ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION OF THE SETTLEMENTS OF THE TOBOLSK PROVINCE IN THE LATE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES
Tomilov Igor Sergeevich
Tobolsk complex scientific station Ural Branch Russian Academy Sciences
laboratory assistant of the Laboratory of the history of the development of Siberia
annotation
This article attempts to study the trade and market conditions in the Tobolsk province at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. This period is characterized by the approval of the modernization stage of social development, which gave an impetus to the economic development of both the entire country and its individual regions. In general, the results obtained will make it possible to judge the impact of the all-Russian industrial boom on the formation of the trade industry of the region under study in the studied time frame.
ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION SETTLEMENTS TOBOLSK PROVINCE IN THE LATE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES
Tomilov Igor Sergeevich
Tobolsk integrated research station RAS
lab worker Laboratory history of the development of Siberia
Abstract
This article attempted to review the trading and market condition in the Tobolsk province at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. This period is characterized by the adoption of the modernization stage of social development that gave impetus to the economic development of both the whole country and its separate regions. Overall, the obtained results allow to judge the nationwide impact of industrial growth on the development of the retail industry in the region under study in the time investigation frame.
The work was supported by the program of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Traditions and Innovations in History and Culture” No. 15-13-4-11.
The development of capitalist relations in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. contributed to the formation of a single all-Russian market, which eventually included the Siberian network. The expansion of the internal market became possible due to the growth of the commercial and industrial (primarily urban) population, the impulses for the development of trade were the intensive strengthening of commodity-money relations, the processes of decomposition of the patriarchal peasant life, as well as a significant increase in the share of crafts and commercial agriculture.
The development of capitalist relations led to the formation of an all-Russian market, the structure of which was also drawn into the Siberian network. The growth of the urban and commercial-industrial population contributed to the expansion of the internal market, and both the strengthening of commodity-money relations and the beginning of the decomposition of the patriarchal life of the peasants, as well as an increase in the share of commercial farming and crafts, were an incentive for trade.
In the last third of the XIX century. there is a noticeable revival of trade operations in the cities of the Tobolsk province. In view of the absence until the end of the XIX century. railway lines, insufficient and undeveloped communication routes, as well as isolation from the largest centers European Russia, a significant role, especially for the northern territories, was played by fair (bazaar, market, delivery) trade.
In trade, by the turn of the century, thanks to the Trans-Siberian Railway, there were also positive developments. Fundamental transport transformations increased intra-Siberian trade, accelerated the movement of goods and the turnover of capital in monetary circulation.
Trade continued to dominate industry. V.A. Skubnevsky considers such a disproportion towards trade relations to be the result of the fact that this particular industry attracted capital to a greater extent, and trading firms were given priority in obtaining bank loans. Among the cities of the Tobolsk province, Kurgan was considered commercial, and Tobolsk and Tyumen were considered commercial and industrial centers. Some cities did not have a pronounced predominant economic direction. Mixed were Ishim, Tyukalinsk, Yalutorovsk, Surgut, Turinsk and Berezov. In this state of affairs, the predominance of representatives of urban entrepreneurs in large cities with a developed structure in the management of the economy became natural. In relatively medium-sized cities with less economic development, it was predominantly petty-bourgeois who were elected to public administration bodies.
Siberia, due to established traditions, climatic conditions and autocratic predisposition, specialized in the production of agricultural products, receiving in exchange for them industrial goods from the center of the country. The development of crafts proceeded extensively and intensively, spreading to the developed territories, passing into more mature forms of industry, thanks to an increase in output, expansion of the sales market, separation of industry from agriculture.
By the turn of the century, industry has become one of the main factors in the growth of old and the emergence of new cities in the region. Cities developed multifunctionally, the commercial and industrial population was of ever-increasing importance. In the leading industrial centers (Tyumen, Kurgan) the processes of social classes grew: the proletariat, the bourgeoisie and the middle stratum. In smaller cities, the development of new formations was slower, due to which their economy was a mixed type of industrial and agricultural production. Small towns of the province (Berezov, Surgut, etc.), located in the northern part of the region or floodplains, were considered agricultural settlements - their population was mainly engaged in traditional, non-city-specific activities (fishing, hunting, gathering, farming, cattle breeding).
The occupations of the townspeople were typical, for the most part connected with agriculture, often constituting subsistence or semi-subsistence farming. Such a bias towards the agrarian sectors led to a shortage of urban land and an increase in trade with the villagers. This gave contemporaries reason to call even some provincial cities "agricultural villages inhabited by philistine plowmen and artisans with a rather weak admixture of trading merchants" .
The late imperial period is characterized by the dominance of the economic formation of the capitalist type. In the Tobolsk province, a mixed patriarchal-modernization form of industry prevailed, which consisted in the parallel existence of feudal remnants and new technologies that were being introduced.
Thus, the commercial development of the cities of the Tobolsk province of the second half of XIX- the beginning of the XX century. largely depended on the economic and geographical position of the settlement. Cities with a clear industrial bias or agrarian direction were distinguished, as well as settlements of a mixed type, in which, along with agriculture, crafts and crafts, trade played a significant role. In general, the development of cities proceeded under the colossal influence of the processes of penetration and establishment of capitalist relations in Siberia, which transformed the class structure, employment and professional specialization of urban and rural population the edges. The increase in the budget amounts of cities by the beginning of the 20th century. was determined by the amount of income associated with commercial and industrial development, which led to an increase in requests and a subsequent increase in expenses. The most prosperous in terms of trade were the last few pre-war years, which became the period of the highest rise of imperial Russia.
Bibliographic list
- Skubnevsky V.A. On the issue of the trade infrastructure of the Siberian city at the beginning of the twentieth century // Entrepreneurship in Siberia. Barnaul, 1994. S. 87-93.
- Eremina L.A. City self-government of Western Siberia in the late XIX - early XX centuries. Barnaul: Ed. Alt. state tech. un-ta, 2005. 184 p.
- Bochanova G.A. Manufacturing industry of Western Siberia. Late 19th – early 20th century Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1978. 256 p.
- Goncharov Yu.M. Everyday life city dwellers of Siberia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Barnaul: Azbuka, 2012. 214 p.
- Nemirovsky A.O. City government reform. SPb.: Type. V. Bezobrazova i comp., 1911. 172 p.
Province of the Russian Empire. It existed from 1796 to 1919. The administrative center is the city of Tobolsk.
Tobolsk province bordered in the north on the Arctic Ocean, in the northeast with, in the east and southeast with, in the south with and regions, in the west with and, and provinces.
The history of the formation of the Tobolsk province
From October 19, 1764 to January 19, 1782, the Kingdom of Siberia existed as part of the Russian Empire (the capital is the city of Tobolsk). The kingdom consisted of Tobolsk and Irkutsk governor-generals.
Then, by the reform of Empress Catherine the Second, the Siberian kingdom was abolished, and the Tobolsk province during the years 1780-1782 was transformed into the Tobolsk governorate as part of two regions (Tobolsk and Tomsk), which became part of the Perm and Tobolsk general government.
December 12, 1796 as an independent administrative unit of Russia was formed. According to the Senate report of November 2, 1797, it consisted of the following counties: Kuznetsk, Semipalatinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Ishim, Yalutorovsky, Kurgan, Berezovsky, Tarsky, Turinsky, Tyumen, Tobolsk, Surgut, Tomsk, Narymsky, Yenisei, Turukhansky.
In 1802, the Tobolsk province, along with the Irkutsk province, became part of the Siberian Governor General. In 1822, the Siberian General Government was divided into West Siberian and East Siberian. Tobolsk province became part of the West Siberian Governor General, which existed until 1882.
On February 26, 1804, part of the territory of the Tobolsk province was allocated to the Tomsk province. The following remained in the Tobolsk province: Berezovsky, Ishimsky, Kurgan, Omsky, Tarsky, Tobolsky, Turin, Tyumen and Yalutorovsky counties.
On January 26, 1822, the Tobolsk province was divided into the following districts (districts) (since 1898 - counties): Berezovsky, Ishimsky, Kurgansky, Tarsky, Tobolsky, Turinsky, Tyukalinsky, Tyumensky, Yalutorovsky.
In 1838, the district city of Omsk became part of the Tobolsk province, in 1868 it was transferred to the newly formed Akmola region.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Tobolsk province included 10 counties:
| № | county | county town | Area, verst | Population (1897), people |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Berezovsky | Berezov (1,070 people) | 604 442,2 | 21 411 |
| 2 | Ishim | Ishim (7,153 people) | 37 604,6 | 269 031 |
| 3 | Kurgan | Kurgan (10,301 people) | 20 281,6 | 260 095 |
| 4 | Surgut | Surgut (1 120 people) | 220 452,4 | 7 747 |
| 5 | Tara | Tara (7,223 people) | 71 542,1 | 159 655 |
| 6 | Tobolsk | Tobolsk (20 425 people) | 108 296,0 | 127 860 |
| 7 | Turin | Turinsk (3 167 people) | 67 008,6 | 68 719 |
| 8 | Tyukalinsky | Tyukalinsk (4,018 people) | 55 049,3 | 208 718 |
| 9 | Tyumen | Tyumen (29,544 people) | 15 608,0 | 121 357 |
| 10 | Yalutorovsky | Yalutorovsk (3 330 people) | 18 944,9 | 188 450 |
Additional materials on the Tobolsk province
- Road map along the rivers of Western Siberia: Tura, Tobol, Irtysh, Ob and Tom, 1884. Compiled and checked by the captain of the ship of the Kolchin and Ignatov Company “P. Kosagovsky” by A. I. Plotnikov. Scale: 1 verst in half an inch.
- Map of the Tobolsk province [Maps]. -, 40 versts in an inch (1.7 km in 1 cm). — [St. Petersburg: Resettlement Administration, after 1911]. — 1 set: col. ; 60x50 (66x54). — Cartograph. mesh every 2°. — Installed duty. from Pulkovo. - Without relief. Download .
- Lists of populated places in the Russian Empire compiled and published by the Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of the Interior. - St. Petersburg: in the printing house of Karl Wolf: 1861-1885.
Tobolsk province: according to the data of 1868-1869 / edited by ed. V. Zverinsky. - 1871. -, CCLXXII, 196 p., l. col. kart. . Download . - List of populated places of the Tobolsk province / ed. Tobolsk lips. stat. Committee.- Tobolsk: Provincial Printing House, 1912 .- 634, IX p. : tab. .
- The First General Population Census of the Russian Empire in 1897 / ed. [and with preface] N.A. Troinitsky. - [St. Petersburg]: publication of the Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs: 1899-1905.
Tobolsk province. - 1905. -, XLVI, 247 p. . - Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire / published by the Highest Command at the 1st Branch of the Department of the General Staff. - St. Petersburg: in the printing house of the Department of the General Staff: 1848-1858.
Tobolsk province / [compiled on the basis of reconnaissance and materials collected on the spot, under the leadership of the chief quartermaster of the Separate Siberian Corps, Gen. headquarters of Colonel Baron Silverhelm]. - 1849. -, 87 p., l. tab. .
Population dynamics and main demographic processes in the Tobolsk province in 1861-1913.
Panishev Evgeny Alexandrovich,
postgraduate student of TSPI named after DI. Mendeleev
Scientific adviser - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor
Pribylsky Yuri Panteleimonovich.
In 1861, the population of the Tobolsk province consisted of 1,087,614 people. There were nine county towns in the province, two provincial towns and one without a county. The population of cities was 77456 people. or 1/14 of the total population of the province. In 1869, Omsk and Petropavlovsk were withdrawn from the Tobolsk province and attached to the Akmola region. Berezovsky Okrug was divided into Berezovsky Okrug proper and Surgut Okrug. In 1868 Surgut was returned the status of a city. The status of Tyukalinsk changed only in 1876, when the city began to be called district from a provincial one. Thus, since 1876, the Tobolsk province included 10 cities with districts: Tobolsk, Berezov, Ishim, Kurgan, Surgut, Tara, Turinsk, Tyukalinsk, Tyumen and Yalutorovsk.
Tobolsk province occupied 7.1% of the area of the entire Russian Empire. The northern districts (Berezovsky and Surgut) occupied 68% of the area of the Tobolsk province, the southern ones (Kurgan, Ishim, Tyukalinsky and Yalutorovsky) -12%. The rest was occupied by the middle districts - Tobolsk, Tyumen, Tara and Turin.
In the national composition of the Tobolsk province there were nationalities: Russians, which are the dominant ethnic group, Siberian Tatars and Bukharians. The indigenous alien population consisted of three ethnic groups: Ostyaks (Khanty), Voguls (Mansi), Samoyeds (Nenets). Official statistics did not single out the Selkups as a separate ethnic community, ranking them among the Ostyak-Samoyeds. Jews, Germans and Gypsies lived among the desperstly settled peoples on the territory of the Tobolsk province. A fairly significant percentage of the population were Poles.
In the post-reform period, the population of the Tobolsk province grew rapidly. Population growth was formed by natural and mechanical (artificial) growth.
The factors of natural population growth were fertility, marriage and mortality, which caused a constant change of generations.
When characterizing marriageability, such characteristics as the age of marriage, the seasonality of marriages, and the level of divorces took place. AT traditional culture Russian norms of behavior forbade premarital sexual contacts, ordered to marry only with the blessing of the parents, to keep the family under any conditions, to remarry in the event of widowhood.
By decrees of the Holy Synod, the degrees of kinship for marriage were determined, marriages between close relatives, cousins and sisters were prohibited.
Special permission from the bishop (archbishop) was required if: 1) two brothers married cousins, 2) two brothers married the aunt and granddaughter of her own sister, 3) grandfather and grandson married cousins, 4) father and son - on second cousins.
An important indicator was the age of marriage. According to Ch. 2 "Family Rights" of the Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire, the minimum marriageable age for men was set at 18, for women - 16 years. . According to the metric books of the churches of the Tobolsk province, the average age of first marriage for men is 22-23 years, women - 21-22, and the age of marriage for the city is on average 3 years older than in the countryside. In rural areas, there were frequent cases when a girl got married at 15, and boys got married at 17. Under the law, this was allowed, with the permission of local church authorities, if the age of majority was less than six months.
After the introduction of universal military service in 1874, the marriageable age of men increased, as the wedding was postponed until they returned from service. The average age of marriage for men began to approach 24 years.
According to the Tobolsk spiritual consistory in 1874-1913. the age of first marriage ranged from the minimum: for men 17-18 years and women - 15, to the maximum: for men - 46-64 years, women - 39-49 years.
The age of first marriage was different for different nationalities. For the Muslim population ( Siberian Tatars and Bukharans) was lower than that of the Russians and was: for men - 20-22, for women - 18-22 years. A higher age limit than that of the Orthodox can be traced among the Jewish population. According to Jewish traditions, the head of the family must be a wealthy person, have the means to support the family. The Jews, unlike the Russians, did not tend to marry their eldest son as soon as possible.
The most common marriage age among the Ostyaks and Voguls was the age of 17-20 years. Marriages among Samoyeds were concluded mainly at the age of 16-20 years. However, early marriages were also widely practiced: parents agreed on the wedding of their children when they were 3-6 years old, and at the age of 12 a Nenets girl became a mother. E.V. Kuznetsov wrote that "Samoyeds marry early, it happens that the groom is 13-14 years old ...". Researcher B.M. Zhitkov described a married couple he met on Yamal, in which the husband was 10 and the wife 11 years old.
Remarriages between widowers and girls are the second largest. At the same time, the age of girls entering into marriage remained 21-22 years, for men it increased to 40-50 years. The initiative to enter into such marriages belonged to a widower who sought to prolong family life and find a mother for orphaned children. As a rule, these were well-to-do, wealthy people.
The smallest number of registered marriages are marriages between single men and widows. It was much more difficult for a widow to enter into a second marriage than for a widower. The reason for this was the negative attitude towards the widow formed by public opinion. A widowed woman, especially at a young age, often received a reputation as a harlot, a fallen woman.
The norms of marital behavior of the indigenous small population of Siberia prescribed a different attitude towards the widow. Ethnographers recorded the existence in the north of the ancient custom of levirate, in which the widow, along with her children, passed to the younger brother of her deceased husband.
An important point in characterizing mating behavior is the seasonality of marriages. In the traditional calendar rituals, Russian weddings took place in late autumn-winter, that is, at a time when all agricultural work was completed. In addition, there is a direct dependence of marriages by months on the religious factor. The autumn extremum of Orthodox marriage occurred in October-November and lasted from the feast of the Intercession (October 14) until the beginning of the Advent (November 28). Most of the winter marriages fell on the time from Christmas to Shrove Tuesday (before the beginning of Lent, that is, the end of February - the beginning of March).
For the Muslim population, the seasonality of marriages differed from Orthodox marriages. Most Muslim marriages fell in March and December.
Attention is drawn to the extremely small number of divorces, especially among the Russian population. The reason is the negative attitude of the Orthodox Church towards them. Any divorce proceedings were carefully considered by church authorities. For a divorce, a weighty reason was needed: adultery (adultery), a long absence (more than 5 years) without explanation, deprivation of one of the spouses of all the rights of the state.
In the second half-end XIX in. 10-15 petitions for divorce were filed annually in the Tobolsk spiritual consistory, at the beginning of the 20th century. their number increased several times, which was a symbol of the demographic. For the period 1903-1913. 649 petitions were submitted to the Tobolsk spiritual consistory. The largest number of them came from peasants - 507 (78.1%) and philistines - 48 (7.3%), followed by petitions from nobles and officials - 32 (4.9%), military - 31 (4.7%) , raznochintsy - 8 (1.2%) and exiles - 6 (0.9%). The smallest number of petitions came from the merchants - 4 (0.6%) and the clergy - 3 (0.4%).
Other indicators in the study of demographic processes are fertility and mortality. The highest birth rates in this period can be traced among the Russian and Tatar population, the lower ones - among Jews, Polish exiles and representatives of the indigenous population of Siberia. Russians have traditionally been fixed orientation towards large families. According to registers of births, there were families with 15-17 children. During her life, a Russian woman on average gave birth 7-8 times, with 1/3 of the children dying between the ages of 1 and 5 years.
The number of children in the families of the indigenous population of Siberia was small. It should be noted that the natives have a higher infant mortality than other ethnic groups. To a large extent, this was facilitated by the environment in which the birth took place. Ethnographer A.I. Jacobiy noted that women among the Samoyeds during the migrations gave birth right on the sled. The woman had to rely only on her own strength, since there was no medical care in the tundra.
Like marriage, fertility has its own seasonality. The largest number of births occurred in spring and summer, the smallest - in autumn and winter, which was associated with the seasonality of marriages and prohibitions on sexual relations during fasts.
An important criterion is the proportion of births of illegitimate children. The increase in the number of illegitimate children is not only an indicator of the breaking of traditional norms of behavior, when the birth of children was welcomed only in marriage, but also an indicator of a social crisis in society.
It should be noted that there are more births of children out of wedlock in cities than in rural areas. For example, in 1881, 273 illegitimate children were born in the cities of the Tobolsk province (10.7% of the total number of newborns), in the districts - 3676 (5.37%).
Another indicator is the death rate of the population. Mortality is closely related to a number of social causes - sanitary and hygienic conditions settlements, the level of medical care, working conditions, etc. Depending on these factors, it is possible to study such indicators as the level of infant and child mortality, life expectancy.
Throughout the study period, the high level infant and child mortality, which was caused by a lack of medical care and poor sanitary and hygienic living conditions. In the 1860s children who died from birth to 5 years old accounted for 58.4% of the dead, in the 1880s - 59.7%, in the 1890s - 58.5%.
At the turn of XIX - XX centuries there was a downward trend in mortality due to improved medical care, increased sanitary control, and improvement of cities. Despite the overall decline, infant and child mortality rates remained very high. For example, according to the materials of the registers of Tobolsk, children who died from birth to a year accounted for 50.6% of the dead, aged from one to 5 years - 16%.
An essential indicator in characterizing demographic processes is the size of the family. There is a clear trend in the change in family size in different types of settlements. According to the 1897 census, in large cities of the Tobolsk province (over 20 thousand people), families of 4-5 people prevailed, in medium-sized (5-10 thousand) - 5-6, in small towns (1-5 thousand .) and rural areas - over 6 people.
Attention should also be paid to such an indicator as the age and sex structure of the population. It depends primarily on the characteristics of population reproduction and the nature of migration processes; crop failures, epidemics, etc. had a significant impact on it.
The age structure, in turn, affects the birth rate, mortality and marriage rates of the population. A specific feature of the age structure of the population of the Tobolsk province in the second half XIX in. the birth rate in rural areas was higher, so the proportion of children was greater than in cities. On the edge XIX -XX centuries. the constant outflow of young people to the cities led to the fact that the proportion of older people in rural areas grew.
The sex composition of the population is also related to the indicator of the age structure. The birth rate records that for every 100 girls, 104-107 boys were born. However, higher mortality among boys led to the fact that by the age of 15-20 years, the sex ratio leveled off. In middle age, women began to outnumber men.
The gender composition of the population in the cities and districts of the province differed significantly. Rapidly growing cities attracted large numbers of male migrants. In addition to men who came to work in the cities, soldiers and exiles were concentrated. For example, in Tobolsk there were a reserve infantry battalion, a prisoner company of a civilian department, and hard labor prisons with a large number of prisoners. There was also a strong gender disproportion with a significant predominance of men in Omsk.
Resettlement of peasants at the turn XIX - XX centuries brought about a significant change in the sex ratio. This led to the fact that by 1913 there were 887 women per 1000 men.
Thus, during the period of the study, the disproportions in the sex composition of the population of the Tobolsk province are smoothed out. In 1881 women accounted for 56.26%, in 1897 - 51.7%, in 1913 - 50.33%.
The result of the demographic processes of the Tobolsk province in the second half XIX - the beginning of the twentieth century. was population growth. If in 1861 the absolute population of the province was 1,087,614 people, then in 1868 it was 1,152,442 people. It can be seen that the increase was 5.96%, that is, an average of 0.85% per year. After the withdrawal of Petropavlovsk, Omsk and the Omsk District from the Tobolsk Governorate, the population decreased by 74,832 people. and amounted to 1077610 people.
In subsequent years, the population growth rate was stable. From 1869 to 1881 The population of the Tobolsk province increased from 1,077,610 to 1,206,430 people, that is, over 12 years the increase was 10.67%, on average per year - 0.88%. From 1881 to 1897 population growth rates slightly decreased (growth - 8.42%, on average per year - 0.57%). For 16 years, the population of the Tobolsk province has increased by 226,613 people. and reached 1433043.
At the turn of XIX -XX centuries. the growth rate of the population of the province remained, so from 1897 to 1913. the population of the province increased by 674183 and amounted to 2107226 people. The average annual population growth remained at the level of 5%.
In our opinion, the high level of population growth in Siberia was a direct consequence of the migration movement. The high natural increase in the population of Siberia can be explained by changes in the age structure of the population, since young people predominated among the migrants, the proportion of the elderly was less.
However, the population growth rate in the period under review in the Tobolsk province was the lowest in the region. At the Central Siberian level, they were only in the Tyukalinsky and Tara districts. The number of settlers settled in the Tobolsk province was much less than in the Tomsk and Yenisei provinces - the province was not only a colonized, but also a transit area on the route of the settlers to the depths of Siberia and to Far East. The population growth of the Tobolsk province was only 2%. For comparison, the same figure for the Tomsk province was 2.4%, in Russia as a whole - 1.5%. The Russian Empire in terms of population growth was ahead of all European countries (the same figure for England - 1.2%, Germany - 0.9%, France - 0.2%).
Literature
1. Ilyin V. Statistical information for the Tobolsk province for 1861 // Tobolsk provincial journals, 1861, No. 39. P.262.
2. Geographical and statistical dictionary of the Russian Empire / Comp. P. Semenov, V. Zverinsky. SPb., 1885. S. 154.
3. Isaeva T.A. Tobolsk province, Surgut district // Motherland, Spec. Issue, 2002. S. 87.
4. Turchaninov N.V. Asian Russia. T.1. SPb., 1914. P.67
5. Pushkareva N.L., Kazmina O.E. Russian system of marriage laws in XIX in. and traditional attitudes // Ethnographic Review, 2003, No. 4. P. 67.
6. Tobolsk Diocesan Gazette, 1886, No. 27. P.124.
7. Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. SPb., 1887, vol. IX, ch. II, Art.6.
8. GUTO GA in Tobolsk. F. 417. Op.1. D. 179. L. 140, 142; D. 180. L. 37-38, 39, 213, 216 (rev.); D. 191. L. 21; D. 192. L. 82, 86.88; D. 198. L. 2.40.
9. Ibid. F. 156. Op. 33. D.3. L. 15; D. 4. L. 47; D. 51. L. 17; D. 52. L. 56.
10. Ibid. F. 686. Op. 1. D. 433. L. 126.
11. Kushnirov M. "Cain and Artem" (Jewish question on the Russian screen) // Motherland, 2004, No. 7. P.103.
12. Sokolova Z.P. Marriage age for Khanty and Mansi XVIII - XIX centuries // Soviet ethnography, 1982, No. 2. P. 71.
13. Golovnev A.V. Tundra nomads: the Nenets and their folklore. Yekaterinburg, 2004, p. 47.
14. Kuznetsov E.V. On the beliefs and rituals of the Samoyeds // Tobolsk provincial journals, 1868, No. 4. P. 20.
15. Zhitkov B.M. Yamal Peninsula. SPb., 1913. S. 218.
16. Khomich L.V. Nenets. SPb., 1995. S. 186.
17. Zverev V.A. The annual cycle of fertility among Russian peasants of the Trans-Urals: the influence of nature, economy and culture (second half XIX -beginning of the twentieth century) // Ethnocultural history of the Urals XVI-XX centuries: Materials of the international. scientific Conf., Ekaterinburg, 1999. S. 23.
18. GUTO GA in Tobolsk. F. 686. Op. 1. D. 433. L. 15.
19. Ibid. F. 156. Op. 18. D.1. L.15; D. 37. L. 40; D. 43. L. 10; D. 63. L.5; D.83. L. 1.
20. Jacobiy A.I. The extinction of foreign tribes. SPb., 1893. S. 28.
21. Overview of the Tobolsk province for 1881. Tobolsk, 1882. P.10.
22. Anuchin E. Average life expectancy and longevity in Tobolsk // Commemorative book for the Tobolsk province for 1864. Tobolsk, 1864. P. 326; GUTO GA in Tobolsk. F. 417. Op. 1. D. 181. L. 27(rev.)-28.
23. GUTO GA in Tobolsk. F. 417. Op. 1. D. 192; F. 73. Op.1. D.51.
24. Overview of the Tobolsk province for 1913. Tobolsk, 1915. S. 10.
25. Wiebe P.P. Geodemographic consequences of peasant colonization in the Tobolsk province in the second half XIX - the beginning of the twentieth century. // Proceedings of the Omsk State Museum of History and Local Lore. Omsk, 1996, No. 4, p. 167.
26. Siberian Chronicle. // Eastern Review, 1896, No. 45. P. 1.
The Siberian kingdom was abolished, and the Tobolsk province during the years 1780-1782 was transformed into the Tobolsk governorate as part of two regions (Tobolsk and Tomsk), which became part of the Perm and Tobolsk General Governorate.
Creation of the province
Emperor Paul I, who ascended the throne, reviewed many of his mother's reforms, including abandoning the institution of governor-generals. In this regard, on December 12, 1796, the Tobolsk province was formed as an independent administrative unit of Russia by the Nominal Decree given to the Senate "On the new division of the State into the Province" (December 12, 1796 No. 17634).
Subsequent transformations
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In turn, the new emperor Alexander I, who replaced Paul, reviewed many of his father's reforms, in connection with which in 1802 the Tobolsk province, along with the Irkutsk province, became part of the Siberian Governor General. In 1822, the Siberian General Government was divided into West Siberian and East Siberian. Tobolsk province became part of the West Siberian Governor General, which existed until 1882.
Further transformations
In 1917, after the Bolsheviks came to power, there was the first attempt to organize Kalachinsky uyezd from part of Tyukalinsky for convenient control of the remote southeastern territories of the province. The first member of the food committee of the Kalachinsky district was Yakov Martynovich Kalnin, a Latvian poet and teacher. During 1917-1919 in the ups and downs civil war, the county was liquidated more than once and re-created by different authorities, transferred from the Tobolsk province to the Akmola (Omsk) region.
On February 1-10, 1918, the First Extraordinary Session of the Tobolsk Provincial Zemstvo Assembly took place, which resolved a number of urgent issues, including:
- О separation of the Kalachinsky district from the Tyukalinsky district (the issue was resolved positively);
- On the separation of the Tara and Tyukalinsky counties from the Tobolsk province to the Akmola region (the final decision was postponed until the next session with the obligation of the provincial zemstvo council to submit a detailed report on this issue);
- On the transfer of the provincial zemstvo council from Tobolsk to another city in the province (it was fundamentally recognized as necessary to transfer to Tyumen);
In September 1918, Omsk raised the issue of leaving the Tyukalinsky district and the newly-minted, unrecognized Tobolsk, Kalachinsky district.
On March 13, in Tyumen, 150 mobilized rebelled, armed themselves with rifles captured in a warehouse and began to misbehave in the city. I order the rebellion to be suppressed with the most cruel measures and all the rebels captured with weapons to be shot on the spot without any trial. Report to me urgently about the execution and the number of those shot. No. 0809/OP.
Commander of the Siberian Army, Lieutenant General Gaida.
Nashtarm of the Siberian General Staff, Major General Bogoslovsky.
Tobolsk Governorate was officially renamed Tyumen Governorate by a special resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated March 2, 1920.
Symbolism
The coat of arms of the Tobolsk province was approved on July 5, 1878:
“In the golden shield there is a scarlet ataman's mace, on which is Yermak's black shield, round, decorated with precious stones, between two scarlet banners with black shafts and points from a spear placed obliquely across. The shield is surmounted by the Imperial crown and surrounded by golden oak leaves connected by an St. Andrew's ribbon.
Population
In 1846, 831,151 inhabitants of both sexes lived in the province. The province occupied the 35th place in the Russian Empire in terms of population.
| county | Russians | Tatars | Ukrainians | Khanty | Komi | Nenets | Mansi | Latvians | Kyrgyz |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Province as a whole | 88,6 % | 4,0 % | 2,6 % | 1,3 % | … | … | … | … | … |
| Berezovsky | 17,5 % | … | … | 51,8 % | 9,4 % | 20,7 % | … | … | … |
| Ishim | 93,8 % | … | 3,3 % | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Kurgan | 98,8 % | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Surgut | 27,8 % | … | … | 71,7 % | … | … | … | … | … |
| Tara | 85,7 % | 9,0 % | 2,9 % | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Tobolsk | 77,0 % | 17,6 % | … | 1,8 % | … | … | … | … | … |
| Turin | 93,2 % | … | … | … | … | … | 5,1 % | … | … |
| Tyukalinsky | 81,9 % | … | 9,5 % | … | … | … | … | 1,4 % | 2,5 % |
| Tyumen | 87,3 % | 10,1 % | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Yalutorovsky | 94,8 % | 2,9 % | … | … | 1,3 % | … | … | … | … |
The religious composition was dominated by the Orthodox - 89.0%. 5.1% were Old Believers and "devoids of Orthodoxy", 4.5% were Muslims. Literate was 11.3% (men - 17.7%, women - 5.0%).
Administrative division
| № | county | county town | Square, verst ² |
Population (), pers. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Berezovsky | Berezov (1301 people) | 604442,2 | 29190 |
| 2 | Ishim | Ishim (14226 people) | 37604,6 | 367066 |
| 3 | Kurgan | Kurgan (39854 people) | 20281,6 | 359223 |
| 4 | Surgut | Surgut (1602 people) | 220452,4 | 11561 |
| 5 | Tara | Tara (11229 people) | 71542,1 | 268410 |
| 6 | Tobolsk | Tobolsk (23357 people) | 108296,0 | 147719 |
| 7 | Turin | Turinsk (2821 people) | 67008,6 | 96942 |
| 8 | Tyukalinsky | Tyukalinsk (2702 people) | 55049,3 | 344601 |
| 9 | Tyumen | Tyumen (56668 people) | 15608,0 | 171032 |
| 10 | Yalutorovsky | Yalutorovsk (3835 people) | 18944,9 | 216792 |
Governorate leadership
First leaders
Governors (1796-1917)
| FULL NAME. | Title, rank, rank | Position replacement time |
|---|---|---|
| Tolstoy Alexander Grigorievich | 1796-28.07.1797 | |
| Koshelev Dmitry Rodionovich | State Councillor | 28.07.1797-20.03.1802 |
| Hermes Bogdan Andreevich | Acting State Councilor | 1802-1806 |
| Kornilov Alexey Mikhailovich | Acting State Councilor | 1806-12.1807 |
| Shishkov Mikhail Antonovich | Acting State Councilor | 1808-02.04.1810 |
| Brin Franz Abramovich | Acting State Councilor | 26.07.1810-28.07.1821 |
| Osipov Alexander Stepanovich | Acting State Councilor | 08.1821-12.12.1823 |
| Turgenev Alexander Mikhailovich | State Councillor | 12.12.1823-03.1825 |
| Bantysh-Kamensky Dmitry Nikolaevich | Acting State Councilor | 03.1825-30.07.1828 |
| Nagibin Vasily Afanasyevich | State Councilor, and d. | 30.07.1828-19.02.1831 |
| Somov Petr Dmitrievich | State Councillor | 19.02.1831-17.10.1831 |
| Vacancy | 17.10.1831-30.10.1832 | |
| Muravyov Alexander Nikolaevich | Councilor of State, Chairman of the Provincial Board, acting governor |
30.10.1832-21.12.1833 |
| Vacancy | 21.12.1833-05.05.1835 | |
| Kopylov Vasily Ivanovich | State Councillor | 05.05.1835-23.06.1835 |
| Kovalev Ivan Gavrilovich | Acting State Councilor | 23.06.1835-25.06.1836 |
| Povalo-Shveikovsky Khristofor Khristoforovich | State Councilor, and d. | 06.07.1836-17.02.1839 |
| Talyzin Ivan Dmitrievich | Acting State Councilor | 17.02.1839-18.06.1840 |
| Ladyzhensky Mikhail Vasilievich | Acting State Councilor | 18.06.1840-03.03.1844 |
| Engelke Kirill Kirillovich | Acting State Councilor | 04.04.1845-04.03.1852 |
| Prokofiev Tikhon Fedotovich | Acting State Councilor | 04.03.1852-16.03.1854 |
| Artsimovich Victor Antonovich | chamber junker (actual state councilor) | 16.03.1854-27.07.1858 |
| Acting State Councilor | 20.03.1859-23.11.1862 | |
| Despot-Zenovich Alexander Ivanovich | Acting State Councilor | 23.11.1862-28.07.1867 |
| Chebykin Porfiry Vasilievich | major general | 28.07.1867-10.07.1868 |
| Sollogub Andrei Stepanovich | major general | 10.07.1868-24.08.1874 |
| Pelino Yury Petrovich | 29.11.1874-01.01.1878 | |
| Lysogorsky Vladimir Andreevich | Acting State Councilor (Privy Councillor) | 07.06.1878-17.02.1886 |
| Troinitsky Vladimir Alexandrovich | Acting State Councilor | 06.03.1886-10.12.1892 |
| Bogdanovich Nikolai Modestovich | State Councilor, and d. | 10.12.1892-08.03.1896 |
| Knyazev Leonid Mikhailovich | Acting State Councilor | 12.04.1896-29.01.1901 |
| Lappo-Starzhenetsky Alexander Pavlovich | Acting State Councilor | 29.01.1901-28.12.1905 |
| Gondatti Nikolay Lvovich | Acting State Councilor | 13.01.1906-19.09.1908 |
| Gagman Dmitry Fyodorovich | State Councillor | 19.09.1908-08.02.1912 |
| Stankevich Andrey Afanasyevich | Acting State Councilor | 08.02.1912-11.11.1915 |
| Ordovsky-Tanaevsky Nikolai Alexandrovich | Acting State Councilor | 13.11.1915-1917 |
Revolutionary leaders (1917-1919)
- Pignatti, Vasily Nikolaevich (1917-1918) chairman of the Committee of Public Peace, provincial commissioner, (1918-1919) manager of the Tobolsk province
- Khokhryakov, Pavel Danilovich (1918), Chairman of the Provincial Council
Second leaders
Lieutenant Governors (1796-1823)
| FULL NAME. | Title, rank, rank | Position replacement time |
|---|---|---|
| Koshelev Dmitry Rodionovich | State Councillor | 1796-28.07.1797 |
| Kartvelin Nikolai Mikhailovich | State Councillor | 28.07.1797-18.07.1799 |
| One Nikolai Mikhailovich | State Councillor | 18.07.1799-1802 |
| Steingel Ivan Ferdinandovich | State Councillor | 1802-1808 |
| Minin Gavriil Vasilievich | collegiate adviser | 1808-1810 |
| Raskazov Nikolay Evdokimovich | collegiate adviser | 1810-1813 |
| Nepryakhin Fedor Petrovich | collegiate adviser (state councilor) | 1813-1823 |
Chairmen of the provincial government (1824-1895)
| FULL NAME. | Title, rank, rank | Position replacement time |
|---|---|---|
| Zhukovsky Nikolay Vasilievich | collegiate adviser | 01.02.1824-19.01.1829 |
| Serebrennikov Grigory Stepanovich | collegiate adviser | 19.01.1829-06.02.1830 |
| Kirilov Petr Ivanovich | collegiate adviser | 06.02.1830-06.09.1831 |
| Kopylov Vasily Ivanovich | State Councillor | 26.09.1831-24.10.1831 |
| Muravyov Alexander Nikolaevich | State Councillor | 25.06.1832-21.12.1833 |
| Deineko Ivan Ignatievich | collegiate adviser | 24.10.1835-12.03.1840 |
| Sokolov | court adviser | 12.03.1840-11.08.1842 |
| Dubetsky Joseph Petrovich | collegiate adviser | 11.08.1842-28.02.1844 |
| Vladimirov Alexander Nikolaevich | collegiate adviser | 28.02.1844-20.05.1852 |
| Vinogradsky Alexander Vasilievich | State Councillor | 20.05.1852-11.08.1855 |
| Milordov Nikolay Petrovich | Acting State Councilor | 11.08.1855-23.12.1858 |
| Sokolov Mikhail Grigorievich | collegiate adviser | 23.12.1858-08.04.1863 |
| Kurbanovsky Mikhail Nikolaevich | State Councillor | 08.04.1863-10.03.1872 |
| Zalessky Petr Matveevich | collegiate councilor (actual councilor of state) | 10.03.1872-27.02.1881 |
| Dmitriev-Mamonov Alexander Ippolitovich | court adviser | 27.02.1881-08.08.1885 |
| Severtsov Dmitry Alekseevich | 19.12.1885-13.07.1891 | |
| baron, collegiate councilor | 27.07.1891-01.11.1895 |
Lieutenant Governors (1895-1917)
| FULL NAME. | Title, rank, rank | Position replacement time |
|---|---|---|
| Frederiks Konstantin Platonovich | baron, state councilor | 01.11.1895-25.04.1896 |
| Protasiev Nikolay Vasilievich | Acting State Councilor | 25.04.1896-23.03.1902 |
| Troinitsky Alexander Nikolaevich | collegiate adviser | 30.05.1902-05.04.1908 |
| Gavrilov Nikolay Ivanovich | state councilor (actual state councilor) | 05.04.1908-1917 |
Assistants to the Tobolsk provincial commissioner
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Notes
Literature
- / Ed. V. P. Petrova. - Tyumen, 2003. - S. 13, 24-57. - 304 p. - 1,000 copies - ISBN 5-87591-025-9.
- Atlas of geographical maps, statistical tables, types and types of the Tobolsk province. Edition of the Tobolsk provincial book warehouse. Printing house of the diocesan brotherhood. Tobolsk. 1917.
- - M .: United edition of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2003. - Part 2. - S. 76-78.
- - M .: United edition of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2003. - Part 3. - P. 78.
- Kaufman A. A. , Latkin N. V. , Richter D. I. .// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
- Description of the Tobolsk province. - Petrograd: Edition of the Resettlement Administration, 1916. - S. 78.
- Tobolsk diocese: Part one. Description of the area occupied by the Tobolsk diocese, in geographical and historical-ethnographic terms. - Omsk: Printing house of A. K. Demidov, 1892.
- Department one. Geographical and topographic information about the Tobolsk province. - 99 p.
- Division two. Historical and ethnographic information about the Tobolsk province; Division Three. About the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions, which are part of the Tobolsk diocese. - 79 p.
- . - Tobolsk: Tobolsk Provincial Statistical Committee, 1912.
- Siberian and Tobolsk governors: Historical portraits, documents / otv. for issue I. F. Knapik. - Tyumen: Tyumen Publishing House, 2000. - 576 p. - ISBN 5-928800-08-8.
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An excerpt characterizing the Tobolsk province
- When your wife has time to give birth, send to Moscow for an obstetrician ... So that he is here.The old prince stopped and, as if not understanding, stared with stern eyes at his son.
“I know that no one can help if nature does not help,” said Prince Andrei, apparently embarrassed. “I agree that out of a million cases, one is unfortunate, but this is her fantasy and mine. They told her, she saw it in a dream, and she is afraid.
“Hm ... hm ...” the old prince said to himself, continuing to finish writing. - I will.
He crossed out the signature, suddenly turned quickly to his son and laughed.
- It's bad, isn't it?
- What's wrong, father?
- Wife! said the old prince shortly and significantly.
“I don’t understand,” said Prince Andrei.
“Yes, there’s nothing to do, my friend,” the prince said, “they are all like that, you won’t get married.” Do not be afraid; I won't tell anyone; and you yourself know.
He grabbed his hand with his bony little hand, shook it, looked straight into his son's face with his quick eyes, which seemed to see right through the man, and again laughed his cold laugh.
The son sighed, confessing with this sigh that his father understood him. The old man, continuing to fold and print letters, with his usual speed, grabbed and threw sealing wax, seal and paper.
- What to do? Beautiful! I'll do everything. You be calm,” he said curtly while typing.
Andrey was silent: it was both pleasant and unpleasant for him that his father understood him. The old man got up and handed the letter to his son.
“Listen,” he said, “do not worry about your wife: what can be done will be done.” Now listen: give the letter to Mikhail Ilarionovich. I am writing that he will use you in good places and not keep you as an adjutant for a long time: a bad position! Tell him that I remember him and love him. Yes, write how he will accept you. If it's good, serve. Nikolai Andreich Bolkonsky's son, out of mercy, will not serve anyone. Well, now come here.
He spoke in such a rapid way that he did not finish half of the words, but the son was used to understanding him. He led his son to the bureau, threw back the lid, pulled out a drawer, and took out a notebook covered in his large, long, concise handwriting.
“I must die before you.” Know that here are my notes, to transfer them to the sovereign after my death. Now here - here is a pawn ticket and a letter: this is a prize to the one who writes the history of the Suvorov wars. Submit to the academy. Here are my remarks, after me read for yourself, you will find something useful.
Andrei did not tell his father that he would probably live for a long time. He knew he didn't need to say it.
“I will do everything, father,” he said.
- Well, now goodbye! He let his son kiss his hand and hugged him. “Remember one thing, Prince Andrei: if they kill you, it will hurt the old man ...” He suddenly fell silent and suddenly continued in a loud voice: “and if I find out that you did not behave like the son of Nikolai Bolkonsky, I will be ... ashamed! he screeched.
“You could not tell me that, father,” said the son, smiling.
The old man was silent.
“I also wanted to ask you,” continued Prince Andrei, “if they kill me and if I have a son, do not let him go away from you, as I told you yesterday, so that he grows up with you ... please.
- Don't give it to your wife? the old man said and laughed.
They stood silently facing each other. The old man's quick eyes were fixed directly on his son's eyes. Something quivered in the lower part of the old prince's face.
- Goodbye ... go! he suddenly said. - Get up! he shouted in an angry and loud voice, opening the office door.
– What is, what? - asked the princess and princess, seeing Prince Andrei and for a moment the figure of an old man in a white coat, without a wig and in old man's glasses, leaning out screaming in an angry voice.
Prince Andrei sighed and did not answer.
“Well,” he said, turning to his wife.
And this “well” sounded like a cold mockery, as if he was saying: “now you do your tricks.”
Andre, deja! [Andrey, already!] - said the little princess, turning pale and looking at her husband with fear.
He hugged her. She screamed and fell unconscious on his shoulder.
He gently drew back the shoulder on which she was lying, looked into her face, and carefully seated her in a chair.
- Adieu, Marieie, [Farewell, Masha,] - he said quietly to his sister, kissed her hand in hand and quickly left the room.
The princess was lying in an armchair, m lle Bourienne was rubbing her temples. Princess Mary, supporting her daughter-in-law, with tearful beautiful eyes, was still looking at the door through which Prince Andrei went out, and baptized him. From the study were heard, like shots, the often repeated angry sounds of the old man blowing his nose. As soon as Prince Andrei left, the door of the office quickly opened and a stern figure of an old man in a white coat looked out.
- Left? Well, good! he said, looking angrily at the insensible little princess, shook his head reproachfully and slammed the door.
In October 1805, Russian troops occupied the villages and cities of the Archduchy of Austria, and more new regiments came from Russia and, weighing down the residents with billeting, were located near the Braunau fortress. In Braunau was the main apartment of the commander-in-chief Kutuzov.
On October 11, 1805, one of the infantry regiments that had just arrived at Braunau, waiting for the review of the commander-in-chief, stood half a mile from the city. Despite the non-Russian terrain and situation (orchards, stone fences, tiled roofs, mountains visible in the distance), the non-Russian people, who looked at the soldiers with curiosity, the regiment had exactly the same appearance as any Russian regiment preparing for a show somewhere in the middle of Russia.
In the evening, on the last march, an order was received that the commander-in-chief would watch the regiment on the march. Although the words of the order seemed unclear to the regimental commander, and the question arose of how to understand the words of the order: in marching uniform or not? in the council of battalion commanders, it was decided to present the regiment in full dress on the grounds that it is always better to exchange bows than not to bow. And the soldiers, after a thirty-verst march, did not close their eyes, they repaired and cleaned themselves all night; adjutants and company officers counted, expelled; and by morning the regiment, instead of the sprawling disorderly crowd that it had been the day before on the last march, represented a slender mass of 2,000 people, each of whom knew his place, his business, and of whom each button and strap was in its place and shone with cleanliness. . Not only the outer was in good order, but if the commander-in-chief had been pleased to look under the uniforms, then on each he would have seen an equally clean shirt and in each knapsack he would have found a legal number of things, “an awl and a soap,” as the soldiers say. There was only one circumstance about which no one could be calm. It was shoes. More than half of the people had their boots broken. But this shortcoming did not come from the fault of the regimental commander, since, despite repeated demands, the goods from the Austrian department were not released to him, and the regiment traveled a thousand miles.
The regimental commander was an elderly, sanguine general with graying eyebrows and sideburns, thick and broad more from chest to back than from one shoulder to the other. He was wearing a new, brand-new, creased uniform and thick golden epaulettes, which seemed to raise his stout shoulders rather than downwards. The regimental commander looked like a man happily doing one of the most solemn deeds of life. He paced in front of the front and, as he walked, trembled at every step, slightly bending his back. It was evident that the regimental commander was admiring his regiment, happy with them, that all his mental strength was occupied only by the regiment; but, in spite of this, his trembling gait seemed to say that, in addition to military interests, the interests of social life and the female gender also occupy a considerable place in his soul.
“Well, father Mikhailo Mitrich,” he turned to one battalion commander (the battalion commander leaned forward smiling; it was clear that they were happy), “I got nuts this night. However, it seems, nothing, the regiment is not bad ... Eh?
The battalion commander understood the humorous irony and laughed.
- And in the Tsaritsyn Meadow they would not have driven out of the field.
- What? the commander said.
At this time, on the road from the city, along which the machinations were placed, two horsemen appeared. They were the adjutant and a Cossack riding behind.
The adjutant was sent from the main headquarters to confirm to the regimental commander what was not clear in yesterday's order, namely, that the commander-in-chief wanted to see the regiment in exactly the position in which he walked - in overcoats, in covers and without any preparations.
A member of the Hofkriegsrat from Vienna arrived at Kutuzov the day before, with proposals and demands to join the army of Archduke Ferdinand and Mack as soon as possible, and Kutuzov, not considering this connection advantageous, among other evidence in favor of his opinion, intended to show the Austrian general that sad situation in which troops came from Russia. For this purpose, he wanted to go out to meet the regiment, so that the worse the position of the regiment, the more pleasant it would be for the commander in chief. Although the adjutant did not know these details, he conveyed to the regimental commander the indispensable demand of the commander-in-chief that people be in overcoats and covers, and that otherwise the commander-in-chief would be dissatisfied. After hearing these words, the regimental commander lowered his head, silently shrugged his shoulders and spread his arms with a sanguine gesture.
- Done business! he said. - So I told you, Mikhailo Mitrich, that on a campaign, so in overcoats, - he turned with a reproach to the battalion commander. – Oh, my God! he added, and stepped forward resolutely. - Gentlemen, company commanders! he called out in a voice familiar to command. - Feldwebels! ... Will they come soon? he turned to the visiting adjutant with an expression of respectful courtesy, apparently referring to the person he was talking about.
- In an hour, I think.
- Shall we change clothes?
"I don't know, General...
The regimental commander himself went up to the ranks and ordered them to change into their greatcoats again. The company commanders fled to their companies, the sergeants began to fuss (the overcoats were not entirely in order) and at the same instant swayed, stretched out and the previously regular, silent quadrangles hummed with a voice. Soldiers ran and ran up from all sides, tossed them back with their shoulders, dragged knapsacks over their heads, took off their overcoats and, raising their hands high, pulled them into their sleeves.
Half an hour later everything returned to its former order, only the quadrangles turned gray from black. The regimental commander, again with a trembling gait, stepped forward of the regiment and looked at it from afar.
- What else is that? What's this! he shouted, stopping. - Commander of the 3rd company! ..
- Commander of the 3rd company to the general! the commander to the general, the 3rd company to the commander! ... - voices were heard from the ranks, and the adjutant ran to look for the hesitant officer.
When the sounds of zealous voices, distorting, shouting already “the general in the 3rd company”, reached their destination, the required officer appeared from behind the company and, although the man was already elderly and not in the habit of running, awkwardly clinging to his socks, trotted towards the general. The captain's face expressed the anxiety of a schoolboy who is told to say a lesson he has not learned. There were spots on the red (obviously from intemperance) nose, and the mouth did not find position. The regimental commander examined the captain from head to toe as he approached breathlessly, holding his step as he approached.
- You will soon dress people in sundresses! What's this? - shouted the regimental commander, pushing his lower jaw and pointing in the ranks of the 3rd company at a soldier in an overcoat of the color of factory cloth, which differed from other overcoats. - Where were you yourself? The commander-in-chief is expected, and you move away from your place? Eh?... I’ll teach you how to dress people in Cossacks for a review!... Eh?...
The company commander, without taking his eyes off his commander, pressed his two fingers more and more to his visor, as if in this pressing alone he now saw his salvation.
- Well, why are you silent? Who do you have there in the Hungarian dressed up? - strictly joked the regimental commander.
- Your Excellency…
- Well, "your excellency"? Your Excellency! Your Excellency! And what your Excellency - no one knows.
- Your Excellency, this is Dolokhov, demoted ... - the captain said quietly.
- That he was a field marshal, or something, demoted or a soldier? And a soldier should be dressed like everyone else, in uniform.
“Your Excellency, you yourself allowed him to march.
- Allowed? Allowed? That's how you always are, young people,” said the regimental commander, cooling down somewhat. - Allowed? You say something, and you and ... - The regimental commander paused. - You say something, and you and ... - What? he said, getting irritated again. - Please dress people decently ...
And the regimental commander, looking back at the adjutant, with his shuddering gait, went to the regiment. It was evident that he himself liked his irritation, and that, having walked up and down the regiment, he wanted to find another pretext for his anger. Having cut off one officer for an uncleaned badge, another for an irregular row, he approached the 3rd company.
- How are you standing? Where is the leg? Where is the leg? - shouted the regimental commander with an expression of suffering in his voice, another five people did not reach Dolokhov, dressed in a bluish overcoat.
Dolokhov slowly straightened his bent leg and straight, with his bright and insolent look, looked into the general's face.
Why the blue overcoat? Down with… Feldwebel! Change his clothes ... rubbish ... - He did not have time to finish.
“General, I am obliged to carry out orders, but I am not obliged to endure ...” Dolokhov said hastily.
- Do not talk in the front! ... Do not talk, do not talk! ...
“I am not obliged to endure insults,” Dolokhov finished loudly, sonorously.
The eyes of the general and the soldier met. The General fell silent, angrily pulling down his tight scarf.
“If you please, change your clothes, please,” he said, walking away.
- It's coming! shouted the machinist at that time.
The regimental commander, blushing, ran up to the horse, with trembling hands took hold of the stirrup, flung the body over, recovered himself, drew his sword, and with a happy, resolute face, with his mouth open to one side, prepared to shout. The regiment started like a recovering bird and froze.
- Smir r r na! shouted the regimental commander in a soul-shattering voice, joyful for himself, strict in relation to the regiment and friendly in relation to the approaching chief.
Along a wide, tree-lined, high, highwayless road, with a slight rattle of springs, a tall blue Viennese carriage rode in a train at a fast trot. A retinue and a convoy of Croats galloped behind the carriage. Near Kutuzov sat an Austrian general in a strange, among black Russians, white uniform. The carriage stopped at the regiment. Kutuzov and the Austrian general were quietly talking about something, and Kutuzov smiled slightly, while, stepping heavily, he lowered his foot from the footboard, as if there weren’t those 2,000 people who were looking at him and the regimental commander without breathing .
There was a shout of the command, again the regiment, ringing, trembled, making guard. In the dead silence, the weak voice of the commander-in-chief was heard. The regiment bellowed: “We wish you good health, your lordship!” And again everything froze. At first, Kutuzov stood in one place while the regiment moved; then Kutuzov, next to the white general, on foot, accompanied by his retinue, began to walk through the ranks.
From the way the regimental commander saluted the commander-in-chief, glaring at him, stretching out and getting up, how he stooped forward followed the generals along the ranks, barely holding back his trembling movement, how he jumped at every word and movement of the commander-in-chief, it was clear that he was fulfilling his duties subordinate with even greater pleasure than the duties of a boss. The regiment, thanks to the severity and diligence of the regimental commander, was in excellent condition compared to others who came at the same time to Braunau. There were only 217 retarded and sick people. Everything was fine, except for the shoes.
Kutuzov walked through the ranks, occasionally stopping and saying a few kind words to the officers, whom he knew from the Turkish war, and sometimes to the soldiers. Glancing at the shoes, he shook his head sadly several times and pointed at them to the Austrian general with such an expression that he did not seem to reproach anyone for this, but he could not help but see how bad it was. The regimental commander ran ahead each time, afraid to miss the word of the commander-in-chief regarding the regiment. Behind Kutuzov, at such a distance that any weakly spoken word could be heard, walked a man of 20 retinues. The gentlemen of the retinues talked among themselves and sometimes laughed. Closest behind the commander-in-chief was a handsome adjutant. It was Prince Bolkonsky. Beside him walked his comrade Nesvitsky, a tall staff officer, extremely stout, with a kind and smiling handsome face and moist eyes; Nesvitsky could hardly restrain himself from laughing, aroused by the blackish hussar officer walking beside him. The hussar officer, without smiling, without changing the expression of his fixed eyes, looked with a serious face at the back of the regimental commander and mimicked his every movement. Every time the regimental commander shuddered and leaned forward, in exactly the same way, exactly in exactly the same way, the hussar officer shuddered and leaned forward. Nesvitsky laughed and pushed the others to look at the funny man.
Kutuzov walked slowly and listlessly past a thousand eyes that rolled out of their sockets, following the boss. Having leveled with the 3rd company, he suddenly stopped. The retinue, not foreseeing this stop, involuntarily advanced on him.
- Ah, Timokhin! - said the commander-in-chief, recognizing the captain with a red nose, who suffered for a blue overcoat.
It seemed that it was impossible to stretch more than Timokhin stretched, while the regimental commander reprimanded him. But at that moment the commander-in-chief addressed him, the captain drew himself up so that it seemed that if the commander-in-chief had looked at him for a little more time, the captain would not have been able to stand it; and therefore Kutuzov, apparently understanding his position and wishing, on the contrary, all the best for the captain, hastily turned away. A barely perceptible smile ran across Kutuzov's plump, wounded face.
“Another Izmaylovsky comrade,” he said. "Brave officer!" Are you happy with it? Kutuzov asked the regimental commander.
And the regimental commander, as if reflected in a mirror, invisibly to himself, in the hussar officer, shuddered, went forward and answered:
“Very pleased, Your Excellency.
“We are all not without weaknesses,” said Kutuzov, smiling and moving away from him. “He had an attachment to Bacchus.
The regimental commander was afraid that he was not to blame for this, and did not answer. The officer at that moment noticed the captain's face with a red nose and a tucked-up stomach, and mimicked his face and posture so similarly that Nesvitsky could not help laughing.
Kutuzov turned around. It was evident that the officer could control his face as he wanted: at the moment Kutuzov turned around, the officer managed to make a grimace, and after that take on the most serious, respectful and innocent expression.
The third company was the last, and Kutuzov thought, apparently remembering something. Prince Andrei stepped out of the retinue and quietly said in French:
- You ordered to be reminded of the demoted Dolokhov in this regiment.
- Where is Dolokhov? Kutuzov asked.
Dolokhov, already dressed in a soldier's gray overcoat, did not wait to be called. The slender figure of a blond soldier with clear blue eyes stepped out from the front. He approached the commander-in-chief and made a guard.
– Claim? - Frowning slightly, asked Kutuzov.
“This is Dolokhov,” said Prince Andrei.
– A! Kutuzov said. – I hope this lesson will correct you, serve well. The Emperor is merciful. And I won't forget you if you deserve it.
Clear blue eyes looked at the commander-in-chief as insolently as they did at the regimental commander, as if by their expression they were tearing away the veil of conventionality that separated the commander-in-chief so far from the soldier.
“I ask you one thing, Your Excellency,” he said in his resonant, firm, unhurried voice. “I ask you to give me a chance to make amends for my guilt and prove my devotion to the emperor and Russia.
Kutuzov turned away. The same smile of his eyes flashed across his face as at the time when he turned away from Captain Timokhin. He turned away and grimaced, as if he wanted to express by this that everything that Dolokhov told him, and everything that he could tell him, he had known for a long, long time that all this had already bored him and that all this was not at all what he needed. . He turned and walked towards the carriage.
The regiment sorted out in companies and headed for the assigned apartments not far from Braunau, where they hoped to put on shoes, dress and rest after difficult transitions.
- You do not pretend to me, Prokhor Ignatich? - said the regimental commander, circling the 3rd company moving towards the place and driving up to Captain Timokhin, who was walking in front of it. The face of the regimental commander, after a happily departed review, expressed irrepressible joy. - The royal service ... you can’t ... another time you’ll cut off at the front ... I’ll be the first to apologize, you know me ... Thank you very much! And he held out his hand to the commander.
“Excuse me, General, do I dare!” - the captain answered, turning red with his nose, smiling and revealing with a smile the lack of two front teeth, knocked out by a butt near Ishmael.
- Yes, tell Mr. Dolokhov that I will not forget him, so that he is calm. Yes, please tell me, I kept wanting to ask, what is he, how is he behaving? And everything...
“He is very serviceable in his service, Your Excellency ... but the carakhter ...” said Timokhin.
- And what, what is the character? asked the regimental commander.
“He finds, Your Excellency, for days,” said the captain, “he is smart, and learned, and kind. And that's a beast. In Poland, he killed a Jew, if you please know ...
“Well, yes, well, yes,” said the regimental commander, “everything must be regretted.” young man in misfortune. After all, great connections ... So you ...
“I’m listening, Your Excellency,” Timokhin said, with a smile making it feel that he understood the wishes of the boss.
- Yes Yes.
The regimental commander found Dolokhov in the ranks and reined in his horse.
“Before the first case, epaulettes,” he told him.
Dolokhov looked around, said nothing and did not change the expression of his mockingly smiling mouth.
“Well, that’s good,” continued the regimental commander. “People get a glass of vodka from me,” he added, so that the soldiers could hear. – Thank you all! Thank God! - And he, having overtaken a company, drove up to another.
- Well, he, right, good man; You can serve with him,” Timokhin subaltern said to the officer walking beside him.