On November 26, 1894, one of the main explorers of the Arctic, a pioneer in the study and development of the North Pole, Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin, was born. He lived a fairly long life - 91 years. Papanin passed away on January 30, 1986, exactly 30 years ago. Over the years of his life, Ivan Papanin was awarded many awards, including twice becoming a Hero Soviet Union, he was also awarded nine Orders of Lenin at once. In addition, he had the rank of rear admiral and a doctorate in geography. He became widely known as early as 1937, when he led an expedition to the North Pole. For 274 days, four fearless workers of the SP-1 station drifted on an ice floe and monitored the Earth's magnetic field, as well as the processes that took place in the atmosphere of the Arctic Ocean.
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin was born in Sevastopol. His father was a sailor in the port, so the boy's whole life was near the sea, as a teenager he began to work, having completed only 4 grades of elementary school. Already in 1908, he went to work at the Sevastopol plant for the manufacture of navigation instruments. On this occasion, he later remarks in Chekhov's words: "As a child, I did not have a childhood." In 1912, Papanin, as one of the best employees of the enterprise, was transferred to a shipyard in Reval (today Tallinn), and in 1914 he was called to military service. At the same time, Ivan Papanin ended up in the Crimea again, as he was sent to serve in the Black Sea Fleet. In 1918-1920 he took part in the Civil War in Ukraine and Crimea (organization of insurgent detachments and sabotage). Since 1920, he was the commissar of operational management under the commander of the naval forces and the forces of the Southwestern Front. Since November 1920, he served as the commandant of the Crimean Cheka, worked as an investigator. In 1921 he was transferred to work in Kharkov as a military commandant of the Ukrainian Central Executive Committee, after which from July 1921 to March 1922 he worked as secretary of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Black Sea.
Two years later, a promotion followed, and he was transferred to Moscow, where the young Chekist dealt with postal issues, and later headed the Central Directorate of Paramilitary Guards. His work in Yakutia was also connected with communication, where he supervised the construction of radio stations. While still in the capital, in 1923-1925 he managed to study at the Higher Communications Courses, and it was after their graduation that he went to Yakutia.
The activities of Ivan Papanin in 1932-1935 were also associated with being on the very edge of the earth. In 1932-1933, he was the head of the Tikhaya Bay polar station, which was located on Franz Josef Land, and in 1934-1935 he worked at the station, which was located on Cape Chelyuskin. That is, he had to work in very harsh conditions. However, it was then that Papanin, most likely, finally and irrevocably fell in love with the Arctic.
Later, even more difficult tests awaited Ivan Dmitrievich. In 1937-1938, something happened that made Papanin famous in our country and the world. He headed the world's first drifting station "North Pole". The scientific results, which were obtained in a unique drift, were presented by him to the General Meeting of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR on March 6, 1938 and were highly appreciated by specialists. The work of the drifting station really made it possible to collect a lot of important and new information about the harsh Arctic region. For selfless work in the difficult conditions of the Arctic, all members of this famous expedition were presented with the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. At the same time, Papanin, together with the radio operator of the station, Krenkel, received a doctorate in geographical sciences.
In late 1939 - early 1940, Ivan Papanin successfully organized an expedition to rescue from ice captivity after an 812-day drift of the Georgy Sedov icebreaker. For a successful expedition to rescue the icebreaker, Ivan Dmitrievich was presented for the second time to the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. It is worth noting that from 1939 to 1946 he headed the Main Northern Sea Route. Papanin held the post of head of the Glavsevmorput and the authorized representative of the State Defense Committee for transportation in the North throughout the Second World War. His work as head of the Main Northern Sea Route was also important in the pre-war years, as it allowed solving many problems with the transportation of goods along the NSR. The first years in this high post, he paid great attention to the construction of powerful icebreakers in the country, the development of Arctic navigation. During the war years, he successfully organized the reception and transportation to the front of military cargo that came to the USSR by sea from the USA and Great Britain, for which in 1943 he received the rank of Rear Admiral.
In the post-war years, Papanin gradually moved away from practice. He retired in 1949 due to heart disease (he had angina pectoris). At the same time, he did not give up engaging in theoretical scientific activity. From 1949 to 1951 he was deputy director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences for expeditions. Starting from 1951 and until the end of his life, Ivan Dmitrievich Papanov headed the department of marine expeditionary work at the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In parallel with this, since 1965 he was also the director of the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences, located in the village of Borok. He was also chairman of the Moscow branch of the Geographical Society of the Soviet Union.
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin died on January 30, 1986 from chronic heart failure at a rather advanced age - 91 years old. He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery. During his life, he managed to become an honorary citizen of four cities at once - his native Sevastopol, as well as Arkhangelsk, Murmansk and Lipetsk, and even one region - Yaroslavl. A cape located on Taimyr, mountains in Antarctica and pacific ocean, as well as an island in the Sea of Azov. Also, streets in a number of cities of the Soviet Union were named after Papanin.
Interesting Facts biographies
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin is an academician without education. At one time he did not even receive a secondary education, the boy studied at primary school only 4 years old. The plant became a real "school of life" for the famous polar explorer. Only while working in the People's Commissariat of Communications, Papanin graduated from the Higher Communications Courses. At the same time, the lack of education did not prevent him from becoming a doctor of science in 1938; he received this degree for the results achieved as part of the work of the SP-1 station. In the future, he was able to become an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, as well as deputy director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences for expeditions and director of the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Not everyone can achieve such success with proper education. The same can be said about his military rank. Papanin became Rear Admiral in 1943. Prior to that, he was only an ordinary sailor during the First World War and had no special military education.
Polar explorer №1
The work of the first Soviet drifting station "SP-1" (North Pole-1) marked the beginning of a systematic study of the high-latitude regions of the polar basin in the interests of navigation, hydrology and meteorology. The drift of the station, which began on June 6, 1937, lasted 9 months (274 days) and ended on February 16, 1938 in the Greenland Sea. During this time, the ice floe on which the station was located swam 2100 kilometers. The participants of this polar expedition, in incredibly difficult working conditions, managed to collect and systematize unique material about the nature of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean. Leader Ivan Papanin, radio operator Ernst Krenkel, meteorologist and geophysicist Yevgeny Fedotov, and hydrobiologist and oceanographer Pyotr Shirshov took part in this expedition.
Perhaps no event between the two world wars attracted so much public attention as the drift of the "Papanin Four" in the Arctic. Initially, they drifted on a huge ice floe, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich reached several square kilometers. However, by the time the expedition ended, the size of the ice floe no longer exceeded the size of a volleyball court. At that moment, the whole world followed the fate of the Soviet polar explorers, wishing them only one thing - to return from this expedition alive.
"Papanintsy"
The feat of the four "Papanins" was immortalized in the Soviet Union in different ways. So in 1938, a series of postage stamps, which was dedicated to the SP-1 expedition, saw the light of day. In the same year, the book Life on the Ice Floe was published, authored by Papanin himself. In addition, for several years, all Soviet boys played "papanits" and conquered the North Pole, which was reflected in the literature of those years (for example, in Valentin Kataev's "Flower-Semitsvetik", 1940). In 1995, a commemorative coin of 25 rubles was issued in Russia, which was dedicated to the work of the SP-1 expedition.
Based on materials from open sources.
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin belonged to the category of those people who are called nuggets. Russian polar explorer, doctor of geographical sciences, rear admiral, twice Hero of the Soviet Union in 1937-1938 headed the first Soviet drifting station "SP-1" (North Pole), the work on which marked the beginning of a systematic study of the high-latitude regions of the polar basin in the interests of navigation, meteorology and hydrology.
The drift of the station, which began on May 21, 1937, lasted 274 days and ended on February 16, 1938 in the Greenland Sea. During this time, the ice floe covered 2100 kilometers. The members of the expedition, under incredibly difficult conditions, managed to collect unique material about the nature of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean.
Perhaps no event - from World War I to World War II - has attracted as much attention as drift of the "Papanin's Four" in the Arctic. Initially, it was a huge ice floe, reaching several square kilometers, but by the time the Papanin people were removed from it, it had already become the size of a volleyball court. The whole world followed the fate of the polar explorers, wishing only one thing - the salvation of people!
After this feat Ivan Papanin, Ernst Krenkel, Evgeny Fedorov and Pyotr Shirshov were considered national heroes, becoming a symbol of everything Soviet, heroic and progressive.
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin was born in Sevastopol on November 26, 1894 in the family of a sailor. Much later, he will write in his memoirs: “My father, the son of a sailor, learned early on how much a pound is dashing, from childhood he saw only need. He was proud and suffered greatly because he, Dmitry Papanin, who was distinguished by good health - his father lived for ninety-six years - who knew a lot, in fact turned out to be almost the poorest of all.
From the age of 14, Vanya began working at the Sevastopol plant for the manufacture of navigation instruments. On this occasion, he will say in Chekhov's words: “As a child, I didn’t have a childhood.” In 1912, as one of the best workers, he was transferred to the shipyard in the city of Revel (now Tallinn). During the First World War, he served as a sailor in the Black Sea Fleet, and during the Civil War, as part of a special detachment, he was sent to the rear of the Wrangel army to organize a partisan movement in the Crimea. A few years later, he moved to the People's Commissariat of Communications and already in 1931, as a representative of this People's Commissariat, participated in the Arctic expedition of the Malygin icebreaker to Franz Josef Land. A year later, Ivan Papanin himself led a polar expedition in Tikhaya Bay on Franz Josef Land, and then - polar station at Cape Chelyuskin. After the drifting station "North Pole" ("SP-1"), in 1939 - 1946, Papanin served as head of the Main Northern Sea Route. During his first years in this post, he focused on construction of powerful icebreakers, development of Arctic navigation, and in In 1940, he led an expedition to withdraw from ice captivity after an 812-day drift of the Georgy Sedov icebreaker.
During the Great Patriotic War Ivan Dmitrievich served as the authorized representative of the State Defense Committee for transportation in the North, responsible for the operation of the ports of Arkhangelsk and Murmansk.
After the war, Papanin again began to work in the Glavsevmorput, and then created the scientific fleet of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1951, he was appointed head of the Department of Marine Expeditionary Works under the Office of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
From 1948 to 1951 he was deputy director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences for expeditions and at the same time (1952-1972) - director of the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st, 2nd convocations. Doctor of Geography (1938).
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin died January 30, 1986. His name is immortalized three times on a geographical map. The waters of the polar seas are plied by ships named after him. He is an honorary citizen of Sevastopol, his native city, in which one of the streets bears his name ...
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
It is curious that it was Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin who became the prototype of the daring revolutionary sailor Shvandi in the play of his friend, playwright Konstantin Trenev, Love Yarovaya. Moreover, as you can see, the “ice admiral” himself had the makings of an actor: it is no coincidence that the film director Mikhail Chiaureli filmed him in the feature film “The Oath”, where he played himself!
79 years ago, the drift of the world's first polar research station and North Pole-1 began in the Arctic. Four polar explorers - the head of the expedition Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin, hydrobiologist and oceanologist Petr Petrovich Shirshov, astronomer and magnetologist Evgeny Konstantinovich Fedorov, and radio operator Ernst Teodorovich Krenkel spent 274 days on the expedition - from the end of May 1937 to February 19, 1938. During this time, the ice floe with the researchers traveled more than 2000 km from the pole to the coast of Greenland. At the end of the campaign, the famous four polar explorers were accepted into the State Geographical Society (as the Russian Geographical Society was then called) as honorary members.
The main task of the expedition, the organization of which took exactly one year - from the spring of 1936 to the spring of 1937, was to study the meteorological conditions, sea currents and ice in the very center of the Arctic. In addition to the four polar explorers, whose names were known to the whole world during and after the expedition, the expedition was provided by employees of the Northern Sea Route (its chief, the Chelyuskin hero Otto Yulievich Schmidt, was the initiator of SP-1) and polar aviation pilots, including Geroi Soviet Union Mikhail Vodopyanov and Vasily Molokov. Attention to the drift of the SP-1 was universal and worldwide - therefore, it is not surprising that the expedition was carefully controlled by the first persons of the USSR.
The main burden of preparation, however, lay precisely on the four polar explorers. Papanin personally supervised the construction of a polar tent insulated with eider down at the Kauchuk plant, and Krenkel oversaw the assembly of radio stations - the main and reserve ones. Shirshov mastered medicine - it was he who got the additional role of a doctor on the expedition.
The base of the expedition was the northernmost of the Soviet Arctic islands - Rudolf Island, part of the Franz Josef Land archipelago. In the summer of 1936, an expedition camp was built on the island with a capacity of about 60 people, with an airfield, telephone, radio beacon and other necessary elements.
They flew to the pole, guided by the radio beacon of Fr. Rudolf. Arrangement of four polar explorers on a huge ice floe with an area of about 4 square meters. km took about 16 days. On June 6, the planes left the expedition, "North Pole - 1" switched to autonomous drift mode.
Almost immediately after the start of the drift, the SP-1 completed a crucial task - it provided meteorological data for the record transarctic flights of Valery Chkalov and Mikhail Gromov from the USSR to North America.
“Scientific observations in the Central Polar Basin have never been carried out according to such a broad program, with such intensity and the greatest thoroughness,” O. Yu. Schmidt noted in the final article “Expedition to the Pole”.
The glory of the Papanin's four was deafening and instant - after the expedition, all four were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, in March 1938 Papanin, Krenkel, Fedorov and Shirshov were awarded the title of Doctor of Geographical Sciences.
The concept of drifting polar stations in the Arctic was recognized as successful: SP-1 was followed in 1950 by SP-2 under the leadership of Mikhail Mikhailovich Somov, who later founded the first Soviet stations in Antarctica. By the end of the 1950s, the North Pole drifting expeditions had become almost permanent. The longest expedition of the series was the SP-22, which began work in September 1973 and ended on April 8, 1982. From 1991 to 2003, the Arctic drifting stations "North Pole" did not operate, the first station "SP-32" after the break was launched on April 25, 2003.
The mourning date of February 6, 1938 is remembered by many residents of Dolgoprudny and people interested in the history of airship building and aeronautics. On this day, on the Kola Peninsula near Kandalaksha, the airship "USSR V-6" crashed. Thirteen of the nineteen crew members were killed.
The flight of the USSR-B6 on February 5-6, 1938 is remembered not only in Dolgoprudny. Every year on February 6, commemorative rallies are held in Kandalaksha on Aeronauts Street. In the cities of Russia and Ukraine, streets are named after Gudovantsev, Ritsland, Lyanguzov, Gradusov.
Background. Expedition of Ivan Papanin
At the end of May 1937, an expedition of four people - hydrobiologist Pyotr Shirshov, magnetologist-astronomer Yevgeny Fedorov, radio operator Ernst Krenkel led by Ivan Papanin - landed on an ice floe near the North Pole and on June 6, 1937 a solemn meeting was held dedicated to the opening of the world's first Soviet polar drifting station "North Pole-1". It was planned that the station would operate on a drifting ice floe for a year.
Papanin's radiograms were printed in newspapers and broadcast on the radio. The Papanin expedition was another achievement of the Soviet government, so millions of Soviet people followed its work.
In front of the district committee
The map hung. There on the ice
In the morning in a nomadic circle
They stuck a small flag.
The difficulties of life in polar conditions aroused empathy, and reports of success gave rise to pride in their country.
The expedition members made many discoveries in the field of oceanology, geophysics, marine biology, the results of their research were subsequently highly appreciated by specialists. Within nine months, the ice floe, on which the polar explorers' camp was located, sailed more than 2000 kilometers to the south and was carried out into the Greenland Sea.
The size of the ice floe at first was 3 kilometers wide and 5 kilometers long, and 3 meters thick. However, in the winter of 1938, the ice floe began to rapidly decrease in size, crack and collapse. A desperate radiogram was sent by Papanin to the mainland on February 1: “As a result of a six-day storm at 8 am on February 1, the field was torn apart by cracks from half a kilometer to five in the station area. We are on a fragment of a field 300 meters long and 200 meters wide. Two bases were cut off, as well as a technical warehouse ... There was a crack under the living tent. We will move to the snow house. Coordinates will inform additionally today; If the connection is interrupted, please do not worry.
On February 2, a new radiogram arrived: “In the vicinity of the station, fragments of fields continue to break apart no more than 70 meters long. The crack is from 1 to 5 meters, the leads are up to 50. The ice floes move mutually. The ice is nine points to the horizon. It is not possible to land within sight. We live in a silk tent on an ice floe 50 by 30 meters. We put the second antenna mast for the time of communication on another ice floe.
Academician Otto Yulievich Schmidt, head of the Main Northern Sea Route, said that the icebreakers Murman, Taimyr and Yermak would take part in the rescue operation, which begins on February 3.
"USSR V-6". Rescuers and victims
In the 1930s, the Soviet government began the intensive development of the airship fleet. The plans included, among other things, the creation of intercity air cargo and passenger traffic. The first experimental route was to be the Moscow-Novosibirsk route, for the development of which the crew of the airship "USSR-V6" was preparing. The opening of communication between the capital and Siberia was scheduled for the spring of 1938.
By the beginning of February, in the village of Dirigiblestroy - that was the name of Dolgoprudny then - everything was ready for the first flight. Just at that moment, a message was received that Papanin's expedition needed help. In this regard, the dirigibles turned to the Kremlin with a request to conduct a training flight Moscow - Petrozavodsk - Murmansk - Moscow. In the event of satisfactory flight results, the USSR-B6 could be used to evacuate Papanin's expedition from the ice floe.
Such a proposal was logical: it would take icebreakers to get to the drifting station for a long time, and the planes could not land on the ice floe due to a break in the ice. The airship in such a situation seemed to be an ideal vehicle. The Zeppelin doesn't need a landing pad, it could just hover over an ice floe to get people up into the gondola with a winch.
For the rescue operation, the airshipmen assembled a crew of the squadron's most experienced specialists - nineteen people, led by twenty-nine-year-old Knight of the Order of the Red Star Nikolai Gudovantsev. The crew is experienced, but quite young - the average age of the flight participants was about 30 years.
On February 5, 1938, at 19:35, the airship "USSR-B6" took off from the airfield in the working settlement of Dirigiblestroy. On the afternoon of February 6, in difficult weather conditions, the airship flew almost blindly over Petrozavodsk and Kemyu. To orient one had to go down to a height of 300-450 meters. In the afternoon, visibility improved, a tailwind blew, the airship reached a speed of about 100 km per hour. However, after some time, the aircraft again fell into a low cloud cover, visibility deteriorated sharply, it began to get dark, and it began to snow. At first we went at an altitude of 300-350 meters, but then we climbed to 450 meters. The crew flew on 10-page maps compiled according to data from the beginning of the century, on which the high mountains in the Kandalaksha region were not marked. The trajectory of the aircraft in some places passed over the railway tracks. The railroad workers even laid out bonfires along the track to make it easier for airship operators to navigate. But the fires were noticed by the command of the airship too late.
The last radiogram of the airship was received at 18:56 in the area of Zhemchuzhnaya station, 39 kilometers from Kandalaksha.
Suddenly, the navigator Myachkov sharply cried out: "Mountain!" But the airship did not manage to gain altitude and change the trajectory. The ship touched the crowns of trees and crashed into a mountain. The wreckage of the airship fell on the slope of the Neblo Mountain, 18 kilometers west of the White Sea station. The fire started.
The flight engineer K. Novikov, a crew member, recalls: “A few seconds before the crash, Comrade Pochekin heard the voice of the navigator: “Mountain!” This was followed by the first blow. In the aft gondola, I watched the machine from my chair with my back to the bow of the ship. On the first impact, I was thrown out of my chair and hit my head on a water radiator. In the next instant, the second impact threw me chest-first into the engine. The light in the gondola went out. Feeling the need to turn off the engine, he groped for the switch. At that moment, the third blow followed, and my back, and then my head hit the engine. Trying to rest my hands on something hard, I felt pain in my left hand: apparently, I cut it on something sharp. Then came a moment of calm. The gondola stopped shaking. I'm trying to navigate. I'm looking for a door on the left, but I can't find it. The heated lid of the gondola burns the head. I bend over. I see snow and the burning shell of the airship. With my bare hands I lift the burning matter, squeeze through to the waist, then rest with my hands and pull the stuck leg. Finally freed. My hair and clothes are on fire. I burrow into the snow. I can’t get up and decide to roll away from the burning airship.”
Only six crew members escaped from the wreckage. The fourth assistant commander Viktor Pochekin, flight mechanics Alexei Burmakin and Konstantin Novikov were injured (Novikov was seriously injured), and ship engineer Vladimir Ustinovich, flight mechanic Dmitry Matyunin and radio engineer Ariy Vorobyov remained unharmed. Killed - 13 people.
Nord is raging. Yesterday Moscow
Sent an airship. Never mind!
On the radio through the howl of a blizzard
Words barely reach.
Nord is raging. Radiator in the corner
Hoarse, covers the whole world:
He rakes like ashes
Cooled and empty ether.
Where is the airship? Trouble struck...
Nord is raging. Two hundred miles
An explosion was heard. Go there now
An emergency squad has been sent.
K. Simonov "Murmansk Diaries"
Local residents recalled that just before the disaster they heard a strong rumble. Then the noise of the engines subsided abruptly. On the morning of February 7, a group of skiers led by forester Nikitin approached Neblo-mountain, which was located in the 91st quarter of the Prolivsky lumber station. They provided first aid, called in reindeer teams to transport the surviving crew members to the nearest loggers' barracks. Then the airships were sent to the Straits station, from where they were transported by rail to Kandalaksha.
On February 12, 1938, 13 crew members of the USSR-B6 airship were buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. Nikolai Gudovantsev - first commander of the USSR-B6 airship, Ivan Pankov - second commander, Sergey Demin - first assistant commander, Vladimir Lyanguzov - second assistant commander, Taras Kulagin - third assistant commander, Alexei Ritslyand - first navigator, Georgy Myachkov - second navigator , Nikolai Konyashin - senior flight mechanic, Konstantin Shmelkov - first flight mechanic, Mikhail Nikitin - flight mechanic, Nikolai Kondrashev - flight mechanic, Vasili Chernov - flight radio operator, David Gradus - flight forecaster.
The youngest of the dead crew members, flight radio operator Vasily Chernov, was 25 years old, the oldest, flight mechanic Konstantin Shmelkov, was 35 years old.
- Radio operator and Soviet polar explorer Ernst Teodorovich Krenkel
- Soviet state. activist, hydrobiologist, doctor geogr. Sciences Ptr Petrovich Shirshov
- Geophysicist Evgeny Konstantinovich Fdorov
- Expedition leader Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin.
Ivan Papanin is one of the most famous Arctic explorers of the first half of the 20th century. He headed the stations in the most remote places of our Motherland, on Franz Josef Land, Cape Chelyuskin. But above all, he is known as the head of the world's first drifting station. NORTH POLE - 1.
All the people who became famous and are listed in the question were once part of the expedition North Pole-1.
The guys were very popular, at one time even postage and collection stamps with their portraits were issued, now they are highly valued and very difficult to find.
In order to give the correct answer to this question, it is enough to enter at least a few names presented to us as a note to the question in the search box, and the search engine will give us the exact correct answer, that is, the name of the expedition that took place in 1937-38. the last century.
Correct answer: North Pole-1.
The expedition aimed at studying the Arctic and its meteorological conditions (May 1937-February 1938) was named North Pole-1.
The purpose of the expedition North Pole-1 — study of ice and sea currents in the Arctic. The expedition was carefully planned (within a year) and supervised by the first people in the Soviet Union. Despite the hellish conditions of terrible cold, the goal was achieved in a fairly short time.
The polar explorers spent 274 days on the ice floe, after which they returned as heroes. They were given the titles of Heroes of the Soviet Union. All four were accepted as members of the State Geographical Society.
The expedition was called North Pole-1..
At that time, such a campaign was considered a real achievement. Not like now, when you can visit the North Pole by buying a ticket).
This expedition was quite loud, as it was trumpeted all over the world. But the real risks that the participants were taking remained undisclosed.
The expedition was called North Pole-1quot ;. The four people mentioned in the question entered. Weller's story on the subject of this expedition is interesting, where it is told with humor about who and what was doing there.
For example, there were scientists who conducted research, there was a radio operator and there was an ideological worker who dismantled and assembled his Mauser to infinity.
The story is called Mauser Papaninaquot ;.
These are the names of the expedition members North Pole - 1quot ;:
The expedition became possible thanks to the development of polar aviation. Previously, it was believed that it was impossible to land on an ice floe in the North Pole region, this was Amundsen's opinion. On May 21, 1937, the expedition landed on an ice floe near the North Pole. The expedition on the ice drifted to the North Pole towards Greenland. The work of the expedition continued until the ice began to crack. Icebreakers Taimyr and Murman carried out a rescue operation, evacuating all the polar explorers. They were all awarded the titles of heroes of the Soviet Union.
This Expedition was called North Pole-1quot ;.
Here is a list of the experts who took part in it:
At that time, the exploration of the North Pole was extremely difficult and very dangerous, and some expeditions cost the explorers their lives.
This expedition thundered all over the world, became one of the brightest legends of the youth of our grandfathers, many young people have never even heard of it.
Only the surname Papanin in the list of expedition members brings back memories and commands respect. Still, the guys withstood a difficult test, the test of permafrost, because it was an expedition that later received the name - NORTH POLE - 1.
The expedition was called North Pole-1quot ;, 4 people participated in the expedition: Ivan Papanin (leader), Pyotr Shirshov (hydrologist), Ernst Krenkel (radio operator), Evgeny Fedorov (geophysicist).
They had to go through very difficult tests, this is permafrost, constant danger and threat.