grammatical basis sentences form the main members of the sentence ( subject and predicate). I.e, grammatical basis sentences (predicative stem, core) - this is the main part of the sentence, which consists of its main members: subject and predicate. See also introductory words..
Subject.
Remember!
Subject can be expressed not only by a noun or pronoun in nominative case, but also:
| 1) numeral, adjective and participle in I.P. as a noun; Seven (num.)one is not expected. All Past (adj. as noun)I only dreamed. |
2) designs: Numeral / several, many, part, majority, minority + noun in R.P.; The prince gathered in the sakla multitude of people. Several ladies were walking quickly up and down the square. Someone, everyone, many / adjective + of + noun in R.P.; The best student solved this problem quickly. Someone, something + adjective, participle as a noun; Something so insignificant tied in a scarf. Noun / pronoun + c + noun / pronoun in Tv.P. ( but only if the predicate is expressed by the verb in the plural!). Vanya and Iwent along the forest road predicate in plural.). Annawith her daughter in her arms entered the room (predicate in singular). |
3) an infinitive that names an action that does not occur in time. livein a lordly way - this is a noble affair |
Predicate.
There are three types of predicates in Russian. The following algorithm of actions will help you determine which type is represented in your proposal.
Distinguish!
If there are homogeneous predicates in the sentence, then each of them should be considered separately.
Also watch the video presentation.
Clue.
1) Most often, doubts are caused by the definition of a simple verbal predicate, expressed in more than one word:
I I will take part in the exhibition.
In this example I will take part- a complex form of the future tense, which is defined in syntax as a simple predicate. And the combination take part is a phraseological unit that can be replaced by the word I participate. Therefore, we have a simple verbal predicate.
Trap!
Often they make a mistake, calling the following construction simple verbal predicates:
Everything in Moscow is saturated with poetry, pierced with rhymes.
This error is due to two factors.
First, a short passive participle should be distinguished from the past tense form of the verb.
Remember!
The short participle has suffixes -T-, -N-, and the verb -L-. Means, impregnated, pierced are short passive participles.
Secondly, we have a predicate that is expressed in just one word, but what is it - simple or compound (see Morphological analysis of a word with examples)? Try adding some adverbial tense to the sentence, for example, at the beginning of the twentieth century, and see how these forms behave.
At the beginning of the 20th century, everything in Moscow was saturated with poetry, rhymes were pierced.
A bunch appears It was and the predicate already clearly becomes compound. The Russian language is not characterized by constructions in the present tense with a bunch be. Agree, it sounds clearly foreign if we say: All in Moscow there is impregnated with verses, rhymes there is pierced.
Thus, if in a sentence you encounter predicates expressed by short passive participles, then you are dealing with compound nominal predicate.
Remember!
The words can't, can, must, must included in composite predicates.
to me need to get off at this stop.
Trap!
Be careful with words to be, to appear, to be, because by highlighting only them, you can skip one more component of the predicate.
She seemed funny to me.Wrong!
If you highlight only the words seemed, then the meaning of the sentence is completely changed ( seemed = dreamed, dreamed, imagined).
Right: She seemed funny to me
Wrong: The teacher was strict (was = existed, lived).
Right: The teacher was strict.
Trap!
In this task, quite complex sentences are offered for analysis and the answer options are very often similar to each other. What "traps" can you expect here?
1) Offers can be made according to different models:
- subject + predicate;
- only predicate or subject (single-member sentences);
- subject + homogeneous predicates;
- homogeneous subjects + predicate.
In the answer option, the subject, predicate, or one of the homogeneous subjects or predicates may be omitted.
Remember!
The grammatical basis includes ALL the main members of the sentence, the omission of one of them is a clear mistake.
2) In the answer option, the subject and predicate of different grammatical bases can be combined.
3) The subject can only be in I.P.! Answer options with nouns, pronouns not in I.P. deliberately incorrect (except when they are part of the predicate and without them the whole meaning of the sentence changes).
4) The answer option may contain participial or participle turnover, which are never included in the grammatical basis.
Distinguish!
Structures should be distinguished verb + noun in V.P. and noun + passive participle.
The coordinates were calculated. ? Coordinates calculated.
AT first case coordinates is a noun in the accusative case that depends on the verb (i.e. addition), and in second is a nominative form that agrees with the past participle (i.e. subject). If you change each of the designs, the differences will be visible. Let's put the predicates in each of the sentences in the singular form:
Calculate coordinates. coordinate calculated.
The subject and predicate always agree with each other, and the object will remain unchanged.
5) Sometimes words which, which in complex sentences are subjects.
[And shiny droplets crawled down his cheeks] , (which are on the windows during the rain). (which = droplets).
Parsing the task.
1. Which of the combinations of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?
(1) So what is the difference between human and animal perception? (2) For an animal, only concrete things exist; its perception is inseparable from the real environment in which it lives and acts. (3) So, for example, the "television version" of a dog means nothing to a cat. (4) Man, in the process of evolution, acquired a unique ability to create ideal images of reality in his imagination, but they no longer seem to be a direct cast from a specific thing. (5) Through development cognitive activity, in particular, the processes of abstraction and generalization, a person can isolate any individual features of the object being studied, being distracted from all other, insignificant details. (6) Thus, a person has the ability to form a generalized image of a real thing, which allows you to see and recognize common features and qualities of various phenomena of reality.
1) perception is (sentence 2)
2) acquired the ability (sentence 4)
3) they are not represented as a cast (sentence 4)
4) which allows you to see (sentence 6)
Option number 1 is not a grammatical basis, since here the predicate is not fully represented, which distorts the meaning of the whole sentence (perception is = in the meaning of “comes, arrives somewhere for some reason”). See point 3 in the Predicate section.
Option number 2 is also incorrect, since it lacks a subject. Who acquired the ability? In sentence 4, the subject is the word Human.
Option number 3 true, although at first glance it seems wrong. The authors of the task are deliberately trying to confuse us. Although the word cast does not stand in the form of I.P., but it is part of the predicate, since without it the logic of the narrative is lost. They do not introduce themselves = Images do not call their names?!
Option number 4 incorrect . The subject is highlighted correctly. Word which, as we have said, may be subject. In the subordinate part, it is replaced by the word image and performs the same functions, that is, it is the subject. But the predicate is not fully represented. In the offer it is allows you to see and recognize.
So way, the student who chooses option 3 will be right.
2. What words are the grammatical basis in the sixth (6) sentence of the text?
(1)… (2) They are united by one desire - to know. (3) And their age is different, and the professions are very different, and completely different level knowledge, but everyone wanted to know more than they already knew. (4) This expressed the need of millions and millions of people, eagerly absorbing all the secrets of the world, all the knowledge and skills accumulated by mankind. (5) Library visitors either studied somewhere or dreamed of studying. (6) They all needed books, but when they came to the library, they got lost in the ocean of books. (7) ... (According to K. Chukovsky).
1) books were needed, they were lost
2) they needed, they were lost
3) books were needed, coming here, they were lost
4) books were needed, they were lost in the ocean
The right one is Option 1, since in the remaining options, the second included secondary members of the sentence in the basis: in the second, the word is superfluous them (addition, stands in D.P.), in the third there is a participial turnover that is not included in the basis of the sentence, and in the fourth there is a circumstance in the ocean.
3. What combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences (or part of it)?
(1) ... (2) She will die of hunger if the gate is strong and no one opens it, but does not think to move away from the gate and pull it towards her. (3) Only a person understands that one must endure, work hard and do not what one wants, in order to get what one wants. (4) A person can restrain himself, not eat, not drink, not sleep, only because he knows what is good and should be done and what is bad and should not be done, but his ability to think teaches him this. (5) Some people increase it in themselves, others do not. (6)…
1) she will die (sentence 2)
2) what you want (sentence 3)
3) what is good and should do (sentence 4)
4) teaches ability (sentence 4)
This is an advanced task.
Option number 1 incorrect, since not all predicates are indicated by the authors. The proposal has a rather difficult structure for analysis. It is complex with a subordinate clause that is wedged between two homogeneous predicates. Therefore, you may not notice that the basis she will die must also include the predicate won't think of stepping back and pulling.
Option number 2 is also excluded. Verb I want to is impersonal and cannot have a subject.
Option number 3 similar to the previous one. This offer is also impersonal. Word must in dictionaries it is defined as a category of state, which is used in sentences without a subject.
True is Option 4.
Presentation on theme: "The grammatical basis of a sentence. Subject and predicate".
slide 1
The grammatical basis of the sentence. Subject and predicate.
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SUBJECT
slide 3
Subject - main member suggestions. Answers the questions who? what? In the nominative case. Associated with the predicate.
slide 4
The subject denotes the producer of the action or the carrier of the attribute called the predicate.
- The Queen gave Snow White a poisoned apple.
- Snow White was the most beautiful princess in the world.
slide 5
The subject names the object on which the action is performed (the meaning of the passive voice).
- The dwarf house was cleaned by Snow White in just three hours.
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1. noun:
- The Queen has long been considered one of the most beautiful women in your kingdom.
The subject can be expressed
2. pronoun:
- She had no idea that the growing princess Snow White could become more beautiful.
- « Who can know for sure?" - the mirror evaded the answer.
Slide 8
The subject can be expressed
3. a word in the meaning of a noun:
- The sick recovered faster if they were cared for by Snow White.
- Those invited to the palace didn't know how to react to the queen's words.
- This is Tomorrow seemed to the queen the main day of her life.
- This was the most terrible sorcery of all that the queen resorted to.
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Distinguish!
Slide 10
The subject can be expressed
4. the pronoun which in the attributive clause:
- The apple that was given to Snow White turned out to be poisoned.
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Distinguish!
"Which" is the subject in Im. n. You can substitute the word to which it refers.
- The main difference between the little mermaid will be a long tail instead of legs, which does not allow walking on the ground, but helps to swim quickly.
Minor member in oblique cases (often with prepositions):
- Deep under water is a palace in which the sea king himself and his daughters live.
slide 12
The subject can be expressed
5. cardinal number:
« Eight is more than five, ”concluded the smart Dobryak.
slide 13
The subject can be expressed
6. Infinitive:
- « Washing is just a waste of time!” - said the gnomes.
Slide 14
The subject can be expressed
7. phrase or phraseological unit:
- All seven gnomes engaged in the extraction of precious stones.
- About three hundred princes Wooed Snow White's hand.
- He has golden hands.
slide 15
Attention!
Check subject-verb agreement.
- Tikhonya with Grumpy one hundred whether close friends of Snow White.
- The king on important matters of state with the queen never no advice als .
slide 16
Distinguish the subject from the direct object.
Addition:
- The ships were built in the last century.
- The houses, located on the edge of the edge, were painted in all the colors of the rainbow.
Subject:
- The ships were built in the last century.
- The houses were painted in all the colors of the rainbow.
Slide 17
- 1. One of the saddest stories Andersen is "The Little Match Girl".
Slide 18
Highlight the subjects in the sentences.
- 2. Most children Andersen's fairy tales are read in our country from early childhood.
Slide 19
Highlight the subjects in the sentences.
- 3. Mashenka received as a birthday present a beautiful thick book in which many fairy tales Andersen.
Slide 20
Highlight the subjects in the sentences.
- 4. Reading fairy tales and pretending to be a princess is the favorite pastime of little girls.
slide 21
Highlight the subjects in the sentences.
- 5. Copenhagen Little Mermaid- this is the only monument in the world that is dedicated to the heroine of the fairy tale.
slide 22
Highlight the subjects in the sentences.
- 6. It's nice that so many children in the world still love fairy tales.
slide 23
Highlight the subjects in the sentences.
- 7. About three hundred distinguished guests attended the opening of Andersen's monument.
slide 24
Highlight the subjects in the sentences.
- 8. A man who loved children so much simply could not write bad fairy tales.
Slide 25
Highlight the subjects in the sentences.
- 9. picture book famous artists was the most pleasant gift.
slide 26
Highlight the subjects in the sentences.
- 10. Snow White with the Seven Dwarfs became the most popular cartoon characters in America.
Slide 27
Highlight the subjects in the sentences.
- 11. The reader always enjoys not only the content, but also the appearance of the book.
Slide 28
Highlight the subjects in the sentences.
- 12. "How good it is to be able to read!" - say all the kids after they read their first book in their lives.
Slide 29
Highlight the subjects in the sentences.
- 13. Anyone who, while reading fairy tales, can imagine himself as a child, will never grow old.
slide 30
Highlight the subjects in the sentences.
- 14. something mysterious happens to tourists at the sight of the house, which became the birthplace for all of Andersen's most famous fairy tales.
Slide 31
Highlight the subjects in the sentences.
- 15. From 300,000 to a million editions Andersen's fairy tales are published annually by various world publishing houses.
slide 32
PREDICATE
Slide 33
The predicate is the main member of the sentence. Answers the questions what does the subject do? what is the subject? what is he?
slide 34
The predicate denotes the action or attribute of the object named by the subject.
- The Queen wanted to kill Snow White.
- poisoned apple was the most beautiful.
Slide 35
Predicate types:
- - simple verb
- - compound verb
- - compound nominal
slide 36
A simple verbal predicate is expressed by the forms of the verb in some mood.
- Gnomes work from morning to evening.
- Birds will sing about spring and happiness.
- Let Grumpy wash all the dishes.
- Snow White would go back to the dwarfs' house.
Slide 37
A simple verbal predicate is expressed by a phraseological phrase.
- The grumbler went berserk. He beats the bucket all day long.
Slide 38
Compound verb predicate = Auxiliary + Infinitive
Slide 39
An auxiliary verb is expressed by verbs that cannot be used in a sentence on their own.
- On the same day, the queen began to prepare a new witchcraft potion.
- The queen thought to solve all her problems only with the help of witchcraft.
- The Queen is used to talking to her mirror before going to bed.
Slide 40
Compound verb predicate:
An auxiliary element is expressed by short adjectives that do not have a full form (glad, ready, obligated, must, intend, able).
- The queen was willing to wait a week for the poison to fully absorb into the apple.
- “We are happy to help the princess!” - answered the gnomes.
Slide 41
Remember!
Glad , ready , must , should , intends , able ...
Not verbs, but short adjectives!
Slide 42
Distinguish!
The infinitive is part of the predicate:
- The king did not like to argue with his new wife.
- The prince could not forget Snow White.
Infinitive - object or circumstance:
- Snow White advised the dwarves to wash their faces more often.
- smart ass left to study.
slide 43
Compound nominal predicate = linking verb + Nominal part
Slide 44
Compound nominal predicate:
The linking verb is expressed by the verb be , there is (absent in present tense!)
- Snow White was an ordinary girl.
- "She is will be beautiful! - told her father around.
- She is a beauty.
Slide 45
Distinguish!
linking verb be not used in the present tense (only in a compound nominal predicate).
- The day was sunny.
- Sunny day.
Verb be in meaning to be, to be, to visit, to exist(only in a simple verb predicate).
- The little mermaid had a voice.
- This is were sea treasures.
Slide 46
Compound nominal predicate:
The linking verb is expressed by semi-significant verbs (show up, seem, become and etc.).
- Queen seemed like a witch.
Slide 47
Compound nominal predicate:
The linking verb is expressed by verbs, the meaning of which in the predicate is weakened.
- The gnomes returned home tired.(Compare: They returned home around midnight.)
- The king's first wife had been ill for a month.(Compare: She lay in bed.)
- The princess was born happy.(Compare: The princess was born around Christmas.)
Slide 48
Compound nominal predicate:
The nominal part is expressed by the noun in Im. or TV. cases.
- The queen looked like a witch.(noun in tv.p.)
- In fact, the queen was a real witch.(noun in tv.p.)
- Snow White is such a sweetheart!
Slide 49
Compound nominal predicate:
The nominal part is expressed by the name of the adjective, numeral, pronoun, participle.
- The road from the forest edge to the dwarfs' house was long.
- Tikhonya has always been the seventh.
- "This house is ours!" - said the Grump.
Slide 50
Compound nominal predicate:
The nominal part is expressed by a short adjective or a short participle!
- Grumpy's suggestion that Snow White be kicked out of the house was stupid and inexplicable.(Kr. append.)
- Ariel and her sisters are very friendly.(Kr. append.)
- The apple was poisoned.(Kr. participle.)
Slide 51
Compound nominal predicate:
The nominal part is expressed by the adjective in a comparative degree!
- The desire to have legs turned out to be stronger.
- This forest was the most dangerous in the kingdom.
- The good-natured man was the least contentious in the dwarf squad.
Slide 52
Name the predicate.
- 1. Many people in Denmark would like to take part in Andersen's anniversary celebrations.
Slide 53
Name the predicate.
- 2. The publisher offered him to translate the fairy tale "The Little Mermaid" into the language of the Mumbo Yumbo tribe in order to familiarize the latter with European culture.
Slide 54
Name the predicate.
- 3. Tourists come to this area of Copenhagen take a picture against the backdrop of the Little Mermaid.
Slide 55
Name the predicate.
- 4. “I’m going to read the next chapter from The Snow Queen to Vanechka at night,” the hostess apologized to the guests.
Slide 56
Name the predicate.
- 5. The artist was obliged to make illustrations for " snow queen» by Saturday, but he was not able come up with new solutions.
Slide 57
Name the predicate.
- 6. I I love books that have a lot of pictures.
Slide 58
Name the predicate.
- 7. Inhabitants of Denmark allowed to come to celebrate the anniversary of the great storyteller, even to representatives of those countries that did not have diplomatic relations with the kingdom.
Slide 59
Name the predicate.
- 8. "You let me show You an expensive gift edition of fairy tales, which is a must must like Your children? - came to the rescue salesman.
Slide 60
Name the predicate.
- 9. Humanity for a long time will puzzle over why writing fairy tales for Andersen meant to create philosophical works, not stories for children.
Slide 61
Name the predicate.
- 10. Andersen wanted fame and recognition in the world, but not as a children's writer.
Slide 62
- Technology has made every state as a whole and humanity as a whole powerful.(Technology has made powerful.)
Slide 63
Write down the grammatical basis of the first part of the complex sentence.
- And they also say that he took not only living money for a stay, but did not disdain either oats or a pectoral cross.(They say.)
Slide 64
Write down the grammatical basis of the sentence.
- And there were not even individual signs of the coming scientific and technological revolution, or at least an information boom, on the horizon.(Did not have.)
Slide 65
Write down the grammatical basis of the sentence.
- This "device" can be called the voice of God within us.(You can name.)
Slide 66
Write down the grammatical basis of the sentence.
- His selflessness was unparalleled.(The selflessness was unparalleled.)
Slide 67
Write down the grammatical basis of the sentence.
- No one else has such big black eyes.(Not.)
Slide 68
TASK A 9
Slide 69
Question options:
- What words are the grammatical basis in a sentence or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?
- Which combination is not the grammatical basis of the given sentence?
- Which of the words is the subject (predicate) of one of the sentences?
Slide 70
Which word(s) is/are not a predicate in one of the sentences of the text?
(2) The body temperature of these "ships of the desert" can rise up to forty degrees quite painlessly. (3) Only then does the camel begin to sweat. (4) But his water is not excreted from the blood, as in other animals, but from the cells and intercellular space. (6) The camel has another protective device - thick and dense fur, which protects it from overheating and prevents moisture from evaporating from the surface of the skin.
- maybe (sentence 2)
- starts to sweat (sentence 3)
- stands out (sentence 4)
- yes (sentence 6)
Answer: (1).
Slide 71
What words are the grammatical basis in one of the parts of the fifth sentence?
(5) It turned out that if you stretch the skin over a hollow wooden or clay object, the sound will become more booming and stronger.
- the sound becomes loud
- the sound will become
- the sound will become louder and stronger
- the sound will be loud and strong
Answer: (3).
Slide 72
Algorithm:
- Eliminate answer options with sentence members that have the meaning of time, place, conditions.
- Was and seemed most often they are part of a compound nominal predicate (look next to Tv. p.).
- Simple form of the comparative degree of the adjective, short adjectives and participles - always predicated!
- Remember about one-part sentences and homogeneous members!
Slide 73
What words are the grammatical basis in one of the parts of the second sentence of the text?
(2) According to researchers, modern Ararat is not the place that is mentioned in the Bible.
- modern Ararat
- which is mentioned
- mentioned in the bible
- Ararat is mentioned
Answer: (2).
Slide 74
What words are the grammatical basis in the eighth sentence of the text?
(8) But no one called the great Armenian mountain Masis with this word.
- Masis did not name
- did not name the mountain
- nobody called
- no one called it
Answer: (3).
Slide 75
What is the subject word in the ninth sentence?
(9) It received the name "Ararat" no earlier than the XII-XIII centuries, at the same time it began to be associated with the biblical Flood and Noah's ark.
- "Ararat"
Answer: (3).
Slide 76
Which sentence has a compound verb predicate?
(1) Each artistic text represents this or that information, which always pursues certain practical goals. (3) The strength of this influence depends on the degree of artistry of the work, its figurative and expressive texture. (4) It can excite us, take, as they say, by the soul and leave us indifferent, do not touch, like or dislike, be in spirit our own and close or alien and distant. (5) And all this is only on condition that we understand it.
- offer 1
- sentence 3
- sentence 4
- sentence 5
Answer: (3).
Slide 77
What words are the grammatical basis in sentence 5?
(5) ...the final answer to these questions has not yet been received.
- no response received
- questions not answered
- not received
- never received
Answer: (3).
Slide 78
What words are the grammatical basis in sentence 6?
(6) These slow changes change the parameters of the Earth's orbit itself and affect the planet's climate.
- changes change and render
- changes change
- changes change and affect
- these changes change and have
Answer: (1).
Slide 79
What combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of the complex sentence of the text?
(2) In 1894, he assembled a radio receiver that responded to electromagnetic waves produced by lightning discharges (the so-called lightning detector). (4) In January 1900, Popov's radio station was used to rescue the battleship General-Admiral Apraksin, which had landed on rocks. (5) The icebreaker "Ermak", which participated in the removal of the battleship from the stones, was sent a radio message stating that on January 24 an ice floe with fishermen was torn off the coast, and the icebreaker removed the fishermen from the ice floe.
- radiogram sent (sentence 5)
- assembled a radio receiver (sentence 2)
- tore off an ice floe (sentence 5)
- the radio station was used (sentence 4)
Answer: (4).
Slide 80
What words are the grammatical basis in the second (2) sentence of the text?
(2) All other information (sounds, images) for processing on a computer must be converted into numerical form.
- processing information
- information should
- information needs to be converted
- information converted
Answer: (3).
Slide 81
CHECK YOURSELF
Slide 82
1. What word or combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences of the text?
(2) However, not all of these passages should be included in the abstract. (3) They should be selected according to the topic of the abstract and grouped around several large subtopics that develop it. (5) Semantic folding, or compression, is understood as an operation that leads to a reduction in the text without losing important, relevant information. (6) ... compression, which provides for the exclusion of redundant, secondary information from the text, is one of the leading methods when writing an abstract.
- understood (sentence 5)
- fragments must go in (sentence 2)
- they should be selected (and) grouped (sentence 3)
- the exception is (sentence 6)
Answer: (2).
Slide 83
2. Which words ARE NOT a grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?
(1) In 332 - 331 years. BC e. Alexander the Great founded Alexandria, the capital of Hellenistic Egypt. (2) Here is the famous Musseion of Alexandria, one of the main scientific and cultural centers ancient world, and with him the no less famous Alexandrian Library, in which there were almost 700 thousand volumes of Greek and Oriental books. (4) Many remarkable buildings were erected in Alexandria. (5) The lighthouse of Alexandria on the rocky island of Foros, near the Nile Delta, also belongs to them.
- Alexander the Great founded (proposition 1)
- Alexandria Musseion one of the main centers (proposal 2)
- was erected (sentence 4)
- belongs to the lighthouse of Alexandria (proposal 5)
Answer: (3).
Slide 84
3. What word or combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?
(1) The legend of Atlantis, a mysterious state that was swallowed up by the sea, may turn out to be more than just a myth. (3) The ancient Minoans were skilled architects, shipbuilders, their achievements left their mark on the culture and life of many ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean, including the Egyptian one. (4) Experienced shipbuilders, they traded with many Mediterranean cities, and it is no coincidence that they are called "people from the sea" in Egyptian papyri. (6) Now scientists have found new evidence that the cause of the death of the Minoan culture was the raging water element.
- which absorbed (sentence 1)
- called (sentence 4)
- the element has become (sentence 6)
- the Minoans were skilled architects, shipbuilders (sentence 3)
Answer: (2).
Slide 85
4. Which words ARE NOT a grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?
(2) The death of the highly organized Cretan civilization almost 3.5 thousand years ago remained a mystery for a long time. (4) Experienced shipbuilders, they traded with many Mediterranean cities, and it is no coincidence that they are called "people from the sea" in Egyptian papyri. (7) Minoan building material and earthenware mixed with rounded pebbles, as well as shells and other representatives of microscopic marine fauna, were found on the coast of Crete. (8) Scientists are sure that only a tsunami could create such a mixture.
- found material and utensils (sentence 7)
- could have created a tsunami (sentence 8)
- death remained a mystery (sentence 2)
- they traded (sentence 4)
Answer: (1).
Slide 86
5. What word or combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?
(2) His flight was accompanied by sound and light effects and ended with a powerful explosion equal in strength to two thousand explosions atomic bomb in Hiroshima. (4) Pundits all over the world have been puzzling over the phenomenon of the Tunguska meteorite for a long time. (5) But it is still impossible to unequivocally say what happened in the Siberian taiga almost a hundred years ago. (6) Krasnoyarsk researchers published another version of the clue.
- the flight was accompanied (sentence 2)
- men break (sentence 4)
- can't say (sentence 5)
- version made public (sentence 6)
Answer: (3).
Slide 87
6. What words are the grammatical basis in the second (2) sentence of the text?
(2) His flight was accompanied by sound and light effects and ended with a powerful explosion equal in strength to two thousand explosions of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima.
- the flight was accompanied
- flight ended
- the flight was escorted and ended
- the flight was accompanied by effects and ended with an explosion
Answer: (3).
Slide 88
7. What words ARE NOT a grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?
(1) On June 30, 1908, at about 7 o'clock in the morning, a giant bolide flew over the territory of Central Siberia between the Lower Tunguska and Lena rivers. (3) The blast knocked down trees within a radius of 80 km from the Evenk village of Vanavara. (4) Pundits all over the world have been puzzling over the phenomenon of the Tunguska meteorite for a long time. (9) The earth for the comet, which shattered into many pieces of ice, became a kind of hot frying pan.
- pundits break their heads (sentence 4)
- the earth for the comet has become a kind of hot frying pan (sentence 9)
- flying ball-bolide (sentence 1)
- trees were felled (sentence 3)
Answer: (2).
Slide 89
8. What word or combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?
(1) The snow leopard has another common name - the irbis. (3) Back in the 17th century, Russian merchants, fur traders, adopted this name from local Asian hunters, many of whom spoke the Turkic dialect. (4) This word was pronounced by them as "irbiz", which meant "snow cat". (6) The pattern on the head, the manner of holding the tail when the animal is calm, and a number of other anatomical features are related to the big cats of the leopard.
- leopard has (sentence 1)
- adopted the name (sentence 3)
- what did it mean (sentence 4)
- manner of holding (sentence 6)
Answer: (3).
Slide 90
9. Which words ARE NOT a grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?
(4) This word was pronounced by them as "irbiz", which meant "snow cat". (7) But the leopard, like other small cats, can purr; the posture that an animal adopts when eating. (8) Given this similarity to both cats, leopards are sometimes referred to as "medium cats." (9) But in terms of their dimensions, they are in no way inferior to a leopard, a typical representative of the “big ones”.
- called (sentence 8)
- animal accepts (sentence 7)
- it was pronounced (sentence 4)
- they do not yield (sentence 9)
Answer: (3).
Slide 91
10. What word or combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?
(1) Madagascar separated from Africa 120,000,000 years ago and has followed its own evolutionary path ever since. (2) As a result, animals and plants that you will not find anywhere else in the world successfully survive and thrive on this island - the fourth largest in the world. (3) For example, lemurs, which have long since disappeared from Europe and North America.
- Madagascar seceded (proposition 1)
- animals survived (sentence 2)
- lemurs are gone (sentence 3)
- who disappeared (sentence 3)
Answer: (4).
Slide 92
Check answers: 1 - 2; 2 - 3; 3 - 2; 4 - 1; 5 - 3; 6 - 3; 7 - 2; 8 - 3; 9 - 3; 10 - 4.
The grammatical basis of the sentence. The concept of the main members of the proposal
The grammatical basis of a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.
The grammatical basis expresses the grammatical meanings of the sentence. They are connected with the meanings of moods and tense of the verb-predicate.
Troops move to the front.
(The action is actually happening and takes place in the present tense).
Yesterday he came to us.
(The action actually happened, but in the past tense).
Would you talk to your mother, Ivan!
(The action is not realized in reality, but desired by the speaker).
The subject and predicate are called the main members of the sentence, because all the minor members in the sentence directly or indirectly extend them.
We show the dependence of the minor terms on the main ones in the following diagram:
The astonished Varenukha silently handed him an urgent telegram..
The subject as a member of the sentence. Subject forms
The subject is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the questions of the nominative case who? or what?
The subject in Russian can be expressed in different ways, sometimes in "unusual" forms. The following table will help determine the correct subject.
The main ways of expressing the subject.
| Part of speech in subject position | |
| Noun in and. P. | Language reflects the soul of a people. |
| Pronoun in i. P. | He left. Who was there? It is right. This is my brother (when asked: who is this?) The house, which was barely standing, belonged to a forester. (Here pay attention to the subject in subordinate clause.) The sparks that flew from the fire seemed white. (Here, pay attention to the subject in the subordinate clause.) Someone has come. Everyone fell asleep. |
| Infinitive | Being honest is only half the battle. To understand means to sympathize. Smoking is injurious to health. |
| A combination of words (one of which is in I. p.) | We used to go there often. Two clouds float across the sky. |
| Combination of words without and. P. | It's been about an hour. |
Predicate as a member of a sentence. Predicate types
The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject of a special connection and has a meaning expressed in questions, what does the subject of speech do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he? and etc.
The predicate in Russian is simple and compound. A simple (simple verbal) predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.
Compound predicates are expressed in several words, one of them serves to connect with the subject, while the semantic load falls on the others. In other words, in compound predicates, lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
(Verb was colonel
(Verb started serves to connect with the subject, on the word work the semantic load of the predicate falls.)
Among compound predicates, there are compound verbal and compound nominal predicates.
Learn more about predicate types. Simple verb predicate
A simple verbal predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.
It can be expressed in the following forms of the verb:
| The present and past tenses of the verb. |
|
| The future tense of the verb. | |
| Forms of the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. |
We emphasize that in the case of you will be expected tomorrow, the simple verb predicate is expressed by the compound form of the future tense of the verb wait.
Compound verb predicate
A compound verbal predicate consists of two components - an auxiliary verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and an indefinite form of the verb that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.
(Here it began - this is an auxiliary verb, and gnaw is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)
(Here I don’t want to - this is an auxiliary verb, and to offend is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)
The role of an auxiliary verb can be a combination of some short adjectives (should, glad, ready, obliged, etc.) and a linking service verb to be in the form of one of the moods (in the present tense, this link is omitted).
(here the linkage will be omitted).
So, let's imagine the structure of the compound verbal predicate by the formula:
| CONST. VERB SKAZ. = AUX. VERB + UNDETERMINATED THE FORM |
Compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal predicate consists of two components: a linking verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.
(Here the connective verb will become, and the nominal part is expressed by the adjective viscous.)
(Here the connective verb will be, and the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by the noun handball player.)
Let's represent the structure of the compound nominal predicate by the formula:
| CONST. NAME. SKAZ. = LINK. VERB + NOMINAL PART |
The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is expressed by the following parts of speech: noun, adjective (full and short, different forms of degrees of comparison), participle (full and short), numeral, pronoun, adverb, word of the category of state, verb in indefinite form.
In Russian, at least four main types of one-component sentences can be distinguished.
The main types of two-part sentences
| Expression form of subject and predicate | Examples |
| The subject is expressed by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by a certain form of the verb. | |
| The subject is expressed by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by a noun in the nominative case. In the past and future tense, a linking verb appears and the case in the predicate changes to instrumental. | |
| The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate is also expressed by the indefinite form of the verb. Between the subject and the predicate, particles are possible, which means. | |
| The subject is expressed by an indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate is expressed by an adverb. | |
| The subject is expressed by an indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate is expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a phrase based on it. In the past and future tense, a linking verb appears and the case in the predicate changes to instrumental. | |
| The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by an indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it. A linking verb appears in the past and future tenses. | |
| The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by an adjective or participle (full or short) in the nominative case. In the past and future tense, a linking verb appears in the predicate. |
Knowing the main types of two-part sentences, it is easier to find grammatical foundations in them.
The main types of one-part sentences
| Typical form and meaning | ||
| Nominative (naming) sentences | These are sentences where the main member is expressed by a noun or a noun pronoun in the nominative case. This main member is considered the subject and indicate that there is no predicate in the nominative sentence. Nominative sentences usually report that some phenomenon or object exists (has) in the present. | Big square in the town. Here is the bench. |
| Definitely personal suggestions | The predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of 1 or 2 persons. The ending of the verb in these cases clearly indicates the person and number of the pronoun (I, we, you, you). There is no need to use these pronouns as the subject. | |
| Indefinitely personal sentences | The predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of the 3rd person plural (in the present and future tense) or in the plural form (in the past tense). In such sentences, the action itself is important, and the actor is either unknown or not important to the speaker, so the subject is absent in them. |
|
| impersonal proposals | These are sentences in which there is not and cannot be a subject, since they denote actions and states that are thought to occur “by themselves”, without the participation of an active agent. In form, these sentences are divided into two types: with a verbal predicate and with a predicate - the word of the state category. The verbal predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of the 3rd person singular (in the present and future tense) or in the form of the neuter singular (in the past tense). This role is usually played by impersonal verbs or verbs in impersonal use. The verb predicate can also be expressed in the indefinite form of the verb. | In order not to freeze she is captured jacket. |
| In addition, the predicate in an impersonal sentence can be the word no. |
The owners are not at home. |
Secondary members of the sentence: definition, addition, circumstance
All members of the sentence, except for the main ones, are called secondary.
Secondary members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis, but spread (explain) it. They can explain other secondary terms as well.
Let's demonstrate this with a diagram:
According to their meaning and role in the sentence, secondary members are divided into definition, addition and circumstance. These syntactic roles are identified by questions.
Valued (to what extent?) high- circumstance.
appreciated (what?) canvases- addition.
Canvases (whose?) his- definition.
Complement as a member of the proposal. Types of add-ons
The addition is a minor member of the sentence that answers the questions of indirect cases (i.e. all except the nominative) and designates the subject. The complement usually spreads the predicate, although it can also spread other members of the sentence.
I enjoy reading (what?) magazines. (Here the addition of the logs extends the predicate.)
Reading (what?) magazines is an exciting activity. (Here, the addition of logs propagates the subject.)
Supplements are most often expressed by nouns (or words in the function of nouns) and pronouns, but can also be represented by an indefinite form of the verb and phrases that are integral in meaning.
He shaved in the campaign (with what?) With a bayonet. (Here, the addition of a bayonet is expressed by a noun.)
This is understandable only to connoisseurs of (what?) Beauty. (Here the complement of the beautiful is expressed by the adjective as a noun.)
And I will ask you (about what?) to stay. (Here the object to remain is expressed in the indefinite form of the verb.)
He read (what?) many books. (Here, the addition of many books is expressed by a combination that is integral in meaning.)
Additions are either direct or indirect.
Direct objects are transitive verbs and denote the subject to which the action is directly directed. Direct objects are expressed in the accusative case without a preposition.
I don’t know when I will see my relatives now (v. p.).
These furnaces used to melt steel (vp).
All other additions are called indirect.
Play the piano (p. p.).
I put the bread on the table (c.p. with a preposition).
I was forbidden to worry (expressed in the indefinite form of the verb).
Offer- this is the minimum unit of speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or one word), which has semantic and intonational completeness. The proposal consists of main and secondary members. The main members form the grammatical basis of the sentence, which may include two main members (subject and predicate), and one (subject or predicate):
The wind blows from the sea. It's blowing from the sea. Wind . The sea is windy.
The subject and predicate occupy the main syntactic positions in a two-part sentence, they express a minimum of information. For example, a proposal Wet blew from the sea cold wind can be minimized The wind was blowing where the basic structure and meaning are preserved.
SUBJECT
Subject- this is the main member of the sentence, which denotes an object, including an abstract one, a phenomenon, action, sign or state of which is characterized by a predicate. The subject can mean:
1) face: Someone knocked on the door.
2) an object (including an animate one): The mountain ash turned red, the water turned blue.
3) phenomenon: Dawn scatters red stripes across the snow.
4) abstract concept: From infancy, the spirit of competition boiled in us.
5) condition: But the back waves of stubborn anger broke through the snow..
6) quality, property: Through every heart, through every network, my self-will will break through.
7) an action that is the center of the speaker's thought and can be replaced by a noun formed from a verb: Arguing is his hobby(=dispute).
Ways of expressing the subject
The subject can be:
1) a noun in the form im. case (with concrete, real or abstract meaning): The mountain ash lit up with a red brush. The room was filled with the scent of roses.
2) pronouns-nouns:
a) personal: I hear your voice again.
b) indefinite: Someone has done it before us.
c) negative: No one will notice me at night.
d) pronouns of other categories in the meaning of a noun: It happened at the end of October, during the autumn holidays, and ended on the first day of classes. Everyone is coming to our birthday party.
3) any part of speech that can be used in the meaning of a noun (substantiated):
a) adjective: The stranger threw the letter into the box and disappeared into the darkness.
b) participle: The dancers constantly pushed each other.
c) numeral: quantitative - twenty divided by four; collective - Only once three people escaped from the residential area in a car and grabbed a suitcase of bread; ordinal - One walks, the other drives, the third sings a song;
d) invariable parts of speech (conjunctions, particles, adverbs, interjections): Only oohs and aahs were heard around;
4) infinitive: To produce an effect is their delight.
II. Collocation:
1) an expression with a quantitative meaning: a numeral, a pronoun or a noun with the meaning of quantity, group, totality in combination with a noun in the form of the genitive case, including: a combination of a collective noun (majority, minority, multitude ..) with a noun in the form of gender. case:
A lot of different herbs, berry, flowering, rose from below to this huge old stump.
2) an expression with a selective meaning: a numeral, a pronoun, an adjective in combination with a noun (or parts of speech that replace it) in the form of the genitive plural with the preposition FROM:
One of the glasses fell off the tray and broke.
3) an expression with a collective meaning: a noun or pronoun in combination with the instrumental form of the noun or pronoun and the preposition С:
4) combinations expressing an approximate amount using words about, above, more, less: etc., is the lack of a form of them. case: More than fifty kilometers was still ahead.
5) inseparable combinations and compound terms: geographical names - Cape of Good Hope, St. Lawrence Bay; names of institutions, organizations, enterprises - International Monetary Fund, Nizhny Novgorod Drama Theater; titles historical eras and events: Ancient Greece, Great Depression, French Revolution; names of significant dates, holidays: Victory Day, New Year ; stable combinations of terminological character: obtuse angle Ohm's law; winged expressions like: Damocles sword, Achilles' heel, Ared's eyelids;
6) combination indefinite pronoun and explaining his words: someone motionless, black someone counts people in silence;
7) descriptive turns: Man with imagination I would definitely compare the autumn mountain ash with fire. The grains of your eyes crumbled, wilted ..
8) an expression with a temporary value, which includes the words BEGINNING, MIDDLE, END:
The end of the year was busy.
PREDICATE
Predicate is the main member of the sentence, defining the subject. The predicate characterizes the subject of speech in terms of time and in relation to the person speaking. In fact, the predicate is what is said about the subject: what does the subject do? what is done with it? who is (what is) the subject of speech? who is the subject? what is the subject? The predicate, acting as a determinant in relation to the subject, can mean:
1) action: Again the birds fly from afar to the shores breaking the ice.
2) condition: On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night..
3) the property to perform or not to perform an action: The road does not dust, the sheets do not tremble.
4) quality: Under it, a stream of lighter azure ..
5) Quantity: So nine eight is seventy two, right?
6) accessory: The sun is mine.
7) generic concept: Skvorenushka is a small forest river.
Classification of predicates
Simple verbal predicate (PGS)
A simple verbal predicate is a predicate expressed verb of any mood , time and face: Drowned (ex. incl., pr. vr.) village in potholes; Give (command. inkl.), Jim, for good luck paw to me ..; I would write (conditional infl.) eight lines on the properties of passion; But, doomed to persecution, I will still sing for a long time
You should pay attention to the last example: in it the predicate is expressed complex future tense (cf.: I will draw(non-native view) - draw(owl view)). The form of the future tense of imperfective verbs is formed with the help of an auxiliary word be used in the correct person and number. It is this component that expresses the grammatical meanings of the predicate, and its meaning is conveyed by the infinitive. Such a predicate refers to a simple verb:
I will (you will, will be) + infinitive = ASG
As part of a simple verbal predicate, there can be various particles that are usually used in a colloquial style: Let him see, let him cry. And let the birds cry with a ring.
A simple verbal predicate can be expressed infinitive, verbal interjection : And the queen laugh, and shrug her shoulders; Monkey in the mirror, seeing his image, quietly Bear's foot ...
Simple complicated verbal predicates also include phraseological verb combinations , which have a single meaning of the action and which act as one member of the sentence - the predicate: play for time, get into the soul, lose your temper, bend your back, hurt your soul, soar in the clouds ..
Compound Verbal Predicate (CGS)
Compound verbal predicates include predicates expressed auxiliary verb (or elements that replace the verb), standing in conjugated form, and infinitive .
Auxiliary verb + infinitive = cgs
An auxiliary verb can be:
a) phase verbs, i.e. denoting the beginning, continuation or end of an action: begin, begin, become, be accepted, continue, end, stop, quit: began to read, continued to sing;
b) modal verbs denoting intention, will, ability, predisposition, desire: want, wish, be able, be able, intend, contrive, unlearn, be able, prepare, dream, hope;
c) verbs expressing an emotional state: to be afraid, to be afraid, to be ashamed, to be shy, to dare, to beware, to decide, to love, to hate, to get used to: afraid to ask, dared to go in, love to run;
d) some impersonal verbs: follows, stands, requires, etc.: worth noticing, should be considered;
e) short names adjectives that do not have a full form or have it, but with a different meaning: glad, much, intends, must, able, free: free to choose, able to learn, happy to help;
f) nouns: master, craftswoman, hunter, hunter, lover, lover: a master of storytelling, a lover of dancing;
g) status words can, can't, must: you can admit, you need to think;
h) phraseological combinations: to have the honor, to make a promise, to burn with impatience: burn with the desire to hear, have the intention to rest.
Compound nominal predicate (CIS)
A compound nominal predicate consists of verb copula in a personal form expressing grammatical meaning, and nominal part : her husband was young, handsome, kind, honest and adored his wife. If the predicate has the meaning of the present tense, the link there is may be absent (compound nominal predicate with a zero link): In the evenings, the warm air over the restaurants is wild and muffled.
Verb link + nominal part = SIS
Cast linking verbs may perform:
a) verb be in various forms of tense and mood — abstract copula (devoid of material content): A poet has a kunak for a poet; in the present tense form, this connective is represented by the form there is (A noun is a part of speech that..) or formally absent: He is the director. In the latter case, the formal absence of a link, or zero link , is an indicator of the present time;
b) a verb with a weakened lexical meaning - semi-abstract, or semi-significant, copula (transmits grammatical meanings and partially contributes to the predicate and lexical meaning, but cannot be an independent predicate, since it never expresses meaning without a nominal part, since it is impossible, for example, to say He brings me or She looks): to become, to be made, to become, to appear, to be considered, to remain, to appear, to seem, to be called, to be called, to be known, to be considered: Her sister's name was Tatyana… Onegin lived as an anchorite.;
c) a verb that fully retains its lexical meaning, denoting a state, movement, etc., which in other sentences can be an independent predicate, but in this one they do not convey the essence of the author's intention about the subject, and therefore cannot be considered an independent predicate without a nominal parts - significant, or real, bunch — go, run, wander, sit, return, stand, lie down, work, be born, live: Ferryman's hut stood abandoned, uninhabited.
The nominal part of the predicate can be all nominal and some other parts of speech:
1) a noun in the forms of the nominative or instrumental cases: Oh, if you only understood that your son is the best poet in Russia!
2) adjective in full and short forms, in forms of different degrees: How often I wandered along your shores quiet and foggy; This street is familiar to me, and this low house is familiar;
3) participle (short and full, passive and real): Only one strip is not compressed ....;
4) pronoun: The sun is mine;
5) numeral or quantitative-nominal combination: My favorite number is nine; The depth there is three meters;
6) adverbs: After all, I'm somewhat akin to her;
7) interjections: Your comments fie me! ;
8) an indecomposable phrase: Fables forever remained for me stumbling block.
In the center of the word connections of each sentence are words that create a grammatical basis (predicative), in fact, this is the main distinguishing feature of the sentence as a syntactic unit. That is, the grammatical basis is the organizing center, a kind of frame, skeleton, or the so-called main members of the sentence - the predicate and the subject. They are not called the main ones in vain, since they are grammatically independent of other members, occupy a dominant position in the sentence. The predicate and the subject mutually presuppose each other. Thus, the subject names the subject of speech. And the subject of speech affirms, denies, characterizes by action, sign, time, reality, etc.
Usually the main members of the proposal are an obligatory part of it. Some of them are enough for the sentence to be a formalized unit grammatically and in meaning. Often there are sentences where there is only a grammatical basis. Examples: The sun shines. Children are playing. Such proposals are called non-common, because. do not have secondary members of the sentence. If the proposal also includes other members of the proposal (secondary), then such a proposal is called common, for example: On the street children play.
In addition, the grammatical basis of a sentence can consist of both a subject and a predicate (two-part sentences), or only one of the main members, for example: Our children- our joy (two-part). Autumn. I love autumn(one-piece).
Also, depending on the number of grammatical bases, sentences are classified as simple and complex. If a sentence has one grammatical basis in its composition, then these two or more bases are complex. For example: Go torrential rains (simple sentence). Very soon will fall out snow, and will begin real winter (difficult sentence).
Without fail, it begins with the definition of the grammatical basis. For its correct definition, one should be able to find its components - the subject and the predicate. To do this, you need to know with what parts of speech the grammatical basis can be expressed.
Thus, the subject is expressed:
- Noun: Coming Soon snow.
- Adjective name: New requires a lot of knowledge.
- Communion: Speaking often wrong.
- Infinitive: Live means to feel.
- (interjection, adverb, preposition, particle, union): To us tomorrow enters bright and radiant.
- Collocation: We are with friend went fishing.
The predicate is expressed:
- Verb: Costs good weather.
- Noun: Moscow - capital Russia.
- Adjectives: to me mil poems Russian fever.
- Comparative adjectives: Every day of separation for me longer of the year.
- Adverb: All of us well.
- Communion: Our family involved to science.
- A stable phrase (phraseological unit): My health - no whoa, no no.
Also, pay attention Special attention on the correctness of the definition of a compound nominal predicate, which consists of a linking verb and a nominal part ( He will soon become an astronaut ) and a compound verbal predicate, also consisting of two parts: an auxiliary verb and an infinitive ( You must go to the meeting).
It should be noted that the correct definition of grammatical foundations helps to avoid mistakes in punctuation. Yes, in complex sentence be sure to place punctuation marks denoting the boundaries of the simple sentences that make up their composition. The ability to determine the subject and predicate will help to correctly place it in a simple sentence, if both main members of the sentence are expressed by the same parts of speech, and in some other cases.