The initial stage of space exploration (flights on the Vostok and Voskhod spacecraft) included the design of spacecraft and their systems, ground-based flight control systems, the technique of launching ships from orbit, searching for and meeting cosmonauts on the ground.
The world's first manned space flight took place on April 12, 1961. At 06:00, 7:00, the Vostok-K72K carrier rocket was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome from launch pad No. 1, which launched the Soviet Vostok spacecraft into low-Earth orbit.
The spacecraft was piloted by Yuri Gagarin (the call sign of the first cosmonaut of the Earth is "Kedr"). The understudy was German Titov, the reserve cosmonaut was Grigory Nelyubov. The flight lasted 1 hour 48 minutes. After completing one revolution around the Earth, the descent module of the ship landed on the territory of the USSR in the Saratov region.
First daily space flight made by cosmonaut German Stepanovich Titov from August 6 to 7, 1961 on the Vostok-2 spacecraft.
First formation flight of two ships- "Vostok-3" (cosmonaut Andriyan Nikolayevich Nikolaev) and "Vostok-4" (cosmonaut Pavel Romanovich Popovich) took place on August 11-15, 1962.
The world's first space flight by a woman carried out by Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova from June 16 to June 19, 1963 on the Vostok-6 spacecraft.
October 12, 1964 launched the first multi-seat spacecraft "Voskhod". The crew of the ship included cosmonauts Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov, Konstantin Petrovich Feoktistov, Boris Borisovich Egorov.
The first human exit in history outer space carried out by Aleksey Arkhipovich Leonov during the expedition on March 18-19, 1965 (Voskhod-2 spacecraft, Pavel Ivanovich Belyaev as part of the crew). Alexei Leonov retired from the ship at a distance of up to 5 meters, spent 12 minutes 9 seconds in open space outside the airlock.
The next stage of the Russian manned cosmonautics is the creation of the Soyuz multi-purpose spacecraft, capable of performing complex maneuvers in orbit, rendezvous and docking with other spacecraft, and long-term orbital stations Salyut.
The first flight on the new spacecraft "Soyuz-1" made on April 23-24, 1967 by cosmonaut Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov. At the end of the flight program, when during the descent to Earth the main parachute of the descent vehicle did not come out, Vladimir Komarov died.
First joint flight of three ships: "Soyuz-6", "Soyuz-7" and "Soyuz-8" was held from 11 to 18 October 1969. The crews of the ships included cosmonauts Georgy Stepanovich Shonin, Valery Nikolaevich Kubasov, Anatoly Vasilyevich Filipchenko, Vladislav Nikolaevich Volkov, Viktor Vasilyevich Gorbatko, Vladimir Alexandrovich Shatalov, Alexei Stanislavovich Eliseev.
From 1 to 19 June 1969 first long-term autonomous space flight performed by Andriyan Nikolayevich Nikolaev and Vitaly Ivanovich Sevastyanov on the Soyuz-9 spacecraft.
The first long-term work in space orbit from June 6 to 30, 1971, cosmonauts Georgy Timofeevich Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Nikolaevich Volkov, Viktor Ivanovich Patsaev did it on the Soyuz-11 spacecraft. When returning to Earth, the descent vehicle depressurized, the crew of the spacecraft died.
January 11, 1975 began first expedition to the Salyut-4 space station(crew: Alexey Alexandrovich Gubarev, Georgy Mikhailovich Grechko, Soyuz-17 spacecraft), which ended on February 9, 1975.
First international space flight- July 15-21, 1975. In orbit, the Soyuz-19 spacecraft, piloted by Alexei Leonov and Valery Kubasov, was docked with the American Apollo spacecraft, piloted by astronauts T. Staffor, D. Slayton, V. Brand. Mutual transitions of cosmonauts and astronauts, joint and autonomous scientific and technical research were carried out. According to Alexei Leonov, then, in the 1970s, the two superpowers managed to prove that cooperation in solving such a global problem as space exploration is possible.
The first expedition to the Salyut-5 station performed on the Soyuz-21 spacecraft by Boris Valentinovich Volynov and Vitaly Mikhailovich Zholobov. The expedition lasted from July 6 to August 24, 1976.
The first expedition to the Salyut-6 station passed from December 10, 1977 to March 16, 1978 (96 days, crew - Yuri Viktorovich Romanenko, Georgy Mikhailovich Grechko, spaceships Soyuz-26 (start) and Soyuz-27 (landing).
From March 2 to March 10, 1978, the first international crew visited Salyut-6 - cosmonaut Alexei Alexandrovich Gubarev and Vladimir Remek, a citizen of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. In total, Salyut-6 was visited by nine international space expeditions.
The first expedition to the Salyut-7 orbital station took place from June 24 to July 2, 1982. Vladimir Alexandrovich Dzhanibekov, Alexander Sergeyevich Ivanchenkov, French citizen Jean-Loup Krestien worked at the station then. In total, 10 expeditions worked on Salyut-7 at different times.
The Salyuts were replaced by the third generation of near-Earth laboratories - the Mir station, which was the basic unit for building a multi-purpose permanent manned complex with specialized orbital modules of scientific and national economic importance. Subsequently, the Kvant, Kvant-2, Kristall, Spektr modules were docked to the station and began to work. The construction of the permanently inhabited orbital complex was fully completed on April 26, 1996, when the fifth and last retrofit module, Nature, with the most sophisticated scientific equipment, was docked to the Mir, which made it possible to carry out versatile studies of land, ocean and atmosphere.
Orbital complex "Mir" was in operation until June 2000 - 14.5 years instead of the five provided. During this time, 28 space expeditions were carried out on it, a total of 139 Russian and foreign space explorers visited the complex, 11.5 tons of scientific equipment of 240 items from 27 countries of the world were placed.
During space expeditions, new methods were developed for assembling large structures in space using thermodynamic compounds from materials with a shape memory effect - the future elements of the new International Space Station; the nature of noctilucent clouds, aerosol layers in the atmosphere and mesosphere was studied, interstellar gas was studied, scientific information was obtained on the relationship of physical processes occurring in the Universe and near-Earth space, as well as many other experiments in space medicine, biotechnology, astro- and geophysics, materials science and others.
The Russian space complex has set world records for the duration of an orbital flight, the duration of stay in space, and spacewalks.
Thus, doctor-researcher Valery Polyakov spent 437 days and 18 hours in space in a row as part of three space expeditions.
Cosmonaut Sergei Avdeev set an outstanding record for the total duration of his stay in space - a total of 742 days in space for three flights.
In total, during the operation of Mir in a manned mode, cosmonauts and astronauts made more than 75 spacewalks - a total of about 15 days were spent overboard.
The Mir space complex was replaced in orbit by the International Space Station (ISS), in the construction of which 16 countries participated. When creating a new space complex, Russian achievements in the field of manned cosmonautics were widely used. The operation of the ISS is designed for 15 years.
The first long-term expedition to the ISS began on October 31, 2000. The 13th International Expedition is currently working on the International Space Station. The crew commander is Russian cosmonaut Pavel Vinogradov, the flight engineer is NASA astronaut Jeffrey Williams. The first Brazilian astronaut Marcos Pontes arrived on the ISS with the Expedition 13 crew. After implementing the week-long program, he returned to Earth together with the crew of the ISS Expedition 12: Russian Valery Tokarev and American William MacArthur, who had been working at the station since October 2005.
A reusable spacecraft is a vehicle whose design allows the entire spacecraft or its main parts to be reused. The first experience in this area was the "space shuttle" Space Shuttle. Then the task of creating a similar apparatus was assigned to Soviet scientists, as a result of which the Buran appeared.
Other devices are also being designed in both countries. At the moment, the most notable example of this type of project is the partially reusable Falcon 9 from SpaceX with a returnable first stage.
Today we will talk about why such projects were developed, how they showed themselves in terms of efficiency, and what are the prospects for this area of cosmonautics.
The history of space shuttles began in 1967, before the first manned flight under the Apollo program. On October 30, 1968, NASA approached American space companies with a proposal to develop a reusable space system in order to reduce the cost per launch and per kilogram of payload put into orbit.
The government was offered several projects, but each of them cost at least US$5 billion, so Richard Nixon rejected them. NASA's plans were extremely ambitious: the project involved the operation of an orbital station, to which, and from which, shuttles would constantly carry payloads. The shuttles were also supposed to launch and return satellites from orbit, maintain and repair satellites in orbit, and conduct manned missions.
The final requirements for the ship looked like this:
- Cargo compartment 4.5x18.2 meters
- Possibility of horizontal maneuver for 2000 km (aircraft maneuver in the horizontal plane)
- Payload capacity 30 tons to low Earth orbit, 18 tons to polar orbit
The solution was to create a shuttle, the investment in which was supposed to pay off thanks to the launch of satellites into orbit on a commercial basis. For the success of the project, it was important to minimize the cost of putting each kilogram of cargo into orbit. In 1969, the creator of the project talked about reducing the cost to 40-100 US dollars per kilogram, while for Saturn-V this figure was 2000 dollars.
To launch into space, the shuttles used two solid rocket boosters and three of their own propulsion engines. Solid rocket boosters were separated at an altitude of 45 kilometers, then splashed into the ocean, repaired and reused. The main engines use liquid hydrogen and oxygen in an external fuel tank, which was thrown at an altitude of 113 kilometers, after which it partially burned up in the atmosphere.
The first prototype of the Space Shuttle was the Enterprise, named after the ship from the series " Star Trek". The ship was checked for aerodynamics and tested for the ability to land in gliding. Columbia was the first to go into space on April 12, 1981. In fact, this was also a test launch, although there was a crew of two astronauts on board: commander John Young and pilot Robert Crippen. Then everything went well. Unfortunately, it was this shuttle that crashed in 2003 with seven crew members on the 28th launch. The Challenger had the same fate - it withstood 9 launches, and on the tenth it crashed. 7 crew members were killed.
Although NASA planned 24 launches per year in 1985, in 30 years the shuttles have taken off and returned 135 times. Two of them are unsuccessful. The record for the number of launches was the Discovery shuttle - it survived 39 launches. Atlantis withstood 33 launches, Columbia - 28, Endeavor - 25 and Challenger - 10.
"Challenger", 1983
The Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavor shuttles were used to deliver cargo to the International Space Station and the Mir station.
The cost of delivering cargo into orbit in the case of the Space Shuttle turned out to be the highest in the history of astronautics. Each launch cost from 500 million to 1.3 billion dollars, each kilogram - from 13 to 17 thousand dollars. For comparison, a disposable Soyuz launch vehicle is capable of launching cargo into space at a price of up to $25,000 per kilogram. The Space Shuttle program was planned as self-sustaining, but in the end it became one of the most unprofitable.
Shuttle Atlantis, ready for the STS-129 expedition to deliver equipment, materials and spare parts to the International Space Station. November 2009
The last flight under the Space Shuttle program took place in 2011. On July 21 of that year, Atlantis returned to Earth. The last landing of the Atlantis marked the end of an era. Read more about what was planned and what happened in the Space Shuttle program in this article.
In the USSR, they decided that the characteristics of the Space Shuttle made it possible to steal Soviet satellites or an entire space station from orbit: the shuttle could launch 29.5 tons of cargo into orbit, and lower 14.5 tons. Taking into account plans for 60 launches per year, this is 1770 tons annually, although at that time the United States did not send 150 tons per year into space. It was supposed to lower 820 tons per year, although usually nothing descended from orbit. The drawings and photos of the shuttle suggested that an American ship could attack the USSR using nuclear weapons from any point in near-Earth space, being out of the radio visibility zone.
To protect against a possible attack, a modernized automatic 23-mm NR-23 cannon was installed at the Salyut and Almaz stations. And in order to keep up with the American brothers in militarized space, the Union began developing a reusable orbital rocket plane space system"Buran".
Development of the reusable space system began in April 1973. The idea itself had many supporters and opponents. The head of the institute of the Ministry of Defense for military space made sure and made two reports at once - in favor and against the program, and both of these reports ended up on the table of D. F. Ustinov, Minister of Defense of the USSR. He contacted Valentin Glushko, who is responsible for the program, but he sent his employee at Energomash, Valery Burdakov, to the meeting instead of himself. After talking about the military capabilities of the Space Shuttle and the Soviet counterpart, Ustinov prepared a decision that gave the development of a reusable spacecraft the highest priority. The NPO Molniya, created for this purpose, took over the creation of the ship.
The tasks of Buran according to the plan of the USSR Ministry of Defense were: countering the measures of a potential enemy to expand the use of outer space for military purposes, solving problems in the interests of defense, the national economy and science, conducting military-applied research and experiments using weapons based on known and new physical principles , as well as the launch into orbit, maintenance and return to earth of spacecraft, astronauts and cargo.
Unlike NASA, which risked the crew during the first manned flight of the shuttle, Buran made its first flight in automatic mode using an on-board computer based on the IBM System / 370. On November 15, 1988, the launch took place, the Energia launch vehicle brought the spacecraft into low-Earth orbit from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The ship made two orbits around the Earth and landed at the Yubileiny airfield.
During the landing, an incident occurred that showed how smart the automatic system turned out. At an altitude of 11 kilometers, the ship made a sharp maneuver and described a loop with a 180-degree turn - that is, sat down, coming from the other end of the runway. The automation made this decision after receiving data on the storm wind in order to enter along the most favorable trajectory.
The automatic mode was one of the main differences from the shuttle. In addition, the shuttles landed with an idle engine and could not land several times. To save the crew, Buran provided a catapult for the first two pilots. In fact, the designers from the USSR copied the configuration of the shuttles, which they did not deny, but made a number of extremely useful innovations from the point of view of the apparatus control and crew safety.
Unfortunately, the first flight of Buran was the last. In 1990, work was suspended, and in 1993 it was completely closed.
As sometimes happens with the pride of the nation, version 2.01 of Baikal, which they wanted to send into space, rotted for many years on the pier of the Khimki reservoir.
You could touch history in 2011. Moreover, then people could even tear off pieces of the skin and heat-shielding coating from this story. In that year, the ship was delivered from Khimki to Zhukovsky to be restored and presented at MAKS in a couple of years.
"Buran" from the inside
Buran delivery from Khimki to Zhukovsky
"Buran" at MAKS, 2011, a month after the start of restoration
Despite the economic inexpediency shown by the Space Shuttle program, the United States decided not to abandon projects to create reusable spacecraft. In 1999, NASA, along with Boeing, began developing the X-37 drone. There are versions according to which the device is designed to test the technologies of future space interceptors capable of incapacitating other devices. Experts in the United States are inclined to this opinion.
The device made three flights with a maximum duration of 674 days. It is currently on its fourth flight, with a launch date of May 20, 2015.
The Boeing X-37 orbital flying laboratory carries a payload mass of up to 900 kilograms. Compared to the Space Shuttle and Buran, which can carry up to 30 tons at takeoff, Boeing is a baby. But he also has other goals. The Austrian physicist Eigen Senger laid the foundation for minishuttles when he began to develop a long-range rocket bomber in 1934. The project was closed, remembering it in 1944, towards the end of World War II, but it was too late to save Germany from defeat with the help of such a bomber. In October 1957, the Americans continued the idea by launching the X-20 Dyna-Soar program.
The X-20 orbital aircraft was capable, after reaching a suborbital trajectory, to dive into the atmosphere to an altitude of 40-60 kilometers in order to take a photo or drop a bomb, and then return to space on lift from the wings.
The project was canceled in 1963 in favor of the civilian Gemini program and the military project of the MOL orbital station.
Titan boosters to launch the X-20 into orbit
Layout X-20
In the USSR in 1969 they began to build "BOR" - an unmanned orbital rocket plane. The first launch was carried out without thermal protection, because of which the device burned out. The second rocket plane crashed due to unopened parachutes after successfully braking against the atmosphere. In the next five launches, only once did the BOR fail to enter orbit. Despite the loss of devices, each new launch brought important data for further development. With the help of BOR-4 in the 1980s, they tested thermal protection for the future Buran.
As part of the Spiral program, for which the BOR was built, it was supposed to develop an accelerator aircraft that would rise to a height of 30 kilometers at speeds up to 6 speeds of sound in order to put the orbiter into orbit. This part of the program did not take place. The Ministry of Defense demanded an analogue of the American shuttle, so the forces were sent to the Buran.
BOR-4
BOR-4
If the Soviet Buran was partially copied from the American Space Shuttle, then in the case of the Dream Chaser, everything happened exactly the opposite: the abandoned BOR project, namely the BOR-4 version of the rocket plane, became the basis for creating reusable spacecraft from SpaceDev. Rather, the "Space Chaser" is based on a copied orbital plane HL-20.
Work on the Dream Runner began in 2004, and in 2007 SpaceDev agreed with United Launch Alliance to use Atlas-5 rockets to launch. The first successful wind tunnel tests took place in 2012. The first flight prototype was dropped from a helicopter from a height of 3.8 kilometers on October 26, 2013.
According to the plans of the designers, the cargo version of the ship will be able to deliver up to 5.5 tons to the International Space Station, and return up to 1.75 tons.
The Germans began to develop their own version of the reusable system in 1985 - the project was called "Senger". In 1995, after the development of the engine, the project was closed, as it would only give a 10-30% benefit compared to the European Ariane 5 launch vehicle.
Aircraft HL-20
"Dream Chaser"
In 2000, Russia began to develop the multi-purpose spacecraft Clipper to replace the disposable Soyuz. The system became an intermediate link between the winged shuttles and the Soyuz ballistic capsule. In 2005, in order to cooperate with the European Space Agency, a new version was presented - the winged Clipper.
The device can put into orbit 6 people and up to 700 kilograms of cargo, that is, it surpasses the Soyuz in these parameters twice. At the moment, there is no information that the project is ongoing. Instead, they write in the news about a new reusable ship - the Federation.
Multi-purpose spacecraft "Clipper"
The manned transport ship "Federation" should replace the manned "Soyuz" and trucks "Progress". It is planned to be used, among other things, for a flight to the moon. The first launch is scheduled for 2019. In an autonomous flight, the device will have to be able to stay up to 40 days, and when docked from the orbital station, it will be able to work up to 1 year. At the moment, the development of conceptual and technical designs has been completed, and the development of working documentation for the creation of the ship of the first stage is underway.
The system consists of two main modules: the reentry vehicle and the engine compartment. The work will apply the ideas that were previously used for Clipper. The ship will be able to deliver up to 6 people into orbit and up to 4 people to the moon.
Parameters of the device "Federation"
One of the most notable reusable projects in the media at the moment is the development of SpaceX - the Dragon V2 transport ship and the Falcon 9 launch vehicle.
Falcon 9 is a partially re-entry vehicle. The launch vehicle consists of two stages, the first of which has a system for return and vertical landing on the landing site. The last launch was not successful - on September 1, 2016, an accident occurred.
The Dragon V2 reusable manned spacecraft is now being prepared for safety testing for astronauts. In 2017, they plan to carry out an unmanned launch of the device on the Falcon 9 rocket.
Reusable manned spacecraft Dragon V2
As part of preparations for the flight of the expedition to Mars, the United States developed the reusable Orion spacecraft. The assembly of the ship was completed in 2014. The first unmanned flight of the device took place on December 5, 2014 and was successful. Now NASA is preparing for further launches, including those with a crew.
Aviation, as a rule, implies the reusable use of aircraft. In the future, spacecraft will have to have the same property, but for this a number of problems, including economic ones, will have to be solved. Each launch of a reusable ship should come out cheaper than building a disposable one. It is necessary to use such materials and technologies that will allow the devices to be restarted after minimal repair, and ideally without repair at all. It is possible that spaceships in the future will have both the characteristics of a rocket and an aircraft.
Designed for human space flight. A distinctive feature of the spacecraft is the presence of a sealed compartment or compartments with a life support system for astronauts. The spacecraft also has a descent vehicle for landing on planets or for returning the crew to Earth, systems and , allowing maneuvering in orbit for rendezvous and docking with other spacecraft and orbital stations. Created and carried out space flights domestic spacecraft " East”,“ Sunrise ”,“ Union", as well as the American "Mercury", "Gemini", "Apollo".
Encyclopedia "Technology". - M.: Rosman. 2006 .
Synonyms:
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A spacecraft (SC) is a technical device used to perform a variety of tasks in outer space, as well as to conduct research and other types of work on the surface of various celestial bodies. Delivery means ... ... Wikipedia
Starship Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova. 2011. spaceship n., number of synonyms: 3 starship ... Synonym dictionary
Spaceship- Spacecraft: a human-made vehicle designed to launch beyond the main part of the Earth's atmosphere... Source:<РЕГЛАМЕНТ РАДИОСВЯЗИ>(Extract) ... Official terminology
spaceship- 104 spacecraft; KKr: A manned spacecraft capable of maneuvering in the atmosphere and outer space with a return to a given area and (or) descent and landing on a planet. Source: GOST R 53802 2010: Systems and ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
spaceship- erdvėlaivis statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: angl. astrovehicle; spaceship; space vehicle vok. kosmisches Schiff, n; Raumschiff, n; Weltraumfahrzeug, n rus. spaceship, m pranc. cosmonef, m; vaisseau spatial, m; véhicule spatial, m … Fizikos terminų žodynas
A spacecraft designed for human flight (manned spacecraft). A distinctive feature of the spacecraft is the presence of a pressurized cabin with a life support system for astronauts. K. k. for flying along ... ... Big soviet encyclopedia
- (CC) manned spacecraft. A distinctive feature of manned spacecraft is the presence of a pressurized cabin with a life support system for astronauts. KK for flight on geocentric. orbits called satellite ships, and for flying to other celestial ... Big encyclopedic polytechnic dictionary
Spaceship (SC)- manned spacecraft. Distinguish between spacecraft satellites and interplanetary spacecraft. It has a pressurized cabin with a life support system, on-board motion and descent control systems, a propulsion system, power supply systems, etc. KK launch ... ... Dictionary of military terms
Spaceship- 1. Man-made vehicle designed to be launched outside the main part of the Earth's atmosphere Used in document: ITU 2007 ... Telecommunication dictionary
Spaceship "Voskhod-1"- Voskhod 1 triple spacecraft. It was launched into orbit on October 12, 1964. The crew consisted of ship commander Vladimir Komarov, researcher Konstantin Feoktistov and doctor Boris Yegorov. Voskhod 1 was created in OKB 1 (now ... ... Encyclopedia of newsmakers
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Today, space flights do not belong to fantastic stories, but, unfortunately, a modern spaceship is still very different from those shown in films.
This article is intended for persons over 18 years of age.
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Russian spaceships and
Spaceships of the future
Spaceship: what is it
On the
Spaceship, how does it work?
The mass of modern spacecraft is directly related to how high they fly. The main task of manned spacecraft is safety.
The SOYUZ descent vehicle became the first space series Soviet Union. During this period, an arms race was going on between the USSR and the USA. If we compare the size and approach to the issue of construction, then the leadership of the USSR did everything for the speedy conquest of space. It is clear why similar devices are not being built today. It is unlikely that someone will undertake to build according to a scheme in which there is no personal space for astronauts. Modern spacecraft are equipped with both crew rest rooms and a descent capsule, the main task of which is to make it as soft as possible during the landing.
The first spaceship: the history of creation
Tsiolkovsky is rightly considered the father of astronautics. Based on his teachings, Goddrad built a rocket engine.
Scientists who worked in the Soviet Union were the first to design and launch an artificial satellite. They were also the first to invent the possibility of launching a living creature into space. The states are aware that the Union was the first to create an aircraft capable of going into space with a person. The father of rocket science is rightly called Korolev, who went down in history as the one who figured out how to overcome gravity and was able to create the first manned spacecraft. Today, even kids know in what year the first ship with a person on board was launched, but few people remember the contribution of the Queen to this process.
The crew and their safety during the flight
The main task today is the safety of the crew, because they spend a lot of time at flight altitude. When building an aircraft, it is important what metal it is made of. The following types of metals are used in rocket science:
- Aluminum - allows you to significantly increase the size of the spacecraft, as it is lightweight.
- Iron - perfectly copes with all the loads on the ship's hull.
- Copper has a high thermal conductivity.
- Silver - reliably binds copper and steel.
- Tanks for liquid oxygen and hydrogen are made from titanium alloys.
A modern life support system allows you to create a familiar atmosphere for a person. Many boys see how they fly in space, forgetting about the very large overload of the astronaut at the start.
The largest space ship in the world
Among warships, fighters and interceptors are very popular. A modern cargo ship has the following classification:
- The probe is a research ship.
- Capsule - cargo compartment for delivery or rescue operations of the crew.
- The module is launched into orbit by an unmanned carrier. Modern modules are divided into 3 categories.
- Rocket. The prototype for the creation was military development.
- Shuttle - reusable structures for the delivery of the necessary cargo.
- Stations are the largest spaceships. Today, not only Russians, but also French, Chinese and others are in outer space.
Buran - a spaceship that went down in history
Vostok was the first spacecraft to go into space. After the Federation of Rocket Science of the USSR, the production of Soyuz ships began. Much later, Clippers and Rus began to be produced. The federation places great hopes on all these manned projects.
In 1960, the Vostok spacecraft by its flight proved the possibility of man entering space. On April 12, 1961, Vostok 1 orbited the Earth. But the question of who flew on the ship Vostok 1, for some reason, causes difficulty. Maybe the fact is that we simply do not know that Gagarin made his first flight on this ship? In the same year, the Vostok 2 spacecraft entered orbit for the first time, in which there were two cosmonauts at once, one of whom went beyond the ship in space. It was progress. And already in 1965 Voskhod 2 was able to go into outer space. The history of the Sunrise 2 ship was filmed.
Vostok 3 set a new world record for the longest time a ship spent in space. The last ship in the series was Vostok 6.
The American shuttle of the Apollo series opened new horizons. After all, in 1968, Apollo 11 was the first to land on the moon. Today there are several projects for the development of spaceplanes of the future, such as Hermes and Columbus.
Salyut is a series of interorbital space stations of the Soviet Union. Salyut 7 is known for having crashed.
The next spaceship, whose history is of interest, was Buran, by the way, I wonder where he is now. In 1988 he made his first and last flight. After repeated analysis and transportation, Buran's path of movement was lost. The last known location of the Buran spacecraft is in Sochi, work on it has been mothballed. However, the storm around this project has not yet subsided, and the further fate of the abandoned Buran project is of interest to many. And in Moscow, an interactive museum complex was created inside the model of the Buran spacecraft at VDNKh.
Gemini - a series of ships of American designers. They replaced the Mercury project and were able to make a spiral in orbit.
American ships with the name Space Shuttle have become a kind of shuttles, making more than 100 flights between objects. The second Space Shuttle was the Challenger.
One cannot but be interested in the history of the planet Nibiru, which is recognized as a warden ship. Nibiru has already twice approached a dangerous distance to Earth, but both times the collision was avoided.
Dragon is a spacecraft that was supposed to fly to the planet Mars in 2018. In 2014, the federation, referring to specifications and the state of the Dragon ship, delayed the launch. Not so long ago, another event happened: the Boeing company made a statement that it had also begun development work on the creation of a rover.
The first reusable station wagon in history was to be an apparatus called Zarya. Zarya is the first development of a reusable transport ship, on which the federation had very high hopes.
A breakthrough is the possibility of using nuclear installations in space. For these purposes, work began on the transport and energy module. In parallel, developments are underway on the Prometheus project - a compact nuclear reactor for rockets and spacecraft.
China's Shenzhou 11 launched in 2016 with two astronauts to spend 33 days in space.
Spacecraft speed (km/h)
The minimum speed with which you can go into orbit around the Earth is 8 km / s. Today there is no need to develop the fastest ship in the world, since we are at the very beginning of outer space. After all, the maximum height that we could reach in space is only 500 km. The record for the fastest movement in space was set in 1969, and so far it has not been possible to break it. On the Apollo 10 spacecraft, three astronauts were returning home after orbiting the moon. The capsule that was supposed to deliver them from the flight managed to reach a speed of 39.897 km / h. For comparison, let's consider how fast a space station flies. As much as possible, it can develop up to 27,600 km / h.
Abandoned spaceships
Today, for spacecraft that have become unusable, a cemetery has been created in the Pacific Ocean, where dozens of abandoned spaceships can find their last refuge. spaceship disasters
Disasters happen in space, often taking lives. The most frequent, oddly enough, are accidents that occur due to collisions with space debris. On impact, the object's orbit is displaced and causes crash and damage, often resulting in an explosion. The most famous disaster is the death of the manned American spacecraft Challenger.
Nuclear engine for spaceships 2017
Today, scientists are working on projects to create an atomic electric motor. These developments involve the conquest of space with the help of photonic engines. Russian scientists are planning to start testing a thermonuclear engine in the near future.
Spaceships of Russia and the USA
The rapid interest in space arose during the years cold war between the USSR and the USA. American scientists recognized worthy rivals in their Russian colleagues. Soviet rocket science continued to develop, and after the collapse of the state, Russia became its successor. Of course, the spacecraft that Russian cosmonauts fly are significantly different from the first ships. Moreover, today, thanks to the successful developments of American scientists, spacecraft have become reusable.
Spaceships of the future
Today, there is increasing interest in projects that will enable humanity to make longer journeys. Modern developments are already preparing ships for interstellar expeditions.
Where are spaceships launched from?
To see with your own eyes the launch of a spacecraft at the start is the dream of many. Perhaps this is due to the fact that the first launch does not always lead to the desired result. But thanks to the Internet, we can see how the ship takes off. Given the fact that those watching the launch of a manned spacecraft must be far enough away, we can imagine that we are on the takeoff site.
Spaceship: what is it like inside?
Today, thanks to museum exhibits, we can personally see the structure of such ships as the Soyuz. Of course, from the inside, the first ships were very simple. The interior of more modern options is designed in soothing colors. The device of any spacecraft is sure to scare us with a lot of levers and buttons. And this adds pride for those who were able to remember how the ship works, and, moreover, learned how to manage it.
What spaceships are flying now?
New spaceships with their appearance confirm that fantasy has become reality. Today, no one will be surprised by the fact that the docking of spacecraft is a reality. And few people remember that the world's first such docking took place back in 1967...
manned space flight- Manned space flight is a human journey into space, into the Earth's orbit and beyond, carried out with the help of manned spacecraft. Delivery of a person into space is carried out with the help of spacecraft. Long-term ... ... Wikipedia
Spaceship- A spacecraft (SC) is a technical device used to perform various tasks in outer space, as well as to conduct research and other kinds of work on the surface of various celestial bodies. Delivery means ... ... Wikipedia
Spaceship "Voskhod-1"- Voskhod 1 triple spacecraft. It was launched into orbit on October 12, 1964. The crew consisted of ship commander Vladimir Komarov, researcher Konstantin Feoktistov and doctor Boris Yegorov. Voskhod 1 was created in OKB 1 (now ... ... Encyclopedia of newsmakers
manned space flight- The request "Orbital spaceflight" is redirected here. This topic needs a separate article. Manned space flight is a human journey into space, into Earth orbit and beyond, performed with the help of ... Wikipedia
manned spacecraft- Russian PKA Manned spacecraft spacecraft ... Wikipedia
reusable spacecraft- First flight of the NASA Space Shuttle Columbia (Designation STS 1). The external fuel tank was only painted white on the first few flights. Now the tank is not painted to reduce the weight of the system. Reusable transport space ... ... Wikipedia
Spaceship- a spacecraft designed for the flight of people (manned spacecraft). A distinctive feature of the spacecraft is the presence of a pressurized cabin with a life support system for astronauts. K. k. for flying along ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Spaceship (SC)- manned spacecraft. Distinguish between spacecraft satellites and interplanetary spacecraft. It has a pressurized cabin with a life support system, on-board motion and descent control systems, a propulsion system, power supply systems, etc. KK launch ... ... Dictionary of military terms
spaceship- 104 spacecraft; KKr: A manned spacecraft capable of maneuvering in the atmosphere and outer space with a return to a given area and (or) descent and landing on a planet. Source: GOST R 53802 2010: Systems and ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
SPACESHIP- (CC) manned spacecraft. A distinctive feature of manned spacecraft is the presence of a pressurized cabin with a life support system for astronauts. KK for flight on geocentric. orbits called satellite ships, and for flying to other celestial ... Big encyclopedic polytechnic dictionary