the object and the environment. It displays only the input and output parameters. At the same time, it even lacks the boundaries between the environment and the object (the walls of the box). They are only implied, considered to exist.
Black box model: examples
As mentioned above, sometimes a verbal meaningful display of outputs and inputs is enough. In this case, the black box model will be their list. So, for a TV, the display of links will be as follows:
- Inputs - power cable, antenna, settings and controls.
- Outputs - screen and speakers.
In other situations, it may be necessary to quantify relationships.
Let's take another system - a wrist watch. It should be taken into account that the outputs are aimed at concretizing the goal. Accordingly, as one of them, you can fix the time reading at any arbitrary moment. Further, it should be noted that the expressed goal applies in general to all watches, and not just to wristwatches taken. To differentiate them, you can make the following addition - the convenience of wearing on the wrist. It will act as an input. With this addition comes the need for a bracelet or strap. With him, in turn, there is the obligation to comply with the rules of hygiene (exit), since not every fastening is permissible on the hand. Then, if you imagine the conditions in which the watch is operated, you can enter a few more parameters: dust and moisture resistance, strength. Additionally, two more outputs can be used. They will be the accuracy needed in everyday life, as well as the availability of information on the dial for reading at a cursory glance. In the process of research, you can add a few more requirements to the clock. For example, such outputs as conformity to fashion, the ratio of price to the purchasing power of the consumer are introduced.
It is quite obvious that this list can be continued. It is permissible to include a requirement to read information from the dial in the dark. Its implementation will lead to a significant change in the design. It may provide, for example, different options for self-illumination, reading by touch, backlighting, signaling, etc.
Characteristics of a business company
Consider the specifics of building a model using the example of an enterprise. It should be said right away that its creation is based on the selection from an infinite set of interactions of such a set of them that would adequately reflect the purpose of the study. Of course, such a model should not be reduced to a monosystem. That is, to such an object that has only one input and output.
The "black box" model considers the organization as a system of relations between the enterprise and the environment. In the analysis, to justify a sufficient and necessary set of parameters for the sets of outputs and inputs, the methods of mathematical statistics are widely used. Often experienced experts are also involved in the process.
With regard to the relationship between the company and the environment, a few explanations should be given here. First of all, capital is needed to conduct production activities. It can be presented in the form of borrowed funds or the firm's own shares. Due to liquid assets, the enterprise gets the opportunity to use production factors in the process. As you know, they are materials, equipment and other resources that are converted into finished products.
Another connection with the environment is expressed in the process of marketing products. The sale of products gives the company funds, which, in turn, are used to pay off debts, pay wages, and so on. Interest is charged on loans. They are paid to the credit institution. In addition, the company deducts mandatory payments to the budget. Along with this, the state provides subsidies to the company.
Practical value
Often, the "black box" model is not only very useful, but also the only one available for use in research. For example, when analyzing mental processes in the human body or the effect of medications on a patient, specialists can only intervene in internal processes through inputs. Accordingly, conclusions are drawn on the basis of the output study.
In general, this provision refers to such observations, as a result of which it is necessary to obtain in the conditions familiar to her, in an environment where special care must be taken that the measurement process has a minimum effect on her.
The use of such an "opaque" object is also due to the fact that the researcher has no information about its internal structure. In particular, it is not known how the electron is arranged. But it has been established how it interacts with magnetic, gravitational, electric fields. This characteristic is the description of the electron according to the principle of the "black box" model.
Additionally
One more important phenomenon should be noted. The considered model is already structured. It knows whether the connection belongs to the category of outputs or inputs. Meanwhile, at the initial stages of the study, this information may not be available. The researcher has the opportunity to highlight a certain connection of an object with the environment, to observe and measure any parameter by which it is characterized. However, in this case there will not be enough grounds to unconditionally establish its direction.
In such situations, it is useful to examine two competing black boxes. In one, the connection will be considered as an input, in the other, respectively, as an output. An example is the study of processes for which it has not been established which is the effect and which is the cause, or whether their relationship generally belongs to the category of cause and effect.
Criterias of choice
The multiplicity of outputs and inputs is determined by an unlimited number of interactions between the object and the environment. When building a model, a certain set of links is selected that will be included in the list of outputs and inputs. The criterion in this case is the purpose of the object, the significance of the interaction with respect to the goal.
Accordingly, the choice is made as follows. Everything that is essential is included in the model, and everything that is not is excluded from it. However, it is at this stage that mistakes can be made. The fact that the model does not take into account a certain set of relationships does not make them unrealistic. In any case, they exist and act regardless of the will of the researcher making the choice.
It often turns out that previously unknown or insignificant conditions are actually very important and must be taken into account. This moment is of particular importance in determining the purpose of the system. When establishing the outputs of the object, the main task has to be supplemented with auxiliary problems. It should be emphasized that the fulfillment of only the key goal will not be enough. At the same time, non-implementation of additional tasks can make in some cases unnecessary, in others - dangerous - the solution of the main problem.
At the moment it is necessary to turn Special attention, since in practice misunderstanding, ignorance or underestimation of the significance of this provision is often found. In fact, it acts as one of the central ideas of systemology.
Conclusion
The opaque model is considered the simplest in systemology. Meanwhile, when it is created, various difficulties often arise. They are determined mainly by the variety of possible options for establishing links between the object and the environment in which it is located. When using the model, it is necessary to take into account a variety of factors, clearly define the final and additional goals. The implementation of the latter is often extremely important for obtaining the planned results of the observation.