Types of subordinate clauses with examples. Compound sentences with subordinate clauses What are the subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses in Russian are dependent parts of the main clause in a complex sentence. That is, they play the role of secondary members of the sentence. Therefore, the types of subordinate clauses are divided according to the role played in the sentence. One question can be asked to the entire secondary sentence, just as it is done with respect to the members of the sentence.

The main types of subordinate clauses

Four types of them are considered: attributive, adverbial, explanatory and connecting. Examples can be given that will represent all kinds of subordinate clauses:

The flower bed, which was laid out in the courtyard on the left side of the porch, resembled a small copy of the town - a sort of Flower Town from Nosov's fairy tale about Dunno. (Determinative).
And it seemed to me that restless and funny short men really live there. (explanatory).
And we do not see them because they are hiding from us underground. (Circumstantial).
But as soon as we leave somewhere, as shorties get out of their hiding places and begin to enjoy life violently. (Connective).

Determinative clauses

These subordinate clauses in Russian define the sign of one noun or sometimes a phrase consisting of a noun and a demonstrative word. They serve as answers to questions which? whose? which? These minor sentences are joined to the main part by allied words. whose, which, who, what, which, from where, where, when. Usually in the main complex sentence there are pointing words like such, each, any, any or that in various forms of childbirth. The following suggestions can be taken as examples:

living beings, which?) who live on the planet next to people, feel a good human attitude towards them.
Reach out your hand with food, open your palm, freeze, and some bird, ( which?) whose voice is heard in the morning in the bushes of your garden, with confidence will sit on your hand.
Every person ( which?) who considers himself the pinnacle of the creation of the Almighty, should correspond to this rank.
Whether a garden, a forest or an ordinary yard, (which?)where everything is familiar and familiar, can open the door to the wonderful world of nature for a person.

Adventitious connecting

Interesting types of subordinate clauses that do not refer to a single word or phrase, but to the entire main part. They are called connecting. Often these parts of a complex sentence contain the meaning of the consequence, supplementing or explaining the content of the main part. Secondary sentences of this type are attached using allied words where, how, when, why, where, what. Examples:

And only next to the mother any baby feels protected, what is meant by nature.
Caring for the cubs, tenderness for their offspring, self-sacrifice is laid in the creature at the level of instinct, how every creature needs to breathe, sleep, eat and drink.

Explanatory clauses

If the author of the text wants to explain, specify any one word of the main part, which has the meaning of thought, perception, feeling or speech. Often these clauses refer to verbs such as say, answer, think, feel, be proud, hear. But they can also specify adjectives, for example, satisfied or glad. It is often observed when these types of subordinate clauses act as explanations of adverbs ( clearly, necessary, necessary, known, pity) or nouns ( message, thought, statement, rumor, thought, feeling). The subordinate explanatory clauses are added with the help of:

Unions (to, what, when, as if, like others);

Any allied words;

Particles (union) whether.

Examples are the following compound sentences:

Have you ever observed what?) how amazingly sunlight plays, reflected in dew drops, insect wings, snowflake tiles?
Once such beauty, a person will surely be incredibly happy, ( what?) who discovered the unique world of beauty.
And it immediately becomes clear what?) that everything around was created not just so that everything is interconnected.
Consciousness will be filled with indescribable feelings of joy, (what kind?) as if you yourself are a part of this amazing and unique world.

Adventitious mode of action and degree

Adverbial clauses are divided into several subspecies. A group of dependent parts of compound sentences that refer to a sign or action, called in its main part, and denote its degree or measure, as well as the image, are referred to as subordinate modes of action and degree. They usually answer the following questions: how? how much? as? in what degree? The design of the connection of the subordinate with the main part looks something like this: full adjective + noun + such; full adjective + such; verb + so. The attachment of these subordinate clauses is provided by unions to, what, as if or allied words how much, how much and some others. Examples:

The little girl laughed so infectiously, so spontaneously, that it was hard for everyone else to stop smiling.
The sonorous play of her laughter broke the tense silence of the room, as if unexpectedly scattered colorful peas from the package.
And the little face itself has changed so much, as far as it was possible in this case: the girl, exhausted by the disease, could already easily be called a lovely and absolutely healthy child.

Adverbial clauses

These dependent clauses indicate the place of origin of the action, which is called in the main part of the compound sentence. Referring to the whole main sentence, they answer the following questions: where? where? where? and join with allied words where, from where, where. Often in the main sentence there are demonstrative words there, everywhere, there, everywhere, everywhere and some others. The following examples of such proposals can be given:

It is quite easy to determine the cardinal directions in the forest more often, where there is moss on the trees.
Ants dragged on their backs building material for their anthills and food supplies from everywhere, where only these hardworking creatures could get.
I'm always drawn there, to magical lands, where we went with him last summer.

Adverbial clauses of time

Indicating the time of action, these subordinate clauses refer both to the entire main clause, and specifically to one predicate. For this type of adjective, you can ask the following questions: how long? How long? when? since when? Often there are demonstrative words in the main part of the sentence, for example: sometimes, once, always, now, then. For example: Animals will then be friendly with each other, (when?) when they grow up next to childhood.

Adverbial clauses, causes, purposes, consequences

If the dependent parts of complex sentences answer questions in what case? or under what condition? and refer either to the predicate of the main part, or to it all, joining with the help of conditional conjunctions once, when, when, if, when and as(in the meaning of "if"), then they can be attributed to subordinate conditions. Example: And even the most inveterate prankster turns into a serious and well-mannered gentleman, ( in which case?)when he becomes a parent, be it a man, a monkey or a penguin.
Questions because of which? why? for what reason? from what? subordinate causes are responsible. Their attachment occurs with the help of causal unions because, because, since. Example: For a baby in early childhood, the authority of the parent is adamant, ( why?) because his well-being depends on this being.
Dependent sentences denoting the purpose of the action named in the main part and answering questions for what? for what purpose? why?, are called subordinate targets. Their attachment to the main part is provided by target unions in order to, then in order to (in order to). Example: But even then you should accompany your requirements with explanations ( for what purpose?) then, so that a thinking person grows out of a baby, and not a weak-willed robot performer.
Dependent parts of a sentence that indicate a conclusion or result, denote a consequence following from the above in the main part of the sentence, are called subordinate consequences and refer to the entire main sentence. They are usually joined by coercive unions. That's why or so, for example: Education is a complex and regular process, ( what follows from this?) therefore, parents should always be in shape and not relax for a minute.

Adverbial clauses

These types of dependent sentences in complex structures refer either to the predicate or to the entire main part and answer the question like?, joining with comparative conjunctions as if, as, as, as, exactly. Comparative clauses differ from comparative phrases in that they have a grammatical basis. For example: The polar bear cub so funny fell on its side and lifted its paws up, it's like a naughty boy playing happily in the sandbox with his friends.

Adverbial clauses

Dependent sentences in a compound construction, denoting circumstances in spite of which the action indicated in the main part has been committed or can be committed, are called subordinate concessions. You can ask them questions: despite what? in spite of what? and attach to the main one with the help of concessive unions at least (although), let (let) that, for nothing, despite and some others. Allied combinations are often used: no matter how much, no matter what, when no, no matter who, no matter how and the like. Example: Even though the panda cubs were having fun, their dark spots around the eyes gave the impression of sad thoughtfulness.

A literate person should always remember: when writing sentences that are part of a complex one, they are separated by commas.

), there are four main types of subordinate clauses:

definitive.
explanatory.
circumstantial (mode of action and degree, place, time, conditions, causes, goals, comparisons, concessions, consequences).
connecting.

Encyclopedic YouTube

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✪ Types of subordinate clauses (Grade 9, video lesson-presentation)

✪ Video lesson in Russian "Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses"

✪ Task 13 OGE | Types of subordination of subordinate clauses

✪ Definitive clauses (Grade 9, video lesson-presentation)

✪ Clauses (Grade 9, video lesson-presentation)

Subtitles

Types of subordinate clauses

Clauses

Answer questions:

(which? which? which?).

Another name is adjectival pronouns. Join with the help of allied words: which, which, whose, what, where, when, from where, etc.
As well as unions: so that, like, and the like, as if, etc. Rarely with particles ( whether etc.).

Examples

[Alarm clock rang]. Alarm which?(which was given to me by my grandmother). [Alarm clock rang], ( that my grandmother gave me).
[The house burned to the ground]. House which?(Where I was born). [House, ( where i was born), burned to the ground].
[BUT. More than one monument was erected to S. Pushkin]. A. S. Pushkin what?(Whose contribution to the development of Russian literature can hardly be overestimated). [BUT. S. Pushkin, ( whose contribution to the development of Russian literature is difficult to overestimate), erected more than one monument].
[That day my life changed]. In a day which?(When I understood everything). [In that day, ( when I understood everything), my life has changed].

Clauses of explanatory

Relate to the verb. Answer questions of indirect cases ( to whom? what? whom? what? by whom? how? etc.).
Join with the help of allied words: who, what, which, whose, where, where, from where, how, why, why, how much
As well as unions: what, to, as if, as, as if, as if, etc.

They are placed after or in the middle of the main clause.

Examples

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

[I am sure of that]. Sure in what?(that the earth is spherical). [I'm pretty sure] that the earth is spherical).
[He found out]. found out what?(How many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite). [He found out], ( how many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite).
[They understood]. Understood what?(Why did I do it). [They understood], ( why did I do it).

Adventitious connecting

Relate to the entire main body.
Join with the help of allied words: what, where, where, where, when, how, why
Supplement and explain the content of the main part. Often they have the meaning of a consequence.

Examples

I was worried , (because I could not pass the exam successfully).
My brother hasn't opened a book in all this time , (which haunted me).

Adverbial clauses

They have the same meanings, answer the same questions and are divided into the same types as the circumstances in a simple sentence. They are divided into three main groups:

adjectives of time and place;
subordinate causes, effects, conditions, concessions, goals;
subordinate modes of action, measures, degrees, comparisons.

Adverbs of time and place

Time clauses indicate the duration of the action in the main sentence and answer questions when? how long? since when? How long? Unions are means of communication. barely, until, before, until, since, as soon as, when, while.

Examples

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

[It was getting dark]. it was getting dark when?(when we got home). [It was getting dark] (when we arrived home).
[I saw you very well]. I saw How long? (while you were standing behind the crowd).[I saw you well] (while you were standing behind the crowd).

Subordinate places indicate the place where the action takes place in the main clause and answer questions where? where? where? Join with the help of allied words: where, where, where. In the main sentence, they usually correspond to demonstrative words there, where from.

Examples

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

[There are streams of flowers everywhere now]. Everywhere where?(where spring streams raced). [There, (where the spring streams rushed), now there are streams of flowers everywhere].
[You should never go back there]. Shouldn't come back where?(where he was happy). [You should never go back there], (where you were happy).

Subordinate causes, effects, conditions, concessions, goals

Subordinate reasons indicate the reason for what is said in the main clause and answer questions why? for what reason? from what? Join with alliances because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, since, because, etc.

Examples

[Thunderstorm coming soon]. Will begin why? for what reason? (because the sky is covered with dark clouds).

[Thunderstorm is coming soon] (because the sky is overcast with dark clouds).

[The guys didn't get lost in the forest]. Don't get lost why? whereby? (thanks to the fact that they knew how to use a compass).

[The guys did not get lost in the forest], (thanks to the fact that they knew how to use the compass).

Subordinate corollaries indicate a consequence, result, result, arising from the content of the entire main sentence, answer the question what happened as a result of this? what follows from this? and join with union so.

Examples

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

[The weather was cold and windy]. What follows from this? (so that the snowdrifts swept over the windows).[The weather was cold, windy] (so that the snowdrifts piled up above the windows).

Subordinate conditions serve to express the condition under which it is possible that what is said in the entire main sentence answers the question under what condition? if, when (meaning if), if, if, if, if, once, if and etc.

Examples

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

[A local word can enrich the language]. Under what condition? (only if it is figurative, euphonious and understandable).

[A local word can enrich the language] (only if it is figurative, euphonious and understandable).

Subordinate concessions report the conditions, reasons, contrary to which the action in the main clause is performed, answer questions in spite of what? contrary to what? and joins with the help of unions although (at least), despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let, let, for nothing.

Examples

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

[We are going to walk], in spite of what?(Even though it was raining).

Subsidiary goals reveal the purpose of what is said in the main sentence, answer questions for what? for what purpose? why? and joins with the help of unions so that, in order to, in order to, just to, just to.

Examples

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

[Must love], why? for what purpose? (For life).

Adventitious modes of action, measures, degrees, comparisons

Adverbs of the mode of action reveal the image, mode of action, which is mentioned in the main sentence and answer questions as? how? Adjunctive measures and degrees answer questions as? how much? To what extent? how many? Subordinate modes of action, measures, degrees are attached to the main one with the help of allied words how, to what extent and unions what, to, as, as if, as if, as if. The main sentence usually contains demonstrative words: pronouns such, such; adverbs so much, so much. Demonstrative words form pairs with unions: so-that, before-that, so-that. no living comparison

Examples

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

[Uncle sang like this]. sang as? how?(as the common people sing).

[Uncle sang like this], (as the common people sing).

Adverbial comparisons answer the question as? sometimes like what? and apply to the entire main sentence. Joins the main with the help of unions as, as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, etc.

Examples

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

[His enthusiasm fades]. Gus as?(as a candle goes out from a strong gust of wind).

[His delight is extinguished], (as a candle goes out from a strong gust of wind).

The world of syntax is inexhaustible: as in vocabulary, there are synonyms in it, only these are syntactic synonyms. As in morphology, it is necessary to know the parts of speech in order to determine the word to which the subordinate clause is attached.In the lesson, you will work out the skill of finding a subordinate clause. Learn to find syntactic synonyms for it. Consider how the subordinate clause differs from other clauses with similar conjunctions and allied words; learn about the transition of some subordinate clauses into stable phrases

Adjunctive clauses are sentences that contain a passing, additional message.

They are attached to the main one with the help of allied words. what, why, wherefore, why, as a result of which, etc., relate to everything important. You can’t ask a question to them, but you can pick up synonymous compound sentences:

what was supposed to cheer up mom . - SPP with a subordinate connection. - Children diligently put away toys, and this should have lifted my mother's spirits. - Compound sentence.

The subordinate clauses, as a rule, stand after the main one (sometimes in the middle of the main one). Some of the connecting clauses have turned into stable revolutions: which is to be expected; Q.E.D; with which I congratulate you.

Referencess

Russian language: Textbook for 9 cells. educational institutions/ S.G. Barkhudarov, S.E. Kryuchkov, L.Yu. Maksimov, L.A. Cheshko. - M.: Education, 2011.
Russian language. Grade 9: textbook for educational institutions / M.M. Razumovskaya, S.I. Lvov, V.I. Kapinos, V.V. Lviv; ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: "Drofa", 2011.

Homework

Is it possible to ask a question to the subordinate clause?
How are adjunctive adjuncts attached to the main one?
What is the place of the subordinate clause in relation to the main one?
What information does a subordinate clause add to a sentence?

Exercise 1.Find an SPP with a subordinate connection, replace it with an SSP.

1. I had to go to visit, which Lena did not want at all. 2. He talked about what worried him. 3. Children diligently cleaned the room , which was supposed to cheer up my mother. 4. The guys went to the forest, where there were always a lot of mushrooms. 3. The guys went to the forest, where they spent the night. 5. The events that followed were quite expected.4. The train, as expected, was delayed.

Exercise 2.Highlight the grammatical foundations, place punctuation marks, underline allied words as members of the sentence.

1. Both girls put on yellow and red shoes, which happened to them only on solemn occasions. (A. Pushkin.) 2. He politely bowed to Chichikov, to which the latter replied in kind. (N. Gogol.) 3. We diligently prepared for the exams, as a result of which we received high scores. 4. You have successfully completed the test, and congratulations to you. 5. He read a lot and amazed everyone with his profound knowledge. 6. On the tour, we saw and learned a lot of new and interesting things, why did we go on it.

Exercise 3Find NGN with subordinate clauses, explain the spelling of homonymous parts of speech.

1. The investigation into the Petrov case revealed a lack of facts. 2. Due to bad weather, we did not go for a walk. 3. There was a severe frost, as a result of which classes were canceled at the school. 4. Why is Varya crying so much? 5. What must we give up in order to find the right way to solve the problem? 6. We gave up long walks, which made time for additional activities. 7. Why, from peaceful bliss and simple-hearted friendship, did he enter this envious and stuffy world ... (M. Lermontov.) 8. A person must do good, why he comes into this world. 9. Grandmother forgot what she went into the room for.

A complex sentence is a very a large number of variety of proposals, which may differ from each other in structure, quantity grammar basics, meaning, etc. Sometimes they take for a complex sentence something that is not even it. In this article, we will consider the types of subordinate clauses in NGN and learn how to distinguish them from each other.

What is a complex sentence?

A complex sentence (CSP) is a type of complex sentence that consists of a main and a dependent (subordinate) part, connected by a subordinating conjunction or an allied word.

You need to take an umbrella with you(main part) , because(subordinating union) it might start to rain(dependent part) .

Depending on the meaning that the dependent part carries in relation to the main one, and on which word in the main part the dependent part belongs to, there are several types of subordinate clauses:

defining,
explanatory,
circumstantial,
connecting.

Attributive clause

depends on the noun located in the main part of the NGN;
is located in the sentence after or inside the main part, but always after the noun on which it depends;
answers the definition questions “what?”, “what?”, “what?”, “whose?” (hence the name - "defining clause");
joins the main part with the allied words "what", "who", "where", "where", "when", "where", which can be replaced by the allied word "which";
in the main part there may be demonstrative words "that", "such", "this", etc.

Viktor Petrovich(which?) who took the exam for the fifth hour in a row, felt an approaching migraine, filling out another grade book.

Lida was given just such a bike for her birthday(which?) what she dreamed of.

It's hard for me to remember that moment in my life(which?) when my friends and I began to meet less and less.

Important! Clauses are attached only with the help of allied words. If there is a union in the sentence, then this is another kind of subordinate clause.

Suddenly a crazy thought came to mind(what? about what?) as if everything was planned in advance and nothing can be changed now.

From the noun "thought" you can ask the question "what?" or "about what", and it may seem that this is a relative attributive. But it is precisely the presence of the union “as if” that indicates that this subordinate explanatory clause.

Clause explanatory

refers to a verb, noun, adverb, or adjective in the main clause;
is located in the sentence after or in the middle of the main part;
answers the questions of indirect cases “who?”, “what?”, “to whom?”, “what?”, “by whom?”, “what?”, “about whom?”, “about what?” etc.;
joins the main part with unions, “as if”, “to”, “as if” and allied words “where”, “where”, “whose”, “who”, “what”, “which”, “why”, “which ”, “where”, “why”, “why”, etc.

A dog devoted to his master always feels from afar(what? - V.P.) that the owner is approaching the house.

Little kids are sure(in what? - P.P.) , what in New Year Santa Claus brings them gifts under the Christmas tree.

I seem to guess(about what? - P.P.) where did this rumor come from.

As the name implies, such clauses are similar to circumstances: they answer the same questions, mean the same thing as circumstances, and come in the same types as circumstances.

Time clause

indicates the time at which the action in the main part takes place;
answers the questions “when?”, “how long?”, “since when?”, “until when?”;
join the main part with the unions "when", "while", "as soon as", "barely", "before", "until", "before", "as far as", etc. .

By the time Sofia came home from school, mom has already cooked dinner(what time?) .

The sun will peek out(when?) when the rain stops.

I will try new charlotte recipes(How long?) until I find the best one.

adnexal place

indicates the location of an event that occurs at the end of the main movement
can be located in any part of the sentence;
in the main part, as a rule, there are demonstrative words "there", "from there", "there", "everywhere", "everywhere", etc.;
answers the question “where?”, “where?”, “where from?”;
connects with the main part with the allied words "where", "where", "from where".

The scout returned from there(where?) from where no one has ever returned.

The cat goes to sleep there(where?) where is the warmest.

Where am I(where?) , there you are.

Clause of reason

contains an explanation of why certain actions occur in the main part;
can be located in any part of the sentence;
answers the questions “why?”, “because of what?”, “why?”, “for what reason?”;
associated with the main part of the unions, "because", "from the fact that", "because", etc.

(whereby?) Thanks to the fact that Oksana spent the whole night preparing for the physics exam, she passed it excellently.

The kids have to get up early tomorrow so I need to go to bed early tonight(why? for what reason?).

Adventitious corollary

contains the meaning of the result, consequence, result, which follow from the content of the main part;
always located in the sentence after the main part;
answers the question “due to what?”, and from the main part one can ask the questions “what follows from this?”, “what happened as a result of this?”;
joins the main part with the union "so".

By winter in the evenings it gets dark early(what follows from this?) so evening walks will have to be canceled (because of what?) .

Important! A sentence does not apply to NGN with a clause of consequence if:

a) the main part contains the adverb “so”, and the subordinate clause contains the union “what” (this is a subordinate action and degree);

The sun was so hot today(as?) that after ten minutes on the street you could get a sunstroke.

b) there is a coordinating or non-union connection between the parts, and the second part contains adverbs “because”, .

Misha got an A in math today and therefore he was in no hurry to go home. – SSP

Our cat recently gave birth to kittens , so he rarely comes out of his hiding place . – BSP

Subordinate condition

contains a condition under which it is possible to perform the actions referred to in the main part;
can be located in any part of the sentence;
answers the question "under what condition?";
connects with the main part of the conjunctions, “when” (meaning “if”), “provided if”, “if”, “if”, “if ... then”, “once ... so”, “how ... so”, etc. .d.

If Sveta finishes the school year without triples, parents will buy her roller skates(under what condition?) .

Come visit us for a drink and a meal when we are at home (under what condition?) .

Since I made a promise so hold it down no matter what.

adjective purpose

contains the purpose of what is being discussed in the main sentence;
in the proposal can take any place;
answers the questions “why?”, “for what?”, “for what purpose?”;
connects with the main part with the unions “so that”, “if only”, “in order to”, etc.

To live well have to work hard(for what purpose?) .

In order to fly to rest with children in Asian countries, you need to prepare a first aid kit and sunscreen in advance(why?) .

Tourists should be able to use a compass then(why?) to find a way out of any thicket to civilization.

Adventitious assignment

contains conditions, actions, despite the commission of which the events in the main part still occur;
answers the questions "despite what?";
connects with the main part of the unions, “at least”, “regardless of the fact that”, “let”, “let”, “for nothing”, as well as allied words “how”, “how much”, “what (would)”, “ where, where, who, etc. (necessarily with a negative particle "neither").

Peter followed in the footsteps of his father and became the prosecutor of the city(in spite of what?) , although during his studies at the institute he did not show interest in this profession.

Even though the weather is fine outside, children refused to walk(despite what?) .

No matter how I rushed to the station, the train still left without me(despite what?) .

Comparative clause

contains a comparison with the main part;
can take any place in the sentence;
answers the questions “how?”, “Like what?”, “Like what?”, “Like who?”, “Than who?”, “Than what?”;
the main part may contain the demonstrative word "so";
joins the main part with the help of unions, “as if”, “than”, “exactly”, “just like”, “as if”, “whatever”, etc.;

The dog at the sight of the bone began to jump so cheerfully(as?) like you haven't eaten for a week.

Daughter skillfully handled the test , as if already kneaded it many times.

in special group highlighted adventitious comparisons, which contain a comparison of two parts, and feature such proposals is the presence of the union "than ..., that."

another separate group is the NGN, which in the main part has:

a) an adjective or adverb in the comparative degree,

b) the pronouns "other", "other",

c) the pronominal adverb "otherwise",

and the subordinate clause is joined by unions "than", "than".

More homeworkthan I hoped.

I'd rather(adjective in comparative degree) went on a two-week hike in Karelia than to go to Turkey.

And you are completely different than I thought about you.

Important! A subordinate comparison may not contain a predicate if it matches the predicate in the main part. Such a subordinate clause should not be confused with a comparative turnover. You can distinguish them from each other by the following feature: the subordinate comparison has a predicate or words dependent on it, the comparative turnover does not have such words.

The girl danced gracefully and subtly, like a real ballerina (dancing)(where?) on the stage.
Here we see a subordinate comparison with the omitted predicate "dances". “On the stage” is a circumstance dependent on the predicate ( dancing(where?) on the stage).

The girl danced gracefully and subtly, like a real ballerina.
If we remove the part of the sentence that depends on the predicate, then the subordinate comparison turns into a comparative turnover.

speaks of the image, mode of action, as well as the measure and degree referred to in the main sentence;
in the sentence is located after the main part;
answers the questions “how?”, “in what way?”, “to what extent?”, “to what extent?”, “how?”, “how much?”, “to what extent?”, “to what extent?”;
connects with the main part with the unions "what", "to", as well as the allied words "how", "how much", "how much";
in the main part there are necessarily demonstrative words “such”, “so much”, “so much”, “so”, “to such an extent”, “to that”, which with conjunctions form pairs “so ... that”, “so ..., what”, “before ... that”, etc.

He looked at her like that(as?) as only lovers look.

Seeing a mountain of balloons and a three-story cake, the birthday girl was so happy(how much?) that began to joyfully jump and clap her hands.

Dad is so tired from work(how? how much?) that for the weekend even turned off the phone.

as a rule, refers to the entire main part, contains some additional message or assessment;
in the sentence is after the main part;
the main part is complete in form and does not contain any indication that it is followed by a subordinate clause
answers the questions “what is the conclusion from this?”, “what is the assessment of this?”, “what can be said about this?”;
joins with allied words “what”, “where”, “where”, “where”, “when”, “how”, “why”, “why”, “why”, “why”, “as a result of which”, etc. d.

He spent half of his life traveling which could not but leave an imprint on his personality.

Bears are great at fishing. , for which they go to the middle of small mountain rivers and fish right on the fly.

My father rebuilt the house in the country with his own hands which required a lot of hard work and skill..

Table "types of subordinate clauses"

	Location	Questions	Conjunctions / allied words	Pointer words
Attributive clause	after or within the main part, but after the noun on which it depends	"which?" , "which?" , "what kind?" , "whose?"	"what", "who", "where", "where", "when where" ---- Can be replaced by "which"	"that", "such", "this" and etc.
Clause explanatory	after or inside the main part	"whom?" , "what?" , "to whom?" , "what?" , "by whom?" , "how?" , "about whom?" , "about what?" etc.	“how”, “as if”, “to”, “what”, “as if”, “where”, “where”, “whose”, “who”, “what”, “which”, “why”, “what ”,“ where from ”,“ why ”,“ why ”
Adverbial clause
Time clause	in any part	"when?" , "how long?" , "since when?" , "How long?"	"when", "until", "as soon as", "barely", "before", "until", "while", "before", "as"
adnexal place	in any part	"where?" , "where?" , "where?"	"where", "where", "from where"	“there”, “from there”, “there”, “everywhere”, “everywhere”, etc.
Clause of reason	in any part	"from what?" , "because of which?" , "why?" , "for what reason?"	“since”, “because”, “because”, “because”, “because”, “due to the fact that”, “due to the fact that”, “due to the fact that”, etc.
Adventitious corollary	after main part	"because of what?"	"so"
Subordinate condition	in any part	"under what condition?"	“if”, “when” (in the meaning of “if”), “provided if”, “if”, “if”, “if ... then”, “if ... so”, “how ... so”, etc. .
adjective purpose	in any part	"why?" , "for what?" , "for what purpose?"	“in order to”, “in order to”, “if only”, “in order to”, “then so that”, etc.
Adventitious assignment	in any part	"against what?" , "despite what?"	“despite the fact that”, “at least”, “although”, “despite the fact that”, “let”, “let”, “for nothing”, “how”, “how much”, “what (would)”, "where", "where", "who", etc. (necessarily with a negative particle "neither").
Comparative clause	in any part	"as?" , "Like what?" , "like what?" , "like who?" , "than who?" , "than what?"	“(as) as if”, “like”, “as if”, “than”, “exactly”, “like”, “as if”, “whatever”, etc.	"So"
Adverbial modus operandi and degree	after main part	"as?" , "how?" , "to what extent?" , "in what degree?" , "as?" , "how many?" , "how much?" , "to what extent?"	"what", "to", "how", "how much", "how much"	“such”, “so much”, “so much”, “so”, “to such an extent”, “before”
Adventitious connecting	after main part	"What is the conclusion from this?" "what's the score on that?" "What can be said about this?"	“what”, “where”, “from where”, “where”, “when”, “how”, “why”, “why”, “why”, “why”, “as a result of which”, etc.

Adverbial clauses

NGN with adverbial clauses- this is a sentence, the subordinate part of which answers questions of circumstances. They join the predicate or the entire main part with the help of subordinating conjunctions and allied words.

Types of adverbial clauses	Questions from the main part to the subordinate	Conjunctions and allied words	Sentence examples
1. Time (indicative words can be in the main part then, always, every time)	When? How long? Since when? How long?	Conjunctions: when, until, barely, only, barely, as soon as, just a little, earlier than, before, since, until, while.	As soon as the December dawn began, Anya went out into the street. Grandfather ordered not to wake Tanya until Bye won't wake up on its own. As she was leaving the drawing-room, a bell was heard in the hall. As soon as the snow melts in the forest, buds will swell on the birches.
2. Places (indicative words can be in the main part there, there, from where)	Where? Where? Where?	Allied words: where, where, where.	go there where the free mind takes you. ahead, where the grove ended, there were birches. There, where the pines were thinner now, and paths ran in circles across the settled snow.
3. Mode of action (In the main part of the word so, thus. Always come after the main part.)	How? How?	Conjunctions: as, as if, as if, what, in order to.	Pierre waved his hands and head So, as if mosquitoes attacked him.
4. Measures and degrees (In the main part of the word so, so, thus. Join by union is after the main part. They are joined by an allied word before the main part, after it.)	To what extent? In what degree? How much?	Conjunctions: as, as if, as if, exactly that.	Forest on both sides So thick, what nothing could be seen through it. She's lost so much weight what She looked like a sixteen year old girl. Uncle sang like this as the common people sing.
Allied words: how much, how much, because.	People were interesting to Samghin so, how much he looked at them and saw himself like them.
5. Conditions (have index words then, so, are attached to the entire main part)	Under what condition?	If, if ... then, if, if, as soon as, when (= if), times.	If the sun is not put out, there will always be bunnies. Travel would lose half its meaning if they could not be told. Indeed, if all rainy days to sit still, then, perhaps, you will not go far in the summer. If there are no flowers in the middle of winter, there is no need to be sad about them.
6. Reasons (with unions because, for always come after the main part)	Why? From what? For what reason?	Conjunctions: because, because, because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, especially since.	The next day, Prince Andrei went to the Rostovs to dine, as his name was the count. Due to the fact that the trees constantly have to see in front of you, the eye gets tired. Every work is important for ennobles a person. We walked in silence, admiring the steppe, especially since it was becoming more and more attractive.
7. Consequences (indicate the result, always located after the main part)	Because of what? What follows from this?	Union: so.	The rain poured like a bucket, so it was impossible to get out on the porch.
8. Goals	What for? For what purpose? For what?	Conjunctions: so that, in order to, then so that, so that, so that, if only.	I began to imitate a strange sound, to lure the bird. In order to learn to tell the truth to people, one must learn to tell it to oneself.
9. Concessions (indicate the circumstances in spite of which the action takes place)	Despite what? Against what?	Unions: despite the fact that, despite the fact that, although, let, let, for nothing, though.	The night was quiet and bright although there was no moon. Despite the fact that it was cold, the snow on the collar melted very quickly. Even if the ink has not dried yet, immortality has already been given to words.
Allied words: no matter how much, no matter how, no matter where, wherever, whoever, no matter what.	Bonfire, no matter how supported in this misty morning, soon went out. But how many Sasha neither I thought nothing came to his mind.
10. Comparisons (attached to the whole main part)	How? Like what?	Conjunctions: like, as if, exactly, as if, like that, like that, like, as if, than ... that, like ... so.	The forest stands silently like peering somewhere. And how the fire burned out, topics the moonlit night became more visible. Like a tree sheds its leaves, So I drop sad words. Gerasim grew up dumb and mighty, as the tree grows on fertile soil.
11. Accessions (contain a comment or assessment of what is said in the first part, join the entire main part)	What besides?	Allied words: what, where, where, why, why.	I stay in the country all winter what original and new. I had to go down into the quagmire what it was extremely difficult because of the ice water.

Attention! Comparative clauses should be distinguished from comparative turns. There is no predicate in comparative phrases. Example: The stars were shining as little suns. how towers, Christmas trees darken. In spangles of frost, exactly in diamonds, dozed off, bowed, birches.

Attention! Mixing the structures of the main and subordinate clauses leads to an error.