The role of N.I. Pirogov in the development of anesthesia

Contribution of N.I. Pirogov in the field of development of painkillers is not appreciated not only for Russia, but throughout the world.

The means of anesthesia were constantly changing, the technique of anesthesia was being improved. However, Pirogov's ideas about the possibility of achieving anesthesia not only by inhalation remained unshakable and formed the basis of many types of anesthesia - intravenous, rectal, intratracheal, etc.

Pirogov tested the ether primarily on healthy people - on himself and his assistants. Pirogov performed his first operation under anesthesia on February 14, 1847, when he performed an amputation of a woman's breast under ether anesthesia.

Pirogov's initial hesitations regarding the use of ether anesthesia did not prevent him from starting to use it. However, as soon as Pirogov was convinced of the effectiveness of ether anesthesia, he became his ardent supporter and propagandist. After all, before the use of anesthesia, operations really resembled torture.

Pirogov studied the reactions of patients during and after anesthesia, analyzed the degree of harmfulness of drugs, developed equipment for the administration of anesthesia, empirically sought ways to reduce the harmful effects on the patient's body Pirogov experimentally developed and applied rectal ether anesthesia. For what he designed a special apparatus for introducing ether vapor into the rectum. Pirogov described the advantages of this method over inhalation, and also outlined the indications for the use of rectal anesthesia, as well as the target audience, which included even children. In June 1847, Pirogov used rectal anesthesia for the first time.

By April-May 1847, Pirogov completed the study of anesthesia by injection into the arteries and veins. He systematized the results of the experiments and published them approximately earlier than May 17th.

The physiologist Flourens makes his report at the French Academy of Sciences on March 22, 1847, in which he reports on his experiments with the introduction of anesthesia into the arteries and veins.

By this time, Pirogov had already completed his experiments, so he can safely be called the founder of intra-arterial and intravenous anesthesia, despite the late direct publication of the work.

Almost simultaneously with Pirogov, the Anesthesia Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of Moscow University, under the leadership of A.M., performed work on intravascular anesthesia. Filomafitsky. http: //web-medik.ru/history-of-anaesthesia.html Thus, the founders of intravenous anesthesia are Russian scientists Pirogov and Filomafitsky, although this is not reflected in the works of foreign authors. According to Russian authors, the founder of intratracheal anesthesia can also be considered Pirogov, who in 1847 conducted an experiment on introducing a narcotic substance into the trachea in order to obtain anesthesia. A large number of operations with the use of anesthesia Pirogov performed in the Caucasian war. After the first observations of the use of anesthesia in the war, Pirogov concludes that it is necessary to train a team of drug addicts.

Pirogov showed exceptional energy to popularize and spread ether anesthesia in Russia. Despite all the difficulties of movement in those days, he personally traveled to many cities, where he demonstrated ether anesthesia.

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And you say: slipped, fell. Closed fracture! Lost consciousness, woke up - plaster. (film "Diamond Hand")

Since ancient times, to keep immobility in the fracture area, immobilize damaged bone fragments have been used various materials. The very fact that the bones grow together much better if they are immobilized relative to each other was obvious even primitive people. The vast majority of fractures will heal without any need for surgery if the broken bone is properly aligned and fixed (immobilized). Obviously, in that ancient time, immobilization (limitation of mobility) was the standard method of treating fractures. And how in those days, at the dawn of history, you can fix a broken bone? According to an extant text from the papyrus of Edwin Smith (1600 BC), hardening bandages were used, probably derived from bandages used in embalming. Also in the excavation of the tombs of the Fifth Dynasty (2494-2345 BC), Edwin Smith describes two sets of immobilization splints. Before the advent of the first plaster cast it was very far...
Detailed recommendations for the treatment of fractures are given in the Hippocratic Collection. The treatises “On Fractures” and “On Joints” give the technique of repositioning the joints, eliminating limb deformities in fractures, and, of course, immobilization methods. Hardening dressings made from a mixture of wax and resin were used (by the way, the method was very popular not only in Greece), as well as tires made of "thick leather and lead."
Later descriptions of methods for fixing broken limbs, in the 10th century AD A talented surgeon from the Caliphate of Cordoba (the territory of modern Spain) suggested using both a mixture of clay and flour and egg white to create a dense fixing bandage. These were materials that, along with starch, were used everywhere until the beginning of the 19th century and technically underwent only minor changes. Another thing is interesting. Why was plaster not used for this? The history of the plaster cast as we know it today is only 150 years old. And gypsum as a building material was used as early as the 3rd millennium BC. Has no one thought to use plaster for immobilization for 5 thousand years? The thing is that to create a plaster cast, you need not just gypsum, but one from which excess moisture has been removed - alabaster. In the Middle Ages, the name "Parisian plaster" was assigned to it.

History of plaster: from the first sculptures to Parisian plaster

Gypsum as a building material was used 5 thousand years ago, and was used everywhere in works of art, buildings of ancient civilizations. The Egyptians, for example, used it to decorate the tombs of the pharaohs in the pyramids. AT Ancient Greece plaster was widely used to create magnificent sculptures. In fact, the Greeks gave the name to this natural material. “Gypros” in Greek means “boiling stone” (obviously, due to its lightness and porous structure). It was also widely used in the works of the ancient Romans.
Historically, the most famous building material was used by the architects of the rest of Europe. Moreover, the manufacture of stucco and sculpture is not the only use of gypsum. It was also used for the manufacture of decorative plaster for processing wooden houses in cities. A huge interest in gypsum plaster arose because of the misfortune that was quite common in those days - fire, namely: the Great Fire of London in 1666. Fires were not uncommon then, but then more than 13 thousand wooden buildings burned out. It turned out that those buildings that were covered with gypsum plaster were much more resistant to fire. Therefore, in France they began to actively use gypsum to protect buildings from fires. An important point: in France there is the largest deposit of gypsum stone - Montmartre. Therefore, the name "Paris plaster" was fixed.

From Parisian plaster to the first plaster cast

If we talk about hardening materials used in the "pre-gypsum" era, then it is worth remembering the famous Ambroise Pare. The French surgeon impregnated the bandages with an egg white composition, as he writes in his ten-volume manual on surgery. It was the 16th century and firearms began to be actively used. Immobilizing dressings were used not only for the treatment of fractures, but also for the treatment of gunshot wounds,. European surgeons then experimented with dextrin, starch, wood glue. Napoleon Bonaparte's personal physician, Jean Dominique Larrey, used bandages impregnated with a mixture of camphor alcohol, lead acetate and egg white. The method, due to the complexity, was not massive.
But who first guessed to use a plaster cast, that is, a fabric soaked in plaster, is unclear. Apparently, it was a Dutch doctor - Anthony Mathyssen, who applied it in 1851. He tried rubbing the dressing with plaster powder, which, after being applied, was moistened with a sponge and water. Moreover, at a meeting of the Belgian Society of Medical Sciences, he was sharply criticized: the surgeons did not like the fact that the plaster stains the doctor's clothes and quickly hardens. Mathyssen's dressings were strips of coarse cotton fabric with a thin layer of Parisian plaster applied. This method of making a plaster cast was used until 1950.
It is worth saying that long before that there is evidence that gypsum was used for immobilization, but in a slightly different way. The leg was placed in a box filled with alabaster - a "dressing projectile". When the gypsum set, such a heavy blank was obtained on the limb. The downside was that it severely limited the patient's mobility. The next breakthrough in immobilization, as usual, was the war. In war, everything should be fast, practical and convenient for mass use. Who in the war will deal with boxes of alabaster? It was our compatriot, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, who first applied a plaster cast in 1852 in one of the military hospitals.

The first ever use of a plaster cast

But why is it gypsum? Gypsum is one of the most common minerals in the earth's crust. It is calcium sulfate bound to two water molecules (CaSO4*2H2O). When heated to 100-180 degrees, gypsum begins to lose water. Depending on the temperature, either alabaster (120-180 degrees Celsius) is obtained. This is the same Parisian plaster. At a temperature of 95-100 degrees, low-fired gypsum is obtained, called high-strength gypsum. The latter is just more preferable for sculptural compositions.

He was the first to use the familiar plaster cast. He, like other doctors, tried to use different materials to create a tight bandage: starch, colloidin (a mixture of birch tar, salicylic acid and colloid), gutta-percha (a polymer very similar to rubber). All these funds had a big minus - they dried out very slowly. Blood and pus soaked the bandage and it often broke. The method proposed by Mathyssen was also not perfect. Due to the uneven impregnation of the fabric with gypsum, the bandage crumbled and was fragile.

For immobilization in ancient times, there were attempts to use cement, but the long curing time was also a minus. Try sitting still with a broken leg all day...

As N.I. Pirogov in his "Sevastopol Letters and Memoirs" he saw the action of plaster on canvas at the workshop of the famous sculptor N.A. Stepanov in those days. The sculptor used thin linen strips soaked in a liquid mixture of Parisian plaster to make models. “I guessed that it could be used in surgery, and immediately put bandages and strips of canvas soaked in this solution on a complex fracture of the lower leg. The success was wonderful. The bandage dried up in a few minutes ... The complex fracture healed without suppuration and any seizures.
During Crimean War the method of applying plaster bandages has been widely introduced into practice. The technique for preparing a plaster cast according to Pirogov looked like this. The injured limb was wrapped in a cloth, and the bone protrusions were additionally wrapped around. A gypsum solution was being prepared and strips from shirts or underpants were immersed in it (in war there is no time for fat). In general, everything was suitable for bandages.

In the presence of a plaster solution, you can turn anything into an immobilizing bandage (from the movie "Gentlemen of Fortune")

The gypsum gruel was distributed over the tissue and applied along the limb. Then the longitudinal stripes were reinforced with transverse stripes. It turned out to be a solid construction. Already after the war, Pirogov improved his method: a piece of tissue was cut out of coarse canvas in advance, corresponding to the size of the injured limb and soaked in a plaster solution before use.

Abroad, the Matissen technique was popular. The fabric was rubbed with dry gypsum powder and applied to the patient's limb. The gypsum composition was stored separately in sealed containers. In the future, bandages sprinkled with the same composition were produced. But they wetted them after bandaging.

Pros and cons of a plaster cast

What are the advantages of a gypsum-based fixing bandage? Convenience and speed of application. The gypsum is hypoallergenic (only one case of contact allergy is remembered). A very important point: the bandage "breathes" due to the porous structure of the mineral. A microclimate is created. This is a definite bonus, unlike modern polymer dressings, which also have a hydrophobic substrate. Of the minuses: not always sufficient strength (although a lot depends on the manufacturing technique). Gypsum crumbles and is very heavy. And for those who have been affected by misfortune and had to turn to a traumatologist, the question is often tormented: how to scratch under a cast? Nevertheless, under a plaster cast, it itches more often than under a polymer one: it dries out the skin (recall the hygroscopicity of gypsum). Various devices made of wires are used. Who faced, he will understand. In a bandage made of plastic, on the contrary, everything “fades”. The substrate is hydrophobic, that is, it does not absorb water. But what about the main bonus of polymer dressings - the ability to take a shower? Of course, here all these disadvantages are devoid of bandages created on a 3D printer. But so far, such bandages are only in development.

Polymer and 3D printer as a means of immobilization

Will the plaster cast become a thing of the past?

Modern capabilities of a 3D printer in the creation of fixation dressings

Undoubtedly. But I don't think it will be very soon. Rapidly developing modern technologies, new materials will still take their toll. The plaster bandage still has a very important advantage. Very low price. And, although new polymeric materials are emerging, the immobilizing bandage of which is much lighter and stronger (by the way, it is much more difficult to remove such a bandage than a regular plaster one), fixing bandages of the “external skeleton” type (printed on a 3D printer), the history of the plaster bandage is not over yet.

Palamarchuk Vyacheslav

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Great, brilliant, famous - about the doctor Nikolai Pirogov descendants speak in a superlative sense. He really managed to make discoveries ahead of time and become the founder of military field surgery in Russia. AiF.ru recalls the biography of a famous physician.

Aesculapius games

Nikolai Pirogov was born on November 25, 1810 in the patriarchal family of a treasury official. The boy was the 13th child of his parents. And his path to medicine began already in childhood from the first meeting with a well-known Moscow doctor at that time. Efrem Osipovich Mukhin.

In 1820, when little Kolya was only 10 years old, one of his older brothers fell seriously ill with rheumatism. One physician replaced another at the patient's bedside, but there was no result. After an unsuccessful visit to the fifth physician, the neighbors advised the Pirogovs to invite Professor Mukhin, then a celebrity. Nikolai's father doubted whether such a doctor would accept the invitation of a poor person? But Mukhin agreed - he was always interested in severe cases that were difficult to treat.

"Well, young man, what happened to you?" - he carefully examined the patient, listened to complaints, began treatment. And after a few sessions, relief came. “And you, sir, would make a good doctor,” Mukhin said, addressing the 10-year-old Kolya as an adult. “I understood that from the way you looked after your brother.

After Mukhin, he often visited the Pirogovs' house. Nikolai, on the other hand, liked the manners of the Aesculapius and his behavior so much that he regularly played “in Mukhin” with his family - many times he “listened” to them with a pipe, coughed and imitated Mukhin’s voice, prescribing medicines.

As a result, when the young man graduated from school, the family council again remembered the prediction of the famous doctor - and decided to send Pirogov Jr. to medical school. However, there was a problem - the boy was barely 14 years old. It's too early - they won't accept it ... And here again Mukhin came to the rescue. He personally turned to the rector himself, telling him: “I feel, Your Excellency, that the kid will be good.”

... And there was a sense

Nikolai Pirogov graduated from the university in 1828. At the same time, his student years fell on difficult years, when various medical experiments and experiments, as well as the preparation of various anatomical preparations, were banned as a "godless" thing. After graduating from the university, he left for the city of Dorpat to prepare for a professorship and study anatomy and surgery under the guidance of a respected mentor. Ivan Moyer. At the same time, in 1832, at the age of 22, he already managed to defend his dissertation “Is ligation of the abdominal aorta in case of inguinal aneurysm an easy and safe intervention?”, which completely changed the idea of ​​​​procedures of this kind and refuted a number of statements by eminent foreign doctors.

Pirogov did not want to sit in one place - as a result, he managed to work in Dorpat and visit Germany, improving everywhere as a doctor, gaining experience and experimenting.

Each discovery and statement of the young physician was scientifically and factually supported by many different experiments and studies. So, for example, while preparing his work on Achilles tendon ligation as a means of orthopedic treatment, he made no less than 80 experiments in this industry! Based on his empirical findings, he was able to come up with an excellent treatment option.

In 1841, Pirogov became the head of the hospital surgery clinic, where he was able to improve his skills and knowledge, and also received a fairly wide field for research. In 1847, the doctor went as a military field surgeon to the Caucasus in the army. His work there opened a new page in the history of Russian medicine.

Russian anesthesiologist

Literally a year before leaving for the war, the surgeon learned about the use of ether as an anesthetic. He closely followed all modern discoveries in the field of health and read such magazines and newspapers as Severnaya Pchela, Friend of Health, St. Petersburg Vedomosti. And it was from them that he learned about the successful demonstration of the use of ether as an anesthetic. William Morton.

Initially, the doctor was skeptical and negative about this kind of anesthesia and made attempts to find his own option. However, the successful experiment of a foreign colleague forced him to reconsider his views. Pirogov begins research and is convinced that all his doubts were unfounded, and ether anesthesia is "a tool that can instantly transform all surgery."

In the field, the doctor began to actively use anesthesia, which significantly improved recovery rates - now patients did not suffer from pain and did not die from shock. In a monograph published by a famous surgeon, his recommendations for the use of such anesthesia were indicated. He believed that it was first necessary to test the "patient's susceptibility" to the drug, because. Everyone's body reacts differently.

The war, in which the doctor took part, made it possible to revise the principle of providing first aid in terms of urgency. “I was the first to introduce sorting of the wounded at the Sevastopol dressing stations and thereby destroyed the chaos that reigned there,” the surgeon himself wrote. According to him, it was necessary to divide the fighters who came from the front line according to the degree of urgency of providing medical assistance: the most severe forward, with minor injuries - in anticipation. In addition, it was at his suggestion that sisters of mercy appeared in Russia - they helped nurse the sick, did the necessary dressings and washings.

Pirogov triangle

Nikolai Pirogov owns many medical discoveries. A number of anatomical formations are named after him - Pirogov's triangle, Pirogov's ring, etc. Several operations are named after him.

In addition, the outstanding doctor of Russia created a new section of anatomy - a topographic study of organs. Previously, it was almost impossible to study the location of organs inside using dummies and created models. Anatomical autopsies also did not give a complete picture. Pirogov proposed a series of experiments that allowed him to significantly correct the overall picture and gave doctors a more complete vision of what was happening inside human body. The result was a 4-volume book, which brought worldwide fame to the Russian doctor.

Nikolai Pirogov also took care of the students, believing that there is no better experience than practical. Therefore, he tried to create such conditions that each surgical student could participate in various experiments and surgical interventions.

... The name of Nikolai Pirogov is now well known not only to medical students. In his honor, Pirogov congresses and readings are held, and even a medical society named after Pirogov has been created. Also, many hospitals, several streets, embankments and even an asteroid are named after him.

"Divine art to destroy pain" for a long time was beyond the control of man. For centuries, patients have been forced to patiently endure torment, and healers have not been able to end their suffering. In the 19th century, science was finally able to conquer pain.

Modern surgery uses for and A who first invented anesthesia? You will learn about this in the process of reading the article.

Anesthesia techniques in antiquity

Who invented anesthesia and why? Since the dawn of medical science, physicians have tried to solve important issues: how to make surgical manipulations as painless as possible for patients? With severe injuries, people died not only from the consequences of the injury, but also from the experienced pain shock. The surgeon had no more than 5 minutes to perform the operations, otherwise the pain became unbearable. The Aesculapius of antiquity were armed with various means.

AT Ancient Egypt used crocodile fat or alligator skin powder as anesthetics. One of the ancient Egyptian manuscripts, dated 1500 BC, describes the analgesic properties of the opium poppy.

In ancient India, doctors used substances based on Indian hemp to obtain painkillers. Chinese physician Hua Tuo, who lived in the 2nd century BC. AD, offered patients to drink wine with the addition of marijuana before the operation.

Anesthesia methods in the Middle Ages

Who invented anesthesia? In the Middle Ages, the miraculous effect was attributed to the root of the mandrake. This plant from the nightshade family contains potent psychoactive alkaloids. Drugs with the addition of an extract from the mandrake had a narcotic effect on a person, clouded the mind, dulled the pain. However, the wrong dosage could lead to death, and frequent use caused drug addiction. The analgesic properties of mandrake for the first time in the 1st century AD. described by the ancient Greek philosopher Dioscorides. He gave them the name "anesthesia" - "without feeling."

In 1540, Paracelsus proposed to use for pain relief diethyl ether. He repeatedly tried the substance in practice - the results looked encouraging. Other doctors did not support the innovation, and after the death of the inventor, this method was forgotten.

To turn off a person's consciousness for the most complex manipulations, surgeons used a wooden hammer. The patient was struck on the head, and he temporarily fell into unconsciousness. The method was crude and inefficient.

The most common method of medieval anesthesiology was ligatura fortis, i.e., infringement of nerve endings. The measure allowed to slightly reduce pain. One of the apologists for this practice was Ambroise Pare, the court physician of the French monarchs.

Cooling and hypnosis as methods of pain relief

At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, the Neapolitan physician Aurelio Saverina reduced the sensitivity of operated organs with the help of cooling. The diseased part of the body was rubbed with snow, thus being subjected to a slight frost. Patients experienced less pain. This method has been described in the literature, but few people have resorted to it.

About anesthesia with the help of cold was remembered during the Napoleonic invasion of Russia. In the winter of 1812, the French surgeon Larrey carried out mass amputations of frostbitten limbs right on the street at a temperature of -20 ... -29 ° C.

In the 19th century, during the mesmerization craze, attempts were made to hypnotize patients before surgery. AND when and who invented anesthesia? We will talk about this further.

Chemical experiments of the XVIII-XIX centuries

With the development of scientific knowledge, scientists began to gradually approach the solution of a complex problem. AT early XIX century, the English naturalist H. Davy established on the basis personal experience that inhalation of nitrous oxide vapors dulls the sensation of pain in a person. M. Faraday found that a similar effect is caused by a pair of sulfuric ether. Their discoveries have not found practical application.

In the mid 40s. XIX century dentist G. Wells from the USA became the first person in the world who underwent surgical manipulation while under the influence of an anesthetic - nitrous oxide or "laughing gas". Wells had a tooth removed, but he felt no pain. Wells was inspired by a successful experience and began to promote a new method. However, a repeated public demonstration of the action of a chemical anesthetic ended in failure. Wells failed to win the laurels of the discoverer of anesthesia.

The invention of ether anesthesia

W. Morton, who practiced in the field of dentistry, became interested in the study of the analgesic effect. He carried out a series of successful experiments on himself and on October 16, 1846, he immersed the first patient in a state of anesthesia. An operation was performed to painlessly remove the tumor on the neck. The event received a wide response. Morton patented his innovation. He is officially considered the inventor of anesthesia and the first anesthesiologist in the history of medicine.

In medical circles, the idea of ​​ether anesthesia was picked up. Operations with its use were made by doctors in France, Great Britain, Germany.

Who invented anesthesia in Russia? First Russian doctor who ventured to test the advanced method on his patients was Fedor Ivanovich Inozemtsev. In 1847, he performed several complex abdominal operations on patients immersed in it. Therefore, he is the discoverer of anesthesia in Russia.

The contribution of N. I. Pirogov to the world anesthesiology and traumatology

Other Russian doctors followed in the footsteps of Inozemtsev, including Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov. He not only operated on patients, but also studied the effect of ethereal gas, tried different ways of introducing it into the body. Pirogov summarized and published his observations. He was the first to describe the techniques of endotracheal, intravenous, spinal and rectal anesthesia. His contribution to the development of modern anesthesiology is invaluable.

Pirogov is the one. For the first time in Russia, he began to fix injured limbs with a plaster cast. The physician tested his method on wounded soldiers during the Crimean War. However, Pirogov cannot be considered the discoverer of this method. Gypsum as a fixing material was used long before him (Arab doctors, the Dutch Hendrichs and Mathyssen, the Frenchman Lafargue, the Russians Gibental and Basov). Pirogov only improved plaster fixation, made it light and mobile.

Discovery of chloroform anesthesia

In the early 30s. Chloroform was discovered in the 19th century.

A new type of anesthesia using chloroform was officially presented to the medical community on November 10, 1847. Its inventor, the Scottish obstetrician D. Simpson, actively introduced anesthesia for women in labor to facilitate the process of childbirth. There is a legend that the first girl who was born painlessly was given the name Anasthesia. Simpson is rightfully considered the founder of obstetric anesthesiology.

Chloroform anesthesia was much more convenient and profitable than ether anesthesia. He quickly plunged a person into sleep, had a deeper effect. He did not need additional equipment, it was enough to inhale the vapors with gauze soaked in chloroform.

Cocaine - local anesthetic of South American Indians

The ancestors of local anesthesia are considered to be the South American Indians. They have been practicing cocaine as an anesthetic since ancient times. This plant alkaloid was extracted from the leaves of the local shrub Erythroxylon coca.

The Indians considered the plant a gift from the gods. Coca was planted in special fields. Young leaves were carefully cut off from the bush and dried. If necessary, the dried leaves were chewed and saliva was poured over the damaged area. It lost sensitivity, and traditional healers proceeded to the operation.

Koller's research in local anesthesia

The need to provide anesthesia in a limited area was especially acute for dentists. Extraction of teeth and other interventions in dental tissues caused unbearable pain in patients. Who Invented Local Anesthesia? In the 19th century, in parallel with experiments on general anesthesia, searches were carried out effective method for limited (local) anesthesia. In 1894, a hollow needle was invented. To stop toothache, dentists used morphine and cocaine.

Vasily Konstantinovich Anrep, a professor from St. Petersburg, wrote about the properties of coca derivatives to reduce sensitivity in tissues. His works were studied in detail by the Austrian ophthalmologist Karl Koller. The young doctor decided to use cocaine as an anesthetic for eye surgery. The experiments were successful. Patients remained conscious and did not feel pain. In 1884, Koller informed the Viennese medical community of his achievements. Thus, the results of the experiments of the Austrian doctor are the first officially confirmed examples of local anesthesia.

The history of the development of endotrachial anesthesia

In modern anesthesiology, endotracheal anesthesia, also called intubation or combined anesthesia, is most often practiced. This is the safest type of anesthesia for a person. Its use allows you to control the patient's condition, to carry out complex abdominal operations.

Who invented endotrochial anesthesia? The first documented case of the use of a breathing tube for medical purposes is associated with the name of Paracelsus. An outstanding doctor of the Middle Ages inserted a tube into the trachea of ​​a dying person and thereby saved his life.

André Vesalius, a professor of medicine from Padua, conducted experiments on animals in the 16th century by inserting breathing tubes into their tracheas.

The occasional use of breathing tubes during operations provided the basis for further developments in the field of anesthesiology. In the early 70s of the XIX century, the German surgeon Trendelenburg made a breathing tube equipped with a cuff.

The use of muscle relaxants in intubation anesthesia

The mass use of intubation anesthesia began in 1942, when Canadians Harold Griffith and Enid Johnson used muscle relaxants during surgery - drugs that relax muscles. They injected the patient with the alkaloid tubocurarine (intokostrin), obtained from the well-known poison of the South American curare Indians. The innovation facilitated the implementation of intubation measures and made operations safer. Canadians are considered to be the innovators of endotracheal anesthesia.

Now you know who invented general and local anesthesia. Modern anesthesiology does not stand still. Traditional methods are successfully applied, the latest medical developments are being introduced. Anesthesia is a complex, multicomponent process on which the health and life of the patient depends.