A near-death experience (or NDE for short) is the experience that a person experiences as a result of near-death experience. Such testimonies have much in common, which suggests their authenticity and a single mechanism of occurrence and flow. Contributing to an ever-increasing body of evidence is the constant development of medicine and resuscitation techniques, thanks to which a fifth of patients come back to life even in the most seemingly hopeless cases. At the same time, the consequences of clinical death are of the most diverse nature.
The NDE phenomenon is accompanied by well-studied , which is the main source of post-mortem experiences. In principle, this is a common occurrence for resuscitation and accidents. They are accompanied by certain physiological, psychological and transcendent experiences. Much of it is difficult to fit into the usual scientific picture peace. By the way, if you want to learn more about gellan gum, follow the link http://x-prod.ru/dobavki/377-gellan-gum.html and read.
What explains all this? Science is not able to give anything but hypotheses and assumptions.
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The state of death in most people is associated with irreversible changes in the body, even if it lasted no more than a few minutes.
Consequences of clinical death
However, this is far from always the case, and short-term cardiac arrest and cessation of breathing can pass completely without a trace, and not entail any visible consequences. At the same time, psychological disorders are often observed in people who have undergone clinical death.
Why is clinical death dangerous for the psyche?
Scientists agree that depression and emotional disorders after being in such a state are due to severe stress that the body endures and short-term oxygen starvation of the cerebral cortex. In general, clinical death lasts no more than 5 minutes and serious harm cannot be caused to the body during this time, but the vulnerable human psyche perceives what happened extremely painfully.
It is extremely difficult for a person to adequately realize that he has been beyond the bounds of earthly existence. Some begin to feel flawed, or vice versa elected. Sometimes the situation becomes so serious that it is impossible to do without the help of a psychotherapist. This situation greatly complicates the recovery process, for which a positive attitude is paramount.
How to overcome depression caused by being in a state of clinical death?
So that clinical death, the consequences of which are not significant, does not provoke depression, it is very important to support the patient with loved ones. Participation and sincere manifestation of care will give the patient positive emotions and distract from gloomy thoughts. The use of chocolate and citrus fruits, especially in the form of freshly squeezed juices, is very conducive to a good mood. No less beneficial is being outdoors, light music and a good night's sleep.
If a person can live without food for a month, without water for several days, then the interrupted access to oxygen will cause respiratory arrest in 3-5 minutes. But it’s too early to talk about the final departure from life right away, because clinical death occurs. This condition is observed if blood circulation and oxygen transfer to the tissues stops.
Up to a certain point, a person can still be brought back to life, because irreversible changes have not yet affected the organs, and most importantly, the brain.
Manifestations
This medical term implies the simultaneous cessation of respiratory function and blood circulation. According to the ICD, the state was assigned the code R 96 - death occurred suddenly for unknown reasons. You can recognize being on the verge of life by the following signs:
- There is a loss of consciousness, which entails the cessation of blood flow.
- No pulse for more than 10 seconds. This already indicates a violation of the blood supply to the brain.
- Cessation of breathing.
- The pupils are dilated but do not respond to light.
- Metabolic processes continue to be carried out at the same level.
Back in the 19th century, the listed symptoms were quite enough to announce and issue a death certificate of a person. But now the possibilities of medicine are huge and doctors, thanks to resuscitation measures, may well bring him back to life.
Pathophysiological basis of CS
The duration of such clinical death is determined by the time interval during which brain cells are able to remain viable. According to doctors, there are two terms:
- The duration of the first stage is not longer than 5 minutes. During this period, the lack of oxygen supply to the brain does not yet lead to irreversible consequences. Body temperature is within normal limits.
The history and experience of doctors shows that it is possible to revive a person even after a given time, but there is a high probability that most of the brain cells will die.
- The second stage can continue for a long time if the necessary conditions are created to slow down degeneration processes in case of impaired blood supply and oxygen supply. This stage is often observed when a person is in cold water for a long time or after an electric shock.
If actions are not taken as soon as possible to return a person to life, then everything will end with biological care.
Causes of the pathological condition
This condition usually occurs when the heart stops. This can be caused by serious diseases, the formation of blood clots that clog important arteries. The reasons for the cessation of breathing and heartbeat can be as follows:
- Excessive physical activity.
- Nervous breakdown or reaction of the body to a stressful situation.
- Anaphylactic shock.
- Suffocation or blockage of the airways.
- Electric shock.
- Violent death.
- Vasospasm.
- Serious ailments affecting the vessels or organs of the respiratory system.
- Toxic shock from exposure to poisons or chemicals.
No matter the cause of this condition, during this period, resuscitation should be carried out immediately. Delay is fraught with serious complications.
Duration
If we consider the whole organism as a whole, then the period of normal viability for all systems and organs is different. For example, those located below the heart muscle are able to continue normal functioning for another half an hour after the heart has stopped. Tendons and skin have a maximum survival period, they can be resuscitated 8-10 hours after the death of the organism.
The brain is most sensitive to oxygen deficiency, and therefore suffers first. A few minutes are enough for his final death. That is why resuscitators and those who at that moment were next to a person have a minimum amount of time to determine clinical death - 10 minutes. But it is desirable to spend even less, then the health consequences will be negligible.
Introduction to the state of the CS artificially
There is an erroneous opinion that the state of a coma provoked by artificial means is the same as clinical death. But this is far from true. According to the WHO, euthanasia is prohibited in Russia, and this is artificially induced care.
An introduction to medical coma is practiced. Doctors resort to it to avoid disorders that can adversely affect the brain. In addition, a coma helps to carry out several urgent operations in a row. It finds its application in neurosurgery and epilepsy therapy.
Coma or drug-induced sleep is caused by the introduction of drugs only according to indications.
An artificial coma, unlike clinical death, is completely controlled by specialists and a person can be taken out of it at any time.
One symptom is coma. But clinical and biological death are completely different concepts. Often, after resuscitation, a person falls into a coma. But at the same time, doctors are confident that the vital activity of the body has been restored and recommend relatives to be patient.
How is it different from coma
The coma has its character traits which radically distinguish it from clinical death. You can name the following distinguishing features:
- During clinical death, the work of the heart muscle suddenly stops, and respiratory movements stop. A coma is just a loss of consciousness.
- In a coma, a person continues to breathe instinctively, you can feel the pulse and listen to the heartbeat.
- The duration of the coma can be different, from several days to months, but the borderline state of life in 5-10 minutes will turn into biological care.
- According to the definition of coma, all vital functions are preserved, only they can be oppressed or violated. However, the outcome is the death of brain cells first, and then the whole organism.
Whether the coma, as the initial link in clinical death, ends with the complete departure of a person from life or not, depends on the speed of medical care.
The difference between biological and clinical death
If it so happened that at the time of the onset of clinical death, there was no one next to the person who could take resuscitation measures, then the survival rate is almost zero. After 6, maximum 10 minutes, complete death of brain cells occurs, any rescue measures are meaningless.
The undeniable signs of final death are:
- Opacification of the pupil and loss of luster of the cornea.
- The eye shrinks and the eyeball loses its normal shape.
- Another difference between clinical and biological death is a sharp drop in body temperature.
- Muscles become dense after death.
- Dead spots appear on the body.
If the duration of clinical death can still be discussed, then there is no such concept for biological. After the irreversible death of the brain, the spinal cord begins to die, and after 4-5 hours, the functioning of muscles, skin, and tendons ceases.
First aid in the event of a CS
Before proceeding with resuscitation, it is important to make sure that the CS phenomenon is taking place. Seconds are given for evaluation.
The mechanism is as follows:
- Make sure there is no consciousness.
- Make sure the person is not breathing.
- Check pupillary response and pulse.
If you know the signs of clinical and biological death, then diagnosing a dangerous condition will not be difficult.
The further algorithm of actions is as follows:
- To free the airways, to do this, remove the tie or scarf, if any, unbutton the shirt and pull out the sunken tongue. AT medical institutions breathing masks are used at this stage of care.
- Make a sharp blow to the heart area, but this action should be done only by a competent resuscitator.
- Performed artificial respiration and chest compressions. Perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation before the arrival of the ambulance.
At such moments, a person realizes that life depends on competent actions.
Resuscitation in the clinic
After the arrival of the reanimobile, the doctors continue to bring the person back to life. Carrying out ventilation of the lungs, which is performed using breathing bags. The difference between such ventilation is the supply of a mixture of gases with an oxygen content of 21% to the lung tissue. The doctor at this time may well perform other resuscitation actions.
Heart massage
Most often, a closed heart massage is performed simultaneously with ventilation of the lungs. But during its implementation, it is important to correlate the force of pressure on the sternum with the age of the patient.
In infants, the sternum during massage should not move more than 1.5 -2 centimeters. For kids school age the depth can be 3-3.5 cm with a frequency of up to 85-90 per minute, for adults, these figures are 4-5 cm and 80 pressures, respectively.
There are situations when it is possible to conduct an open massage of the heart muscle:
- If cardiac arrest occurs during surgery.
- There is a pulmonary embolism.
- There are fractures of the ribs or sternum.
- Closed massage does not give results after 2-3 minutes.
If heart fibrillation is established with the help of a cardiogram, then doctors resort to another method of revitalization.
This procedure may be different types, which differ in technique and performance features:
- Chemical. Potassium chloride is administered intravenously, which stops the fibrillation of the heart muscle. Currently, the method is not popular due to the high risk of asystole.
- Mechanical. It also has the second name "resuscitation blow". An ordinary punch is made in the sternum area. Sometimes the procedure can give the desired effect.
- Medical defibrillation. The victim is administered antiarrhythmic drugs.
- Electric. Used to run the heart electricity. This method is applied as soon as possible, which significantly increases the chances of life during resuscitation.
For successful defibrillation, it is important to correctly position the device on the chest, choose the current strength depending on age.
First aid in case of clinical death, provided in a timely manner, will bring a person back to life.
The study of this state continues to this day, there are many facts that even competent scientists cannot explain.
Effects
Complications and consequences for a person will depend entirely on how quickly assistance was provided to him, how effective resuscitation measures were used. The sooner you can bring the victim back to life, the more favorable the prognosis for health and psyche will be.
If you managed to spend only 3-4 minutes to revive, then there is a high probability that there will be no negative manifestations. In the case of prolonged resuscitation, the lack of oxygen will have a detrimental effect on the state of brain tissues, up to their complete death. Pathophysiology recommends deliberately cooling the human body at the time of resuscitation in case of unforeseen delays to slow down degenerative processes.
Eyewitnesses
After the return of a person to this sinful earth from limbo, it is always interesting what can be experienced. Survivors describe their experience as follows:
- They saw their body, as if from the side.
- There is complete peace and tranquility.
- Moments of life flash before my eyes like scenes from a movie.
- Feeling like you are in another world.
- Encounters with unknown beings.
- They remember that there is a tunnel through which you have to go.
Among the survivors of such a borderline state, many famous people, for example, Irina Panarovskaya, who became ill right at the concert. Oleg Gazmanov lost consciousness when he was electrocuted on stage. Andreychenko and Pugacheva also experienced this state. Unfortunately, the stories of people who have experienced clinical death cannot be 100% verified. One can only take a word, especially since the sensations are similar.
scientific view
If lovers of esotericism in stories see direct confirmation of the existence of life on the other side, then scientists are trying to give natural and logical explanations:
- There are flickering highlights, sounds at the very first moment of the cessation of blood flow through the body.
- During clinical death, the concentration of serotonin jumps sharply and causes appeasement.
- The lack of oxygen also affects the organ of vision, which is why hallucinations with lights and tunnels appear.
The diagnosis of CS is a phenomenon that is of interest to scientists, and only thanks to high level medicine managed to save thousands of lives and not allow to cross the line where there is no turning back.
Every body needs a sufficient amount of oxygen, it comes from the circulatory and respiratory systems. If blood circulation stops, breathing is blocked, the person dies. We draw your attention to when the heart does not beat, breathing stops, the person does not die immediately. This transitional stage is called clinical death. Why does clinical death occur? Is it possible to help a person?
Causes of clinical death
It is important to understand that in this case a person can be saved, it takes a few minutes. Most often, clinical death occurs when the heart stops. As a rule, such a violation is provoked by cardiac pathologies, as well as blockage of blood clots.
The main causes of pathology include:
- Severe stress, physical activity - all this negatively affects the blood supply to the heart.
- Blood loss due to injury, trauma.
- A state of shock (most often, clinical death occurs in the case of anaphylactic shock after a severe allergic reaction).
- Asphyxia, respiratory arrest.
- Serious mechanical, thermal, electrical tissue damage.
- as a result of exposure to a chemical, poisonous and toxic substance on the body.
- Serious disease of the respiratory, cardiovascular system.
- Violent death, in which serious injuries were inflicted, as well as aspiration of blood, fluid, embolism, spasm in the coronary vessels.
Main symptoms
- The person loses consciousness after circulatory arrest (within a few seconds). Please note that blood circulation never stops if a person is conscious.
- No pulse for 10 seconds. This is a rather dangerous sign, because it indicates a cessation of the blood supply to the brain. With untimely assistance, brain cells can die.
- The person stops breathing.
- Pupil dilation and no reaction to light. This sign indicates the cessation of blood supply in the nerve, which is responsible for the motor activity of the eyes.
The specialist can determine the first symptoms of clinical death already within a few seconds after the heart stops. In this case, it is important to provide first aid, to carry out all resuscitation measures, otherwise everything can end in serious consequences.
How does clinical death proceed?
First stage(lasts no more than 5 minutes). Some areas of the brain responsible for the vital activity of the body are in a normal state for some time. In this case, everything can end up with such consequences: a person will come to his senses or, conversely, the situation will worsen - all parts of the brain will die at once.
Second stage occurs when the degenerative process in the brain slows down. Most often, this stage is characteristic of a person who has become cold, has been under water for a long time, and also after an electric shock.
Features of clinical death in children
It is worth noting that there are a lot of different pathologies and factors that can lead to such a dangerous condition in a child:
- Respiratory problems - pneumonia, inhalation a large number smoke, suffocation, drowning, blockage of the respiratory organs.
- Cardiac pathologies - arrhythmia, heart disease, ischemia, sepsis.
- Serious damage to the central nervous system- meningitis, hematomas, convulsions, intracranial trauma, malignant brain tumors.
- poisoning, .
Despite the causes of clinical death, the child loses consciousness, falls into a coma, he has no respiratory movements, no pulse. Ascertain clinical death within 10 seconds. It is important to remember that the child's body is sensitive, so if you do not take action, everything can end in death.
How to distinguish clinical death from biological?
In the case of untimely assistance, everything ends with biological death. It comes because the brain is completely dying. The condition is irreversible, all resuscitation procedures are inappropriate.
As a rule, biological death occurs 6 minutes after clinical death. In some situations, the time of clinical death is significantly lengthened. It all depends on the ambient temperature. If it is low, metabolic processes slow down in the body, and oxygen starvation is much better tolerated.
The main signs of biological death include the following symptoms:
- The pupil becomes cloudy, the shine in the cornea is lost.
- There is a "cat's eye". When the eyeball contracts, it loses its normal shape.
- The body temperature drops sharply.
- Bluish spots appear on the body.
- Muscles are tightened.
It has been proven that when attacked, the cerebral cortex dies first, then the spinal cord and subcortical region. And after 4 hours, the bone marrow, tendon, muscle, and skin stop functioning. During the day, the bones are destroyed.
What does the person feel?
The patient may have different visions, in some situations they do not exist at all. Many victims who had to endure clinical death said that they communicated with their close deceased relatives. Quite often, visions are quite real. In some visions, it seemed to the person that he was flying over his body. Other patients saw and remembered the appearance of doctors conducting resuscitation procedures.
So, medicine is still carefully studying the features of clinical death. You can save a person by providing first aid in the first seconds of clinical death. In this situation, the resuscitator can hit the heart area sharply, and artificial look ventilation to the mouth or nose. Remember, you can save a person by taking timely action!
When a person dies, this can be understood by several main signs: he falls into a coma, loses consciousness, stops responding to various stimuli, his reflexes fade, his pulse slows down, body temperature; there is apnea - respiratory arrest, asystole - cardiac arrest. As a result of a violation of oxygen metabolism in the body, hypoxia develops in various organs of the body, including the brain. In a few minutes, this can lead to irreversible changes in tissues. It is the irreversible stoppage of vital processes that is called biological death, but it does not occur immediately - it is preceded by clinical death.
With clinical death, all deaths are observed, but hypoxia has not yet caused changes in the organs and brain, so successful resuscitation can bring a person back to life without sad consequences. Clinical death lasts only a few minutes, after which resuscitation is already useless. At low environment brain death, which is the main sign of biological death, comes later - after about fifteen minutes. The more time has passed since breathing and heart rate, the more difficult it is to bring a person back to life.
Clinical death can be determined by dilated pupils that do not respond to light, by the absence of movements of the chest and in the carotid artery. But if at the same time there are symptoms of biological death - "cat's eye" (when the eyeball is squeezed from the sides, the pupil becomes vertical and does not return to its original form), clouding of the cornea, cadaveric spots - then resuscitation is pointless.
Interest in near death
Such a phenomenon as clinical death is of great interest not only among doctors and scientists working in the medical field, but also among ordinary people. This is due to the widespread belief that a person who has experienced such a state has visited the afterlife and can talk about his feelings. Usually such people describe movement through a tunnel, at the end of which light is visible, sensations of flight, a feeling of calmness - doctors call this "near-death experiences." But they still cannot explain them: scientists are baffled by the fact that the brain does not function during clinical death, and a person cannot feel anything. Most doctors explain this condition as hallucinations at an early stage of clinical death, when brain hypoxia has just begun.