Rules for reading in English audio lesson. Rules for reading English for beginners

The sounds that represent are 44 English phonemes, which are divided into two categories: consonants and vowels. Since sounds cannot be written down, graphemes (letters or combinations of letters) are used to convey sounds in writing.

English alphabet

There are 26 letters in English. The standard one starts with the letter a and ends with the letter z.

When classifying alphabetic characters, they distinguish:

• 5 pure vowels: a, e, i, o, u;
• 19 pure consonants: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, z;
• 2 semivowels: y, w.

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Features of English consonants

A consonant combination is a set of two or three consonant letters that retain their original sound when pronounced. Such sets occur either at the beginning or at the end of a word. For example, the word brave, in which both "b" and "r" are pronounced, is the initial combination. In the word bank "-nk" is the final combination.

Classification:

1. Initial combinations are classified into sets with "l", "r", and "s". In "l" the combination ends with "l". An example would be the letters "bl" in the word blind. Similarly, the final sound in "r" in combination with "r" when "br" and "cr", for example, in the words bridge, crane. On the contrary, in "s" it starts with s, "st" and "sn" - stap, snail.
2. The final combinations are grouped into sets with "s", "l" and "n": -st, -sk, -ld, -nd, -nk. Examples, first, desk, gold, sand, sink.

Digraphs

Consonant digraphs refer to a set of consonants that form one sound. Some digraphs are both at the beginning and at the end of the word - "sh", "ch" and "th". There are also strict initial and final digraphs - "kn-" and "-ck".

Examples of digraphs:

Ch-	-ch
Kn-	— ck
Ph-	-sh
Sh-	-ss
Th-	-th
wh-	-tch
Wr-

Features of digraphs:

Table of pronunciation of English consonants

b	b	bag, band, cab	bag, band, cab
d	d	dad, did, lady, odd [ɒd]	dead, did, lady, od
f	f, ph, sometimes gh	fable , fact , if [ɪf], off [ɒf], photo , glyph	fable, fact, if, of, foutow, glyph
	g	give , flag	givew, flag
	h	hold, ham	hold, ham
j	usually represented by y, but sometimes by other vowels	yellow, yes, young, neuron, cube	Yelow, ies, yang, n (b) yueron, k (b) yu: b - the sound j is similar to the vowel sound i:.
k	k, c, q, que, ck, sometimes ch	cat, kill, queen, skin, thick [θɪk], chaos	kat, kil, qui:n, sik, keyos
l	l	lane, clip, bell, milk, sould	lane, clip, bel, milk, sould - has two sound options: pure /l/ before a vowel, “darkened” /ɫ/ before a consonant or at the end of a word
m	m	man, them [ðem], moon	man, zem, mu:n
n	n	nest, sun	nest, san
ŋ	ng	ring, sing, finger [ŋ] is sometimes followed by the sound [g]. [ŋ] if "ng" is at the end of a word or a related word (sing, singer, thing), to "-ing", which translates verbs into participles or gerunds. [ŋg], if "ng" is not at the end of a word or in related words, also in comparative degrees (longer, longest).	/ring/, /sing/, /finge/
p	p	pen, spin, tip, happy	pen, spin, type, happy
r	r	rat, reply, rainbow,	rat, ripple, rainbow - movement of the tongue close to the alveolar ridge, but without touching it
s	s, sometimes c	see, city, pass, lesson	si:, pa: s, forest
ʃ	sh, si, ti, sometimes s	she [ʃi:], crash , sheep [ʃi:p], sure [ʃʊə], session , emotion [ɪməʊʃn], leash	shi:, crash, shi:p, shue, session, imashn, li:sh
t	t	taste, sting	test, sting
tʃ	ch, sometimes t	chair [ʧɛə], nature teach beach	t che e, ney t che, ti: t h, bi: t h
θ	th	thing [θɪŋ], teeth, Athens [æθɪnz[	t sing, ti: t s, et sinz - voiceless fricative
ð	th	this [ðɪs], mother	d sis, ma d ze - voiced fricative
v	v, sometimes f	voice, five, of [ɔv]	voice, five, ov
w	w, sometimes u	wet, window, queen	y in em, y in indeu, ku in i: n - [w] is similar to
z	z	zoo, lazy	zu: lazy
ʒ	g, si, z, sometimes s	genre [ʒɑːŋr], pleasure, beige, seizure, vision	genre e, plezhe, beizh, b:zhe, vision
dʒ	j, sometimes g, dg, d	gin [ʤɪn], joy [ʤɔɪ], edge	gin, joy, edge

English vowels

Each English vowel is pronounced in three ways:

1. like a long sound;
2. like a short sound;
3. as a neutral vowel (schwa).

In the English alphabet, there are 5 vowels, but sometimes y becomes a vowel and is pronounced like i, and w replaces u, for example, in the digraph ow.

Rules for reading vowels

Short vowels, which are characterized by a "short" sound, appear when there is one vowel in a word, either at the beginning of a word or between two consonants. For example, if, elk, hop, fan. A typical short vowel pattern is consonant+vowel+consonant (CHS).

Words are taught as families that represent groups of words with a common pattern, such as in the pattern "-ag" - bag, wag, tag or "-at" - cat, bat, hat.

vowels:

Sound	Letter	Examples
[æ]	a	rag, sag, ram, jam, gap, sap mat
[ɛ]	e	hen, pen, wet, bet, let
[ɪ]	i	pig, wig, dig, pin, win, tin, tin, bit
[ɒ]	o	hop, pop, top, hot, pot, lot
[ʌ]	u	bug, lug, tug, hut, but, cut

vowels:

Sound	Writing	Examples
A	ai, ay, a+consonant+e	name, mail, gray, ace
E	e, ee, ea, y, ie ,ei, i+consonant+e	he, deep, beast, dandy, thief, receive, elite
I	i, i+gn, igh, y, i+ld, i+nd	mine, sign, high, sky, wild, kind
O	o+consonant +e, oa, ow, o+ll, ld	tone, road, note, know, roll, bold
U	ew, ue, u+consonant+e	few, due, tune

The vowel sound in unstressed syllables is expressed by the abbreviated neutral sound ("schwa"), the phonemic symbol /ə/, especially if syllabic consonants are not used.

For example:

• a in about, around, approve, above [ə bʌv];
• e in accident, mother, taken, camera ;
• i c, family, lentil, officer pencil ;
• o in memory, common, freedom, purpose, London;
• u in supply, industry, suggest, difficult, succeed, minimum ;
• and even y in sibyl;
• schwa appears in function words: to, from, are.

Features of vowel sounds in English

Vowels are divided into monophthongs, diphthongs or triphthongs. A monophthong is when there is one vowel in a syllable, a diphthong is when there are two vowels in a syllable.

Let's take a closer look:

1. Monophthongs are pure and stable vowels., whose acoustic characteristics (timbre) do not change during the time they are pronounced.
2. - a sound formed by a combination of two adjacent vowels in one syllable. Technically, the tongue (or other parts of the speech apparatus) moves when a vowel is pronounced - the first position is stronger than the second. In the transcription of a diphthong, the first character is the starting point of the body of the language, the second character is the direction of movement. For example, you should know that in /aj/ the body of the tongue is in the bottom center position represented by /a/ and immediately starts moving up and forward to the position for /i/.
3. Diphthongs are often formed when separate vowels work together in rapid conversation.. Usually (in the speaker's speech) the body of the tongue does not have time to get to the position /i/. Therefore, the diphthong often ends closer to /ɪ/ or even to /e/. In the diphthong /aw/, the body of the tongue moves from the lower center position /a/, then moves up and back to the position /u/. Although single diphthongs are also distinguished, which are heard as separate vowel sounds (phonemes).
4. English also has triphthongs.(combinations of three adjacent vowels), including three sound types, for example, fire /fʌɪə/, flower /flaʊər/. But in any case, all diphthongs and triphthongs are formed from monophthongs.

Table of pronunciation of simple English vowels

All vowels are formed from only 12 monophthongs. Each, regardless of spelling, is pronounced using some combination of these sounds.

The table shows examples of simple English vowels with Russian pronunciation:

[ɪ]	pit, kiss, busy	pete, kitty, beezy
[e]	egg, let, red	eg, years, red
[æ]	apple, travel, mad	apple, travel, mead
[ɒ]	not, rock, copy	music, rock, copy
[ʌ]	cup, son, money	cap, san, mani
[ʊ]	look, foot, could	bow, foot, cool
[ə]	away, away	hey, hey
	be, meet, read	bi:, mi:t, ri:d
[ɑ:]	arm, car, father	a:m, ka:, fa:dze
[ɔ:]	door, saw, pause	to:, from:, to: from
[ɜ:]	turn, girl, learn	cho:n, gyo:l, le:n
	blue, food, too	blu:, foo:d, tu:

Diphthong pronunciation table

	day, pain, rein	dei, pein, rein
	cow, know	kou, know
	wise, island	visa, island
	now, trout	naw, trout
[ɔɪ]	noise, coins	noiz, coin
[ɪə]	near, hear	nee, hie
[ɛə]	where, air	uh uh uh
[ʊə]	pure, tourist	p (b) yue, tu e rist

Learn the transcription of English words

Let's look at some features English transcription:

The Internet has online a large number of video to listen to and you can also practice using the exercises.

At the beginning of the study in English inevitably one has to deal with differences between one's native language and a foreign one. Reading in English for beginners, children and adults, is usually one of the first steps in learning. And the first such differences between Russian and English are revealed as soon as you start learning to read in English. You are faced with transcription and rules for reading English. These two concepts are interconnected, since with the help of transcription we can write down and read the sounds that convey vowels and consonants in various combinations. But the rules of reading just explain how letters are pronounced in different environments.

There are a lot of reading rules in English, and they concern both vowels and consonants. In addition, a huge number of words are not read according to the rules, that is, they are exceptions. Therefore, it begins to seem that it is extremely difficult to learn all this. In fact, the rules of reading need to be learned, but there is no need to memorize them. After doing a few exercises on the rules of reading, you will already know how exactly the same type of words are read. In the learning process, when you read and listen to a variety of educational materials, spelling, pronunciation and meaning of new words will be remembered as a whole.

Features of English pronunciation

Reading in English for beginners at first presents some difficulties due to the peculiarities of pronunciation - words very often are not pronounced the way they are written. Linguists even have such a saying - "We write - Manchester, we pronounce - Liverpool." This situation is due to the fact that historically in the English language there were, and still are, many dialects in which the same letters and combinations of letters were read differently, which eventually became fixed in official English. An example is the letter combination ough. The words though , through , thought differ in only one letter, and the letter combination ough is read differently in all words.

The role of transcription in teaching English to read

So, as we have already said, in addition to the numerous rules for reading in English, difficulties arise when mastering the transcription of the English language. Transcription is the recording of speech sounds using special characters. You should not avoid it, as it is the best assistant in learning a language, which, firstly, will save you time when learning new words, and secondly, it will help you avoid pronunciation mistakes. After all, when you write out or memorize new words, you definitely need to know how they are read correctly. There are two options for how to do this. The first is to listen to it in some online resource, and the second - to see the transcription.

Now in some tutorials, as well as on training sites, you can find "English transcription in Russian." It is believed that writing an English word in Russian letters is much easier than learning some strange phonetic signs. Actually, this is a delusion. English phonetics differs from Russian so much that Russian letters can only approximately convey the pronunciation English words, and mostly the simplest, reading which, even without this kind of "transcription", is not difficult. Some English sounds in the Russian language simply does not exist, and the correct pronunciation of sounds similar at first glance to English and Russian sounds may have certain differences.

Thus, we recommend that you take the time to learn the transcription icons and read the sounds. This is one of the basic knowledge when mastering the rules of reading English for beginners. Transcription knowledge will serve you faithfully at all stages of your learning.

We analyze the rules of reading English

There are different classifications of rules for reading consonants and vowels in English. For vowels, as a rule, 4 types of syllables are distinguished. These are the 4 types of environments that a vowel can be in and that affect its pronunciation. Some textbooks consider only the first two types of syllable - open and closed, but take into account whether the letter r is involved in these types of syllable - since it affects the reading of vowels. Consonants in different combinations can also be read differently. I must say that the number of exceptions and reading options for the same letter combinations in different words give reason to consider the reading rules rather as generalized recommendations that should be studied before you start reading.

To familiarize yourself with the rules of reading in English, we suggest that you take as a basis the table with the options for reading letters, which are given in your textbook for children “English. Grades 1-4 in diagrams and tables” N. Vakulenko. These English reading rules for children cover almost all possible readings of vowels and consonants in English. But before we go directly to the tables, let's deal with two more concepts that you will definitely meet when you get acquainted with the rules of reading. This is open and closed syllable.

The syllable is called open, when

• ends in a vowel and is the last word
• a vowel followed by a consonant and then a vowel again
• the vowel is followed by another vowel

Examples of words with an open type of syllable (you can listen with sound):

age, blue, bye, fly, go

The syllable is called closed, when

• ends in a consonant and is the last word
• several consonants follow a vowel

Examples of words with a closed syllable type:

bed, big, box, hungry, stand

So, let's formulate the rules for reading English for beginners: tables for reading vowels and consonants.

Vowel reading tables

Consonant Reading Tables

Intonation in English

Even if a student learns all the basic grammar rules and 10-12 thousand lexemes, this will not make him close to the native speaker, because. he needs to delve into the phonemic structure of the language, in particular, to learn in which cases to use which type of intonation.

There are two main types - ascending and descending.

The first is used in sentences-requests, when addressing a person, when announcing the list (in this case, the intonation goes up on each of the words except the last one), after adverbs and introductory words at the beginning of a phrase, at the beginning of an alternative question, in a dividing question.

The second type of intonation, lowering the tone, is relevant in statements, when giving orders. It can be found in exclamations, in special questions.

How to train this skill?

• Listen to how native speakers speak, how a particular word, sound, phrase is read in audio books.
• Watch videos on this topic. Moreover, English should be the first and main language of the narrator.
• Use the learning materials and apply the acquired knowledge in practice. Read aloud in English, after listening to the recording, talk at least a few times a week.
• Record your speech and do comparative analysis with native language.

stress in english

With an incorrect accent in certain letter combinations, it will be difficult for a native English speaker to understand you. However, it is pointless to memorize stress for each word, since there is a certain systemic nature in this aspect.

Most words are stressed on the first syllable. But there are those who obey a different rule. For example, the suffix formations -tion, -cian and -cial require an accent in front of them (inform A option, opt i cian). The suffixes -(g)nomy and -logy (ge O logy, ec O nomy).

With prefixes it is still easier - they are skipped and remain unstressed. This works with prefixes in-, en-, con-, com-, re-, de-, ex-, etc.: exch A nge, enc O mpass.

Negative prefixes (non-, un-, in-, ir-, not-) also fall under this rule: un U irr E levant.

There are a number of words that change the stressed type of a syllable in English to unstressed depending on the meaning:

• to object - object; O object - object;
• to press E nt - give; pr E sent - a gift, a present.

Having learned the basic provisions that regulate stress, and with a little practice, you can easily reach a high language bar.

How to learn the rules of reading. Online exercises

As we have said before, there is no need to memorize the rules of reading by heart. You just need to use them. To begin with, go through several exercises on the rules of reading, reading aloud the same type of words in a row. This will help to consolidate the rules of reading and develop pronunciation skills. For additional control, you can take exercises with audio accompaniment. In fact, the reading rules are worked out automatically by themselves, since by regularly studying English, you listen, read, write - that is, practice to work out the reading rules is quite enough.

Choose words that have similar vowel sounds

Choose the words that have the same consonants

Make an English tongue twister from words

You can apply the rules of reading in practice on our website. By taking unique exercises using the Lim English method, you will be able to master not only reading, but also writing English words, as well as learn basic grammar rules and continue learning further.

This article is for those who learning to read english. The twenty-first lesson is devoted to the topic "English alphabet", and to remember it better, a video is attached to the alphabet (classic British version).

There are two ways to teach reading: from sound to letter and from letter to sound. The first twenty lessons of the cycle were based on the methodology from sound to letter and now that we're through all english sounds, you can safely go to another level. Therefore, in the next five lessons we will go "from letter to sound" and today it's time to learn English alphabet.

In Lesson 21 you will learn that

• there are only 6 vowels in English;
• what is an open syllable;
• how vowels are read in an open syllable.

Let's start with English alphabet. Listen to the song "ABC", watch the video and learn how to pronounce the letters in English. Total in English 6 vowels and 20 consonants.

English Alphabet Video ABC Song

(classic british version)

learned English alphabet? Then let's move on. Here's what the alphabet looks like in writing: Rules for reading vowels in English

REMEMBER:

1. in English only 6 vowels:

aa —

ee —

II —

Oh —

Uu —

Yy —

1. the stressed vowel is read in 4 ways, depending on what type of syllable it is in. There are 24 sounds in total.

Types of syllable in English

Rule (main). In an open syllable, the vowel is read as in the alphabet.

f a mouse = f a-mous

c u cumber = c u-cumber

In English there is also conditionally open syllable. These are monosyllabic words with an "e" at the end. EXAMPLES. P e te,l a te, c o ke.

Letter e at the end of a word unreadable and called " e - mute". It shows that the root vowel should be read as in the alphabet. There are many such words in English.

How to divide a word into syllables? (repetition)

How to divide a word into syllables? Take, for example, the word CUCUMBER (cucumber) and divide it into syllables.

The general rule is: how many vowels, so many syllables.

C U C U MB E R is three vowels, hence three syllables: C U-C U M-B E R

1. The first syllable ends in a vowel => he open
2. The second syllable ends in a consonant => he closed
3. The third syllable ends in a consonant => he too closed

Parsing:

BER: the letter combination ER at the end of a word reads like [ə]

But don't bother yourself with this just yet, the most important thing to remember is that vowels in English in OPEN syllable they are read as in the alphabet. Therefore, if you have learned the English alphabet (the video, of course, will speed up this process), then you can already read the words with open syllable.

Now let's get to repeating the rules for reading vowels. I remind you that there are only 6 of them. Let's take the first letter of the alphabet. It reads "Hey". It's easy to remember if you look at the picture. " Hey, who eats nuts? Find a sound and listen to how it is pronounced -

So, let's move on to reading the first vowel of the English alphabet. Letter A in stressed syllable means 4 sounds. See TABLE below. Besides, if letter A stands in an unstressed syllable, it is read [ə] .

So before you start reading the first vowel of the English alphabet, summarize:

• in the first (open) type of syllable (I) all stressed vowels are read as in the alphabet
• and in the second (II), third (III) and fourth (IV) - according to the table

Reading the English letter A in four types of syllable

So, let's start reading. Here in front of you 4 types of syllable (I - open, II-closed, III, IV). Square brackets indicate how to pronounce the letter Aa in this type of syllable UNDER ACCENT. Phrases are tongue twisters that need to be repeated many times in order to remember reading the letter A in the corresponding syllable type.

For those who have just joined. A dictionary is connected to the site, click on the word and you will hear its correct pronunciation. To listen to the pronunciation of the sound indicated in [square brackets], look it up in the phonemic table.

Reading the vowel Aa in 4 types of syllable. Tongue Twisters

1. - This l a ke is a f a mouspl a ce in W a les. (See Lesson #20)

2. [æ] - A bl a ck c a t s a t on a m a t and a te a f a r a t. (See Lesson #3)

3. - The p ar ks, g ar dens and f ar ms are l ar ge and ch ar ming. (Lesson #6)

4. - My p are nts* take c are of r are h are s. (See Lesson #18)

LISTEN to how the sounds , [æ], , — are pronounced

*parents - [`peərənts]

Pronunciation is important! For you author's pronunciation lessons:

Phonetic exercises for reading the letter A in an open and closed syllable

A(I,II):

lake, jam, apple, famous, name, fan, trade, lamp, maze, batman, gate, stand, to behave, matter, skate, as, cable, take, rabbit, amazing , to decamp, to debate, Danish, raffish, rally, slake, snake, slam, fate, place, blame, can, rage, frank, splash, spade, damp, African, admiral, age, and, to arrange, to attack;

to is a feature of the verb. Most verbs are stressed on the second syllable.

Phonetic exercises for reading the letter A in the third and fourth type of syllable

A(III,IV):

car, large, care, rare, cart, hare, chart, card, stare, dark, market, bare, yard, star, glare, far, bar, apartment, parents, spare, scare, lark, mare, bare, dare, carpet, particle, barefoot, March, larch, square.

Exceptions:
1 - have, vase
2 - any , many [`meni], ate

In an unstressed syllable, A reads like [ə]:
a bout, a round, a cross, to a ttack, alpha bet, Africa, to a dvise, to a ddress

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Phonetic exercises for practicing reading the letter A with audio recording and answers (closed content)

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Title: Phonetic exercises with audio recording

Description: Access to restricted content *Repeat the rules of reading in English*

So let's sum up the results of the twenty-first lesson on learning to read in English and pronunciation at the same time:

• you learned the English alphabet;
• you learned what an open syllable is in English;
• do you know how to read a vowel Ah in an open syllable;
• you fixed the pronunciation of the English sounds , [æ], , .

Sounds expressed by letters are transmitted using transcription marks. How to read the transcription is described on the page: Transcription

What is an open and closed type of syllable: Open and closed syllable

Vowel sounds.

stressed vowels

eɪ]-c a se - [keɪs]- case.

æ ] -t ank - [tæŋk]- cistern, tank.

Vowel + r - [ ɑː ] -c a r - [kɑː]- car, car.

Vowel + r + consonant - [ ɑː ] -p a rk - [pɑːk]- the park.

Vowel + r + vowel - [ eə]-v a ry - [ˈveəri]- vary.

In an open syllable it reads like - [ iː ]- sh e - [ʃiː]- she is.

In a closed syllable it reads like - [ e]-b e t - [bet]- bet, bet

Vowel + r - [ zː ]-h er - [hɜː]- her, her.

Vowel + r + consonant - [ zː ]-t e rm - [tɜːm]- term.

Vowel + r + vowel - [ ɪə ] -m e re - [mɪə]- only.

In an open syllable it reads like - [ aɪ]-l i ne - [laɪn]- line.

In a closed syllable it reads like - [ ɪ ] -b i t - [bɪt]- a bit, a little.

Vowel + r - [ zː ]-s i r - [sɜː]- sir.

Vowel + r + consonant - [ zː ]-th i rd - [θɜːd]- the third.

Vowel + r + vowel - [ aɪə]-h i re - [haɪə]- to rent.

In an open syllable it reads like - [ əʊ ] -z oh ne - [zəʊn] zone, region.

In a closed syllable it reads like - [ ɒ ] -l o t - [lɒt]- lot.

Vowel + r - [ ɔː ] - or - [ɔː ] - or.

Vowel + r + consonant - [ ɔː ] -b orn - [bɔːn]- was born.

Vowel + r + vowel - [ ɔː ] -st o ry - [ˈstɔːri]- story.

In an open syllable it reads like - [ jʊː]-n u de - [njʊːd]- naked.

In a closed syllable it reads like - [ ʌ ] -c u t - [kʌt]- a cut.

Vowel + r - [ zː ]-f u r - [fɜː]- wool, skin.

Vowel + r + consonant - [ zː ]-b urn - [bɜːn]- burn.

Vowel + r + vowel - [ jʊə]-p u re - [pjʊə]- clean.

In an open syllable it reads like - [ aɪ]-m y - [maɪ]- my.

In a closed syllable it reads like - [ ɪ ] -m yth - [mɪθ]- myth.

Vowel + r + vowel - [ aɪə]-t y re - [taɪə]- tire.

Vowel combinations

[iː ]

ee-s ee - [ˈsiː]- see

ea-s ea - [si]- sea

ie-bel ie ve - [bɪˈliːv]- believe

[ɑː ]

a+ss-gr ass - [ɡrɑːs]- grass

a + st - l ast - [lɑːst]- last

a + sk - t ask - [tɑːsk]- task

a+sp-gr asp - [ɡrɑːsp]- grasping

a + lm - c alm - [kɑːm]- calm

ea + r - h ear t - [hɑːt]- a heart

[ɔː ]

au- au thor - [ˈɔːθə ] - author

aw-s aw - [ˈsɔː]- saw, saw

oo + r - d oor - [dɔː]- a door

aught-t aught - [tɔːt]- learned

ought-th ought - [θɔːt]- thought

a + l - w all l - [wɔːl]- wall

a + lk - t alk - [ˈtɔːk]- conversation, conversation

wa+r- war m - [wɔːm]- warm

[ɒ ]

wa- want - [wɒnt]- to want

[uː]

oo-t oo - [tuː]- too, too

ou-gr oup - [ɡruːp]- Group

[juː]

ew-n ew - [njuː]- new

[ʊ ]

oo-b oo k - [b'k]- book

[zː ]

ea + r - l earn - [lɜːn]- teach, study

wo+r- wor k - [ˈwɜːk]- Job

[ʌ ]

o-s o n - [sʌn]- son

ou-c ou try - [ˈkʌntri]- the country

oo-fl ood - [flʌd]- flood

[eɪ]

ai - r ai n - [reɪn]- rain

ay-d ay - [deɪ]- day

ey-th ey - [ˈðeɪ]- they

eigh- eigh-t - [eɪt]- eight

[aɪ]

i + gn - s ign - [saɪn]- sign

i + ld-ch ild - [tʃaɪld]- child

i + nd - bl ind - [bland]- blind

igh-n high-t - [naɪt]- night

[ɔɪ ]

oi- oi l - [ɔɪl]- oil, petroleum

oy-t oy - [tɔɪ]- a toy

[aʊ]

ou- ou t - [aʊt]- from, outside

ow-d ow n - [daʊn]- down

[əʊ ]

oa-c oa t - [ˈkəʊt]- coat

ow-kn ow - [nəʊ]- know

o + ll - t all - [təʊl]- losses

o+ld-c old - [kəʊld]- cold

[ɪə ]

ea + r - n ear - [nɪə]- near, about

ee + r - engine eer - [ɛndʒɪˈnɪə]- engineer

[eə]

ai + r - ch air - [tʃeə]- chair

e + re - th ere - [ðeə]- there, there

ea + r - b ear - [beə]- bear

[ʊə ]

oo + r - p oor - [pʊə]- poor

our-t our - [tʊə]- tour, travel

consonant sounds.

Consonant combinations

[k]-lu ck - [l'k]- luck, chance

[ʃ ] - sh ip - [ʃɪp]- ship

[tʃ] - ch ip - [tʃɪp]- chip

[tʃ]-ca tch - [kætʃ]- catch, catch

[ɵ ] - thick - [θɪk]- thick

[ð ] - th is - [ðɪs]- this, this, this

[f] - Ph one - [fəʊn]- telephone

[kw] - Quite - [kwaɪt]- enough

[n] - knife - [naɪf]- knife

[ƞ ] -thi ng - [θɪŋ ] -

[ƞk]-si nk - [sɪŋk]- sink, drain

wh + o - [h] - who - [hu]- who

wh + other vowels - [w] - what - [wɒt]- what

wr at the beginning of a word before vowels - [r] - wr iter - [raɪtə]- writer

Consonant sounds that have two reading options.

Reads like [ s] before: e, i, y. ni c e - [naɪs]- good, city - [ˈsɪti]- city.

And How [ k] in other cases: with ome - [kʌm]- to come, catch - [kætʃ]- catch.

Reads like [ ʤ ] before: e, i, y. lar g e - [lɑːdʒ]- big, en gine - [ˈendʒɪn]- engine.

Exceptions: get - [et]- receive, be gin - [bɪˈɡɪn]- start, give - [ɡɪv]- to give.

And How [ g] in other cases: g ood - [ɡʊd]- good, nice goo - [ɡəʊ ] - go, go.

Types of reading

Additional material, partially duplicating the previous one. Taken from another source and given for a deeper understanding of this topic.

The tables show how to pronounce diphthongs, vowels and consonants correctly in English. The sound transmitted by a letter or a combination of letters is indicated using transcription marks, and the pronunciation of English sounds indicated by Russian letters should be understood as a hint for transcription, and not as the exact pronunciation of English sounds.

Rules for reading vowels

	Phonetic symbols	Approximate Russian sound
			Word	Transcription
Table. Types of reading in English. Vowel sounds.
I,Y	ɪ	and Short, open "and"	i t it	ɪt	(it)
			si x six	seks	(six)
			empty	ˈɛm(p)ti	(empty)
E	e	e How "e" in "this"	e mpty empty	ˈɛm(p)ti	(empty)
			te n ten	ten	(ten)
A	æ	uh Open sound "e" (between "e" and "a")	a nt ant	ænt	(ent)
			map map	map	(map)
O	ɒ	about Short sound "o"	hot hot	hɒt	(hot)
			o range orange	ˈɒrɪn(d)ʒ	(orinch)
U	ʌ	a Short sound "a"	under	ˈʌndə	(ande)
			su n sun	sʌn	(san)
U, OO	u	u short "y" lips are rounded	pu t put	ˈput	(put)
			boo k book	book	(beech)
A, E, ER	ə	uh Short sound "e" (between "e" and "a")	a bout	əˈbaʊt	(about)
			silence	ˈsʌɪləns	(silence)
			lawyer	ˈlɔːjə	(l o´ ye)
EE, EA	i:	and Long sound "and"	ea sy easy	ˈiːzi	(i:zi)
			Queen n queen	kwiːn	(kui:n)
			see see	siː	(si: )
A, AR	ɑ:	a Long and deep "a" sound	ha l half	hɑːf	(ha:f)
			car a car	kɑː	(ka:)
OO	u:	at Long “y” sound without rounding the lips	foo d food	fuːd	(fu:d)
			too, too	tuː	(that: )
ER, IR	w:	yo Reminds me of the "yo" sound in the word "beetroot"	bir d bird	bзːd	(byo:d)
OR, AW	ɔ:	about Long "o" sound	or	ɔː	(about: )
			for m form	ˈfɔːm	(fo:m)
			law	lɔː	(lo:)

Rules for reading consonants

English letters and letter combinations	Phonetic symbols	Approximate Russian sound	Examples of pronunciation of English sounds
			Word	Transcription	Pronunciation in Russian letters
Table. Types of reading in English. consonant sounds.
P	p	P	p en pen	pen	(pen)
			paper	ˈpeɪpə	(P e´ yapa)
			cup	kʌp	(cap)
B	b	b	b oy boy	ˌbɔɪ	(the battle )
			table	ˈteɪb(ə)l	(t ubl)
			pub beer	pʌb	(a pub )
T	t	t Sound "T" but the tongue is not at the teeth, but at the gums.	t en ten	ten	(ten)
			sixteen sixteen	ˌsɪkˈsti:n	(sykstin)
			eight	eɪt	(eyt)
D	d	d	dog dog	dɒɡ	(dog)
			stairs	ˈladə	(l a´ ta)
			bed	bed	(bad)
C, K, CK	k	to	cat cat	kaet	(ket)
			tick ticket	ˈtɪkɪt	(t i´ whale)
			cake	keɪk	(cake)
G	g	G	girl girl	ɡɜ:l	(gyol)
			tiger tiger	ˈtʌɪɡə	(t a´ yoga)
			big	bɪɡ	(big)
CH, TCH	ʧ	h	ch air chair	tʃɛ	(h e´)
			watching ing	ˈwɒtʃɪŋ	(in o´ rank)
			match match	matʃ	(match)
J, G, DGE	ʤ	j	j ump jump	dʒʌmp	(jump)
			log ic logic	ˈlɒdʒɪk	(l o´ jik)
			fridg e refrigerator	fredʒ	(frij)
F, PH	f	f	ph oto photography	ˈfəʊtəʊ	(f o´ utau)
			coffee coffee	ˈkɒfi	(to o´ fi)
			cliff	klɪf	(cleve)
V	v	in	v iew view	vju:	(fuu)
			lover's favorite	ˈlʌvə	(l a´ va)
			fiv e five	faɪv	(five)
TH	θ	with how to sound "with" but the tongue between the teeth	thin	θɪn	(syn)
			Cath erine Katherine	ˈkæθrɪn	(to e´ srin)
			month	mʌnθ	(mons)
TH	ð	h Like the sound "h" but the tongue between the teeth	th is	ðɪs	(zys)
			mother mother	ˈmʌðə	(m a´ ze)
			breath e breathe	bri:ð	(bri:z)
S, C	s	with	s ix six	seks	(syks)
			parc el package	ˈpɑ:s(ə)l	(P a´ sl)
			class class	klɑ:s	(cla:s)
S, Z	z	h	zoo zoo	zu:	(zoo)
			laz y lazy	ˈleɪzi	(l e´ zi)
			dog dogs	dɒɡz	(dogz)
SH	ʃ	sh	sh e she	ʃi	(shi)
			fish fishing	ˈfɪʃɪŋ	(f and´ tires)
			wash wash	wɒʃ	(fosh)
S	ʒ	well	vision vision	ˈvɪʒ(ə)n	(in i´ jeng)
			beig e beige	beɪʒ	(beizh)
H	h	X Short exhalation - "x"	h ave to have	haev	(have)
M	m	m	m e me, me	mi:	(mi: )
			farmer farmer	ˈfɑ:mə	(f a´ ma)
			hom e house	həʊm	(home)
N	n	n	name name	ˈneɪm	(n e´ them)
			runn er runner	rʌnə	(R a´ on)
			son son	sʌn	(san)
NG	ƞ	n Nasal sound "n" using the back of the tongue	singer singer	ˈsɪŋə	(with and´ nya)
			boxing	ˈbɒksɪŋ	(b o´ xin)
L	l	l	like like it	ˈlaɪk	(l a´ yk)
			ballet ballet	baleɪ	(b a´ lay)
			football football	ˈfʊtbɔ:l	(f u´ tbo:l)
R	r	R "r" - no vibration	red red	red	(ed)
			lorr y truck	ˈlɒri	(l oh ri)
Y	j	th	y ou you	ju	(Yu )
			lawyer lawyer	ˈlɔ:jə	(l o´ ye)
W	w	at the sound is similar to "y" lips are stretched and rounded	w in win	wɪn	(wine)
			flower flower	ˈflaʊə	(ow a´ ya)

Diphthongs. Reading rules.

English letters and letter combinations	Phonetic symbols	Approximate Russian sound	Examples of pronunciation of English sounds
			Word	Transcription	Pronunciation in Russian letters
Table. Types of reading in English. Diphthongs.
A, AY, AI	eɪ	hey	ai m target	eɪm	(eim)
			say to speak	ˈseɪ	(with hey)
I, UY, Y	ai	ah	I am	ai	(ay)
			buy buy	baɪ	(bay)
OY, OI	ɔɪ	oh	oi l oil	ɔɪl	(oil)
			toy toy	tɔɪ	(toy)
Oh, OW	əu	OU	ow n own	əʊn	(oun)
			ho me house	həʊm	(home)
			low	ləʊ	(low)
OW, OU	au	ay	out out	ˈaʊt	(out)
			cow cow	kaʊ	(kau)
EA, EAR, ER	ɪə	ie "and" + between "e" and "a"	ear	ɪə	(ie)
			bear d beard	bɪəd	(bied)
			here	hɪə	(hie)
AIR, ARE	eə	ea "e" + between "e" and "a"	care	keə	(kee)
			hair hair	heə	(hehe ´ )
URE, OUR	uə	ue "y" + between "e" and "a"	travel tour	tʊə	(tue)
			insure	ɪnˈʃuə	(yingshue ´ )

Learn more about what dash, colon, parentheses, and other symbols mean.

You can see another version of the English transcription and, if necessary, print or copy for editing in Microsoft Word
English transcription

Pronunciation of English sounds.

Pronunciation of English vowels.

The pronunciation of English sounds is represented by Russian letters, you should understand that it is not possible to convey the correct English pronunciation using the Russian alphabet.

• ɑː long, deep a
• ʌ short vowel a, as in the Russian word to run.
• ɒ = ɔ - short, open about
• ɔː - long o
• зː - long vowel ё, as in the Russian word hedgehog.
• æ - open e
• e - like e in the word these
• ə - obscure unstressed sound, similar to e
• iː - long and
• ɪ - short, open and
• ʊ \u003d u - short u, pronounced with a slight rounding of the lips.
• uː - long y pronounced without much rounding of the lips.

Two-vowel sounds

Pronunciation of English consonants.

• p - p
• b - b
• m - m
• f - f
• v - in
• s - with
• z - z
• t - resembles a Russian sound tpronounced with the tongue positioned at the gums.
• d - resembles a Russian sound dpronounced with the tongue positioned at the gums.
• n - resembles a Russian sound npronounced with the tongue positioned at the gums.
• l - resembles a Russian sound l, pronounced with the tongue positioned at the gums.
• r is a very hard sound pronounced without vibration of the tongue. Corresponds to the sound p in the word lot
• ʃ - soft Russian sh
• ʒ - soft Russian zh, as in the word yeast.
• tʃ- h
• ʤ - similar to the Russian sound j (voiced h)
• k - k
• h - breath, reminiscent of a weakly pronounced sound x
• ju - long yu in the word southern
• je - the sound e in the word spruce
• jɔ - sound ё in the word Christmas tree
• jʌ - sound i in the word pit
• j - resembles the Russian sound й before vowels. Occurs in combination with vowels.

English consonants that do not have approximate equivalents in Russianː

• w - formed with rounded lips (as in a whistle). It looks like a sound delivered with only lips. In translation, it is denoted by letters in or y ː W illiams - Williams, Williams.
• ƞ - Open your mouth and say n without closing your mouth.
• ɵ - Move the slightly flattened tip of the tongue between the teeth and pronounce Russian with
• ð - Push the slightly flattened tip of the tongue between the teeth and say Russian