Morozov Pavlik (Pavel Trofimovich) (1918-1932). Pioneer, glorified by the media as a participant in the struggle against the kulaks during the collectivization of the USSR. Born in with. Gerasimovka, Sverdlovsk region, in a large family (five children) of special settlers from Belarus. He was the organizer and chairman of the first pioneer detachment in the village , who helped the communists in campaigning for the creation of a collective farm. The kulaks, opposing this, decided to disrupt the grain procurements. Pavlik, having accidentally learned about the conspiracy, and not being afraid of his father (he was at one with the fists), exposed their intentions, for which, together with his younger brother, he was brutally killed by fists in the forest.
One of the methods of expanding the social base of Stalinism and ensuring mass support for repressions was the active propaganda of the ideas of the absolute priority of the interests of the party and class interests over the norms of human morality, family, comradely duty. Large-scale propaganda events, numerous rallies, where everyone had to vote for the death penalty, study meetings, where they had to denounce their comrades, friends, relatives, repent, swear allegiance to the party and intransigence towards its enemies, gradually shook the moral foundations of society.
Cooperation with the authorities in the suppression of "enemies of the people" was presented as a patriotic and unequivocally noble act. As examples, the images of "heroes-whistleblowers" like Pavlik Morozov were raised on the shield.
The name of Pavlik Morozov was the first to be entered in the book of honor of the All-Union Pioneer Organization. Lenin. A.M. Gorky wrote: “The memory of him should not disappear, this little hero deserves a monument, and I am sure that a monument will be erected.”
In 1948 in Moscow in the children's park. A monument was erected to the young hero Pavlik Morozov (sculptor I.A. Rabinovich), and the former Novovagankovsky lane was renamed Pavlik Morozov lane. Interestingly, in 1935-1936. The Politburo several times considered the issue of erecting a monument to Pavlik Morozov near Red Square (Khlevnyuk O.V. 1937: Stalin, the NKVD and Soviet Society. M., 1992. P. 70).
N. Berdyaev, arguing about the socialist "religion", he says that "the revolution, by its spiritual nature, is a rupture of the paternal and son hypostasis."
Notes
) Regarding this statement, see the article below "Not "Pavlik", but Pashka".
1 ) We have given the traditional presentation of the plot. More about the tragedy in Gerasimovka is told by the editor of the department of the magazine "Man and Law" V. Kononenko in the essay "Pavlik Morozov: Truth and Fiction" (Komsomolskaya Pravda. 1990. April 5). She, in particular, cites a letter from Alexei Morozov, who writes: “What kind of trial did they arrange for my brother? It's embarrassing and scary. My brother was called an informer in the magazine. Lie it! Pavel always fought openly. Why is he insulted? Has our family suffered a little grief? Who is being bullied? Two of my brothers were killed. The third, Roman, came from the front disabled, died young. I was slandered during the war as an enemy of the people. He spent ten years in the camp. And then they rehabilitated. And now slander on Pavlik. How to endure all this? They doomed me to torture worse than in the camps. It is good that my mother did not live to see these days ... I am writing, but tears are choking. So it seems that Pashka is again defenseless on the road.
2 ) ON THE. Berdyaev (1874-1948) - Russian philosopher. In 1922 he was sent abroad.
Materials of the book were used: Torchinov V.A., Leontyuk A.M. around Stalin. Historical and biographical reference book. St. Petersburg, 2000
Not "Pavlik", but "Pashka"
Born in the family of a Belarusian migrant Trofim Sergeevich Morozov and Tatyana, nee Baidakova, and was the eldest son. There were 4 boys in the family. Father - a red partisan, later chairman of the Gerasimovsky village council. In 1928, he left the family and began to live with a certain Antonina Amosova. At the beginning of 1932, he was sentenced to 10 years for selling false certificates to special settlers (dispossessed from the Kuban) about their alleged belonging to the Gerasimov village council. At the end of the same year, after the murder of his son, he was shot.
According to the official version, Pavlik Morozov, being a conscious pioneer, denounced his father to the authorities for ideological reasons, and then also systematically denounced the “kulaks” hiding grain from the state. Like, for this, he and his younger brother, 9-year-old Fedya, were stabbed to death by their own grandfather Sergei and cousin Danila at the instigation of the "fist" Arseny Kulukanov (godfather and relative of Pavel). At a show trial held in the regional center of Tavda, Sergei and Danila Morozov, Arseny Kulukanov and Ksenia Morozova (Sergei's wife and Pavlik's grandmother, who was accused of non-information) were sentenced to death. The murder of Pavel was qualified as a counter-revolutionary terrorist act.
In fact, the official version reveals a number of inconsistencies with the real circumstances of that time.
According to the writer Yuri Druzhnikov, who interviewed in the 1970s. fellow villagers and relatives of Pavel, the latter was not a pioneer, since there was no pioneer organization in Gerasimovka at all (the nearest one was in the regional center of Tavda, 120 km from Gerasimovka). Memoirs depict Pavel as a physically weak, nervous, unbalanced, tongue-tied, pedagogically neglected and almost weak-minded child who, by the age of 14, barely managed to finish two classes, learned to read and write with difficulty.
According to the materials of the murder case, on November 25, 1931, Morozov Pavel, during the investigation of the previous case (on the fact that the Gerasimovsky village council had issued a certificate to a special settler), filed a statement with the investigating authorities that his father Morozov Trofim Sergeevich, being the chairman of the village council and being associated with local kulaks, is engaged in forging documents and selling them to kulaks-special settlers. Subsequently, Pavel also spoke at the trial, testifying after his mother, but was stopped by the judge due to his youth. It is believed that Pavel's mother taught him to make a denunciation, hoping to intimidate her husband and return him to the family. I emphasize: Pavel filed an application as part of the investigation into the issuance of a certificate by the Gerasimovsky village council to a special settler. A certificate with a fake signature of Trofim Morozov was issued after he left the post of chairman of the village council, but the testimony of Pavlik (to be precise, the villagers called him Pashka) made it possible to involve Trofim in this case.
Both before and later, Pavel really denounced the peasants who hid bread, unregistered weapons, etc. As follows from the case file, in the winter of 1932 he denounced his uncle Arseniy Silin, who, “without completing a firm task, sold a cart of potatoes to special settlers ", and the previous autumn - to the peasant Mizyukhin, in whose place his grandfather Sergei allegedly hid a "walker" (a cart; a search was made at Mezyukhin, but nothing was found). However, in fact, the main scammer in the village was his cousin Ivan Potupchik, who by that time had already become a candidate member of the CPSU (b) (an indicative feature of his moral decay was the rape of a pioneer committed later by the honorary pioneer Ivan Potupchik, for which he was convicted).
On September 2, 1932, Pavel and his 9-year-old brother Fedya, in the absence of their mother (who had left for the district center), went into the forest for cranberries; On September 6, their bodies were found in the forest with stab wounds. The murder was declared the result of a kulak conspiracy. In view of the obvious bias of the investigation and the court, the guilt of imaginary kulaks is in doubt. According to Yu. Druzhnikov, the murder with provocative aims was organized by Spiridon Kondrashov, an assistant to the OGPU commissioner, and Potupchik. At the same time, Druzhnikov relies on the protocol of the interrogation of Potupchik discovered by him as a witness in the murder case, compiled by Kondrashov on September 4 (that is, 2 days before the official discovery of the fact of the murder).
Pavlik Morozov was declared a pioneer hero, an example of loyalty to communist ideals and patriotism. On his example, it was considered necessary to educate the younger generation; streets, schools, pioneer teams, etc. were named after him, monuments were erected to him (the first one was in Moscow in 1948)
It should also be noted that the form of the name "Pavlik" was invented by the journalists of Pionerskaya Pravda. During his lifetime, the boy was called "Pashka". And "Pavlik Morozov" is a character, rather a virtual one, who had nothing to do with a real person.
Especially for CHRONOS, an article about P. Morozov was sent by Pavel Shekhtman.
Enterprises, courts, schools, orphanages are named after him
Pavlik Morozov (1919-1932) - a teenager who denounced his father and was "canonized" by Soviet propaganda as a model for educating future builders of communism. He was portrayed as a victim of "fists" who took revenge on him for exposing their intrigues. But what really happened?
The Morozov family lived near the city of Tavda (now the Sverdlovsk region), in the village of Gerasimovka, where Pavlik's grandfather, Sergei Morozov, moved from Belarus to late XIX in. Pavlik's father, Trofim Sergeevich, who served as chairman of the village council, left his wife Tatyana with four children and went to a neighbor. The rest were also not friendly: Pavlik's grandfather and grandmother did not like his daughter-in-law and grandchildren, and they paid the same.
According to some reports, it was Tatyana Morozova, wanting to take revenge on her ex-husband, who taught her son to write a denunciation against him. On November 25, 1931, the boy filed a statement with the police that Trofim Morozov, using his official position, was selling certificates to special settlers - dispossessed peasants from European Russia. Trofim was convicted and sent to serve his term in the Far North, where he died.
In September 1932 (that is, almost a year later), Pavlik and his younger brother Fedya went to the forest for berries and disappeared. The mother, who arrived from Tavda the next day, called a policeman; he gathered the people, and the whole village went in search. The brothers were found on the road; they were dead, there was blood all around and a pile of scattered cranberries.
The grandfather and grandmother of the dead children, their uncle Arseniy Kulukanov and cousin Daniil were accused of the murder. According to his mother's later testimony, during a search, Sergei Morozov "found a bloody shirt and pants." The grandfather allegedly brought the knife home and hid it behind the icon (strange behavior for those who want to hide the traces of the crime; the corpses could also not be left in a conspicuous place, but thrown into the swamp, where they would disappear without a trace). Later, “two knives, a shirt and pants stained with blood” were allegedly found in his house. Son Alexei told his mother that on the day of the murder, "he saw Daniil Morozov walking out of the forest"; policeman Poputchik testified that Daniil's pants, shirt and knife were found covered in blood. The same Aleksey reported to his grandmother Aksinya that she went for berries in the same direction as Pavlik and Fedya, and "could hold" them until the killers approached. What role the uncle played, the investigation did not come up with.
During the process, Tatyana's testimony was edited by someone. Now they already stated that the grandfather, grandmother and cousin of the killed, “this whole kulak gang ... gathered together as a group, and their conversations were about hatred for the Soviet regime ... my son Pavel, no matter what he saw or heard about this kulak gang , always informed the village council or other organizations. In view of what the kulaks hated him and tried in every possible way to bring ... the young pioneer off the face of the earth. Thus, the murder of the Morozov brothers was attributed to the "intrigues of class enemies", which were found in the person of their closest relatives. Sergei, Aksinya and Daniil Morozov, as well as Arseny Kulukanov were shot.
This process was very useful for Soviet propaganda. On the eve of the Great Terror, when entire institutions and enterprises were declared "enemies of the people", it was important to present an individual family as a terrorist group, to impress citizens that enemies could lurk everywhere. The cult of Pavlik Morozov taught Soviet citizens (especially children) to suspect everyone, even close relatives, of intent to harm, poison, blow up, and kill. The “meeting of the poor in the village of Gerasimovka”, which demanded “to apply capital punishment to the murderers”, became the prototype of mass “demonstrations of workers” and “letters from labor collectives”, calling for merciless reprisal against the “Trotskyist-Zinovievite rabble” and other enemies.
After the trial, Tatyana Morozova and her children were hated in the village. She herself recalled that the grave of Pavlik and Fedya "was trampled down, the star was broken, half the village went there to defecate." And although the authorities instilled her in a good house, the owners of which had been "dispossessed" before, Tatyana preferred to move to the regional center - away from her fellow villagers. The NKVD took the "hero's mother" to the barracks, she did not work. Later, Stalin ordered to settle her in the Crimea, in Alupka, appointed a personal pension. Pavlik's younger brother, Alexei, was accused of treason during the war, but thanks to his mother's efforts and kinship with the "hero" he escaped execution.
Pavlik himself had a reputation in the village as a bully, embittered and unscrupulous. Tongue-tied and sickly, he showed all the signs of retarded development. The future "pioneer-hero" entered the first class only a year before his death, and at the age of thirteen he hardly learned to read in syllables. “He spoke with interruptions, barking ... in a half-Russian-half-Belarusian language,” his teacher recalled. According to eyewitnesses, Pavlik was the dirtiest student in the school; he smelled of urine, since the Morozov children used to urinate on each other to annoy or just have fun. He was presented by Soviet propaganda as a smart agitator, intelligibly explaining to the "dark" fellow villagers the policy of the party.
Pavlik's denunciation of his father was used by the Soviet authorities to instill morality that denied all biblical commandments - primarily the commandment to honor parents. After the Morozov case, special groups of pioneers began to form, called upon to watch over their parents and neighbors. Young scammers were rewarded with new boots, bicycles, and trips to the Artek pioneer camp. By the way, there is no evidence that Pavlik Morozov was a member of a pioneer organization.
Enterprises, courts, schools, orphanages, and other, mostly children's, institutions were named after this wretched teenager. Many false performances, films, musical works, poems and stories have been created about him. A street in Moscow even in the new district of Yuzhnoye Butovo is named after the parricide, who is also largely fictional.
The black book of names that have no place on the map of Russia. Comp. S.V. Volkov. M., "Posev", 2004.
Literature:
Yu.I. Druzhnikov. Informer 001, or the Ascension of Pavlik Morozov. (Published in the Moshkov Library, as well as at http://www.unilib.neva.ru/dl/327/Theme_10/Literature/Drujnikov/index.html)
The book "Informer 001, or the Ascension of Pavlik Morozov", written by the writer, professor at the University of California Yuri Druzhnikov, according to the annotation, is "the first independent investigation into the brutal murder of a teenager who denounced his father, and the process of creating the most famous boy out of Soviet hero, carried out fifty years after the tragic and mysterious events by a Moscow writer who dared to compare the official myth with historical documents and the testimony of the last eyewitnesses.
The émigré writer did not confine himself to exposing Stalin's propaganda, which made a pioneer hero out of a victim, but tried to mold him into an "exemplary" traitor anti-hero, presenting him in the most unattractive light. Apparently, he understood that, otherwise, the sympathies of a normal person would be on the side of a child who was brutally murdered along with his younger brother. Therefore, Yuri Druzhnikov tried to present Pavlik Morozov as a mentally handicapped, moral monster who “knocked” on his relatives and neighbors. At the same time, he was guided by the image of a scammer, a traitor, traditionally negative in the public mind. However, he does not provide any evidence of denunciations, except for Soviet propaganda materials, which he himself recognized as false.
Review from the site http://sarmata.livejournal.com/132057.html?view=1862617#t1862617
| Patriotic, spiritual and moral education of schoolchildren | Young heroes of the Great Patriotic War | Pioneers-heroes of the Great Patriotic War | Pavlik Morozov
Pioneers-heroes of the Great Patriotic War
Pavlik Morozov
Pavel Trofimovich Morozov (Pavlik Morozov; November 14, 1918, Gerasimovka, Turin district, Tobolsk province, RSFSR - September 3, 1932, Gerasimovka, Tavdinsky district, Ural region, RSFSR, USSR) - Soviet schoolboy, student of the Gerasimov school of the Tavdinsky district of the Ural region, in Soviet era, who gained fame as a pioneer hero who opposed the kulaks in the person of his father and paid for it with his life.
According to Big Soviet encyclopedia, Pavlik Morozov was “the organizer and chairman of the first pioneer detachment in the village. Gerasimovka. Monuments were erected to Pavlik Morozov in many cities and pioneer camps of the Soviet Union.
Pavel Trofimovich Morozov was born on November 14, 1918 in the village of Gerasimovka, Tavdinsky district of the Ural region. His father, Trofim Morozov, became the chairman of the village council of his native village. It was a tough time.
Back in 1921, the peasants of Central Russia started a revolt, rebelling against the Bolshevik surplus appraisal, which took away the last grain from the people for the proletarians.
Those of the rebels who survived the battles went to the Urals or were convicted. Someone was shot, someone was amnestied after a few years. Under the amnesty two years later, five people, the Purtov brothers, who played their role in the tragedy of Pavel, also fell.
The boy's father, when Pavlik reached the age of ten, left his wife and children, leaving for another family. This event forced the young Morozov to become the head of the family, taking all the care of his relatives.
Knowing that the power of the Soviets was the only shield for the poor, with the advent of the 1930s, Pavel joined the pioneer organization. At the same time, his father, having taken a leading position in the village council, began to actively cooperate with the kulak elements and the Purtov gang.
Here begins the story of the feat of Pavlik Morozov.
The Purtovs, having organized a gang in the forests, hunted in the vicinity by robbery. Only 20 proven robberies are on their conscience. Also, according to the OGPU, the five brothers were preparing a local coup against the Soviets, relying on special settlers (kulaks). Trofim Morozov provided active assistance to them. The chairman provided them with blank documents, issuing fake certificates of poor condition.
In those years, such certificates were an analogue of a passport and gave the bandits a quiet life and legal residence. According to these documents, the bearer of the paper was considered a peasant of Gerasimovka and did not owe anything to the state. Pavel, who fully and sincerely supported the Bolsheviks, reported his father's deeds to the competent authorities. His father was arrested and sentenced to 10 years.
Pavlik paid for this report by losing his life, and his younger brother Fyodor was deprived of his life. While picking berries in the forest, they were slaughtered by their own relatives. At the end of the investigation, four people were convicted for the murder: Sergey Morozov - paternal grandfather, Ksenia Morozova - grandmother, Danila Morozov - cousin, Arseny Kulukanov - Pavel's godfather and his uncle.
Kulukanov and Danila were shot, grandparents died in custody. The fifth suspect, Arseniy Silin, was acquitted.
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The name of this 13-year-old boy has become a symbol twice. First - a symbol of the struggle of the pioneer heroes with the "counter-revolution" and "kulaks". Then - a symbol of betrayal, denunciation and meanness.
The paradox is that neither one nor the other interpretation has practically nothing to do with true history. Pavlik Morozov. A teenager who simply took care of his mother and younger brothers and was not afraid to speak the truth, even on pain of death.
The Ural schoolboy Pavlik Morozov today, as a rule, is mentioned in a humorous or condemning context. Everyone seems to know that he “surrendered his father”, “wrote a denunciation”, but at the same time no one remembers the details of the case itself.
Soviet propaganda instantly elevated Pavlik to a pedestal as a pioneer hero. In modern times, with the same fervor and the same haste, he was branded as a traitor.
In both cases, the boy's name was used as a political slogan. The real background of those September events of 1932 has long been forgotten.
Only "whistleblowers" greedy for sensations periodically try to give a new interpretation of old events.
But it was all pretty simple.
village corruption
Pavlik Morozov was born a year after the October Revolution, on November 14, 1918. His childhood fell on the most difficult time - the first years of the formation of Soviet power.
The most severe blow of the transition period - civil war and the ensuing war communism - it was the peasants who took over.
Along with everyone else, the inhabitants of the village of Gerasimovka endured hardships. Tobolsk province. There, in the family of the chairman of the local village council, Pavel was born - the eldest of the five children of Trofim and Tatyana Morozov. They lived non-peacefully: the father often beat both the mother and the children. Not because he was too harsh in character, but simply such were the usual village customs of that time.
But even Trofim Morozov could not be called a good person with all the desire. He eventually abandoned his family and began to live with his mistress in the neighborhood. Moreover, he did not stop beating his wife and children. And he actively used his position as chairman of the village council for personal enrichment. For example, he appropriated the property confiscated from the dispossessed.
A separate source of income for him was the issuance of illegal certificates to special settlers. This category of citizens appeared in the early 1930s, when “kulaks” and “sub-kulakists” were sent to special settlements without trial or investigation. There they had to live in the position of exiles, following a strict schedule and working in logging, mining, and so on.
Of course, there was no talk of any freedom of movement. It was possible to leave the special settlement only with the permission of the commandant. Some special settlers tried to escape from such a life. But for this, a certificate of registration with some village council was needed. So that the competent authorities at the new place of residence do not have questions - where did they come from, what did they do before.
It was with these certificates that Morozov traded. Moreover, he continued to do this even after he was removed from the post of chairman of the village council in 1931. He got burned on them. Over time, one after another, requests began to arrive in Gerasimovka from various factories and factories, as well as from the construction of Magnitogorsk. Vigilant production managers were interested: did the new workers who arrived to them really live earlier in Gerasimovka?
Too often special settlers with false certificates in their pockets began to come across. And in November 1931, at the Tavda station, a certain Zvorykin was detained with two blank forms, on which were the seals of the Gerasimov village council. He honestly admitted to police officers that he had paid 105 rubles for them. A few days later, several people were arrested in the case of fake certificates, including Trofim Morozov.
Fictional denunciation
From this moment begins the same story of Pavlik Morozov. And it starts right away with contradictions. Investigator Elizar Shepelev, who subsequently investigated the murder of the boy, wrote the following in the indictment: "Pavel Morozov filed an application with the investigating authorities on November 25, 1931." This refers to a statement in which Pavlik allegedly accused his father of illegal activities.
However, many years later, Shepelev frankly admitted in an interview: “I can’t understand why on earth I wrote all this, there is no evidence in the case that the boy turned to the investigating authorities and that it was for this that he was killed. Probably, I meant that Pavel testified to the judge when Trofim was tried ... "
I did not find any trace of Pavlik's testimony in the case of Trofim Morozov and the journalist Evgenia Medyakova, who tried to get to the bottom of the truth in the early 1980s. The testimony of his mother is available, but the boy is not. True, at the trial, apparently, he still spoke, but it is unlikely that he said anything new or valuable. Nevertheless, this was enough to arouse hatred for him among his father's relatives. Especially after the court sentenced Trofim to 10 years in the camps and sent him to build the White Sea-Baltic Canal.
Looking ahead, let's say that Trofim Morozov did not complete his term. He returned three years later, with an order for hard work. But by that time, his two sons - Pavel and Fedor - had been killed.
It should be emphasized that after Trofim left the family, Pavel became the eldest man in the family. He took care of his mother and younger brothers, supported the household as best he could. And in the eyes of adults, it was on him, and not on Tatiana, that all the responsibility for the "betrayal" of Trofim lay. Pavel was especially hated by his grandfather Sergei, who was fully supported in this by his wife, grandmother Aksinya (or Ksenia).
Another sworn enemy was Danila's cousin. Finally, his godfather and husband of Trofim's sister Arseniy Kulukanov did not have warm feelings for the boy at all. According to one version, Pavel mentioned his name in his speech at the court, calling him “fist”. These four people ended up in the dock as accused of the murder of Pavel and Fyodor Morozov.
Ordinary atrocity
The following is known about the murder itself. In early September 1932, Pavel and Fyodor went to the forest for berries. Upon learning of this, Kulukanov persuaded Danila to follow them and kill the boys. And even allegedly paid him 5 rubles for it. Danila did not go to the crime alone, but went for advice to his grandfather Sergei.
He calmly stood up and, looking at how the accomplice took the knife, said: "Let's go kill, look, don't be afraid." They found Pavlik and eight-year-old Fedor pretty quickly. Danila inflicted mortal blows on both, but grandfather Sergey did not allow the younger boy to run away.
Since Pavel and Fyodor were going to go into the forest with an overnight stay, they did not miss them right away. Especially since the mother was away. When Tatyana returned to the village, she found out that the children had not returned for the third day. Alarmed, she raised the people in search, and the next day the bodies of the slaughtered children were discovered.
The mother, heartbroken, later told the investigator that on the same day on the street she met grandmother Aksinya, who told her with an evil laugh: “Tatiana, we made meat for you, and now you eat it!”
The investigation quickly found the killers. The main evidence was a household knife and Danila's bloodied clothes, which Aksinya soaked but did not have time to wash (at first they claimed that he had slaughtered a calf the day before). Danila admitted his guilt almost immediately and completely. Grandfather Sergei constantly changed his testimony and got confused, either recognizing or denying what had happened.
Aksinya and Arseny Kulukanov did not confess to anything until the very end. Nevertheless, it was Arseny, together with Danila, who received the most severe punishment - execution. Aksinya and Sergei Morozov, due to their advanced age (the old people were already 80 years old), were sent to live in prison.
Symbol in red tie
This would have ended this, in essence, a simple story of domestic enmity. If the Soviet propaganda had not taken up the matter. The boy, killed by his relatives for two careless words spoken at the court session, was of no use to anyone. But the pioneer hero, who fearlessly exposed the fists with fists and fell in an unequal battle, the plot is what you need.
Therefore, in the very first note on this topic, published in the newspaper Ural Worker on November 19, 1932, the story of Pavlik was told as follows:
“... And when Pasha's grandfather, Sergei Morozov, hid kulak property, Pasha ran to the village council and exposed his grandfather. In 1932, in winter, Pasha brought the kulak Silin Arseniy to fresh water, who did not fulfill a firm task, sold a cart of potatoes to the kulaks.
Pavel again exposed his grandfather and kulukanov. At meetings during sowing, at the time of grain procurements, everywhere the pioneer activist Pasha Morozov exposed the intricate machinations of the kulaks and sub-kulakists ... "
The already difficult life of a simple village teenager, abandoned by his father and carrying on all household chores, suddenly turned into an endless battle with “kulaks and podkulakniks”, who endlessly turned their “frauds” in little Gerasimovka.
Needless to say, there are no documents confirming such an active activity of the "whistleblower" Pavlik Morozov? But the name of such a hero was no longer ashamed to call a pioneer detachment. As well as erect a monument to him.
“To some, Pavlik now seems like a boy stuffed with slogans in a clean pioneer uniform. And because of our poverty, he didn’t even see this uniform, didn’t participate in pioneer parades, didn’t wear portraits of Molotov, and didn’t shout “toast” to the leaders, ”the school teacher Larisa Isakova later recalled, who observed almost the entire story with her own eyes.
But the propaganda machine was already in full swing. Poems, books, plays and even one opera were written about Pavlik Morozov! Fewer and fewer people remembered what exactly and why happened in Gerasimovka in the autumn of 1932, and only a few people tried to understand the details.
Long arms of the OGPU?
But times have changed and the pendulum has swung the other way. So powerful and uncontrollable. People who were hungry for the truth sought to expose all the myths of the Soviet ideology. At the same time, I was too lazy to delve into the question seriously. Very often they followed the path of least resistance: if something was declared good by the Soviet state, it means that it is actually bad.
This is exactly what happened with Pavlik Morozov. The dirty brand of "traitor" was deserved by him no more than gold medal"hero".
Tatyana Morozova (Pavlik's mother) with her grandson Pavel Morozov. Photo taken in 1979.
Everything was now in doubt. Is it like this terrible person was Trofim Morozov? Was he deservedly sent to the camp? Did Pavlik write or did not write the unfortunate denunciation of his father? At the same time, for some reason, the simplest and most terrible question was constantly missed: is it possible to kill children?
At the same time, in the exposing excitement, some authors literally reached the point of absurdity. Writer Yuri Druzhnikov in 1987 published a book in the UK with the catchy title "Informer 001, or the Ascension of Pavlik Morozov." In it, he turned the whole situation literally upside down.
According to Druzhnikov, Pavlik was a puppet of the all-powerful security officers who sought to arrange a show trial with political overtones. This was necessary, in particular, in order to finally organize a collective farm in Gerasimovka, which the villagers had previously actively resisted.
The author of the book calls the assistant to the authorized OGPU Spiridon Kartashov and Pavel's cousin, Ivan Potupchik, who collaborated with the authorities, the real organizers and perpetrators of the murder. This version has been repeatedly criticized and dismantled literally by the bones.
And not only domestic researchers. Oxford University professor Catriona Kelly, for example, noted that Druzhnikov uses the materials of the official investigation very selectively, recognizing only those that fit his theory as authentic.
Despite the extremely weak arguments, Druzhnikov nonetheless quite accurately points out the weaknesses in the official version of the investigation. It's really unclear why the killers didn't bother to hide the knife and the bloodied clothes.
Grandfather Sergei served as a gendarme in the past, grandmother Aksinya once traded in stealing horses. That is, about what the investigation and evidence are, both should have had a good idea. Nevertheless, they made it surprisingly easy and simple to arrest themselves.
However, no matter how much the 80-year-old documents are shuffled, this will not change the main thing in any way. Two boys, Pavel and Fyodor Morozov, are neither heroes nor traitors. And the unfortunate victims of circumstances and dashing time.
Viktor Banev
Many people mention it very often, but often know very little. And if they know, it is not the fact that the truth.
He twice became a victim of political propaganda: in the era of the USSR, he was presented as a hero who gave his life in the class struggle, and in perestroika times, as an informer who betrayed his own father.
Modern historians question both myths about Pavlik Morozov, who became one of the most controversial figures in Soviet history.
The house where Pavlik Morozov lived, 1950
This story took place at the beginning of September 1932 in the village of Gerasimovka, Tobolsk province. Grandmother sent her grandchildren for cranberries, and a few days later the bodies of the brothers with traces of violent death were found in the forest. Fedor was 8 years old, Pavel - 14. According to the canonical version generally accepted in the USSR, Pavlik Morozov was the organizer of the first pioneer detachment in his village, and in the midst of the struggle against the kulaks, he denounced his father, who collaborated with the kulaks. As a result, Trofim Morozov was sent to a 10-year exile, and according to other sources, he was shot in 1938.
In fact, Pavlik was not a pioneer - a pioneer organization appeared in their village only a month after his murder. The tie was later simply added to his portrait. He did not write any denunciations about his father. Against Trofim at the trial, he testified ex-wife. Pavlik only confirmed the testimony of his mother that Trofim Sergeevich Morozov, being the chairman of the village council, sold certificates to the migrant kulaks about being registered with the village council and that they had no tax debts to the state. These certificates were in the hands of the Chekists, and Trofim Morozov would have been tried even without the testimony of his son. He and several other district chairmen were arrested and sent to prison.
N. Chebakov. Pavlik Morozov, 1952
Relations in the Morozov family were not easy. Pavlik's grandfather was a gendarme, and his grandmother was a horse thief. They met in prison, where he guarded her. Pavlik's father, Trofim Morozov, had a scandalous reputation: he was a reveler, cheated on his wife and, as a result, left her with four children. The chairman of the village council was indeed dishonest - that he earned on fictitious certificates and appropriated the property of the dispossessed, all the villagers knew. There was no political connotation in Pavlik's act - he simply supported his mother, who was unjustly offended by his father. And the grandmother and grandfather for this hated both him and his mother. In addition, when Trofim left his wife, according to the law, his allotment of land passed to his eldest son Pavel, since the family was left without a livelihood. Having killed the heir, relatives could count on the return of the land.
Relatives accused of killing Pavlik Morozov
An investigation began immediately after the murder. Bloody clothes and a knife were found in the grandfather's house, with which the children were stabbed. During interrogations, Pavel's grandfather and cousin confessed to the crime: allegedly the grandfather held Pavel while Danila stabbed him. The case had a huge impact. This murder was presented in the press as an act of kulak terror against a member of a pioneer organization. Pavlik Morozov was immediately hailed as a pioneer hero.
Only many years later, many details began to raise questions: why, for example, Pavel's grandfather, a former gendarme, did not get rid of the murder weapon and traces of the crime. The writer, historian and journalist Yuri Druzhnikov (aka Alperovich) put forward a version that Pavlik Morozov denounced his father on behalf of his mother - in order to take revenge on his father, and was killed by an OGPU agent in order to call mass repression and the expulsion of the kulaks - this was the logical conclusion to the story of villainous kulaks who are ready to kill children for their own benefit. Collectivization took place with great difficulty, the pioneer organization was poorly received in the country. In order to change people's attitudes, new heroes and new legends were needed. Therefore, Pavlik was just a puppet of the Chekists, who sought to arrange a show trial.
Yuri Druzhnikov and his sensational book about Pavlik Morozov
However, this version caused massive criticism and was crushed. In 1999, the Morozovs' relatives and representatives of the Memorial movement secured a review of the case in court, but the Prosecutor General's Office came to the conclusion that the murderers had been convicted justifiably and were not subject to political rehabilitation.
Monument to Pavlik Morozov in the Sverdlovsk region, 1968. Pavlik's mother Tatyana Morozova with her grandson Pavel, 1979
Pioneers visit the site of the death of Pavlik Morozov, 1968
Writer Vladimir Bushin is sure that it was a family drama without any political overtones. In his opinion, the boy only counted on the fact that his father would be frightened and returned to the family, and could not foresee the consequences of his actions. He only thought about helping his mother and brothers, since he was the eldest son.
The school where Pavlik Morozov studied, and now there is a museum named after him
Museum of Pavlik Morozov
No matter how the story of Pavlik Morozov is interpreted, his fate does not become less tragic. His death served the Soviet government as a symbol of the struggle against those who do not share its ideals, and in the perestroika era it was used to discredit this government.
Monuments to Pavlik Morozov
Monument to Pavlik Morozov in the city of Ostrov, Pskov region
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09/10/2003 The mystery of the life and death of Pavlik Morozov
Tyumen. September 3 marks the 71st anniversary of the death of Pavlik Morozov. He, along with his younger brother Fedya, was killed for denouncing his father to the Chekists. The village of Gerasimovka, where Pavlik was born and buried, is located 40 kilometers from the regional center of Tavda, Sverdlovsk Region.
In Soviet times, when the pioneer hero Pavlik Morozov was a model for the younger generation, an asphalt road was laid in the village and the House-Museum was built. Tourists from all over the country were taken by bus - 10-15 excursions a day. Now Gerasimovka is known only to old-timers and historians. The memorial complex is closed and is in a deplorable state.
Train of mystery
Streets in dozens of Russian cities still bear the name of Pavlik Morozov, although the main monument to the hero with a banner in his hand has long been removed from its pedestal in a park on Moscow's Krasnaya Presnya. After his death, he was forever inscribed in the history of the pioneers at number 001, and now his name has become a symbol of betrayal.
"There is still no clarity in this case. Even in the materials that are available, inconsistencies can be found, but no re-analysis has been carried out," says Anna Pastukhova, chairman of the Yekaterinburg branch of the Memorial human rights society. She believes that it is too early to close the case of Pavlik Morozov, "who has become a bargaining chip in adult games."
After several decades, it is already difficult to understand where the myth of a 14-year-old boy who allegedly sacrificed his life in the fight against the "kulaks" who hid bread from the village poor, and where real life semi-literate teenager from a large rural family.
Informer 001
The first attempt to make an independent investigation into the life of Pavlik was made back in the mid-80s by the Moscow prose writer Yuri Druzhnikov, who later wrote the book "Informer 001, or the Ascension of Pavlik Morozov", translated into several foreign languages. During the investigation, Druzhnikov was able to talk with some of the boy's surviving relatives, including his mother, Tatyana Morozova, whom Soviet propaganda turned into the heroic mother of the pioneer hero.
The death of Pavlik was blamed on his closest relatives - grandfather Sergei Morozov, his wife Xenia, cousin Danila and godfather - Armenia Kulukanov. Druzhnikov was the first to question the verdict. The trial itself was conducted in violation of the law, and "the main evidence of the guilt of the defendants were quotations from the reports of Stalin and Molotov that the class struggle intensified in certain areas, and the accused were an illustration of the correctness of their statements."
Druzhnikov, now a lecturer at the University of California, believes that Pavlik's denunciation of his father was made by him at the "instigation of his mother, whom his father left by going to another."
“He was never a pioneer either, he was made a pioneer after his death,” says Druzhnikov. “And most importantly, I revealed secret documents that Pavlik and his brother were killed not by kulaks, but by two NKVD officers: one is a voluntary and the second is a professional. They killed and pinned the blame on relatives who did not want to join the collective farm. By the way, the convicts were not kulaks either. They were forced to dig a hole for themselves, stripped naked and shot for example. This is how Stalin's directive on total collectivization was carried out locally. And the pioneer hero was needed two years later, when the Writers' Union was created and the boy was named the first positive hero of socialist realism.
Chapter seven. WHO IS THE KILLER? "Informer 001, or..."
litresp.ru›chitat…druzhnikov-yurij/donoschik-001…8
Druzhnikov Yuri. ... So, on September 12, the OGPU organized a collective farm, and Kartashov spoke at the meeting on behalf of the public, demanding the execution of the murderers. ... In this protocol, Ivan Potupchik testified that the murder was committed "from a political point of view, since Pavel Morozov was a pioneer and activist, often ...
Immortal Soviet legend | Nomad | 11/16/2002
nomad.su›?a=15-200211160017
Druzhnikov is convinced that Kartashov, with the help of Potupchik, organized the murder of the boys in an attempt to intimidate the villagers into joining the collective farm. He believes that they had the tacit permission of the Stalinist special services to do so. Prosecutor. Once upon a time there was a deputy head of the rehabilitation ...
Poor Pavlik Morozov
On September 3, 1982, the country widely celebrated the 50th anniversary of the death of the pioneer hero Pavlik Morozov, who was brutally murdered by bandits-kulaks. And a few years later, the memory of the hero began to be debunked, who allegedly turned out to be a juvenile informer against his own father. Meanwhile, the famous revolutionary Shlisselburger N. Morozov told the truth about the tragedy that had unfolded in the Urals to the writer Alexei Tolstoy back in 1939 ... This mysterious story is told in an article by the Tsarskoye Selo local historian, our longtime author Fyodor Morozov.
About twenty years ago, I remember, Lenin's rooms in secondary, music and sports schools throughout the country were covered with portraits of Pavlik Morozov. And the stories about the young pioneer, who allegedly exposed the hostile activities of his father, a fist, who hid grain from starving workers, and for this he was brutally murdered by his own grandfather and brother, the fists, diluted the radio stations "Mayak" and "Youth" almost every Saturday.
During the reign of Andropov, the feat of Pavlik received a new interpretation. His father turned from a kulak into a village headman, who enjoyed a reputation among his fellow villagers as a respected, decent person, but succumbed to intimidation by bandits hiding in the forests, to whom he issued false certificates. And in 1984, it suddenly turned out that Pavlik Morozov himself was not at all the one for whom he had been given out for fifty years ...
The family of Trofim Morozov - the headman of the village of Gerasimovka, Tavdinsky district, Sverdlovsk region - was, it turns out, very pious and did not miss a single Sunday service and church holiday. Moreover, both sons of the headman, Pavel and Fedor, often helped the local priest, for which he taught them to read and write. On the day of death on September 3, 1932, when both brothers were returning home from the local priest, they were slaughtered not far from their native village.
In 1989, the Ogonyok magazine published a new version, according to which it turned out that Pavlik Morozov, in principle, could not be a pioneer, since the nearest pioneer organization at that time was 120 kilometers from Gerasimovka. The reason for his murder was as if purely domestic. Pavlik's mother allegedly died, and his relationship with his stepmother did not work out. A strange and terrible role in the events was played by the jealousy of Morozov's neighbor, who wrote a denunciation on behalf of Pavlik to the Tavdinsky department of the GPU, casting a shadow of suspicion on the unsuspecting boy. During interrogations, Pavlik allegedly answered insulting questions with silence, which was taken as his confession in writing the denunciation. Mad with shame and grief, grandmother Aksinya decided in her own way to deal with Pavlik and his brother. Watching them on a forest road late in the evening of September 3, 1932, she strangled them ...
In the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, this story looks different. Pavlik Morozov handed over his father, who allegedly sold documents to the enemies of the people, to the secretary of the Tavdinsky district party committee back in 1930, and at the same time appeared in court as an accuser of his own ancestor. At the same time, Pavlik Morozov was allegedly elected chairman of the council of the pioneer detachment of Gerasimovka. And in 1932, Pavlik, being a 14-year-old teenager, allegedly headed local food detachments to seize surplus grain from the kulaks of the entire Tavdinsky district, for which the kulaks slaughtered him along with his brother on a forest road (TSB 1954, vol. 28, p. 310 ).
Meanwhile, back in 1939, the famous honorary academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, revolutionary Schlisselburger Nikolai Morozov, outraged by the proximity of his surname to the surname of Pavlik in the first Soviet encyclopedia of 1936, undertook an investigation of this case, so to speak, in hot pursuit. And I found out that everything was completely different from what was said and written in all the then official sources. According to Morozov's investigation, it turned out that Pavlik was not a pioneer, just as he was not an informer. At the trial against the head of the family, he acted as a witness and defended his father with all his might, to which there were still many witnesses at that time: the court session in Tavda was held with open doors.
The honorary academician failed to talk with the secretary of the Tavdinsky district committee, to whom Pavlik allegedly whispered in his ear about the atrocities of his father: by that time the official had already been shot as an enemy of the people. But in the case of the murder of Pavel and Fyodor Morozov, Nikolai Alexandrovich discovered the testimony of members of the Morozov family - mother, sister and uncle. In her explanatory note, Tatyana Semyonovna, Pavel's mother, obviously under dictation, called her son a snitch, and blamed his grandfather, grandmother and uncle Danila for his death. In the same note, she first called Pavlik a pioneer. “My son Pavel, no matter what he saw or heard about this kulak gang, always reported them to the village council. Because of this, the kulaks hated him and in every possible way wanted to wipe this young pioneer off the face of the earth.” (A curious detail: Pavlik's father was the chairman of the Gerasimovsky village council, so it turns out that he passed denunciations on his father and relatives to his father himself!)
As a result of meetings and conversations with the surviving Morozov relatives, the academician found out that a conflict had long been ripening in the family. By writing out left-wing documents, Trofim Morozov brought terrible misfortune to the family. Endless showdowns at night eventually led to a divorce and division of property. Taking advantage of the opportunity, numerous “well-wishers” intervened in the matter, a train of denunciations about Trofim Sergeyevich, grandmother Aksinya and grandfather Sergey reached the Tavdinsky district committee and the district police department. All the slanders were allegedly written from the words of Pavlik by the local policeman Ivan Poputchik and the hut Pyotr Yeltsin. On their basis, the trial of Trofim Morozov was hastily concocted.
By that time, Pavlik himself knew how to write, so the denunciations allegedly recorded from his words that went to the area were 100% fakes! For some reason, Pavel was not asked questions about his "denunciations" at the trial. Nevertheless, although the guilt of Trofim Sergeevich was not proven, he got a sentence, and the Morozov family was almost repressed as a kulak family. This happened, however, two years later, and the district police officer demanded that Pavel himself testify against his grandfather and grandmother, respected in the district. Morozov, as their eldest grandson, resolutely refused, saying that he would beg a priest he knew for such thoughts and suggestions to anathematize the district police officer. Pavel's conversation with the district police officer took place on September 1, 1932, and Pavel managed to convey its content to his confessor. And on September 3, he, together with his brother, returning from the church, did not reach the house ... Two days later, the bodies of the tormented brothers were found literally a stone's throw from the village. On the same day, the district police officer had terrible suspicions, and he conducted searches in the house of grandfather Pavlik and his cousin Danila, where he found bloody pants, a shirt and a knife. What kind of fool keeps such evidence in the house? The precinct was not going to answer such a stupid question from fellow villagers, he did not care about trifles.
On September 8, the district police officer, with the support of the opera from Tavda, knocked out testimony from Danila Morozov that the brothers were stabbed to death by the neighbor of the Morozovs, Efrem Shatrakov, who, Danila, only kept both "pioneers". The district police officer I. Poputchik added to the case of the murder of the brothers the last one, allegedly written from the words of Pavlik by the district police officer, "denunciation" against Shatrakov's neighbor, who allegedly concealed large surpluses of grain. On the same day, a strange explanatory note from Pavlik's mother appeared, in which he already appears as a pioneer and scammer, and the grandfather, grandmother and cousin Danila are called the main culprits of the tragedy.
On September 12, Danila changed his testimony and declared guilty of the death of the brothers of their own 80-year-old infirm grandfather Sergei Sergeyevich, who was not even able to keep up with his grandchildren, not to mention raising a knife over their heads! In the final version of the investigation, it is already indicated that the bloody "evidence" was found in the house of his grandfather, S.S. Morozov ...
The court sentenced the grandfather and cousin Pavlik Morozov, and at the same time the grandmother "for non-information" to be shot, while Shatrakov's neighbor was released from the courtroom as "repentant" ...
According to Tatyana Semyonovna, Pavlik's mother, the testimony against her grandfather was beaten out of her by employees of the Tavdinsky department of the OGPU by threats of reprisals against the whole family.
Honorary academician N.A. Morozov brought this maternal recognition with him in 1939 from Gerasimovka; he showed it to his acquaintances, in particular, to the deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, writer Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy. However, he was afraid to launch the document.
Just before his death in 1946, Morozov handed over the confessions of Pavlik's mother to Tsarskoye Selo local historians, from whose funds they were stolen in April 1951. Vladimir Nikolayevich Smirnov, at that time the deputy chairman of the local section of local lore, told me about this.
Before the war, no one tried to shoot at least a small documentary about the most legendary pioneer of the era ... Is it because, apart from the Tavda Chekists and their rough cooking, there was nothing to film?
The name of Pavlik Morozov forever remained crap, the truth-bearers of all generations ruffled him at every corner and, no matter how scary, they rattle him to this day. Who and when will anathematize them for such fanaticism and mockery of the memory of innocent people?
Watch in advance "Logicology - about the fate of man"
Consider the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.
13 28 45 60 69 84 87 103 104 107 113 125 144 161 176 197 207 220 235 238 248 272
M O R O Z O V P A V E L T R O F I M O V I C
272 259 244 227 212 203 188 185 169 168 165 159 147 128 111 96 75 65 52 37 34 24
16 17 20 26 38 57 74 89 110 120 133 148 151 161 185 198 213 230 245 254 269 272
P A V E L T R O F I M O V I C M O R O Z O V
272 256 255 252 246 234 215 198 183 162 152 139 124 121 111 87 74 59 42 27 18 3
MOROZOV PAVEL TROFIMOVICH = 272.
120 = STICKED
________________________
162 = FINNISH KNIFE
110 = HIT(S)
______________________________
183 = HOOKED FINS(Kim...)
38 = (stabbed)
__
246 = FINNISH KNIFE (pulp)
254 = FINNISH KNIFE
27 = ZAR(ezan)
269 = FINNISH KNIFE STICKED (m)
______________________________________
18 \u003d (h) AR (ezan)
13 = (knife) M
_____________________________________
272 = (for) STICKED WITH A FINNISH KNIFE
57 = (stab) YOU
__________________________________
234 = FINNISH KNIFE IN THE HEART
Reference:
The history of the appearance of the Finnish NKVD knife, its main ...
posuda-gid.ru›nozhi/boevye/297-finka-nkvd
Great popularity in Russian Empire, and later in the USSR, used a Finnish knife. The history of its formation was long - from a tool for household needs to military weapons used ...
(s) M (erteln) O R (anen) (knife) O (m) + Z (lodeysk) O (e) (killer) V (o) + P (dropping) (r) A (nenie) V (heart ) E + (gibe) L (b) + (kill) T (ud) RO (m) FI (nk) + M (gn) OV (en) I (e) + (con) Ch (ina)
272 \u003d, M, O R, O, + Z, O, V, + P, A, B, E +, L, +, T, RO, FI, + M, OV, I, +, H,.
19 36 42 61 90 96 114 120 134 153 185 187 204 236
T R E T E S E N T Y
236 217 200 194 175 146 140 122 116 102 83 51 49 32
"Deep" decryption offers the following option, in which all columns match:
T (heavy) R (aneni) E + (death) Th (s) E (rdtsa) + C (oversh) EN (ie) (press) T (upleni) I + (gi) B (elnoe) R (anenie) + (deceased) I.
236 \u003d T, R, E +, T, E, + C, EH, T, I +, B, R, +, I.
We look at the columns in both tables of the FULL NAME code:
103 = (stabbed) with a KNIFE
_________________________
185 = THIRD SEPTEMBER
103 = (stabbed) with a KNIFE
__________________________
185 = KNIFED
185 = KNIFED
__________________________
111 \u003d (h) SHOT
Code DATE OF DEATH: 3.09.1932. This is = 3 + 09 + 19 + 32 = 63 = ZAKOLO(t).
Number code full YEARS LIVES: THIRTEEN = 138.
19 36 46 60 61 66 89 90 109 138
THIRTEEN
138 119 102 92 78 77 72 49 48 29
"Deep" decryption offers the following option, in which all columns match:
T (heavy) P (anen) I (e) N (burn) + (stop) A (ser) DCA + (death) T
138 \u003d T, R, I, N, +, A, dtsa +, t.
We look at the column in the lower table of the FULL NAME code:
89 = THIRTEEN
__________________________________
198 = DIE BY KNIFE
89 = (ka) TASTRO (fa)
_________________________________
198 = KNIFE HEART WOUND(m)
198 - 89 \u003d 109 \u003d THIRTEEN (s).