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NIZHNY NOVGOROD STATE MEDICAL ACADEMY OF THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

(FGBOU VO "NizhGMA" of the Ministry of Health of Russia)

Faculty of Pharmacy

Department of Management and Economics of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology

by discipline

"Management and Economics of Pharmacy"

for 4th and 5th year students of the correspondence department

Nizhny Novgorod

SECTION 1 PROGRAM OF THE DISCIPLINE "MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS OF PHARMACY" ………………………………..………………...….3

SECTION 2 RULES OF DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF CONTROL WORK ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….8

SECTION 3 CONTROL WORK №1………………………….………...10

1. Theoretical questions………………………………….……………….10

2. Test tasks…………………………………………………………………………13

3. Tasks……………………………………………………………………...55

SECTION 4 CONTROL WORK №2……………………………………73

1. Theoretical questions…………………………………………………..73

2. Test tasks……………………………………………………………74

3. Tasks……………………………………………………………………..96

LIST OF LITERATURE FOR INDEPENDENT TRAINING……………………………………………………….………105

APPS………………………………………………………………112

SECTION 1 PROGRAM OF THE DISCIPLINE "MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMY OF PHARMACY" (for 4th year students of the correspondence department of the Faculty of Pharmacy).

The study of the course of the discipline "Management and Economics of Pharmacy" is aimed at developing the following competencies among students of distance learning: general cultural (OK 1-8) and professional (PC 1-3, 5-33, 40-50) competencies; training of specialists capable of organizing pharmaceutical care for the population, solving the problems of providing qualified, timely and affordable drug care and ensuring the safety of the use of medicines.

Tasks of the discipline - as a result of mastering the discipline, the student must:

Know:

Ø Structure modern system health care Russian Federation

Ø the fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on protecting the health of citizens and ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being in the country

Ø main regulatory and legal documents

Ø legal, legislative and administrative procedures and strategy relating to all aspects of pharmaceutical activity

Ø the basics of medical deontology and psychology of the relationship between a doctor and a pharmacist, a pharmacist and a consumer of medicines and other pharmaceutical products, when providing first aid and caring for the sick and injured in emergency situations

Ø features of social insurance and social security, the basics of organizing insurance medicine in the Russian Federation, the healthcare system in the Russian Federation

Ø features of the work of a pharmacist in concluding contracts with enterprises, institutions, insurance companies in the manner prescribed by law

Ø the basis for the organization of pharmaceutical care (outpatient and inpatient) for various groups of the population

Ø the basis for organizing drug supply for outpatients and inpatients with drugs and other pharmaceutical products at full cost, as well as for citizens entitled to social assistance

Ø the basis for organizing the procurement of medical equipment for state and municipal needs

Ø the concept of consumer value, consumer properties of drugs and other pharmaceutical products and factors affecting them

Ø methods for analyzing the range of medicines and other pharmaceutical products

Ø requirements for labeling, packaging and storage of medicines and other pharmaceutical products

Ø basics of workforce management

Ø maintenance of accounting documentation by pharmaceutical enterprises of the wholesale and retail level

Ø organization of the work of middle pharmaceutical and auxiliary personnel of pharmaceutical organizations

Ø the basic principles of state regulation and the pricing process for pharmaceutical products at all stages of the movement of goods

Ø Rules for conducting pharmaceutical examination of prescriptions and requirements of medical and other organizations

Ø reporting methods for internal and external users of accounting information

Ø methods for determining the need and demand for various groups of drugs and other pharmaceutical products

Ø storage technology for medicines and other pharmaceutical products

Ø the procedure for dispensing medicines and other pharmaceutical products from a pharmacy to the public, medical and other organizations

Ø organizing the manufacture of extemporaneous dosage forms according to prescriptions and requirements of medical and other organizations

Ø basic principles of accounting for inventory, cash and settlements

Ø principles and rules of settlements with personnel

Ø main forms of non-cash payments for goods and services

Ø taxation systems for pharmaceutical organizations

Ø the basics of office work in pharmaceutical organizations

Ø Methods for compiling external reporting of pharmaceutical organizations (accounting, statistical, tax)

Ø methods of financial analysis of the main performance indicators of pharmaceutical organizations

Ø principles of audit and management of business processes of pharmaceutical organizations

Ø principles for developing a business plan for pharmaceutical organizations

Ø methods of selection, placement and accounting of personnel movement

Ø basic principles of prevention of morbidity in the population

Be able to:

Ø observe the ethical and deontological principles of relationships in professional activities with colleagues, medical workers and the public

Ø put into practice the methods and techniques of marketing analysis in the system of drug provision of the population, medical and other organizations

Ø draw up organizational and administrative documentation in accordance with state standards

Ø carry out certification of workplaces, health and safety briefing for pharmaceutical workers and support staff, measures to prevent environmental violations and violations of labor protection and safety

Ø select accounting methods and draw up documents on accounting policies

Ø carry out pharmaceutical expertise of prescriptions and requirements of medical and other organizations

Ø sell medicines and other pharmaceutical products

Ø determine the cost of finished drugs and extemporaneous dosage forms

Ø keep records of the recipe in the relevant documentation

Ø conduct subject-quantitative accounting of medicines and other pharmaceutical products in pharmaceutical organizations

Ø provide a population eligible for state social assistance

Ø document the laboratory and packaging work

Ø determine the demand and need for various groups of pharmaceutical products

Ø draw up documentation of the established form for the manufacture, storage, registration and dispensing of medicines and other pharmaceutical products from pharmacy organizations

Ø analyze the state of commodity stocks and determine the sources of their financing

Ø select a supplier, conclude supply contracts and draw up documentation on a claim form

Ø place orders for the supply of goods

Ø form prices for pharmaceutical products at all stages of product promotion, including in-pharmacy production

Ø ensure the necessary conditions for the storage of medicines and other pharmaceutical products during transportation and in the institutions of the commodity distribution network

Ø use the principles of merchandising and methods of stimulating the sale of pharmacy products

Ø keep records of cash flow at the pharmacy cash desk and on the current account

Ø to carry out an inventory of inventory items, cash and settlements

Ø keep records of business transactions

Ø analyze the financial and economic condition of the pharmacy and develop measures to improve the efficiency of pharmaceutical organizations

Ø predict the economic performance of pharmaceutical organizations and its structural divisions

Ø provide information support for the pharmaceutical business

Ø manage the personnel of pharmaceutical organizations, implement an effective personnel policy using motivational settings

Ø manage socio-psychological processes, prevent conflict situations in the team and in interaction with consumers of pharmaceutical products and services

Ø inform the public, medical workers and pharmaceutical workers about medicines, their analogues and synonyms

Ø inform medical and pharmaceutical workers and the public about the main characteristics of medicines, belonging to a certain pharmacotherapeutic group, indications and contraindications for use, the possibility of replacing one drug with another, and rational use and storage rules

Ø inform the public about the preventive properties of pharmaceutical products

Own:

Ø methods, methods and techniques for organizing work in the main links of the distribution system of the pharmaceutical market

Ø organization of pharmaceutical activities

Ø legal documentation regulating the work of a pharmacy organization for receiving prescriptions and the requirements of medical and other organizations

Ø regulatory and legal documentation regulating the operation of pharmacy organizations for dispensing medicines and other pharmaceutical products to the public, medical and other organizations

Ø regulatory, reference and scientific literature for solving professional problems

Ø the skills to carry out pharmaceutical examination of prescriptions and requirements of medical and other organizations, the dispensing of medicines and other pharmaceutical products according to prescriptions and requirements

Ø methods of personnel management of pharmaceutical organizations, compliance with labor protection and safety regulations and labor legislation, ensuring safe working conditions for personnel

Ø skills in developing an accounting policy, accounting for inventory items: cash and settlements

Ø reporting skills for internal and external users of accounting information

Ø methods of financial and economic analysis, analysis of key performance indicators of pharmacies

Ø the skills to analyze the state of the property and obligations of the pharmacy

Ø skills to assess the degree of risk of entrepreneurial activity

Ø Skills for segmenting the pharmaceutical market and selecting target segments

Ø methods of studying demand, forming an assortment and forecasting the need for medicines and other pharmaceutical products

Ø ways to determine the information needs of consumers of medicines and other pharmaceutical products, provide information and advisory services, use modern resources for information support of the pharmaceutical business

Ø pricing methods for medicines and other pharmaceutical products

Ø administrative record keeping skills

Ø skills to comply with the principles of ethics and deontology in communication with medical and pharmaceutical workers, consumers of pharmaceutical goods and services

The program of the discipline "Management and Economics of Pharmacy" includes several topics (sections):

SECTION 2 RULES FOR FORMING AND PERFORMING CONTROL WORKS

The result of the student's independent work on the study of the discipline "Management and Economics of Pharmacy" is the performance of tests. To perform the control work should be started only after studying a certain part of the program.

The number of test papers is distributed personally to each student. The list is attached as an additional file.

note , that only tasks are distributed by options, test tasks are performed in full by each student.

Control work should include:

1. Title page(A sample of the design of the title page is given in Appendix 1);

3. Answers to test tasks

Solution of situational problems

5. List of references (required with a list of legal documents used to prepare and perform the test)

Applications

The volume of control work arbitrary, A4 format, Times New Roman font, size 14, spacing 1.5

Type of control work: printed or handwritten.

Requirements for the performance of control work

1. the conditions of each task are completely rewritten;

2. answers to theoretical questions should not be copied verbatim from textbooks or normative documents (RD);

3. the work must be written by the student himself;

4. the numbers and conditions of the tasks must be in the order in which they are indicated in the options;

5. at the end of each test work, you must provide a list of references (mandatory with ND) used in writing it, indicate the date of completion and put your signature.

The control work must be submitted strictly within the specified time to the dean's office or sent by mail with a description of the contents (the receipt of the postal item must be kept and, if necessary, presented to the dean's office). For the control work, the teacher assigned to this course gives a brief review indicating the shortcomings and errors found, if any.

The teacher evaluates the control work on a two-point scale: “passed”, “not passed”. The “pass” mark is given for the work in which complete and correct answers to all questions are given, correct but incomplete answers are allowed for 30% of the total number of questions. The “failed” mark is given for the work, in which the answers to all questions are not disclosed, incomplete answers are given, or there are no answers to some questions (31% of the total number of questions).

In case of an unsatisfactory assessment, the test work is returned to the student for revision, after which it must be submitted for re-checking as soon as possible. The set-off of two control works is the admission to session.

NB! Students who did not pass the test papers within the specified period or received unsatisfactory grades for them are not allowed to attend classes and the examination session.

SECTION 3 CONTROL WORK No. 1(winter session)

3.1 Theoretical questions

Theoretical questions are obligatory for preparing for the performance of test tasks and solving situational problems.

1. Pharmaceutical complex. Features of the pharmaceutical market. State regulation of the pharmaceutical market. Three-level system of legislation on the circulation of medicines.

2. Federal Law "On Advertising": basic concepts and provisions, inappropriate advertising, categories of goods whose advertising is not allowed. Requirements for advertising of different categories of pharmacy products, features of OTC and Rx advertising.

3. Organization of relationships between the pharmacist and the drug consumer. Law "On Protection of Consumer Rights": basic concepts and provisions. Government Decree "Rules for the sale of certain types of goods": basic concepts and provisions.

4. Federal Law "On the protection of the health of citizens in the Russian Federation": basic concepts and provisions. Basic principles of health protection, duties of citizens in the field of health protection. Responsibilities of pharmaceutical workers; restrictions imposed in the exercise of their professional activities.

5. The concept of the market, subjects and objects of the market, types of markets. Proposal, the law of supply. Factors affecting supply (price and non-price determinants).

6. Demand, the law of demand, types of demand, features of the formation of demand for drugs. Factors affecting demand (price and non-price determinants).

7. Market equilibrium and its main parameters. Oversupply and unsatisfied demand. The law of supply and demand. Influence of price and non-price factors.

8. Price and income elasticity of demand, income elasticity of supply, cross elasticity. Types of elasticity, elasticity factors, types of goods.

9. Theory of consumer behavior. Methods for studying consumer behavior, a brief description. Key steps in making a purchasing decision.

10. Main directions of commodity and assortment policy. Goods, the structure of the commodity nomenclature. Classification of goods sold by pharmacy organizations.

11. Analysis of the life cycle of pharmacy products. Characteristics of the stages of the product life cycle. Types of life cycle curves. Analysis of the "economic portfolio" of the organization. Analysis of marketing indicators of the pharmacy range.

12. Optimization of the range of medicines, taking into account the speed of implementation. Analysis of economic indicators of the pharmacy range (ABC, XYZ, ABC / XYZ-analysis). Analysis of pharmacoeconomic indicators of the assortment (VEN-analysis). Approaches to the classification of the product range of pharmaceutical organizations in the areas of its analysis.

13. Logistics, objects of logistics management, basic concepts of logistics management. a brief description of main types of logistics.

14. Purchasing logistics. Supplier selection. Transport logistics, the main stages of transportation management. Transportation alternatives and criteria for choosing logistics intermediaries.

15. Inventory logistics. Stock classification, basic stock management systems. Calculation of the optimal order size and time interval between orders.

16. Warehousing logistics. Pharmacy warehouse: tasks, functions. Organizational structure options. The procedure for the release of goods from the pharmacy warehouse.

17. Sales logistics. Organization of goods distribution in the pharmaceutical market, levels of logistics channels. Wholesale pharmaceutical organizations: tasks, functions.

18. Pharmaceutical marketing: purpose and objectives, forms, principles, functions. Marketing Complex. Factors influencing the consumption of pharmacy goods.

19. Marketing methods for determining the need for drugs. Studying the demand for pharmaceutical products, types of demand. System of marketing researches of medicines.

20. Basic marketing strategies: analysis of the company's marketing environment, SWOT and STEP analysis, portfolio strategies, market segmentation.

21. Retail link in the system of promotion of pharmaceutical products. Nomenclature of pharmacy organizations, tasks and functions. Forms of ownership and organizational and legal forms of pharmacy organizations.

22. Nomenclature of full-time positions of pharmacy workers. Variants of the organizational structure of the pharmacy. The composition of the premises of pharmacy organizations, depending on the functions performed.

23. Legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of licensing of pharmaceutical activities. The procedure for opening and licensing a pharmacy organization. Licensing of activities related to the turnover of NA and PV.

24. General principles organization of storage of medicines in pharmacy organizations.

25. Features of storage of certain groups of goods in a pharmacy warehouse. Reception, storage and accounting of goods in the pharmacy warehouse, inventory management.

26. Requirements for the design of the trading floor of a pharmacy organization and window dressing. Basic principles of merchandising.

27. Organization of the work of pharmacy organizations for the sale of goods and services. Non-prescription drug dispensing. Organization of workplaces for specialists in the trading floor.

28. Organization of the work of a pharmacy for receiving prescriptions and dispensing drugs: pharmaceutical expertise, registration. Registration of primary documentation at the workplace of the pharmacist technologist.

29. Organization of the manufacture of drugs, semi-finished products, intra-pharmaceutical preparations, the manufacture of concentrates and semi-finished products. Taxation of prescriptions and the procedure for their registration.

30. Intra-pharmacy quality control of drugs dispensed from pharmacy organizations. Workplace equipment for drug quality control, basic documentation. Withdrawal of drugs for analysis by drug quality control centers.

31. State regulation of circulation of controlled drug groups. Subject-quantitative accounting in a pharmacy.

32. Features of receipt, storage and accounting of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors.

33. Organization and maintenance of PKU in a pharmacy organization.

34. Organization of drug supply for inpatients (in the absence of a pharmacy in the structure of the Moscow Region; in the presence of a pharmacy in the structure of the Moscow Region).

3.2 Test tasks

Answer Form

No. p / p	Answer
	a
	G
	…

Choose 1 correct answer

DISCOVERY OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE, ECONOMICAL, RESOURCE-SAVING, ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE WAYS AND METHODS OF PROVIDING PHARMACEUTICAL ASSISTANCE IS:

a) Pharmaceutical marketing

b) Pharmaceutical assistance

c) Pharmaceutical logistics

2. THE PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET IS DEFINED AS:

a) A type of human activity aimed at satisfying needs and requirements through exchange

b) The totality of existing and potential manufacturers, sellers and consumers of medicinal products and other pharmacy products

in) Effective method meeting the needs of consumers

d) Method of formation of the pricing system

e) Pharmaceutical consumers only advantage

THE SET OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF PHARMACEUTICAL ACTIVITIES AIMED AT PROVIDING THE POPULATION WITH PHARMACY PRODUCTS AND PROVIDING SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY SERVICES TO MEDICAL WORKERS AND CITIZENS IS:

a) Pharmaceutical marketing

b) Pharmaceutical assistance

c) Pharmaceutical logistics

d) The purpose of management and economics of pharmacy as a science

e) The main task of the pharmacy organization

THE READINESS OF AN ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL CONSUMER TO PURCHASE A GOODS FOR THE MONEY HE IS AVAILABLE FOR THE PURCHASE OF THIS GOODS IS DETERMINED AS:

b) The magnitude (volume) of demand

c) Offer

e) Market equilibrium

THE POSSIBILITY AND DESIRE OF THE SELLER (MANUFACTURER) TO OFFER ITS GOODS FOR SALE ON THE MARKET AT CERTAIN PRICES IS:

b) The magnitude (volume) of demand

c) Offer

d) The value (volume) of the proposal

e) Market equilibrium

THE SITUATION IN THE MARKET WHEN A REDUCTION IN THE PRICE OF A PARTICULAR PRODUCT CAUSES BUYERS' DESIRE TO PURCHASE MORE OF THIS PRODUCT INSTEAD OF SIMILAR BUT MORE EXPENSIVE PRODUCTS, IS CHARACTERIZED AS THE EFFECT:

a) Income

b) Substitutions

d) Excessive demand

e) Market equilibrium

THE SITUATION IN THE MARKET WHEN WHEN THE PRICE FOR A PARTICULAR GOODS IS REDUCED, THE BUYER PURCHASES AN ADDITIONAL UNIT OF THE SAME PRODUCT WITHOUT REFUSING TO PURCHASE ALTERNATIVES, IS CHARACTERIZED AS THE EFFECT:

a) Income

b) Substitutions

c) Decreasing marginal utility

d) Excessive demand

e) Market equilibrium

THE QUANTITY OF THIS PRODUCT WHICH BUYERS (CONSUMERS) WISH, ARE READY AND HAVE THE CASH POSSIBILITY TO PURCHASE FOR A CERTAIN PERIOD OF TIME AT CERTAIN PRICES IS:

b) The magnitude (volume) of demand

c) Offer

d) The value (volume) of the proposal

e) Market equilibrium

THE QUANTITY OF THIS GOODS WHICH SELLERS (MANUFACTURERS) WISH AND ARE READY TO SELL FOR A CERTAIN PERIOD OF TIME AT CERTAIN PRICES IS:

b) The magnitude (volume) of demand

c) Offer

d) The value (volume) of the proposal

e) Market equilibrium

THE LAW OF DEMAND STATES THAT:

a) An increase in the price of a good leads to a decrease in the quantity demanded (ceteris paribus)

b) With an increase in the price of a product, the quantity supplied increases (ceteris paribus)

c) An increase in the price of a good leads to an increase in the quantity demanded (other things)

d) An increase in demand always leads to an increase in supply.

e) The demand for money depends on the level of national income, the velocity of money, and also on the expected inflation.

ACCORDING TO THE DEGREE OF SATISFACTION, DEMAND IS CLASSIFIED INTO TYPES:

a) Realized, unsatisfied, elastic

b) Real, elastic, unsatisfied

c) Valid, realized, unsatisfied

d) Elastic, inelastic, real

e) Elastic, inelastic, realized

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS TO THE PHARMACY FOR A PARTICULAR MD AND THE NUMBER OF PURCHASES OF THIS DRUG IS DETERMINED AS DEMAND:

a) Implemented

b) Valid

c) Real

d) unsatisfied

e) Hidden

13. INCREASING DEMAND AND REDUCING SUPPLY WILL LEAD TO:

a) an increase in the equilibrium price and an increase in the equilibrium quantity

b) a decrease in the equilibrium price and a decrease in the equilibrium quantity

c) an increase in the equilibrium price and an uncertain effect on the equilibrium quantity

d) a decrease in the equilibrium price and an uncertain effect on the equilibrium quantity

e) the emergence of a surplus of goods

IN THE SYSTEM OF PRICING FACTORS, THE FACTORS OF DEMAND FOR MD INCLUDED:

a) Type of market, groups of doctors prescribed by the drug

b) Number of competitors-manufacturers of drugs, type of market

c) The effectiveness and side effects of the drug, the cost of the course of treatment

d) Costs for the production of drugs, the cost of a course of treatment

e) The economic situation in the country, government spending on healthcare

IF AN INCREASE IN THE PRICE OF A MEDICINE AFFECTS INCREASED DEMAND FOR ITS ANALOGUE, THEN THESE MEDICINES ARE:

a) interchangeable

b) Complementary

c) Independent in consumption

IF INCREASING THE PRICE OF A MD DOES NOT INCREASE THE DEMAND FOR ITS ANALOGUE, THEN THESE MD ARE:

a) interchangeable

b) Complementary

c) Independent in consumption

d) Essential goods

e) Goods of "second necessity"

17. SHIFT OF THE SUPPLY CURVE ON THE CHART TO THE RIGHT MEANS WHAT HAPPENED:

a) an increase in supply

b) demand reduction

c) an increase in the volume of supply

d) decrease in the volume of supply

e) an increase in demand

18. SHIFT OF THE DEMAND CURVE TO THE LEFT, OTHER EQUAL CONDITIONS, LEADS TO:

a) maintaining the previous equilibrium price

b) lowering the equilibrium price

c) an increase in the equilibrium price

d) increase in supply

e) a decrease in the volume of demand

19. WITH THE GROWTH OF THE CONSUMER'S INCOME, HIS DEMAND FOR GIFFEN GOODS:

a) is increasing

b) decreases

c) stays the same

d) changes in a sinusoid

e) varies depending on the demand for substitute goods

20. THE INVERSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRICE AND DEMAND IS EXPLAINED BY ACTION:

a) the law of increasing opportunity costs of production

b) the Gossen effect

c) income effect and substitution effect

d) the law of supply

e) the law of diminishing returns

DECREASE IN DEMAND WILL BE GREATER THAN GROWTH IN PRICE IF DEMAND:

a) elastic

b) perfectly elastic

c) perfectly inelastic

d) is equal to one

e) inelastic

LICENSE VALIDITY

e) Indefinitely

RENEWAL OF THE LICENSE FROM THE DAY THE LICENSING AUTHORITY RECEIVES THE APPROPRIATE APPLICATION IS CARRIED OUT WITHIN

d) 1.5 months

e) 2 months

Tasks

option number	Task
	A woman applied to a pharmacy in the city of N. with a prescription for a combined drug (tablets) containing 200 mg of ibuprofen and 10 mg of codeine. The drug was prescribed by a dentist on a prescription form No. 107-1 / y, issued in accordance with the current regulations and prescribed to eliminate pain syndrome. The pharmacist did not release the drug to the woman, citing the incorrect form of the prescription form as the reason for his refusal. As a replacement, the pharmacist offered to purchase a drug containing 400 mg. ibuprofen, after specifying whether the woman suffers / suffered from stomach ulcers or gastritis. Having received a negative response, the pharmacist released the drug to the patient. Questions 1. Describe the mechanism of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory diseases (NSAIDs). What are the pharmacological effects of NSAIDs? 2. What are the side effects of NSAIDs? List contraindications for taking NSAIDs. 3. Describe the mechanism of action of narcotic analgesics. What are the central effects of opioid analgesics? List the main indications for the use of narcotic analgesics. 4. Name the procedure for dispensing codeine-containing drugs from a pharmacy organization. Specify the requirements for issuing prescriptions for these drugs. 5. Specify the procedure for storing narcotic drugs in a pharmacy organization.
	The Psychiatric Clinical Hospital of the city of S. provides consultative, medical diagnostic, psychoprophylactic, rehabilitation psychotherapeutic assistance on an outpatient and inpatient basis. The structural subdivision of the clinic is a pharmacy, which organizes the provision of the patients of the clinic with medicines, dressings, medical devices, items and personal hygiene products intended for patient care. For drug provision of patients of the 1st psychiatric department of the clinic, the pharmacy received a request for the following drugs: haloperidol, amitriptyline, clozapine (azaleptin). The request is written in Russian, has the stamp of a medical organization, and is signed by the deputy chief physician for medical work. The pharmacist refused to dispense medicines. Questions 1. What pharmacotherapeutic groups do these drugs belong to? 2. Risk of what side effects distinguish haloperidol from clozapine? 3. What pharmacological effects are typical for amitriptyline and what is the mechanism of their development? 4. What is the procedure for issuing invoice requirements for receiving these medicinal products to departments from the pharmacy of a medical organization? 5. What groups of drugs are subject to subject-quantitative accounting in the pharmacy of a medical organization? How should the subject-quantitative accounting of medicines be organized in a pharmacy?
	The multidisciplinary city clinical hospital of the city of V. has a pharmacy that organizes the provision of patients of the clinic with medicines and dressings, medical products, hygiene products and patient care. The senior nurse of the trauma department contacted the pharmacy with a request to receive 40 ampoules of a 1% solution for morphine injection and 50 tramadol (tramal) capsules to provide medical care to patients in the department. The request is written in Russian and has all the necessary details. However, the pharmacist refused to issue these drugs to the senior nurse. Questions 1. What pharmacotherapeutic group do morphine and tramadol belong to? what pharmacological effects are typical for drugs of this group? 2. What drug should be used in case of an overdose of these drugs and what is the principle of its action? 3. What is the procedure for issuing invoice requirements for medicinal products subject to subject-quantitative accounting? 4. Specify the procedure for storing drugs included in list II of the list of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors in the pharmacy of a medical organization. 5. What method is used to determine the need for morphine? Explain the methodology for calculating the required amount of the drug per year for a trauma department with 50 beds.
	A woman applied to a pharmacy in the city of V. with a prescription for a fentanyl transdermal therapeutic system, written out on a prescription form in the form No. 148-1 / y-04 (l), executed in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents. The visitor asked the pharmacist how to use this dosage form correctly? The pharmacist said that the drug should be applied to an intact skin area with minimal hairline, which must first be washed with water without the use of any detergents or cosmetics. The pharmacist also warned the patient that sticking the plaster on the same place is possible only with an interval of several days. After the consultation, the pharmacist dispensed the drug to the patient free of charge. However, at the end of the working day, carrying out subject-quantitative accounting of narcotic drugs, the director of the pharmacy saw the prescription accepted by the pharmacist. He made a remark to the pharmacist and explained that, having dispensed the medicine according to such a prescription, the pharmacist made a mistake. Questions 1. What pharmacotherapeutic group does fentanyl belong to and for what indications are drugs of this group used? 2.

Those who want to learn about how to be healthy are often faced with conflicting information. Some say that health is directly related to weight, while others disagree. There are different opinions about what to eat, and they only agree on a few foods. It's not even worth trying to come to a consensus on what constitutes a proper diet!

Therefore, to have solid ground under your feet, it is important to know what doctors, researchers and other knowledgeable people say about the signs of good health.

Thick, shiny hair

Brittle, dry or thin hair is a sign that something in the body is going wrong (for example, due to stress, hypothyroidism or malnutrition). The opposite is also true: healthy hair indicates a healthy body. Their growth depends on the condition of the follicles and skin, as well as the ability of the body to create the right hair shaft. A condition for the growth of thick shiny hair is the presence of such key components as protein, healthy fats and vitamins. Therefore, healthy hair indicates proper nutrition and absorption of all useful components.

Strong nails

Another indicator of your condition is nails. They are a good representation of your body's problems, including systemic diseases and skin problems.

A pink nail bed with no lines or discoloration, strong nails without lines are all signs of good health. However, if discoloration is observed (whiteness or brown marks in the stock) or dimples appear, this may be a sign that something is wrong. For example, fungal infections, lupus, anemia and other systemic diseases.

Healthy teeth and gums

Strong teeth and pink, non-inflamed gums play a key role in maintaining health, as does oral hygiene.

Like other areas of the body, such as the skin and intestines, the mouth is filled with bacteria. Most of them are completely harmless or even beneficial, and the body's natural defenses and good prevention, including daily cleaning, can control them. However, without proper oral hygiene, bacteria can reach levels where oral infections such as cavities and gum disease can occur.

In addition to periodontal disease, for example, cardiovascular diseases can develop. And pregnant women are at risk of premature birth. Therefore, brush your teeth more often and visit the dentist regularly.

Waist

Fortunately, body mass index (BMI) is falling into disuse as a measure of health. The method of using the weight-for-height ratio to estimate excess body fat has always had its opponents, and in recent years they have gained the upper hand.

A study of the relationship between heart health and BMI found that 50% of overweight people and 29% of obese people are metabolically normal. In addition, 30% of normal weight people were cardio-metabolically unhealthy.

Currently, doctors are more inclined to measure the circumference of the waist as a key indicator of a person's condition. The accumulation of belly fat poses a greater health risk than being overweight by BMI standards. Even among people who were not overweight, a larger waist was associated with a higher risk of early death. Studies show that this may be because the fat that accumulates in the midsection is more metabolically active than the subcutaneous fat, it releases hormones and other cells that affect the biochemistry of the body.

Enough sleep

It is well known that insufficient sleep increases the risk of diabetes, weight gain and heart disease, and can even reduce a person's life expectancy. A good night's sleep is essential for a long and healthy life. It plays a critical role in the immune system, metabolism, the ability to remember and learn, and other vital functions.

Sleep is a restorative process that rejuvenates the body. Animals deprived of sleep lose their immunity and die after a few weeks. Many of the major regenerative functions (tissue repair, muscle growth, protein synthesis, growth hormone release) occur during the night's rest. Therefore, good sleep, feeling well rested, fresh and energized when you wake up, is a sign of good health.

watch the chair

There is no easier way to know what is going on inside your body than by looking at what comes out of it.

Normal stool is different. Despite what various blogs and TV journalists say, it is not necessary to do this once a day (or the chair must have a perfect shape, or not smell). It is better to focus on your inherent bowel function. If there is a lasting change, you need to keep a close eye on what happens. In addition, if you feel pain or other severe symptoms, you should consult a doctor. Warning signs are blood in the stool, persistent constipation, or prolonged diarrhea.

Social support

Research has shown that having strong social connections and opportunities for interaction is very beneficial. Obviously, mental health depends on it, but it also affects the physical state.

People with more social connections live longer than their more isolated peers because they experience less stress, which adversely affects coronary arteries, bowel function, insulin regulation, and the immune system. Another line of research shows that caring behavior triggers the release of stress-resistant hormones. At the same time, the positive effects of social support extend both to its recipient and to the one who provides it.

Watch your language

Chinese medicine believes that the tongue can be an excellent barometer of health and wellness. It's not a substitute for a medical diagnosis, but your tongue can tell you how well you're digesting last night's dinner or how you're managing stress.

If the tip of the tongue is red, then this is a sign that your heart, mind and emotions are excited. This is often accompanied by insomnia, palpitations, nervousness and restlessness. Other signs are a thick layer of white plaque that signals your digestion isn't working optimally, and teeth marks on the sides of the tongue "indicate low energy, sluggish digestion, and loose stools."

Diet

Everyone agrees that it is important to eat healthy fats, fruits and vegetables.

Such a diet lowers blood pressure, reduces the risk of heart disease and stroke, prevents certain types of cancer, the development of eye and digestive problems, and has a positive effect on blood sugar levels. Variety and quantity are equally important, because no single fruit contains all the substances needed to maintain health. It is important to eat vegetables and fruits of different colors every day.

Maintain normal vital signs and fitness levels

The basic load includes 30 minutes of moderate exercise, at least 5 times a week. An acceptable level of fitness includes being able to walk a mile in 10 minutes, carry two bags from the store to the car, and walk up the stairs without getting out of breath.

In addition, the presence of normal vital signs is very important. Blood pressure should be below 140/90 mm Hg. Art., resting pulse - about 70 beats per minute and respiratory rate - 16-20 breaths per minute.

Pay attention to your mental and emotional state

Mental disorders (most commonly depression) have been linked to the risk, occurrence, treatment, progression, and outcome of serious chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, stroke, heart disease, and cancer, according to research.

Chronic illness and depression are interrelated. Not only the first entail the second, but vice versa. By ensuring your own emotional and mental well-being, you improve your physical condition. Mental health support, especially through the practice of meditation, deep breathing, or yoga, as well as working with a qualified therapist, helps to maintain the overall health of the body.

Motivation is the main engine on the way to your goal, but sometimes we lack it sorely. This may be due to the fact that your goal is not so desirable - the dream of your whole life. Perhaps you have not yet determined what the main goal of your life is, what kind of masterpiece you can create, what kind of legacy you leave behind, which is one of the most important motivators throughout your life.

But sometimes it happens that you just “give up” and don’t want to do anything, even achieve your most important and cherished dream. This can be caused by a variety of factors that are individual for everyone, for example, physical fatigue, serious problems, fears, etc.

But the lack of motivation is a problem and needs to be addressed, otherwise you will not be able to achieve important goals, you will not even take the first step towards them, you will be surrounded by failures and failures, which will turn you into an unhappy and useless person.

How can it be solved?

The very first step is to think every day about what you need to get and what will happen when you reach the goal. These thoughts will “warm” you throughout the entire path of self-realization.

Also, various motivators are often used - awards, incentives, bets, competitions, etc. Or take an example from people who have already achieved success in the desired area.

In addition, they also use the reverse method: ask yourself what will happen if this goal is not achieved? In some cases, this method is more effective and gives a real kick. After all, a dream is a desire to change the current state and achieve your goals, which is impossible without motivation. When you often remind yourself of this, then motivation and desire will increase significantly.

You need to cheer yourself up by the fact that you are not standing still, moving forward and very soon the dream will come true. After all, then you no longer have to put so much effort and effort, but just enjoy the achievements. You need to motivate yourself and this will give you strength to conquer new heights.

For more efficient performance of tasks and successful achievement of personal goals, you need a personal assistant who could take on the job of storing all the necessary information, reminding you of urgent matters, helping you organize them correctly, and could motivate you. In a word - helped in the difficult way to achieve your goals, personal development and self-realization.

Today, there are many programs, applications, services and gadgets that help in planning and doing things. But none of them has such functionality and such technologies that are necessary to help you achieve your goals and self-realization.

If you really want to successfully achieve all your goals, then you have found exactly what you need! We present to you an innovative

It is designed specifically to increase your personal effectiveness and success, motivation and support in the implementation of deeds, goals and plans in all areas of your life.

Why more than 8,000 people already use the online organizer ""

Each of them has their own dreams and goals that they passionately want to realize. And all these people, having tried the service, realized that thanks to it they will be able to implement them much easier and faster.

As users themselves said in our surveys, they use the service to:

1. Store information about personal affairs, goals, ideas and plans in one place, have constant access to it, quickly find the information you need and select priority cases

2. Organize affairs from all areas of your life: home, work, school, business, leisure, holidays, travel, sports, holidays, birthdays, weddings, shopping, meetings ...

3. Distribute cases in a logical and chronological order in order to optimally use and save your main resource - time.

4. Free up time for the most important and interesting in life, doing more things of any complexity in less time.

5. Get more energy, strength and motivation to increase personal efficiency and success.

6. Correctly plan things for the week, month, etc., using a calendar and other tools.

7. Get rid of the routine, fatigue and stress due to the heaped mountain of cases and increase the productivity of the implementation of current affairs.

8. Free your brain from constant thinking about things, and concentrate on doing them.

9. Write down notes and ideas so you don't forget them and don't regret it later.

10. Set deadlines for tasks and receive reminders so as not to forget about the important, complete everything on time and not disrupt the deadline.

11. Analyze and deeply understand things, why and how to do them.

12. Increase self-control and self-discipline.

13. See the whole path from the idea to the result and successfully go through it.

14. Visually see the entire hierarchy of personal goals and deeds to develop a strategy for their implementation - the path of self-realization

15. Achieve the goal of life and successfully fulfill yourself

Write your opinion about it below, it is very important to us!

And tell your friends about the article. Maybe she can help them.

Sincerely, Team of the project "Personal development and self-realization"

Supervisor: Sergey Marchenko

Creator of "CyRiOS" and website
Coach for conscious self-realization
Life coach, consultant, systems engineer

Management and Economics of Pharmacy

Choose the one most correct answer

BASICS OF THE ECONOMY OF A PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIZATION

PHARM. COMPLEX, POFD

DISCOVERY OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE, ECONOMICAL, RESOURCE-SAVING, ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE WAYS AND METHODS OF PROVIDING PHARMACEUTICAL ASSISTANCE IS:

a) Pharmaceutical marketing

b) Pharmaceutical care

c) Pharmaceutical logistics

d) Goal of management and economics of pharmacy as a science

e) The main task of the pharmacy organization

2. THE PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET IS DEFINED AS:

a) A type of human activity aimed at satisfying needs and wants through exchange

b) The totality of existing and potential manufacturers, sellers and consumers of medicinal products and other pharmacy products

c) Efficient way to meet customer needs

d) How the pricing system is formed

e) Pharmaceutical consumers only advantage

INDICATE THE DOCUMENT REGULATING ADVERTISING ACTIVITY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 61-FZ

Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 181-FZ

Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 3-FZ

Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 38-FZ

Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 99-FZ

Appeals to minors

Creating the impression of the uselessness of going to the doctor

Creating an impression in a healthy person about the need to use

Guarantees of positive action, safety, absence of side effects

THE SET OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF PHARMACEUTICAL ACTIVITIES AIMED AT PROVIDING THE POPULATION WITH PHARMACY PRODUCTS AND PROVIDING SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY SERVICES TO MEDICAL WORKERS AND CITIZENS IS:

Pharmaceutical Marketing

Pharmaceutical assistance

Pharmaceutical logistics

The goal of management and economics of pharmacy as a science

The main task of the pharmacy organization

ECONOMY

6. EFFICIENT USE OF THE LIMITED RESOURCES OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIZATION TO MAXIMIZE THE NEED FOR PHARMACEUTICAL CARE:

implementation

subject of study of pharmaceutical economics

pharmaceutical marketing

pharmaceutical economics

distribution of goods

HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS WHO PRESCRIBE OR PRESCRIBE A MEDICINE ARE… CONSUMERS

institutional

Final

Intermediate

State

Social

CONSUMER-ORGANIZATIONS THAT PURCHASE GOODS FOR FURTHER USE WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE ORGANIZATION OR RESALE TO OTHER CONSUMERS ARE ... CONSUMERS

institutional

Final

Intermediate

State

Social

THE READINESS OF AN ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL CONSUMER TO PURCHASE A GOODS FOR THE MONEY HE IS AVAILABLE FOR THE PURCHASE OF THIS GOODS IS DETERMINED AS:

Size (volume) of demand

Offer

Size (volume) of the offer

Market equilibrium

THE POSSIBILITY AND DESIRE OF THE SELLER (MANUFACTURER) TO OFFER ITS GOODS FOR SALE ON THE MARKET AT CERTAIN PRICES IS:

Size (volume) of demand

Offer

Size (volume) of the offer

Market equilibrium

THE SITUATION IN THE MARKET WHEN A REDUCTION IN THE PRICE OF A PARTICULAR PRODUCT CAUSES BUYERS' DESIRE TO PURCHASE MORE OF THIS PRODUCT INSTEAD OF SIMILAR BUT MORE EXPENSIVE PRODUCTS, IS CHARACTERIZED AS THE EFFECT:

Substitutions

Excessive demand

market balance

THE SITUATION IN THE MARKET WHEN WHEN THE PRICE FOR A PARTICULAR GOODS IS REDUCED, THE BUYER PURCHASES AN ADDITIONAL UNIT OF THE SAME PRODUCT WITHOUT REFUSING TO PURCHASE ALTERNATIVES, IS CHARACTERIZED AS THE EFFECT:

Substitutions

Diminishing marginal utility

Excessive demand

market balance

THE QUANTITY OF THIS PRODUCT WHICH BUYERS (CONSUMERS) WISH, ARE READY AND HAVE THE CASH POSSIBILITY TO PURCHASE FOR A CERTAIN PERIOD OF TIME AT CERTAIN PRICES IS:

Size (volume) of demand

Offer

Size (volume) of the offer

Market equilibrium

THE QUANTITY OF THIS GOODS WHICH SELLERS (MANUFACTURERS) WISH AND ARE READY TO SELL FOR A CERTAIN PERIOD OF TIME AT CERTAIN PRICES IS:

Size (volume) of demand

Offer

Size (volume) of the offer

Market equilibrium

THE LAW OF DEMAND STATES THAT:

An increase in the price of a good leads to a decrease in the quantity demanded (ceteris paribus)

An increase in the price of a good increases the quantity supplied (ceteris paribus)

An increase in the price of a good leads to an increase in the quantity demanded (other things)

An increase in demand always causes an increase in supply.

The demand for money depends on the level of national income, the velocity of money, and also on the expected inflation.

ACCORDING TO THE DEGREE OF SATISFACTION, DEMAND IS CLASSIFIED INTO TYPES:

Realized, unsatisfied, elastic

Valid, elastic, unsatisfied

Valid, realized, unsatisfied

Elastic, inelastic, valid

Elastic, inelastic, realized

aDIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF CALLS TO THE PHARMACY FOR A SPECIFIC MEDICINE AND THE NUMBER OF PURCHASES OF THIS DRUG IS DETERMINED AS DEMAND:

Implemented

Valid

Real

Unsatisfied

18. INCREASING DEMAND AND REDUCING SUPPLY WILL LEAD TO:

an increase in the equilibrium price and an increase in the equilibrium quantity

a decrease in the equilibrium price and a decrease in the equilibrium quantity

an increase in the equilibrium price and an uncertain effect on the equilibrium quantity

a decrease in the equilibrium price and an uncertain effect on the equilibrium quantity

surplus of goods

IN THE SYSTEM OF PRICING FACTORS, THE FACTORS OF DEMAND FOR MD INCLUDED:

Type of market, groups of doctors prescribed by drugs

Number of competitors-manufacturers of medicinal products, market type

The effectiveness and side effects of drugs, the cost of treatment

Costs for the production of drugs, the cost of a course of treatment

The economic situation in the country, government spending on healthcare

Interchangeable

Complementary

independent in consumption

IF INCREASING THE PRICE OF A MD DOES NOT INCREASE THE DEMAND FOR ITS ANALOGUE, THEN THESE MD ARE:

Interchangeable

Complementary

independent in consumption

Goods "essential"

Goods of "second necessity"

22. SHIFT OF THE SUPPLY CURVE ON THE CHART TO THE RIGHT MEANS WHAT HAPPENED:

supply increase

reduction in demand

increase in supply

decrease in supply

increase in demand

23. SHIFT OF THE DEMAND CURVE TO THE LEFT, OTHER EQUAL CONDITIONS, LEADS TO:

maintaining the same equilibrium price

lowering the equilibrium price

an increase in the equilibrium price

increase in supply

decrease in demand

24. WITH THE GROWTH OF THE CONSUMER'S INCOME, HIS DEMAND FOR GIFFEN GOODS:

increases

decreases

remains unchanged

changes with a sinusoid

fluctuates with the demand for substitute goods

25. THE INVERSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRICE AND DEMAND IS EXPLAINED BY ACTION:

the law of increasing opportunity costs of production

gossen effect

income effect and substitution effect

law of supply

law of diminishing returns

DECREASE IN DEMAND WILL BE GREATER THAN GROWTH IN PRICE IF DEMAND:

elastic

perfectly elastic

perfectly inelastic

equal to one

inelastic

IF THE DEMAND FOR MEDICINES IS ELASTIC, THEN IT MAY BE DUE TO THE THAT

this LP has many substitutes

this LP has no replacement

LP is released free of charge

This product belongs to the group of essential goods

28. ZERO ELASTICITY OF DEMAND FOR THE PRICE OF MEDICINES MEANS THAT:

at existing prices, you can sell any number of drugs

a given quantity of drugs can be sold at arbitrarily high prices

LP has a high efficiency

buyers will not agree to any changes in drug sales volume and prices

demand for drugs is low

29. FROM THE FOLLOWING, CHOOSE A FACTOR THAT DOES NOT AFFECT THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND FOR THE PRODUCT:

share of spending on goods in consumer income

the presence or absence of substitutes

product quality

product manufacturing technology

income level

30. THE CROSS ELASTICITY OF DEMAND CLOSER TO ZERO CAN HAVE PRODUCTS:

syringes and needles;

original drug and generic

Synonymous drugs under different trade names

lipid-lowering drugs and baby food

antipyretics and thermometers

31. THE RATIO OF THE GROWTH RATE OF DEMAND FOR MEDICINES TO THE GROWTH RATE OF AVERAGE MONTHLY FAMILY INCOME FOR A CERTAIN PERIOD OF TIME IS DETERMINED AS A COEFFICIENT:

Price elasticity of demand

Income elasticity of demand

Price elasticity of demand

Income elasticity of supply

Cross elasticity

DEMAND CAN BE CONSIDERED ELASTIC IF:

A slight decrease in price significantly increases demand

By a significant price reduction, demand increases slightly

Demand does not change when price changes

With a slight decrease in supply, demand rises sharply

With a significant increase in supply, demand increases significantly

ELASTICITY COEFFICIENT IS DETERMINED AS THE RATIO:

The growth rate of the effective feature to the growth rate of the factor that forms it

The growth rate of the factor trait to the growth rate of the resulting trait

The growth rate of the factor trait to the growth rate of the effective trait

The growth rate of the effective feature to the growth rate of the factor that forms it

Demand vs. Supply

THE COEFFICIENT OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND SHOWS WHAT PERCENTAGE:

The demand for a good increases when the price increases by 1%.

Demand for a good decreases when its price drops by 1%.

The demand for a product decreases when the price of a substitute product decreases by 1%.

The demand for a product increases when the price of a substitute product increases by 1%.

The demand for a product increases when its price decreases by 1%.

CROSS-ELASTICITY COEFFICIENT OF DEMAND ALLOWS TO DETERMINE:

Solving an error with an obsolete entry in the DNS cache

The error itself looks like this. The server cannot be accessed.

The first thing you need to do is ping and nslookup commands. You have to make sure that the ip address is correct and the dns name resolves to it correctly, I have seen situations where a Cname record was created in DNS leading to a completely different record, as a result of which I received this error.

In my case, the problem was that the time zone on the server where I tried to access via RDP differed by 1 hour from the time from the Domain Controller. As soon as I changed it to the right one, everything was ok.
If the IP address has been changed, then you may have an old local cache that needs to be cleared

In theory, all these not tricky actions should help you solve the error: "The connection could not be established because the remote computer with which the connection was established differs from the one specified by the user. This may be due to the fact that the entry in the DNS cache is outdated. Try using IP address instead of computer name".