It starts simply with Shakespearean passions. His father, a wealthy nobleman Afanasy Neofitovich Shenshin, a 45-year-old man of the hussar warehouse, a former captain, while undergoing treatment in Germany, fell in love with the 20-year-old mother of the future poet Charlotte Fet. This passion was not hindered either by the fact that the lady was married, or by the fact that she already had a daughter, or by the fact that the lady was pregnant with Athanasius...
The boy was born in December 1820. Fet's biography contains a period of happy childhood in the Oryol estate of his father in the village. Novoselki.
About the Shenshin-Fetov family
In fact, the biological father of Athanasius Fet is Johann-Peter-Karl-Wilhelm Fet, an assessor at the Darmstadt city court. The blood sister remained in Germany.
Two children of Charlotte Fet and Afanasy Shenshin (Anna and Vasily) died in infancy. The poet also had a half-sister, Lyuba, born in 1824.
Offended by the kidnapping of his wife, the German biological father disinherited Athanasius.
Status of an illegitimate son
The carefree childhood of the future poet in the Shenshin estate lasted up to 14 years, until the Orthodox (diocesan) authorities, who, as they say now, exercise legal supervision, discovered that the date of the parents' wedding (1822) was later than the date of the child's birth. This entailed significant legal consequences for Athanasius. Fet's biography contains information that the young man suffered deeply from his special status of "illegitimate".
The chronological table testifies to the rhythm of life imposed on him. Fet Afanasy Afanasyevich, on the one hand, was attracted by poetry, and on the other hand, by the duty of returning noble privileges to posterity.
Dates | Developments |
In the village of Novoselki, a son, Athanasius, was born into the landowning family of the Shenshins. |
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Education at the boarding house Krommera in the Finnish city of Verro |
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Pension of Professor Pogodin |
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Education at the Department of Literature of Moscow University |
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Service in the cuirassier regiment in the Kherson province |
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First poetry collection |
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Second collection of poems |
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Fet becomes a local nobleman and lives on the estate in Stepanovka |
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The most productive period of creativity (in the village of Vorobyovka) |
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1883, 1885, 1888, 1891 | Years of publication of cycles best poems poet |
Death from an asthma attack |
Too many milestones in his life - he honorably overcame restrictions in education, forced service in the army, marriage to an unloved woman, hermitage in the countryside - clearly were not included in his original plans. Such stages of life do not make a person happy... All this, unfortunately, affected the health of the poet. The years of Fet's life could cover a larger period of time.
Adversity changed the character of the poet
Perhaps this state of inner suffering was the reason for the birth in his soul of the lyrics of the high level, crystal clear poetry style.
He could not bear his father's surname, he was not a Russian subject, and accordingly, he did not inherit the rights of the nobility. His surname was Fet, and the young man was considered a German subject. Everything that his brothers and sisters inherited by birth, he should have earned. This is how the vigilance of the spiritual fathers-clerks made the subsequent life of the poet unhappy. He entered the rights of the nobility only at the age of 50! Therefore, literary critics emphasize: Fet's dim, gloomy biography and his clear, watercolor poetic heritage are deeply contrasting. The severe psychological trauma inflicted by the inhumanity of the law determined the difficult character of this most talented person.
Education
Unlike the rest of the Shenshins, Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet received a good education. Diligence and a predisposition to the sciences did their job ... Being a German subject, he was forced to start studying at a Protestant German boarding school. However, he owes his knowledge of the Latin language and classical philology to the teachers of this institution. It was here that his first poems were written.
The beginning of creativity
The young man had a dream - to study at Moscow University. The boarding school of Professor Pogodin served as a stepping stone to this admission.
Since 1838, Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet has been a student of the literature department of the university he coveted. From here originates his long-term friendship with the future poet and critic Apollon Grigoriev. Here, in 1840, Fet wrote his first collection of poems, Lyrical Pantheon. In the works of the novice poet, imitation of Venediktov and Pushkin was felt. Fet's early lyrics are published by the journals Otechestvennye Zapiski and Moskvityanin. Fet yearns for recognition, thanks to which he hopes to regain the title of nobility. However, Fet's early lyrics do not bring success adequate to such a dream.
Then an active young man acts according to "plan B" - he receives a title of nobility after military service.
The poet serves in the army
He serves in the cuirassier regiment, which is stationed in the Kherson province.
At this time, the plot of his personal drama falls. An unknown, frankly poor young man has a serious feeling for Maria Lazich, the daughter of a small estate nobleman. Moreover, this feeling is mutual (and, as it turned out, for life.) However, the destructive complex that has developed in Athanasius "to return the nobility above all" prevents marriage and the creation of a happy family ... Maria died untimely, while still young, leaving her lover memories and regrets .
Afanasy Fet, whose poetic original gift began to appear, calls the years of service impartially: "conclusion." The first resounding success was accompanied by his poems, published in 1850. The poet is recognized by the creative elite. He gets acquainted and becomes well received by Nekrasov, Druzhinin, Leo Tolstoy. His works are finally expected and loved. However, Afanasy Fet, a poet from God, is still going to his creative heights. A new collection of poetry, published in 1856, is only a milestone on this path.
Marriage, landowner status
He never served the title in the army, although he rose to the rank of captain (which corresponds to the modern rank of captain, and to return the title logically military career Fet should have become a colonel).
However, by this time the life of Afanasy Afanasyevich had changed dramatically. Returning to civilian life, he married Botkina, the sister of a famous literary critic. This marriage was rather accomplished by him out of calculation than out of love. Thus, Fet Afanasy Afanasyevich became related to a wealthy merchant family and drew the line of his poverty. Fate becomes favorable to him. The royal decree recognizes his right to his father's inheritance, he is also given the surname Shenshin. The poet calls this event the most joyful in his life. He had been waiting for it for many years.
However, fans of his work are still interested in the question: “Why famous poet decided on an arranged marriage? No direct answer was found in his diaries. In any case, this is a matter of personal choice: to choose family life, secretly suffering from a failed marriage with a loved one ... Perhaps he was tired of fighting with a society that limited his rights, he decided, finally, to find peace, since he did not get happiness in love. Such a characteristic of Fet has a basis. However, he will remember his deceased beloved Maria Lazich until his death, dedicating poems to her.
Fet - active landowner
In 1860, with the capital of his wife, he buys the Stepanovka farm, where he has been farming almost non-stop for 17 years. On the farm, Fet the landowner owns two hundred souls. He is completely immersed in the organization and management of the economy. There is practically no time left for creativity. He becomes "a convinced and tenacious Russian agrarian." Afanasy Afanasyevich, devoting a lot of time and effort to a new cause for himself and distinguished not only by his poetic gift, but also by worldly wisdom, achieves respect in society. Evidence of recognition is the performance of his duties as a justice of the peace.
The efficient management of the Feta landowner contributed to the capitalization of the funds earned by him in agricultural production. He actually earned his wealth by his labor.
The most fruitful period of creativity
In 1877, the poet enters a new, most fruitful period of his work. His poetic style has been worked out, and the suffering soul longs to plunge into the ocean of pure poetry. The history of Fet goes back to its last highest stage, which brought him the glory of an incomparable lyricist. Precisely in order to isolate himself from the vain world and focus on high creativity, Afanasy Afanasyevich buys the Kursk village of Vorobyovka, where he spends the warm season. For the winter, the poet always returned to his Moscow mansion. The life of Afanasy Fet, starting from this milestone, is entirely devoted to poetry.
This period of creativity was the most productive. Fet's chronological table testifies to the dynamics of writing collections by him: 1883, 1885, 1888, 1891 ... It is noteworthy that all these collections of poems, written over a decade, are combined into a common cycle "Evening Lights".
Fet's poetry is unique
All the poetry of Afanasy Afanasyevich, presented in the author's collections, can be conditionally grouped into three main themes: nature, love, art. He devoted his poetic activity only to these subjects. Fet's lyrics are simple and bright, they are really written for all time. The reader who wants to find in his poems the associations found in own life, will surely find them: in the majestic landscape of the forest, in the life-giving sound of rain, in the joyful portal of the rainbow. Composer Tchaikovsky compared his poetry with music. According to many critics, none of his colleagues achieved the richness of the poetic palette achieved by Afanasy Fet in describing nature. Muse Fet is special: simple and graceful, calmly gliding on her wings above the ground, captivating readers with her lightness and grace.
The poet developed a harmonious principle in his work, fundamentally dissociating himself from "mental bad weather", anxieties, conflicts and injustice. The poet called his artistic style "the mind of the heart."
Instead of a conclusion
The years of Fet's life are 1820-1892. A year before his death, his literary research was "highly" appreciated. Fet was granted the rank of chamberlain (a high rank of court rank, roughly equivalent to a major general).
However, the poet's health was already failing him ... He was not up to palace careers ... He died during an asthmatic attack. Fet Afanasy Afanasyevich was buried in the Oryol family estate, located in the village of Kleymenovo.
Summing up the above, we should mention the influence of the work of Afanasy Afanasyevich on the generation of symbolist poets: Balmont, Blok, Yesenin. He is undoubtedly the founder of the Russian school of pure art, which fascinates with its sincerity.
The future poet was born on November 23 (December 5, according to the new style), 1820 in the village. Novoselki of the Mtsensk district of the Oryol province (Russian Empire).
As the son of Charlotte-Elizabeth Becker, who left Germany in 1820, Athanasius was adopted by the nobleman Shenshin. After 14 years, an unpleasant event occurred in the biography of Afanasy Fet: an error was discovered in the birth record, which deprived him of his title.
Education
In 1837, Fet graduated from the private boarding school of Krimmer in the city of Verro (now Estonia). In 1838 he entered the Faculty of Philosophy at Moscow University, continuing to take a great interest in literature. He graduated from the university in 1844.
Creativity of the poet
AT short biography Fet is worth noting that the first poems were written by him in his youth. Fet's poetry was first published in the collection "Lyrical Pantheon" in 1840. Since then, Fet's poems have been constantly published in magazines.
In an effort to regain his title of nobility by all possible means, Afanasy Fet went to serve as a non-commissioned officer. Then, in 1853, in Fet's life, there is a transition to the Guards Regiment. Creativity Fet even in those days does not stand still. In 1850, his second collection was published, in 1856 - the third.
In 1857 the poet marries Maria Botkina. Having retired in 1858, without having achieved the return of the title, he acquires land, devotes himself to housekeeping.
Fet's new works, published from 1862 to 1871, make up the cycles "From the Village", "Notes on Freelance Labor". They include novels, short stories, essays. Afanasy Afanasievich Fet strictly distinguishes between his prose and poetry. Poetry is romantic for him, and prose is realistic.
Nikolai Nekrasov wrote about Fet: “A person who understands poetry and willingly opens his soul to its sensations, in no Russian author, after Pushkin, will draw as much poetic pleasure as Mr. Fet will give him.”
last years of life
In 1873, the title was returned to Afanasy Fet, as well as the surname Shenshin. After that, the poet is engaged in charity work. At this stage, the poems of Afanasy Fet are published in the collections "Evening Lights", of which four issues are published from 1883 to 1891. Fet's poetry contains mainly two themes: nature, love.
Death overtook the poet on November 21, 1892 in Moscow in his house on Plyushchikha. Fet died of a heart attack. Afanasy Afanasyevich was buried in the Shenshin family estate in the village. Kleymenovo, Oryol Gubernia.
Chronological table
Other biography options
- In addition to composing poems, Fet was engaged in translations until his old age. He owns translations of both parts of Goethe's Faust. He even planned to translate Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, but he abandoned this idea and took up the translation of the works of Arthur Schopenhauer.
- The poet experienced a tragic love for Maria Lazich, a fan of his work. This girl was educated and very talented. Their feelings were mutual, but the couple failed to connect their destinies. Maria died, and the poet remembered his unhappy love all his life, which influenced his work. It was to her that he dedicated the poem "Talisman", the poems "Old Letters", "You suffered, I still suffer ...", "No, I have not changed. To deep old age ... ”and other poems.
- Some researchers of Fet's life believe that the poet's death from a heart attack was preceded by a suicide attempt.
- It was Fet who was the author of the famous phrase that was included in the "Adventures of Pinocchio"
Are you interested in knowing the most important and significant moments in the life of a writer? Then you did the right thing by opening the page where the chronological table of Fet is presented. It will help not only students, but also teachers. The table briefly describes the life and work of Fet; the presented data can be given to your students during the lesson, or you can remember forgotten dates and events yourself. The writer of the golden age left behind many lyrical works, each of which conveys his inner mood. The biography of Afanasy Fet by date will help you independently understand the stages of development of his creative way and the main moments of the life of the great poet.
1820, December 5 (18)- Born in the Novoselki estate of the Mtsensk district of the Oryol province, which belonged to a retired officer Afanasy Neofitovich Shenshin.
1835-1837 - Education in the German private boarding school Krümmer in Verro (now Võru, Estonia). At this time, he began to write poetry, to show interest in classical philology.
1838 - Entered Moscow University, first at the Faculty of Law, then at the historical and philological (verbal) department of the Faculty of Philosophy. Studied for 6 years: 1838-1844.
1840 - Fet's collection of poems "Lyrical Pantheon" was published with the participation of Apollon Grigoriev, Fet's friend at the university.
1845 - entered military service in the cuirassier regiment of the Military Order, became a cavalryman.
1846 - He was awarded the first officer rank.
1850 - Fet's second collection was released, which received positive reviews from critics in the magazines Sovremennik, Moskvityanin and Domestic Notes.
1853
- Fet was transferred to the guards regiment stationed near St. Petersburg;
in St. Petersburg he met with Turgenev, Nekrasov, Goncharov and others, as well as his rapprochement with the editors of the Sovremennik magazine.
1854 - served in the Baltic Port, which he described in his memoirs "My memories".
1856 - the third collection of Fet was published, edited by I. S. Turgenev.
1857 - Fet married Maria Petrovna Botkina
1858 - retired with the rank of guards headquarters captain and settled in Moscow.
1859 - there was a break between the poet and the journalist Dolgoruky A.V. from Contemporary.
1863 - a two-volume collection of Fet's poems was published.
1867 - Athanasius Fet was elected a justice of the peace for 11 years.
1873 - Afanasy Fet returned the nobility and the surname Shenshin. The poet continued to sign literary works and translations with the surname Fet.
1883-1891 - publication of four issues of the collection "Evening Lights".
1892 November 21 (December 4)- died in Moscow. According to some reports, his death from a heart attack was preceded by a suicide attempt. He was buried in the village of Kleymenovo, the Shenshin family estate.
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Real surname Shenshin; 1820 - 1892. Fet's father, Afanasy Shenshin, was a wealthy landowner; mother - Carolina Charlotte Fet, for some time was Shenshin's illegal wife. He met her during treatment in Germany and brought her to Russia (she had a husband and daughter abroad). Athanasius was registered with his father's surname, but at the age of 14 they discovered legal illegality = deprivation of the privileges of hereditary nobles = takes the surname Fet (now he is a "man without a name" he will write in the book "My Memoirs").
The father, on the advice of Zhukovsky, gave the boy to the Pension of Mr. Krümmer in Dorpat (in the image of the Goethe Gymnasium). Fet knew Latin ideally, Greek was weaker. He has been there for three years - he feels that he can write. Later - M. P. Pogodin's private boarding school in Moscow to prepare for admission to Moscow State University. He was bored at the university; but he constantly kept a yellow notebook - he decided to give it to the dean Denisov - he handed it over to Gogol - he appreciated Gogol and said "this is an undoubted talent." Settled with the Grigorievs; encouraged by the praises of his comrades, Fet decides to publish his poetic experiments (he was taught to write by Irinarkh Vvedensky, the translator of Dickens). In 1840. his first book appears "Lyric Pantheon" appreciated by Belinsky and Nekrasov. Interested in Goethe and Heine.
40-50s Until the end of the 1840s. Fet's poems appear in "Moskvityanin" and "Notes of the Fatherland". In 1844, Fet graduated from the university and, having a long-standing interest in military service, entered a non-commissioned officer in a cuirassier regiment. In 1846, he was promoted to cornet, and in December 1851, to staff captain. In 1853, Fet, with the rank of lieutenant, was transferred to the Life Guards Lancer Regiment. During Crimean War he was in the troops guarding the Estonian coast, and in 1858 he retired as a staff captain of the guard. The period of military service was in the life of Fet the heyday of his poetic talent.. In 1850 and 1856 (based on the collection -50s) published two collections of his poems. At this time, a feature of Fet's poetry appears - capturing the elusive. Fet's favorite motives - love and nature. According to Botkin, Fet caught not the plastic reality of the object, but its ideal, melodic reflection in our feeling. Critics said that Fet, a representative of new poetry, different from Pushkin and Lermontov, was compared with the Impressionists. In the 50s, Fet published translations from Goethe, Horace (FET IS THE FIRST TRANSLATOR OF HORATIO IN RUSSIA = 4 BOOKS), poetic translations of Shakespeare's tragedies "Julius Caesar" (1859) and "Antony and Cleopatra" (1859).
60-70s. Before retiring, taking a vacation, Fet makes a trip abroad. ("Essays from abroad" ; notes from Germany and France have disappeared). There, in Paris, Fet married MP Botkina, the sister of his longtime friend and admirer. In 1860 he bought a farm in the Mtsensk district, where he lived for 17 years, only coming to Moscow for a short time in winter. For more than ten years ( 1867 - 1877 ) the poet served as a justice of the peace = "Notes of the Justice of the Peace". The institution of the court was only taking shape at that time, the world court dealt with petty criminal cases. Judges could be those who satisfied 3 points: 1. age limit - "not less than 25 years of age"; 2. higher education / or 3 years in the profession, where they could gain knowledge about the courts; 3. property worth at least 15,000 tr. Turgenev was glad to have chosen a friend, and incited him to create "Notes of the Justice of the Peace". The book was not published, but you can find many "plots" in letters to friends.
Fet became an ardent agronomist and did not want to hear anything about literature. Fet analyzes the causes of the revolution, one of them, in his opinion, is that people have moved away from agriculture. Writes to
1862 "Notes on freelance work" (published in the Russkiy vestnik) - about how he has to deal with the name. 17 chapters (Inspection of estates; Purchase; Necessary arrangement; Autumn chores; Approach of winter; Winter activities, etc.). + articles on socio-political topics; - articles on public education and upbringing (Fet for the fact that the ancient liter was studied in gymnasiums / for the comprehensive development of the humanities).
80-90s . Translations: in 10 years he translates both parts of Faust, two works by Schopenhauer (The World as Will and Representation and On the Fourfold Root of the Law of Sufficient Reason), the whole of Horace, the satires of Juvenal and Persius, the poems of Catullus, the elegies of Tibullus and Propertius , fifteen books of Ovid's Metamorphoses, Virgil's entire Aeneid, and Martial's epigrams. In addition, his new poems were published in separate issues under the general title "Evening Lights".
3 volumes "My memories" and "Early years in my life" - all were published during his lifetime.
Know: were close friends with Turgenev, but quarreled = bright pages in literature.
13. Creativity Tyutchev
Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on November 23, 1803 in the Oryol village of Ovstug on the estate of his father (a nobleman). She had a strong influence on T. Patriotic War= she kindled a fiery love for the motherland in the young man, which he transferred to his poems. At the age of 13 - a volunteer at Moscow State University; translates and writes poetry. At the age of 14 (1818) he was admitted to Society of Russian Literature Lovers, next. year publishes his first poems and becomes a student of the verbal department of Moscow State University,
After graduating, in 1822, Tyutchev was assigned to the Russian diplomatic mission in Munich (as a freelance attaché) and spent the next 20 plus years in Western European countries. He meets Schelling, Heine and marries Eleanor Peterson (3 daughters are married, the eldest - Anna - marries Ivan Aksakov).
The steamer "Nikolai I", on which the Tyutchev family sails from St. Petersburg to Turin, is in distress in the Baltic Sea - Turgenev, who was sailing there, helps Eleanor and the children to escape. Eleanor still dies (1838) and in 1839 Tyutchev remarries Ernestine Dernberg. In 1839 T.'s diplomatic activity was interrupted, but he remained abroad. Nicholas I supported T.'s initiatives in creating a positive image of Russia in the West. Article "Letter to Mr. Dr. Kolb"(“Russia and Germany”; 1844). Tyutchev returned to Russia in 1844.
According to Y. Lotman Tyutchev's work (400 verses) can be divided for three periods:
1st period- initial, 1810s - early 1820s, when Tyutchev creates his youthful poems, archaic in style and close to the poetry of the 18th century. Merging everything together: love, philosophy, and nature. T.'s poetry never develops in the form of a rational, speculative thought.
2nd period- the second half of the 1820s - 1840s, starting with the poem "Glimpse", the features of his original poetics are already noticeable in Tyutchev's work. This is a fusion of Russian odic poetry of the 18th century and the traditions of European romanticism. The themes of love and nature are still relevant, but something disturbing is woven into them. This disturbing beginning with different accents and coloring is expressed, in particular, in poems about wandering.
3rd period- 1850s - early 1870s. This period is separated from the previous one by a decade of the 1840s, when Tyutchev writes almost no poetry. During this period, numerous political poems, poems "in case" and a poignant "Denisyev cycle" were created. Magazine "Contemporary".
T. did not care about the publication of his works. The first large group of his poems was published through I. S. Gagarin in 1836-37. in Pushkin's "Contemporary" - "Poems sent from Germany." The second major publication - in 1854 - was also associated with Sovremennik, prepared by I. S. Turgenev. The last lifetime edition of the collection - 1868
Theme of nature. She appears in the 1920s. The poem "Spring. Dedicated to Friends” (“Love of the Earth and the Charm of the Year...”, 1821 - S. 57-58) is a traditional conditional poetic manner and very light harmonic tones. “Evening” (“How quietly it blows over the valley ...”, 1829 - p. 73) - convention is overcome; very lyrical, harmonic sketch of a bright evening. By 1828, “Spring Thunderstorm” (“I love a thunderstorm at the beginning of May ...” - S. 77), “Summer Evening” (“The sun is already a hot ball ...” - S. 78-79) and others. Already here there is a spiritualization of nature, characteristic of T., its humanization, as well as for the 20s. - bold, unusual likenesses (sun). Adjacent to this is The Enchantress in Winter... (1852; p. 185). Road motive. The poem "The Wanderer" is a road and not at all metaphorical. The poem contains the idea of unity (Zeus is a wanderer) and the unity of not monotony, but diversity. Mobile for the wanderer, this world is "immovable" for Zeus. But this world is rich in its diversity, the combination of everything: the unity of the connected world, where all its contrasts are combined into one whole. .
Love lyrics.
1824 Munich. Fascination with Baroness Amalia Krudener. She is 16 years old, T. is 24 years old. ( "I met you..."). 1826 T. married for passionate love to Emilia-Eleanor Peterson, she caught a cold and died. In 1848, T. dedicates a poem to his first wife: “I am still languishing with longing for desires, / I still yearn for you with my soul). And marriage to a second wife. 1850 T. meets Elena Denisieva. This novel - central in his heart life - lasted 14 years (they had a daughter and two sons, only the son Fedor Fedorovich survived). The novel proceeded in very difficult conditions. Ernestine (T.'s second wife) behaved generously and showed no sign of knowing anything. Poems dedicated to Denisyeva cycle around two dates: 1851-52. (ostracism) and 1864 (death) and form a lyrical novel in his work.
T. died on July 15, 1873, and in April, shackled by a terminal illness, he created a wonderful poem "Insomnia". In 1868, the second - and last - book of the poet was published.
Born in 1820 in the estate of Novoselki, Mtsensk district. The exact date is unknown (October 29, November 23, November 29).
1834-1844 - studies at Moscow University. Friendship with Apollon Grigoriev. Passion for poetry.
1840 - Creative debut - the first book "Lyrical Pantheon" (1840), poems on the pages of the magazines "Moskvityanin" and "Notes of the Fatherland". Admiring reviews of the works of Fet N. V. Gogol, V. G. Belinsky and Ap. Grigoriev.
1843 - publication in the journal "Domestic Notes" of a poem, which was Fet's poetic declaration, "I came to you with greetings ...".
1850 (changes in 1856) - the poem "Whisper, timid breathing ...". Edition of the second poetry collection.
1853 - the beginning of cooperation with the Sovremennik magazine.
1856 - publication of a collection of poems prepared by I. S. Turgenev.
1857 - marriage to M. P. Botkina.
1858 - retires without having achieved the title of nobility.
1859 - break with the Sovremennik magazine. Complication of relations with the editors of other journals.
1863 - a two-volume collection of poems - the result of 25 years of creative activity.
Prose works of Fet. FROM 1862 to 1871. two of Fet's largest prose cycles were published in the journals Russky Vestnik, Zarya, and others: From the Village, Notes on Freelance Labor. This is "village" prose: the cycles consist of stories, essays, short stories. The main meaning of prose is the "protection" of one's landowner economy and the assertion of the idea of the advantage of free hired labor.
1873 - the noble surname Shenshin was returned to the poet. Fet remains as a pseudonym.
80s - four collections of "Evening Lights" (1883, 1885, 1888, 1891). The final stage of Fet's poetic work (1870–1892). “In the evening so golden and clear ...” (1886), “With one push to drive away the living boat ...” (1887), “Never” (1879), “The azure night looks at the mowed meadow ...” (1892) and others.
If a formerly a poet in his poems he found "peace of mind and delight, now she worries and torments him."
All the lyrics of these collections are permeated with the feeling that the world is, as it were, “falling apart, having lost its “harmony”. More and more anxiety, pain and confusion appears in Fet's poems.
A. A. Fet - the poet of "pure art"
Fet constantly emphasized that poetry should not be connected with life, and the poet should not interfere in the affairs of life, in his words, "the poor world."
Thus, he did not touch upon issues of public life in his poems. Fet "never could understand that art was interested in anything other than beauty", and acted as a defender of "pure art". (as well as his like-minded people in their views on art: V. P. Botkin, A. V. Druzhinin, Ya. P. Polonsky, A. N. Maikov and others). The poet sought to oppose art to reality. Turning away from the tragic sides of reality, from those questions that painfully worried his contemporaries, Fet limited his poetry to three topics: nature, love, art. The poet wrote:
Inevitably, Into the world of aspirations,
Passionately, gently
Hope, And prayers;
Effortlessly Feeling Joy
With a splash of wings I don't want
Fly into your battles.
Fet's poetry is the poetry of allusions, conjectures, omissions. His poems are lyrical miniatures, with the help of which he conveys "the barely perceptible experiences of a person who is organically connected with nature."
The theme of Fet's lyrical poems is not very diverse. They reflected, perhaps, only two themes: the love of a woman and the beauty of nature. Fet's poetry, not so broad in subject matter, is unusually rich in various shades of feeling, emotional states.
Fet's lyrics are characterized by impressionism (from the French impersion - impression). This is a special quality of the artistic style, which is characterized by associative images, the desire to convey primordial impressions, fleeting sensations, "instantaneous snapshots of memory" that form an integral and psychologically reliable poetic picture.
Often the whole poem is built on the fluctuation of meanings, on the development of associations (“A bonfire blazes with a bright sun in the garden ...”, “Whispers, timid breathing ...”, “The night shone. The garden was full of moon ...”). In the poem “I’m falling back in an armchair, I’m looking at the ceiling ...” a whole series of associations are strung on top of each other: a circle from a lamp on the ceiling, slightly spinning, evokes associations with rooks circling over the garden, which, in turn, evoke the memory of parting with a beloved woman . The poet uses musical means of influencing the reader. For each poem, Fet finds an individual rhythmic pattern, using unusual combinations of long and short lines (“The garden is all in bloom, / The evening is on fire, / So refreshingly joyful to me!”), sound repetitions based on assonances and consonances (in the poem “ Whisper, timid breathing ... "assonances in -a: nightingale - stream - end - face - amber - dawn), various sizes, among which three-syllable ones stand out, which fit perfectly into the tradition of romances ("At dawn, you don’t wake her ...", written anapaest). It is no coincidence that many of Fet's poems were set to music.
Fet's creative path begins in the first year of Moscow University, he starts a separate notebook where he writes down his poems. Later, this notebook gets to Gogol, and he says that Fet is an unequivocal talent. Also there, he publishes the first poetry collection called "Lyrical Pantheon" in 1843 (published with the help of Apollon Grigoriev). True, this collection does not bring him much success, but it inspires him to further create poetry (it is being published in Moskvityanin (from 1841) and Otechestvennye Zapiski (from 1842)). In 1844, he learns about the death of his mother and grandfather (Peter Neofitovich), who was supposed to leave him an inheritance. But Fet lost his inheritance, and he began to have financial problems. He enters the service. In 1847, he goes on vacation to Moscow, where he undertakes to write his second collection, but he was able to finish it only in 1849. Unlike the previous collection, this one is gaining more popularity. It comes out in 1850. Fet released his next collection of poems in 1856, and he, like the second, was a great success. He was especially noted and admired by A.V. Druzhinin. It can be said about Fet's poetry that it seems to be always in the same spatial coordinates. These are the coordinates of the cultural, tamed world, located against the backdrop of nature. Thus, the nature and tension of Fet's lyrical experience depend on the state of nature (“A wonderful picture ...”). Fet has a well-developed love lyric, especially in the early period of his work (“I came to you with greetings ...”, “Whisper, timid breath ...”). In the later lyrics of Fet, philosophical motifs prevail ("Alter ego", "Death"). Another feature of his lyrics is that his early poems cannot be collided with later works, since the perception of the world remains the same. In this sense, Fet is a poet, not destroyed by time, whole from the beginning of creativity to the end.