Antiparticles. The English physicist Paul Dirac in 1928 created a theory from which it followed that in nature there should be a particle with a mass equal to the mass of an electron, but positively charged. Such a particle, the positron, was discovered experimentally in 1932.
In 1933, Frederic and Irene Joliot-Curie discovered that a gamma-quantum with an energy greater than the rest energy of the electron and positron MeV, when passing near the atomic nucleus, can turn into a free electron - positron. An electron and a positron, capable of joint "birth" in pairs and annihilation upon meeting, were called antiparticles. The birth of electron-positron pairs and the annihilation of electrons and positrons at the meeting clearly show that two forms of matter - matter and field - are not sharply demarcated, transformations of matter from one form to another are possible.
After the discovery of the first antiparticle - the positron - the question naturally arose about the existence of antiparticles in other particles.
By now, it has been established that every elementary particle has an antiparticle. The mass of any antiparticle is exactly equal to the mass of the corresponding particle, and the electric charge (for charged particles) is equal in absolute value to the charge of the particle and opposite in sign to it. The particle and antiparticle of such uncharged particles as the photon and the pi-null meson are completely indistinguishable in physical properties and are therefore considered to be one and the same particle.
Quarks. In addition to the particles presented in the table, a large number of particles with a very short lifetime, about 10 -22 s, have been discovered. These particles are called resonances. With the discovery of these particles, the uncertainty of the concept of "elementary particle" became especially noticeable.
In 1963, M. Gell-Mann and J. Zweig proposed a hypothesis about the existence in nature of several particles called quarks. According to this hypothesis, all mesons, baryons and resonances are built from quarks and antiquarks connected to each other in various combinations. Each baryon is made up of three quarks, and each antibaryon is made up of three antiquarks. Mesons are made up of pairs of quarks and antiquarks.
Wave properties of particles. The study of the properties of light showed that it has a complex nature, combining wave and corpuscular properties.
The total energy of a photon (quantum of light) can be expressed in terms of Planck's constant ( = 6.625 10 -34 J s) and the frequency of electromagnetic oscillations:
On the other hand, according to the law of the relationship between mass and energy, the total energy of a photon can be expressed in terms of its mass and the speed of light:
From these two relations, we obtain that , and , i.e. the wavelength of a light is equal to Planck's constant divided by the photon's momentum.
The French physicist Louis de Broglie suggested in 1924 that the simultaneous combination of wave and corpuscular properties is inherent not only to light, but to any material object in general. The wavelength of any body with a mass moving at a speed is determined by a relation similar to that obtained for photons of light:
For bodies of significant mass, the wavelength turns out to be so small that modern physics cannot offer any way to detect its wave properties. Elementary particles and even atoms at low speeds of movement show their wave properties quite definitely. Figure 318a shows a photograph obtained by passing an electron beam at the edge of the screen. Light stripes mark the places where electrons hit the photographic plate. The resulting picture is the result of electron diffraction at the edge of the screen. The wavelength determined from the observed diffraction pattern exactly matches the value calculated from the de Broglie relation. For comparison, Figure 318b shows the picture observed during the passage of a beam of light at the edge of the screen. Thus, the usual division of matter into two forms - field and substance - turns out to be rather arbitrary. Particles of matter show signs of a continuous wave process, and, conversely, electromagnetic waves show the properties of a stream of particle-photons.
Rice. 318
De Broglie's hypothesis and Bohr's atom. The hypothesis of the wave nature of the electron made it possible to give a fundamentally new explanation for the stationary states in atoms. In order to understand this explanation, let us first calculate the de Broglie wavelength of an electron moving along the first allowed circular orbit in a hydrogen atom. Substituting into the de Broglie equation the expression for the electron velocity in the first circular orbit, found from the Bohr quantization rule
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Gein, 11th grade (basic / professional). UMK A.G. Gein, 10th grade (basic / professional). UMK A.V. Filippov, 11th grade (bases). UMK A.V. Filippov, 10th grade (bases). UMK A.V. Pogorelov, 9th grade UMK A.V. Pogorelov, 8th grade UMK A.V. Pogorelov, 7th grade UMK A. V. Pogorelov, 10th grade (basic / professional). UMK A. A. Ulunyan, 11th grade UMK A. A. Preobrazhensky, 6th grade UMK A. A. Murashova, 11th class. (elekt). UMK A. A. Levandovsky, 8th grade UMK A. A. Kuznetsov, 8th grade UMK A. A. Danilov. Peoples of Russia, 9th grade. UMK A. A. Danilov, 9th grade UMK A. A. Danilov, 8th grade UMK A. A. Danilov, 7th grade UMK A. A. Danilov, 6th grade UMK A. A. Danilov, 10th grade (elekt). UMK A. A. Voinova and others, 4th grade. (deep). UMK A. A. Voinova and others, 3rd grade. (deep). UMK A. A. Voinova and others, 2nd grade. (deep). UMK A. A. Vigasin, 6th grade UMK A. A. Vigasin, 5th grade UMK "I am a citizen of Russia" L.V. Polyakov, 5th grade (electronic) UMK "School of Russia" M.I. 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Pleshakov, 1st grade EMC "School of Oleg Gabrielyan", 10th grade UMK "French in perspective" E. M. Beregovskaya and others, 4th grade (deep). UMK "French in perspective" N.M. Kasatkina and others, 3rd grade. (deep). UMK "French in perspective" N. M. Kasatkina and others, 2nd grade. (deep). UMK "French in perspective" E. Ya. Grigorieva, 9th grade. (deep). UMK "French in perspective" E. Ya. Grigorieva, 8th grade. (deep). UMK "French in perspective" A. S. Kuligin, 7th grade. (deep). EMC "French in perspective" A. S. Kuligin, 6th grade (deep). EMC "French in perspective" A. S. Kuligin, 5th grade (deep). UMK "French in perspective" G.I. Bubnova and others, 11th grade. (deep). UMK "French in perspective" G.I. Bubnova and others, 10th grade. (deep). EMC "Universum" S.V. Gromov, 11th grade EMC "Universum" S.V. Gromov, 10th grade UMK "Technology. Sewing business" 7 cells. UMK "Technology. Plumbing" 6th grade. UMK "Technology. Agricultural labor" 9th grade. UMK "Technology. Agricultural labor" 8th grade. UMK "Technology. Agricultural labor" 7th grade. UMK "Your friend is the French language" A. S. Kuligina and others, grade 9 UMK "Your friend is the French language" A. S. Kuligina and others, 8th grade. UMK "Your friend is the French language" A. S. Kuligina and others, 7th grade. UMK "Your friend is the French language" A. S. Kuligina and others, 6th grade. UMK "Your friend is French" A. S. Kuligina and others, 5th grade. UMK "Your friend is the French language" A. S. Kuligina and others, 4th grade. UMK "Your friend is the French language" A. S. Kuligina and others, 3rd grade. UMK "Your friend is the French language" A. S. Kuligina and others, 2nd grade. UMK "Spheres". Yu.A. Alekseev, 11th grade UMK "Spheres". Yu.A. Alekseev, 10th grade UMK "Spheres". E. A. Bunimovich, 6th grade UMK "Spheres". E. A. Bunimovich, 5th grade UMK "Spheres". D.Yu, Bovykin, 8th grade UMK "Spheres". D.Yu, Bovykin, 7th grade UMK "Spheres". IN AND. Ukolova, 5th grade UMK "Spheres". V. P. Dronov, 9th grade UMK "Spheres". V. P. Dronov, 8th grade UMK "Spheres". V. I. Ukolova, 6th grade UMK "Spheres". A. P. Kuznetsov, 7th grade UMK "Spheres". A. A. Lobzhanidze, 6th grade UMK "Spheres". A. A. Lobzhanidze, 5th grade UMK "Spheres" Chemistry, 9 cells. UMK "Spheres" Chemistry, 8 cells. UMK "Spheres" Social science 5 cells. UMK "Spheres" L.S. Belousov, A.Yu. Vatlin, 9th grade UMK "Spheres" L. N. Sukhorukova, 7th grade. UMK "Spheres" L. N. Sukhorukova, 6th grade UMK "Spheres" L. N. Sukhorukova, 5th grade UMK "Spheres" L. N. Sukhorukova, 11 cl. (prof). UMK "Spheres" L. N. Sukhorukova, 10-11 cells. (base). UMK "Spheres" L. N. Sukhorukova, 10 cells. (prof). UMK "Spheres" V. S. Kuchmenko, 9th grade UMK "Spheres" V. S. Kuchmenko, 8 cells. UMK "Spheres" V.V. Belaga, 9th grade UMK "Spheres" V.V. Belaga, 8th grade UMK "Spheres" V.V. Belaga, 7th grade UMK "Spheres" A. A. Danilov, 9th grade UMK "Spheres" A. A. Danilov, 8th grade UMK "Spheres" A. A. Danilov, 7th grade UMK "Spheres" A. A. Danilov, 6th grade EMC "Blue Bird" E. M. Beregovskaya, 5th grade EMC "Blue Bird" N. A. Selivanova, 9th grade EMC "Blue Bird" N. A. Selivanova, 7th grade EMC "Blue Bird" N. A. Selivanova, 6th grade EMC "Agricultural labor", 8th grade EMC "Agricultural labor", 7th grade. EMC "Agricultural labor", 6th grade UMK "Continuity" UMK "Polyarnaya Zvezda". Yu. N. Gladky, 11th grade UMC "Polar Star". Yu. N. Gladky, 10th grade EMC "Polar Star" A.I. Alekseev, 9th grade EMC "Polar Star" A.I. Alekseev, 8th grade EMC "Polar Star" A.I. Alekseev, 7th grade EMC "Polar Star" A. I. Alekseev, 6th grade EMC "Polar Star" A. I. Alekseev, 5-6 cells. EMC "Polar Star" A. I. Alekseev, 5th grade UMK "Perspective" N.I. Rogovtseva, 4th grade UMK "Perspective" N.I. Rogovtseva, 3rd grade UMK "Perspective" N. I. Rogovtseva, 2nd grade UMK "Perspective" N. I. Rogovtseva, 1 class. UMK "Perspective" L.F. Klimanov, 4th grade UMK "Perspective" L.F. Klimanov, 4th grade UMK "Perspective" L.F. Klimanov, 3rd grade UMK "Perspective" L.F. Klimanov, 3rd grade UMK "Perspektiva" L. F. Klimanov, 2nd grade UMK "Perspektiva" L. F. Klimanov, 2nd grade UMK "Perspective" L. F. Klimanov, 1 class. UMK "Perspective" L. F. Klimanov, 1 class. UMK "Perspective" L. F. Klimanov, 1 class. UMK "Perspektiva" A. A. Pleshakov, 4th grade UMK "Perspektiva" A. A. Pleshakov, 3rd grade UMK "Perspektiva" A. A. Pleshakov, 2nd grade UMK "Perspektiva" A. A. Pleshakov, 1 class. UMK "Fundamentals of Cooking", 10th grade UMK "Fundamentals of the Spiritual and Moral Culture of the Peoples of Russia", 5th grade. EMC "Fundamentals of the Spiritual and Moral Culture of the Peoples of Russia", 4th grade. EMC "Fundamentals of the Spiritual and Moral Culture of the Peoples of Russia", 4th grade. UMK "Objective" E. Ya. Grigorieva, 11th grade UMK "Objective" E. Ya. Grigorieva, 10th grade UMC "Mosaic". N. D. Galskova, 9th grade (deep). UMC "Mosaic". N. D. Galskova, 8th grade (deep). UMC "Mosaic". N. D. Galskova, 7th grade (deep). UMC "Mosaic". N. D. Galskova, 6th grade (deep). UMC "Mosaic". N. D. Galskova, 5th grade (deep). UMC "Mosaic". L. N. Yakovleva, 11th grade (deep). UMC "Mosaic". L. N. Yakovleva, 10th grade (deep). EMC "MSU - school" S. S. Berdonosov, 9th grade. EMC "MSU - school" S. S. Berdonosov, 8th grade. EMC "MSU - school" S. M. Nikolsky, 9th grade. EMC "MSU - school" S. M. Nikolsky, 8th grade. EMC "MSU - school" S. M. Nikolsky, 7th grade. EMC "MSU - school" S. M. Nikolsky, 6th grade. EMC "MGU - school" S. M. Nikolsky, 5th grade. EMC "MSU - school" S. M. Nikolsky, 11th grade (basic / professional). EMC "MSU - school" S. M. Nikolsky, 10th grade. (basic/prof.). EMC "MSU - school" S. V. Novikov, 10th grade (prof). EMC "MSU - school" N. S. Borisov, 10th grade (bases). - A. A. Levandovsky, 11th grade. (bases). TMC "MSU - School" L. S. Atanasyan, 11th grade (basic / professional). TMC "MSU - school" L. S. Atanasyan, 10 cells. (basic / professional). EMC "MSU - school" V.P. Smirnov, 11th grade. (prof). EMC "MSU - school" A. O. Soroko-Tsyupa, 11th grade. (bases). EMC "MSU - school" A. A. Levandovsky, 11th grade. (bases). EMC "Lomonosov" A. A. Fadeeva, 9th grade EMC "Lomonosov" A. A. Fadeeva, 8th grade EMC "Lomonosov" A. A. Fadeeva, 7th grade EMC "Lyceum" A. A. Pinsky, 9th grade (deep.) UMK "Lyceum" A. A. Pinsky, 8th grade. (deep.) UMK "Lyceum" A. A. Pinsky, 7th grade. (Deeper) UMK "Line of Life". V. V. Pasechnik, 9th grade UMK "Line of Life". V. V. Pasechnik, 8th grade UMK "Line of Life". V. V. Pasechnik, 7th grade UMK "Line of Life". V. V. Pasechnik, 6th grade UMK "Line of Life". V. V. Pasechnik, grades 5-6 of the TMC "Line of Life". V. V. Pasechnik, 5th grade UMK "Labyrinth" I. Yu. Aleksashina, 5th grade UMK "Labyrinth" I. Yu. Aleksashina, 11th grade UMK "Labyrinth" I. Yu. Aleksashina, 10 cells UMK "Contacts" G.I. Voronin, 11th class. EMC "Classic Course" G. Ya. Myakishev, 11th grade EMC "Classic Course" G. Ya. Myakishev, 10th grade UMC "So, German!" N. D. Galskova, 11th grade EMC "Star English", K. M. Baranova, grade 9 EMC "Star English", K. M. Baranova, 8th grade EMC "Star English", K. M. Baranova, 7th grade EMC "Star English", K. M. Baranova, 6th grade EMC "Star English", K. M. Baranova, 5th grade EMC "Star English", K. M. Baranova, 4th grade EMC "Star English", K. M. Baranova, 3rd grade EMC "Star English", K. M. Baranova, 2nd grade EMC "Star English", K. M. Baranova, 11th grade EMC "Star English", K. M. Baranova, 10th grade UMK "Star English", K. M. Baranova, 1 class. UMK "Tomorrow" S.V. Kostyleva et al., 9th grade EMC "Tomorrow" S.V. Kostyleva et al., 8th grade EMC "Tomorrow" S.V. Kostyleva et al., 7th grade EMC "Tomorrow" S.V. Kostyleva and others, 6th grade EMC "Tomorrow" S.V. Kostyleva and others, grades 5-6 of the EMC "Tomorrow" S.V. Kostyleva and others, 10th grade of EMC "Business French" by I. A. Golovanova, 10th grade. (elekt). UMK "Horizons" M. M. Averin, 9th grade UMK "Horizons" M. M. Averin, 8th grade UMK "Horizons" M. M. Averin, 7th grade UMK "Horizons" M. M. Averin, 6th grade UMK "Horizons" M. M. Averin, 5th grade UMK "Geeks" G.V. Yatskovskaya, 5th grade TMC "Geeks Plus" O. A. Radchenko, 8th grade UMK "Geeks Plus" O. A. Radchenko, 7th grade UMK "Geeks Plus" O. A. Radchenko, 6th grade UMK "Meetings" N. A. Selivanova et al., grades 8-9 UMK "Meetings" N. A. Selivanova et al. (Electr.) UMK "Archimedes" O. F. Kabardin, 9th grade. EMC "Archimedes" O.F. Kabardin, 8th grade EMC "Archimedes" O. F. Kabardin, 7th grade EMC "Archimedes" K. Yu. Bogdanov, 11th grade EMC "Archimedes" K. Yu. Bogdanov, 10th grade UMK "English in focus", Yu. E. Vaulina, 9th grade. UMK "English in focus", Yu. E. Vaulina, 8th grade. UMK "English in focus", Yu. E. Vaulina, 7th grade. UMK "English in focus", Yu. E. Vaulina, 6th grade. EMC "English in focus", Yu. E. Vaulina, 5th grade EMC "English in Focus", O. V. Afanaseva, 11th grade EMC "English in Focus", O. V. Afanaseva, 10th grade UMK "English in focus", N. I. Bykova, 4th grade EMC "English in focus", N. I. Bykova, 3rd grade EMC "English in focus", N. I. Bykova, 2nd grade UMK "English in focus", N. I. Bykova, 1 class. UMK "Academy" A. A. Pinsky, 11th grade (ang.). UMK "Academy" A. A. Pinsky, 10th grade (ang.). UMK "ABC bookbinder", 5 cells. Russian language. Literacy education. (1) Russian language. Literacy education. (0) Russian language and literary reading, grade 4 Russian language and literary reading, grade 3 Russian language and literary reading, 2nd grade Russian language and literary reading, 1st grade Russian language (9) Russian language (8) Russian language (7) Russian language (6) Program edited by BM Nemensky. Visual arts, 5 years Program edited by B. M. Nemensky. Visual Arts, 4 years Program edited by BM Nemensky. Visual arts, 3 years Natural history. (5) Continuity Acquaintance with the outside world. Preparing, 1st and 2nd grades. Guidelines(Types I and II) Young Learners" Portfolio Wuthering Heights Wishes B2.2 Wishes B2.1 White Fang Welcome Starter b Welcome Starter a Welcome Plus 6 Welcome Plus 5 Welcome Plus 4 Welcome Plus 3 Welcome Plus 2 Welcome Plus 1 Welcome 3 Welcome 2 Welcome 1 Upstream Upper-Intermediate B2+ Upstream Proficiancy C2 Upstream Pre-Intermediate B1 Upstream Level B1+ Upstream Intermediate B2 Upstream Elementary A2 Upstream Beginner A1+ Upstream Advanced C1 Upload 4 Upload 3 Upload 2 Upload 1 Treasure Island The Worms The Wonderful Wizard of Oz The Wind in the Willows The Wild Swans The Ugly Duckling The Time Machine The Tiger Shark The Three Billy Goats Gruff The Teacher's Basic Tools The Story of Santa Claus The Stone Flower The Speckled Band The Snow Queen The Shoemaker & his Guest The Shepherd Boy & the Wolf The Selfish Giant The Prisoner of Zenda The Prince and the Pauper The Portrait of Dorian Gray The Phantom of the Opera The Octopus The Nightingale & the Rose The Mysterious Island The Merchant of Venice The Maori People The Man in the Iron Mask The lost world The Loggerhead The Little Red Hen The Little Mermaid The Lion & the Mouse The Last of the Mohicans The Humpback Whale The Hound of the Baskervilles The Hare & the Tortoise The happy prince The Hammerhead Shark The Great White Shark The Golden Stone Saga II The Golden Stone Saga I The Giant turnip The Ghost The Frog Princess The Fisherman and the Fish The Father & his Sons The Creeping Man The Cracow Dragon The Canterville Ghost The Bottlenose Dolphin The Blue Scarab The Ant & the Cricket The Amazon Rainforest 2 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The 7 Wonders of the Ancient World The 7 Engineering Wonders of the Modern World Teaching Young Learners Swan Lake Successful Writing Upper-Intermediate Successful Writing Proficiency Successful Writing In termediate Storytime Storyland Spark 4 (Monstertrackers) Spark 3 (Monstertrackers) Spark 2 (Monstertrackers) Spark 1 (Monstertrackers) Snow White & the 7 Dwarfs Sleeping Beauty Skills First: The Magic Pebble Skills First: The False Smile Skills First: The Castle by the Lake Skills Builder STARTER 2 Skills Builder STARTER 1 Skills Builder MOVERS 2 Skills Builder MOVERS 1 Skills Builder FLYERS 2 Skills Builder FLYERS 1 Sivka-Burka Simon Decker & the Secret Formula Set Sail 4 Set Sail 3 Set Sail 2 Set Sail 1 Romeo & Juliet Robinson Crusoe Robin Hood Reading Stars Reading & Writing Targets 3 Reading & Writing Targets 2 Reading & Writing Targets 1 Pygmalion Puss in Boots Pride & Prejudice Practice Tests for the PET Practice Tests for the KET Practice Tests for the BEC Vantage Practice Tests for the BEC Preliminary Practice Tests for the BEC Higher Peter Pan Perseus and Andromeda Orpheus Descending On Screen B2+ On Screen B2 Oliver Twist (illustrat ed readers) Oliver Twist (classic readers) New Patches for Old Mowgli Moby Dick Mission IELTS 1 Mission 2 Mission 1 Merry Christmas Macbeth Little Women Little Red Riding Hood Life Exchange Letterfun Kidnapped Journey to the Center of the Earth Jane Eyre Jack and the Beanstalk Interactive 2 Interactive 1 IELTS Practice Tests 2 IELTS Practice Tests 1 Henry Hippo Happy Rhymes 2 Happy Rhymes 1 Happy Hearts Starter Happy Hearts 2 Happy Hearts 1 Hansel & Gretel Hampton House Hamlet Hallo Happy Rhymes Great Expectations Grammarway 4 Grammarway 3 Grammarway 2 Grammarway 1 Grammar Targets 3 Grammar Targets 2 Grammar Targets 1 Good Wives Goldilocks and the Three Bears Gharial Crocodiles Game On Fun with English 6 Fun with English 5 Fun with English 4 Fun with English 3 Fun with English 2 Fun with English 1 Frankenstein FCE Use of English 2 FCE Use of English 1 FCE Practice Tests 2 FCE Practice Tests 1 FCE Practice Exam Papers 3 FCE Practic e Exam Papers 2 FCE Practice Exam Papers 1 FCE Listening and Speaking Skills 3 FCE Listening and Speaking Skills 2 FCE Listening and Speaking Skills 1 Fairyland Starter Fairyland 6 Fairyland 5 Fairyland 4 Fairyland 3 Fairyland 2 Fairyland 1 Excalibur Enterprise Plus Enterprise 4 Enterprise 3 Enterprise 2 Enterprise 1 Dr Jekyll & Mr Hyde Death Squad David Copperfield CPE Use of English 1 CPE Practice Tests 3 CPE Practice Tests 2 CPE Practice Tests 1 Count Vlad Click On Starter Click On 4 Click On 3 Click On 2 Click On 1 Cinderella Chicken Licken Business English Marketing and Sales Blockbuster 4 Blockbuster 3 Blockbuster 2 Blockbuster 1 Blackbeard's Treasure Black Beauty Beauty and the Beast Around the World in 80 Days Anna & the Dolphin Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Aladdin & the Magic Lamp Advanced Grammar & Vocabulary Access 4 Access 3 Access 2 Access 1 Aboriginal Australians A Trip to the Rainforest A Tale of Two Cities A Mirro r, a Carpet & a Lemon A Midsummer Night "s Dream A Good Turn of Phrase A Christmas Carol (illustrated reader) A Christmas Carol 20,000 leagues under the Sea "Success", 6 years "Success", 5 years "Success", 4 years "Success", 3 years "Rainbow", 6 years "Rainbow", 5 years "Rainbow", 4 years "Rainbow", 3 years "Rainbow", 2 years "From childhood to adolescence", 6 years "From childhood - in adolescence", 4 years "From childhood to adolescence", 3 years "From childhood to adolescence", 1 year
Annotation to the book / manual for preparation:
The proposed manual is intended to prepare for the Unified State Examination in Physics and for entrance exams in physics to higher educational institutions.
The book contains the necessary theoretical and practical material corresponding to the mandatory educational standards. The first chapter introduces all the basic concepts physical laws and formulas from school course physics. The second chapter contains 20 options for real USE tests in physics. The third chapter is a collection of tasks, selected by difficulty levels for each topic. All tests and assignments have answers.
The manual is addressed primarily to graduate students, but it will also be extremely useful for teachers and tutors to prepare students for the successful passing of the exam in physics.
Table of contents:
CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL MATERIAL FOR THE USE
- Mechanics;
- Kinematics;
- Dynamics;
- Conservation laws;
- Statics;
- Hydrostatics;
- Thermodynamics;
- Electricity and magnetism;
- Electrostatics;
- D.C;
- A magnetic field. Electromagnetic induction;
- Vibrations and waves;
- Optics;
- The quantum physics;
- Brief reference data;
CHAPTER II. TRAINING TESTS FOR PREPARATION FOR THE USE
- Option 1;
- Option 2;
- Option 3;
- Option 4;
- Option 5;
- Option 6;
- Option 7;
- Option 8;
- Option 9;
- Option 10;
- Option 11;
- Option 12;
- Option 13;
- Option 14;
- Option 15;
- Option 16;
- Option 17;
- Option 18;
- Option 19;
- Option 20;
- Answers;
CHAPTER III. COLLECTION OF TASKS
- Part 1 USE
- Mechanics;
- Molecular physics. Gas laws;
- Thermodynamics;
- Electricity and magnetism;
- Vibrations and waves;
- Optics;
- Special theory of relativity;
- The quantum physics;
- Part 2 USE
- Mechanics;
- Molecular physics. Gas laws;
- Thermodynamics;
- Electricity and magnetism;
- Vibrations and waves;
- Optics;
- Special theory of relativity;
- The quantum physics;
TASKS 29-32 USE:
- Mechanics;
- Molecular physics. Gas laws;
- Thermodynamics;
- Electricity and magnetism;
- Vibrations and waves;
- Optics;
- Special theory of relativity;
- The quantum physics;
ANSWERS TO THE COLLECTION OF TASKS
- Part 1 of the exam;
- Part 2 of the exam;
- Tasks 29-32 USE.
Download for free a collection of tasks / manual for the preparation of “USE 2016. Physics. Expert" in PDF format:
Others you can find in the section of the same name in our club of parents.
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O.F. Kabardin "USE 2016. Physics. Expert» (PDF) was last modified: April 18th, 2016 by Koskin
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The handbook summarizes and systematizes the basic information of the school physics course. It consists of five sections; "Mechanics", "Molecular Physics", "Electrodynamics", "Oscillations and Waves", "Quantum Physics". A large number of detailed developed tasks are given, tasks for independent solution are given.
The book will be an indispensable assistant in studying and consolidating new material, repeating topics covered, as well as in preparing for tests, final exams at school and entrance exams to any university.
The mechanical motion of a body is the change in its position in space relative to other bodies over time.
mechanical movement body studies mechanics. The section of mechanics that describes the geometric properties of motion without taking into account the masses of bodies and acting forces is called kinematics.
Path and movement. The line along which the point of the body moves is called the trajectory of motion. The length of the trajectory is called the distance travelled. The vector connecting the start and end points of the trajectory is called displacement.
The movement of a body, in which all its points at a given moment in time move in the same way, is called translational motion. To describe the translational motion of a body, it is sufficient to select one point and describe its motion.
CONTENT
MECHANICS
1. Mechanical movement 7
2. Uniformly accelerated motion 14
3. Uniform movement in a circle 20
4. Newton's first law 23
5. Body weight 26
6. Strength 30
7. Newton's second law 32
8. Newton's third law 34
9. Law of gravity 35
10. Weight and weightlessness 40
11. Movement of bodies under the influence of gravity 43
12. Strength of elasticity 46
13. Forces of friction 48
14. Conditions for the equilibrium of bodies 52
15. Hydrostatic elements 58
16. Law of conservation of momentum 64
17. Jet propulsion 67
18. Mechanical work 70
19. Kinetic energy 72
20. Potential energy 73
21. The law of conservation of energy in mechanical processes 79
Examples of problem solving 90
Tasks for independent solution 104
MOLECULAR PHYSICS
22. The main provisions of the molecular kinetic theory and their experimental substantiation 110
23. Mass of molecules 115
24. Basic equation of the molecular-kinetic theory of an ideal gas 117
25. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules 119
26. The equation of state of an ideal gas 126
27. Properties of liquids 131
28. Evaporation and condensation 135
29. Crystalline and amorphous bodies 140
30. Mechanical properties of solids 143
31. The first law of thermodynamics 148
32. The amount of heat 152
33. Work with a change in gas volume 155
34. Principles of operation of heat engines 159
35. Heat engines 171
Examples of problem solving 183
Tasks for independent solution 196
ELECTRODYNAMICS
36. Law of conservation of electric charge 200
37. Coulomb's Law 205
38. Electric field 207
39. Work when moving an electric charge in an electric field 214
40. Potential 215
41. Substance in an electric field 221
42. Electric capacity 224
43. Ohm's Law 229
44. Electric current in metals 237
45. Electric current in semiconductors 241
46. Semiconductors 246
47. Electric current in electrolytes 256
48. Discovery of the electron 259
49. Electric current in gases 264
50. Electric current in vacuum 271
51. Magnetic field 277
52. Lorentz force 283
53. Matter in a magnetic field 287
54. Electromagnetic induction 290
55. Self-induction 297
56. Magnetic recording of information 301
57. DC Machine 305
58. Electrical measuring instruments 309
Problem Solving Examples 312
Tasks for independent solution 325
OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES
59. Mechanical vibrations 330
60. Harmonic vibrations 334
61. Energy transformations during mechanical vibrations 337
62. Propagation of vibrations in an elastic medium 342
63. Sound waves 344
64. Reflection and refraction of waves 347
65. Interference, diffraction and polarization of waves 352
66. Free electromagnetic oscillations 358
67. Self-oscillating generator of undamped electromagnetic oscillations 362
68. Alternating electric current 366
69. Active resistance in the AC circuit 370
70. Inductance and capacitance in an alternating current circuit 372
71. Resonance in an electrical circuit 376
72. Transformer 378
73. Electromagnetic waves 381
74. Principles of radio communication 387
75. Energy of electromagnetic waves 402
76. Development of ideas about the nature of light 404
77. Reflection and refraction of light 407
78. Wave properties of light 411
79. Optical instruments 416
80. The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation 429
81. Elements of the Theory of Relativity 433
Problem Solving Examples 445
Tasks for independent solution 454
THE QUANTUM PHYSICS
82. Quantum properties of light 458
83. Evidence of the complex structure of atoms 472
84. Bohr quantum postulates 478
85. Laser 484
86. Atomic nucleus 489
87. Radioactivity 496
88. Properties of nuclear radiation 501
89. Experimental methods for detecting charged particles 505
90. Uranium nuclear fission chain reaction 510
91. Elementary particles 517
Examples of problem solving 526
Tasks for independent solution 533
APPS
Answers to tasks for independent solution 536
Physical constants 539
Mechanical properties of solids 540
Pressure p and density p of saturated water vapor at different temperatures t 541
Thermal properties of solids 542
Electrical properties of metals 543
Electrical properties of dielectrics 544
Masses of atomic nuclei 545
Intense lines in the spectra of elements arranged by wavelength 546
Physical quantities and their units in SI 547
SI prefixes for the formation of multiples and submultiples 555
Greek alphabet 555
Index 557
Name Index 572
Recommended reading 574.
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Name: Physics - Reference materials - Tutorial for students.
This manual provides a brief but fairly complete presentation of the school physics course from the 7th to the 11th grades. It contains the main sections of the course: "Mechanics", "Molecular Physics", "Electrodynamics", "Oscillations and Waves", "Quantum Physics". Each section ends with paragraphs "Examples of problem solving" and "Problem for independent solution", which are a necessary element in the study of physics. In the "Appendices" at the end of the book there is an interesting reference material compiled by the author. The reference book can be useful for high school students and graduates of secondary school for self-study when repeating previously studied material and preparing for the final exam in physics. The material allocated in a separate paragraph, as a rule, corresponds to one question of the examination ticket. The manual is addressed to students of educational institutions.
mechanical movement.
The mechanical motion of a body is the change in its position in space relative to other bodies over time.
The mechanical movement of bodies is studied by mechanics. The section of mechanics that describes the geometric properties of motion without taking into account the masses of bodies and acting forces is called kinematics.
Path and movement. The line along which the point of the body moves is called the trajectory of motion. The length of the trajectory is called the distance travelled. The vector connecting the start and end points of the trajectory is called displacement.
Content
mechanical movement. 4
2. Uniformly accelerated motion. eight
3. Uniform movement in a circle 12
4. Newton's first law. fourteen
6. Strength. eighteen
7. Newton's second law. nineteen
8. Newton's third law. 20
9. The law of universal gravitation. 21
10. Weight and weightlessness. 24
11. Movement of bodies under the action of gravity. 26
12. Strength of elasticity. 28
13. Forces of friction. 29
14. Conditions for the equilibrium of bodies. 31
15. Elements of hydrostatics. 35
16. Law of conservation of momentum. 40
17. Jet propulsion. 41
18. Mechanical work. 43
19. Kinetic energy. 44
20. Potential energy. 45
21. The law of conservation of energy in mechanical processes. 48
Examples of problem solving. 56
Tasks for independent solution.