Short description

Temperament is a set of individual properties of the psyche that characterize the dynamics of a person's mental activity. Those. it is the biological foundation on which the personality as a social being is formed. It mainly reflects the dynamic aspects of behavior, mainly of an innate nature (2). The properties of temperament are stable and constant, they manifest themselves in a person in a variety of conditions of activity and emotionally color his actions.

Introduction
1. Theories of temperaments .............................................. ................................................. ............
1.1.Neurological theory of temperaments .............................................................. ...............................
2.Types and properties nervous system as the physiological basis of temperament ..............
2.1 Dynamism of the psyche .............................................................. ................................................. .......
2.2 Mobility of nervous processes............................................................... .........................................
2.3 Lability of the nervous system............................................................... ...............................................
2.4 Balance of the nervous system............................................................... ...................................
3. The main properties of temperament, characteristics of its types .............................................. .
4. Types of temperament ............................................... ................................................. ................
Conclusion
References................................................ ................................................. ....

Attached files: 1 file

2. TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AS A PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF TEMPERAMENT.

At present, according to the data of psychophysiological studies, a number of properties of the nervous system have been identified, which in various combinations can determine neurological types. These properties include strength, dynamism, mobility, lability and balance of nervous processes.

The strength of the nervous system (meaning a nervous system that is strong in relation to the process of excitation) is determined by its working capacity, endurance, that is, the ability of nerve cells to withstand prolonged or very strong excitation without going into a state of extreme inhibition.

2.1 DYNAMIC PSYCHE

Individual characteristics of people in the formation of dynamic stereotypes B.M. Teplov and V.D. Nebylitsyn proposed to call this property the dynamism of higher nervous activity. The better it is developed, the faster a person develops special skills.

2.2. MOBILITY OF NERVOUS PROCESSES

This is the ability to "remake", that is, to switch nervous and mental processes when the conditions of activity change. Mobility properties provide adaptation to rapid and unexpected changes in circumstances.

2.3 LABILITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Determines the speed indicators of higher nervous activity. This property is associated with the speed of a simple reaction (without a choice of actions) and the speed of stereotypical human movements.

2.4. BALANCE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

(BALANCE OF NERVOUS PROCESSES).

Nervous processes are to some extent balanced with a certain deviation either towards excitation or inhibition.

The presence of certain properties in a certain way colors any human activity. V.M. Teplov, defining the importance of the properties of the nervous system in personality psychology, believed that the properties of the nervous system do not predetermine any forms of behavior, but form the basis on which some forms of behavior are easier to form and others are more difficult.

3. MAIN PROPERTIES OF TEMPERAMENT, CHARACTERISTICS OF ITS TYPES.

A number of properties of temperament depend on the same property of the nervous system, and vice versa, a property of temperament is determined not by one, but by several properties of the nervous system. This is especially evident when analyzing such properties of temperament as extraversion - introversion, plasticity - rigidity, etc. Each property of temperament in some cases plays a positive role, allowing you to best adapt to the conditions of activity, and in others - negative.

The following properties of temperament are distinguished:

1. Sensitivity (increased sensitivity)

She is judged by the least strength of external influences necessary to cause some kind of mental reaction. If for one person certain conditions of activity do not cause irritation, then for another they become a strong whipping factor. One and the same degree of dissatisfaction with a need is almost not noticed by one person, and causes suffering in another. In this case, the second type has a higher sensitivity.

1. Reactivity, emotionality.

The function of this property is determined by the strength of a person's emotional response to external and internal stimuli. Sometimes emotionality is separately differentiated in connection with the strength of emotions.

1. resistance.

This is resistance to adverse conditions that inhibit activity. Most clearly, this property of temperament is manifested in resistance to stress, in the absence of a decrease in the functional level of activity during strong nervous tension.

1. Rigidity - plasticity.

The first property is characterized by the inflexibility of adaptation to external conditions, the second is the opposite. A person with a plastic temperament easily and flexibly adapts to a change of scenery.

1. Extroversion - introversion.

They are judged by what the reactions and activities of a person depend to a greater extent - from external impressions at the moment (extroversion) or, conversely, from images, ideas and thoughts related to the past and future (introversion). Therefore, an extrovert person often expresses his feelings externally, while an introvert tends to "withdraw into himself", especially in a tense environment.

1. Excitability of attention.

The less the degree of novelty attracts attention, the more it (attention) is excitable in a given person.

Temperament is determined not by each individual property, but by the natural correlation of all properties.

4. TYPES OF TEMPERAMENT:

Choleric temperament is characterized by increased excitability and unbalanced behavior. Often there is a cyclic activity, that is, moving from intense activity to a sharp decline, as a result of a decrease in interest or depletion of mental strength. These people are distinguished by fast and sharp movements, general motor mobility, their feelings are clearly expressed in facial expressions of speech.

For such a temperament, irascibility and even aggressiveness are typical. The tendency to extraversion is expressed not only in the breadth of communication with other people, but also in sharp transitions - from expressing sympathy to showing antipathy towards the same person. Possible "breakdowns" in behavior, a tendency to aggressive attitude towards the enemy under the influence of failures; at the same time, with a successful course of circumstances, a person of choleric temperament is able to show great willpower.

The sanguine temperament is also characterized by great mobility, but a person adapts more easily to the changing conditions of life. His sensitivity is negligible, therefore, the factors of activity that interfere with his activity do not always negatively affect his behavior. In this case, we can talk about a fairly significant resistance. Although a person of sanguine temperament reacts quickly to surrounding events, he experiences troubles easily. The sanguine person is sociable, easily comes into contact with other people and he does not have sharp negative reactions to the behavior of other people. The ease of formation and alteration of new temporary connections creates favorable conditions for the formation of such a quality as the flexibility of the mind.

Phlegmatic temperament is characterized by weak excitability, sensitivity, rigidity. Mental processes proceed slowly. A long period of "learning", however, he can work hard in the same direction for a long time. They do not differ in initiative, therefore they often need guidance in any activity. The presence of strong inhibition, balancing the process of excitation, contributes to the fact that the phlegmatic person can restrain his impulses, not be distracted when exposed to distracting stimuli. At the same time, the inertness of the nervous processes affects the indirectness of dynamic stereotypes and lack of flexibility in actions.

People with a phlegmatic temperament succeed in activities that require stability of emotions, constancy in skills and quick switching of attention when situations change.

Melancholic temperament is associated not only with emotional sensitivity, sensitivity, but also with increased vulnerability. They react painfully to a sudden complication of the installation, experience strong fear in dangerous situations, feel insecure when meeting strangers. With a tendency to stable, long-term moods, melancholics outwardly weakly express their feelings. In representatives of the melancholic temperament, the process of inhibition predominates, so strong stimuli lead to prohibitive inhibition, which entails a sharp deterioration in activity. The combination of high sensitivity with the reactivity of the nervous system leads to the fact that the melancholic can achieve high results where a good reaction rate is needed.

The above characteristics do not pretend to be categorical, as well as the division of people into four groups is very conditional.

“The course of mental life is like a stream of water. For some, as in a mountain river, images and thoughts, feelings and moods rapidly and quickly replace each other. For others, like a wide, full-flowing river, mental life flows slowly with great internal pressure.

* V.S. Merlin, in Sat "Essay on the Theory of Temperament", ed.2. Perm book publishing house, 1973.

REFERENCES

1. V.S. Merlin "Essay on the Theory of Temperament" (1973)
2. S.L. Rubenstein "Fundamentals of General Psychology" (1946)
3. E. Kretschmer "Body structure and character" (1924)
4. J. Strelyats "The Role of Temperament in Psychology" (1982)

INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. General concept of temperament
CHAPTER 2. Basic properties of temperament
CHAPTER 3. Classifications of temperament
CHAPTER 4. Psychological characteristics of temperament types
CONCLUSION
LIST OF USED LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

People begin to get acquainted with the concept of "temperament" very early. Even in childhood, we notice that some of us are more mobile, cheerful, persistent, while others are slow, shy, unhurried in words and deeds. It is in these features that temperament is manifested.

The famous psychologist Merlin wrote: “Imagine two rivers - one is calm, flat, the other is swift, mountainous. The course of the first is barely noticeable, it smoothly carries its waters, it does not have bright splashes, stormy waterfalls and splashes. The second one is the complete opposite. The river rushes quickly, the water in it rumbles, boils and, hitting the stones, turns into shreds of foam ... Something similar can be observed in the behavior of people.

Observations have shown that all people are different not only in appearance, but also in behavior and movements. For example, if you follow the behavior of students in the classroom, you can immediately notice the difference in the behavior, movements of each. Some have slow, correct movements, a noticeable calmness in their eyes, while others have sharp movements, fussiness in their eyes, but most of them show similar developmental results. What explains this difference in behavior? First of all, temperament, which manifests itself in any kind of activity (playing, working, educational, creative), in gait, gestures, in all behavior. The individual characteristics of a person's personality, his temperament give a peculiar coloring to all activities and behavior.

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL CONCEPT OF TEMPERAMENT

When they talk about temperament, they mean many mental differences between people - differences in depth, intensity, stability of emotions, emotional impressionability, pace, energy of actions and other dynamic, individually stable features of mental life, behavior and activity. Nevertheless, temperament remains a largely controversial and unresolved issue today. However, with all the variety of approaches to the problem, scientists and practitioners recognize that temperament is the biological foundation on which a person is formed as a social being.

Temperament reflects the dynamic aspects of behavior, mainly of an innate nature, therefore, the properties of temperament are the most stable and constant in comparison with other mental characteristics of a person. The most specific feature of temperament is that the various properties of the temperament of a given person are not accidentally combined with each other, but are naturally interconnected, forming a certain organization, structure.

So under temperament one should understand the individually unique properties of the psyche that determine the dynamics of a person’s mental activity, which, being equally manifested in a variety of activities, regardless of its content, goals, motives, remain constant in adulthood and characterize the type of temperament in interconnection.

The properties of temperament include individual characteristics that:

1. Regulate the dynamics of mental activity in general;
2. Characterize the features of the dynamics of individual mental processes;
3. They have a stable and permanent character and remain in development for a long period of time;
4. They are in a strictly regular ratio, characterizing the type of temperament;
5. Definitely due to the general type of the nervous system.

CHAPTER 2. MAIN PROPERTIES OF TEMPERAMENT

The properties of temperament include those distinctive, individual signs of a person that determine the dynamic aspects of all his activities, characterize the features of the course of mental processes, have a more or less stable character, persist for a long time, manifesting themselves soon after birth (after the central nervous system takes on specifically human forms). It is believed that the properties of temperament are determined mainly by the properties of the human nervous system.

Soviet psychophysiologist V.M. Rusalov, relying on a new concept of the properties of the nervous system, proposed on its basis a more modern interpretation of the properties of temperament. Based on the theory of the functional system P.K. Anokhin, which includes four blocks of storage, circulation and processing of information (block of afferent synthesis, programming (decision making), execution and feedback), Rusalov singled out four properties of temperament associated with them, which are responsible for the breadth or narrowness of afferent synthesis (the degree of tension of the organism's interaction with the environment), the ease of switching from one behavior program to another, the speed of execution of the current behavior program, and sensitivity to a discrepancy between the real result of an action and its acceptor.

In accordance with this, the traditional psychophysiological assessment of temperament changes and instead of two parameters - activity and sensitivity - it already includes four components: ergicity (endurance), plasticity, speed and emotionality (sensitivity). All these components of temperament, according to V.M. Rusalov, are biologically and genetically determined. Temperament depends on the properties of the nervous system, and they, in turn, are understood as the main characteristics of functional systems that provide integrative, analytical and synthetic activity of the brain, the entire nervous system as a whole.

The psychological characteristics of temperament types are determined by the following main properties:

Sensitivity - we judge this property by what is the smallest force of external influences necessary for the occurrence of any psychological reaction of a person, and what is the rate of occurrence of this reaction.

Reactivity - this property is judged by the degree of involuntary reactions to external or internal influences of the same strength.

Activity - this property is judged by the degree of activity with which a person influences the outside world and overcomes obstacles in the implementation of goals. This includes purposefulness and perseverance in achieving the goal, concentration of attention in long-term work.

The ratio of activity and reactivity - this property is judged by the speed of various psychological reactions and processes: the speed of movements, the pace of speech, resourcefulness, speed of memorization, quickness of mind.

Plasticity and rigidity - this property is judged by how easily and flexibly a person adapts to external influences or, conversely, how inert and inert his behavior, habits, and judgments are.

Extraversion and introversion - this property is judged by what the reactions and activities of a person mainly depend on - from external impressions that arise at the moment (extroversion) or from images, ideas and thoughts related to the past and future (introversion).

Emotional excitability - this property is judged by how weak the impact is necessary for the occurrence of an emotional reaction and at what speed it occurs.

CHAPTER 3. CLASSIFICATIONS OF TEMPERAMENT

In various classifications of temperaments, their different properties are based on:

1) the speed and strength of emotional reactions;

2) the level of activity and the prevailing sensory tone;

3) scales of extraversion (introversion) and neuroticism (emotional stability);

4) reactivity and activity;

5) general mental activity, historian and emotionality.

The similarity noticeable in these classifications shows that the identified psychological characteristics really form a special, fairly unambiguously defined group of individual properties.

In these examples of classifications, only the most general of the properties are noted. A more complete list of such properties, including more specific ones, is as follows: sensitivity, reactivity and activity, the rate of reactions, plasticity and rigidity, extraversion and introversion, emotional excitability.

According to the teachings of the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (VI century BC), there are four types of temperament. It was believed that the body has four main fluids, or "juices": blood, mucus, yellow bile and black bile. Mixing in certain proportions, they make up his temperament. The specific name of the types of temperament was given by the fluid prevailing in the body: melancholic, sanguine, phlegmatic and choleric temperament (hence melancholic; sanguine; phlegmatic; choleric).

Psychological doctrine of temperament. The approach to temperament, characteristic of this doctrine, is to proceed from the analysis of only behavior. When determining temperament, as a rule, the sign of innate or organic foundations does not appear, and the main load is on the sign of “formally dynamic properties of behavior”, which are abstracted from integral behavioral acts. But here a significant difficulty is revealed: this feature also does not allow one to unambiguously resolve the issue of the range of specific properties that should be attributed to temperament. And the tendency to expand the range of such properties leads to a mixture of temperament with character and even personality.

Physiological doctrine of temperament. Throughout the long and complex history of the doctrine of temperament, he has always been associated with the physiological characteristics of the body. One of the most serious attempts to bring a physiological basis to temperament is associated with the names of I. P. Pavlov, B. M. Teplov and Nebylitsyn. Initially, this concept was called the doctrine of the types of the nervous system, later - the doctrine of the properties of the nervous system.

Regardless of these hypotheses about physical foundations temperament, the conviction that its properties are most clearly manifested in those forms of behavior that are directly related to the energy expenditure of the body - with the methods of accumulating and expending energy and the quantitative characteristics of the processes. Therefore, most researchers of temperament paid attention, first of all, to the emotional and motor reactions of the individual, especially emphasizing their formal aspect, that is, their strength (intensity) and flow in time.

A classic example of such an approach is the typology of temperaments by W. Wundt, the creator of experimental psychology. He understood temperament as a predisposition to affect, which was expressed in the following thesis: temperament for emotions is the same as excitability for sensations. Based on this understanding, W. Wundt singled out two bipolar properties of temperament, namely the strength and speed of emotion change, emphasizing the importance of the individual's energy characteristics.

Classification of temperaments (according to Wundt)

We find in W. Wundt an extremely important idea that each temperament has its positive and negative sides, and this, in particular, means that proper education involves using the merits of this temperament and at the same time leveling the negative influence that it can influence the behavior of the individual.

Confidence remains that the dynamic properties of behavior, manifested in temperament, have a physiological basis - certain features of the functioning of physiological structures. The question of what these structures and features are is being intensively investigated. There are different opinions about which particular features of the body should be associated with temperament - with hereditary or simply physiological, which can be formed in vivo. There is a fundamental difficulty here: it has not yet been established what, in terms of behavior, is a manifestation of the genotype (refers to temperament), and what is the result of lifetime layers (refers to character).

CHAPTER 4. PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPES OF TEMPERAMENT

The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, who lived in the 5th century BC, described four temperaments, which received the following names: sanguine temperament, phlegmatic temperament, choleric temperament, melancholic temperament. He described the main types of temperaments, gave them characteristics, but associated temperament not with the properties of the nervous system, but with the ratio of various fluids in the body: blood, lymph and bile. The first classification of temperaments was proposed by Galen, and it has survived to the present day in a relatively unmodified form. The last known description of it, which is also used in modern psychology, belongs to the German philosopher I. Kant.

I. Kant divided human temperaments (manifestations of temperament can also be seen in higher animals) into two types: temperaments of feeling and temperaments of activity.

According to I.P. Pavlov, temperaments are the "main features" of individual characteristics of a person.

Below is a psychological description of the four types of temperaments:

Sanguine temperament .

The sanguine person quickly converges with people, is cheerful, easily switches from one type of activity to another, but does not like monotonous work. He easily controls his emotions, quickly gets used to a new environment, actively enters into contacts with people. His speech is loud, fast, distinct and is accompanied by expressive facial expressions and gestures. But this temperament is characterized by a certain duality. If stimuli change rapidly, novelty and interest of impressions are maintained all the time, a state of active excitement is created in a sanguine person, and he manifests himself as an active, active, energetic person. If the effects are long and monotonous, then they do not support the state of activity, excitement, and the sanguine person loses interest in the matter, he develops indifference, boredom, lethargy.

A sanguine person quickly has feelings of joy, grief, affection and ill will, but all these manifestations of his feelings are unstable, do not differ in duration and depth. They quickly arise and can just as quickly disappear or even be replaced by the opposite. The mood of a sanguine person changes quickly, but, as a rule, a good mood prevails.

Phlegmatic temperament.

A person of this temperament is slow, calm, unhurried, balanced. In activity shows solidity, thoughtfulness, perseverance. He usually finishes what he starts. All mental processes in the phlegmatic proceed as if slowly. The feelings of a phlegmatic person are outwardly expressed weakly, they are usually inexpressive. The reason for this is the balance and weak mobility of the nervous processes. In relations with people, the phlegmatic is always even, calm, moderately sociable, his mood is stable. The calmness of a person of phlegmatic temperament is also manifested in his attitude to the events and phenomena of the life of a phlegmatic person, it is not easy to piss off and hurt him emotionally. It is easy for a person of a phlegmatic temperament to develop restraint, composure, calmness. But the phlegmatic should develop the qualities he lacks - great mobility, activity, not to allow him to show indifference to activity, lethargy, inertia, which can very easily form under certain conditions. Sometimes a person of this temperament can develop an indifferent attitude to work, to life around him, to people and even to himself.

choleric temperament .

People of this temperament are fast, excessively mobile, unbalanced, excitable, all mental processes proceed quickly and intensively. The predominance of excitation over inhibition, characteristic of this type of nervous activity, is clearly manifested in incontinence, impulsiveness, irascibility, and irritability of the choleric. Hence the expressive facial expressions, hurried speech, sharp gestures, unrestrained movements. The feelings of a person of choleric temperament are strong, usually brightly manifested, quickly arise; mood sometimes changes dramatically. The imbalance inherent in choleric is clearly associated in his activities: he gets down to business with an increase and even passion, while showing impulsiveness and speed of movements, works with enthusiasm, overcoming difficulties. But in a person with a choleric temperament, the supply of nervous energy can be quickly depleted in the process of work, and then a sharp decline in activity can occur: the upsurge and inspiration disappear, the mood drops sharply. In dealing with people, the choleric person allows harshness, irritability, emotional restraint, which often does not give him the opportunity to objectively evaluate the actions of people, and on this basis he creates conflict situations in the team. Excessive straightforwardness, irascibility, harshness, intolerance sometimes make it difficult and unpleasant to stay in a team of such people.

Melancholic temperament .

Melancholics have slow mental processes, they hardly react to strong stimuli; Prolonged and intense stress causes slow activity in people of this temperament, and then its cessation. In work, melancholic people are usually passive, often not very interested (after all, interest is always associated with strong nervous tension). Feelings and emotional states in people of a melancholic temperament arise slowly, but differ in depth, great strength and duration; melancholic people are easily vulnerable, they can hardly endure resentment, grief, although outwardly all these experiences are expressed poorly in them. Representatives of the melancholy temperament are prone to isolation and loneliness, avoid communication with unfamiliar, new people, are often embarrassed, show great awkwardness in a new environment. Everything new, unusual causes a braking state in melancholics. But in a familiar and calm environment, people with such a temperament feel calm and work very productively. It is easy for melancholic people to develop and improve their inherent depth and stability of feelings, increased susceptibility to external influences.

"Pure" temperaments are relatively rare. There are transitional, mixed, intermediate types of temperament; often in the temperament of a person, features of different temperaments are combined.

CONCLUSION

Features of the type of higher nervous activity and the properties of temperament have long attracted the attention of researchers. However, their findings are extremely contradictory. Many theories and methods of study have been put forward.

Since the middle of the 18th century, theories of temperament have been developed, associated with some properties of the nervous system. So, Albrecht Haller, the founder of experimental physiology, who introduced the concepts of excitability and sensitivity, which are important for psychology, argued that the main factors in differences in temperament are the strength and excitability of the blood vessels themselves through which blood passes. This idea was adopted by A. Haller's student, G. Vrisberg, who connected temperament directly with the characteristics of the nervous system. So, he believed that the basis of the choleric sanguine temperament is a large brain, "strong and thick nerves" and high excitability of the senses. The idea of ​​a connection between the characteristics of temperament and certain anatomical and physiological characteristics of the nervous system in various forms is manifested in the teachings of many philosophers and doctors of the 18th and 19th centuries. The idea of ​​the existence of such a connection was expressed by I.P. Pavlov, who suggested that the extreme human types "thinkers" and "artists" should also correspond to the opposite types of temperaments of melancholic and choleric. He established and experimentally proved that the physiological basis of temperament is a combination of the properties of nervous processes. B.M. Teplov, rejecting the Pavlovian scheme of the "four classical temperaments", proposed to consider all combinations of properties of the nervous system as independent types, setting as a special task the question of the criteria on the basis of which "basic types" can be distinguished from them.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

1. Maklakov A.G. General psychology. - SPb., 2000.
2. Merlin V.S. Essay on the theory of temperament. - M., 1964.
3. Nebylitsyn V.D. Basic properties of the human nervous system // Izbr. psychological works. - M., 1990.
4. Petrovsky A.V. Introduction to psychology. - M., 1995.
5. Rogov E.I. General psychology: A course of lectures for the first stage of pedagogical education. - M., 1998.
6. Strelyau Ya. The role of temperament in mental development. - M., 1982.

Temperament is a set of stable, individual, psychophysiological properties of a person that determine the dynamic features of his mental processes, mental states and behavior.

Temperament is the only, purely natural personality trait of a person, and the reason to consider it a personal property is the fact that the actions and deeds that a person performs depend on temperament.

Temperament changes little during life, and, in fact, it is not even temperament that changes, but psyche and temperament is always stable.

Permanent and stable personality traits that determine the dynamics of mental activity, regardless of its content.

Temperament properties:

extraversion - introversion (The predominant subordination of behavior to external impressions - extraversion or its predominant subordination to the inner world of a person, his feelings, ideas - introversion.), sensitivity (A characteristic feature of a person, manifested in increased sensitivity to events happening to him; usually accompanied by increased anxiety, fear new situations, people, all kinds of tests, etc.), the rate of reactions (the rate of mental processes and reactions (speed of mind, speech, gesture dynamics)), plasticity and rigidity (Adaptability, plasticity, adaptability to external changing conditions , mobility of stereotypes (reduced adaptability, inflexibility - rigidity).), reactivity (the degree of involuntary reaction to external and internal stimuli. A high degree in a sanguine and choleric person, a low degree in a phlegmatic person) and activity (the severity of the energy potential of a person with which a person overcomes overcome obstacles and reach the goal).

Three basic properties of nervous processes have been established - strength, balance and mobility.

Various combinations of these properties form the following four types of higher nervous activity:

1. Strong, balanced (the process of excitation is balanced with the process of inhibition), mobile (the processes of excitation and inhibition easily replace each other). Sanguine temperament corresponds to this type of higher nervous activity.

II. Strong, unbalanced (the process of excitation prevails over the process of inhibition), mobile. This type of higher nervous activity corresponds to the choleric temperament.

III. Strong, balanced, inert (the processes of excitation and inhibition are not very mobile). Phlegmatic temperament corresponds to this type of higher nervous activity. IV. Weak (the nervous system cannot withstand a large and prolonged load), unbalanced, inert. This type of higher nervous activity corresponds to a melancholic temperament. The names of temperaments were first introduced by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (IV century BC), who associated the types of temperaments with the predominance of various fluids in the human body: blood (sanguis) - in a sanguine person, yellow bile (chole) - in a choleric person, mucus (phlegm ) - in a phlegmatic person and black bile (melain chole) - in a melancholic. The word "temperament" comes from the Latin "tempero" - mixed in the proper ratio.

Temperament types:

Phlegmatic - imperturbable, more stable aspirations and mood, uniform actions and speech, it is difficult to converge with new people, slightly distracted by external impressions.

Sanguine - mentally active, frequent changes of impressions, easily survives failures, mobile, expressive facial expressions and movements.

Choleric - energetic, all immersed in work, fast and impetuous, sudden mood swings, rapid movements.

Melancholic - impressionable, deep feelings, easily hurt, restrained movements and muffled speech.

Introduction

2.2 Temperament and personality

Conclusion

Glossary

Annex A

Annex B

Introduction

RelevanceThe chosen theme lies in the fact that the idea of ​​the relationship between temperament and the biological properties of the body was reflected in different ways at different historical stages. In the humoral theory of Hippocrates and Galen, different types of temperament corresponded to the predominance of one or another special fluid in the body. Kretschmer and Sheldon associated types of temperament with the constitutional features of the body structure (6, p.16). Albrecht Haller, the founder of experimental physiology, who introduced the concepts of excitability and sensitivity, which are important for psychology, argued that the main factors for differences in temperament are the strength and excitability of the blood vessels themselves through which blood passes (9, p. 52). This idea was accepted by A. Haller's student, G. Vrisberg, who connected temperament directly with the characteristics of the nervous system.

Developing the ideas of the school of I.P. Pavlova, Teplov and Nebylitsin suggested that the biological foundations of temperament "are rooted in the so-called" general properties "of the nervous system, that is, the properties of the frontal parts of the brain." In modern foreign works devoted to the basics of temperament, the characteristics of the latter are put in line with the functioning of individual brain structures, or, using the terminology of Teplov and Nebylitsin, with "private" properties of the nervous system (Rusalov). According to Eysenck, the severity of such traits of temperament as extraversion and introversion is associated with the level of activation of the reticular formation, and neuroticism - with the activity of the limbic system (6, p. 153). J. Gray, a student of Eysenck, describes three emotional response systems related to the properties of temperament and their corresponding brain systems that combine various brain structures. These brain systems, according to Gray, include the structures and regions of the cortex, midbrain and limbic structures, as well as the connections between them.

The most important component of internal conditions is the properties of the nervous system. The type of the nervous system, in turn, determines the temperament of a person and is reflected in his behavioral characteristics. In its manifestations, temperament depends not only on the hereditary properties of the nervous system.

The social environment has a significant impact both on the rate of development of temperament and on the ways of its manifestation by a person. For example, in recent decades, "the biological and physiological maturation of a person has accelerated, acceleration has led to the early formation of his temperament, while social formation he was somewhat slowed down due to the increase in the duration of training, and this, in turn, delayed his inclusion in meaningful social contacts.

In connection with the relevance, the purpose of this work is a detailed study of the concepts of the nervous system and temperament, the relationship of the properties of the nervous system and types of temperament and their influence on the personality, activity and abilities of a person.

The object of research is the nervous system and temperament.

The subject of the study is the relationship between the properties of the nervous system and temperament.

The purpose of this work is a detailed study of the concepts of the nervous system and temperament, the relationship between the properties of the nervous system and types of temperament and their influence on the personality, activity and abilities of a person.

Based on the goal, the following tasks can be distinguished:

-consider the concept of temperament and the nervous system;

-consider the properties of temperament and the nervous system;

-consider the relationship of temperament and the nervous system;

-consider the influence of temperament on human life.

During the study, the following methods were used: observation, natural experiment, laboratory experiment.

In the course of the study, the following sources of information were used: Druzhinin V.N. Experimental psychology. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Piter", 2000; Egorova E.A. Psychology of individual differences. M., 1997; Kovalev A.G. Psychology of personality, ed.3.M., "Enlightenment", 1997; Brief Dictionary of the System of Psychological Concepts // K.K. Platonov - M. Higher School 1984; Merlin V.S. Essay on the theory of temperament, M., 1964; Nemov R.S. Psychology // Textbook for students of higher pedagogical educational institutions. In 3 books. Book 1, M .: Education VLADOS, 1998; General psychology / Composition. E.I. Rogov - M. VLADOS, 1995; Pavlov I.P. Full coll. Op. T.3. Book 2.M. - L., 1951; Practical psychology in tests, or how to learn to understand yourself and others, M., ed. "AST-Press Book", 2001; Practical psychology // Toolkit. Ed. Shaparya V.B. - Rostov n / a: ed. "Phoenix", 2002; Psychology of individual differences TEXTS / ed. Yu.B. Gippenreiter, V.Ya. Romanova - M. Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1982; Simonov P.V., Ershov P.M. Temperament. Character. Personality, ed.M., "Science", 1984; Strelyau Ya. The role of temperament in mental development. M., 1982; Theoretical problems of personality psychology, ed. E.V. Shorokhova, M., 1974; Teplov B.M. The current state of the issue of the types of higher nervous activity and their definition // Psychology of individual differences - M., 1982.

1. Theoretical foundations of temperament and nervous system

1.1 General concept of temperament and its properties

Temperament is the biological foundation on which a person is formed as a social being. It mainly reflects the dynamic aspects of behavior, mainly of an innate nature, therefore the properties of temperament are the most stable and constant in comparison with other mental characteristics of a person. The most specific feature of temperament is that the various properties of the temperament of a given person are not randomly combined with each other, but are naturally interconnected, forming a certain organization, a structure that characterizes temperament.

When they talk about temperament, they mean many mental differences between people - differences in depth, intensity, stability of emotions, emotional impressionability, pace, energy of actions and other dynamic, individually stable features of mental life, behavior and activity. Nevertheless, temperament remains a largely controversial and unresolved issue today.

Temperament translated from Latin - "mixture", "proportion" (4, p. 214).

Mankind has long tried to isolate the typical features of the mental make-up of various people, to reduce them to a small number of generalized portraits - types of temperament.

Such typologies were practically useful, since they could be used to predict the behavior of people with a certain temperament in specific life situations.

The properties of temperament include those distinctive, individual signs of a person that determine the "dynamic aspects of all his activities, characterize the features of the course of mental processes, have a more or less stable character, persist for a long time, manifesting themselves soon after birth (after how the central nervous system takes on specifically human forms). It is believed that the properties of temperament are determined mainly by the properties of the human nervous system.

The properties of temperament include individual characteristics that:

-regulate the dynamics of mental activity in general;

-characterize the features of the dynamics of individual mental processes;

-have a stable and permanent character and remain in development over a long period of time;

-are in a strictly regular ratio characterizing the type of temperament;

-uniquely determined by the general type of the nervous system.

Using certain features, it is possible with sufficient certainty to distinguish the properties of temperament from all other mental properties of a person.

The psychological characteristics of temperament types are determined by the following main properties:

Sensitivity - we judge this property by what is the smallest force of external influences necessary for the occurrence of any psychological reaction of a person, and what is the rate of occurrence of this reaction.

temperament nervous system personality

Reactivity - this property is judged by the degree of involuntary reactions to external or internal influences of the same strength.

Activity - this property is judged by the degree of activity with which a person acts on the outside world and overcomes obstacles in the implementation of goals. This includes purposefulness and perseverance in achieving the goal, concentration of attention in long-term work. The ratio of activity and reactivity - this property is judged by the speed of various psychological reactions and processes: the speed of movements, the pace of speech, resourcefulness, speed of memorization, quickness of mind.

Plasticity and rigidity - this property is judged by how easily and flexibly a person adapts to external influences or, conversely, how inert and inert his behavior, habits, and judgments are.

Extraversion and introversion - this property is judged by what the reactions and activities of a person mainly depend on - from external impressions that arise at the moment (extroversion) or from images, ideas and thoughts related to the past and future (introversion).

Emotional excitability - this property is judged by how weak the impact is necessary for the occurrence of an emotional reaction and at what speed it occurs.

So, temperament should be understood as individually unique properties of the psyche that determine the dynamics of a person’s mental activity, which, being equally manifested in a variety of activities, regardless of its content, goals, motives, remain constant in adulthood and characterize the type of temperament in interconnection.

1.2 Psychological characteristics of temperament types

The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, who lived in the 5th century BC, described four temperaments, which received the following names: sanguine temperament, phlegmatic temperament, choleric temperament, melancholic temperament. The first classification of temperaments was proposed by Galen, and it has survived to the present day in a relatively unmodified form. The last known description of it, which is also used in modern psychology, belongs to the German philosopher I. Kant. Below is a psychological description of the four types of temperaments:

.sanguine temperament.

The sanguine person quickly converges with people, is cheerful, easily switches from one type of activity to another, but does not like monotonous work. He easily controls his emotions, quickly gets used to a new environment, actively enters into contacts with people. A sanguine person quickly has feelings of joy, grief, affection and ill will, but all these manifestations of his feelings are unstable, do not differ in duration and depth. The mood of a sanguine person changes quickly, but, as a rule, a good mood prevails.

As a rule, he responds more to external impressions than to subjective images and ideas about the past and future, an extrovert;

.phlegmatic temperament.

All mental processes in the phlegmatic proceed as if slowly. The feelings of a phlegmatic person are outwardly expressed weakly, they are usually inexpressive. Usually he has poor facial expressions, movements are inexpressive and slow, just like speech. In relations with people, the phlegmatic is always even, calm, moderately sociable, his mood is stable. The calmness of a person of phlegmatic temperament is also manifested in his attitude to the events and phenomena of the life of a phlegmatic person, it is not easy to piss off and hurt him emotionally. Differs in patience, endurance, self-control. As a rule, he finds it difficult to meet new people, weakly responds to external impressions, an introvert. The disadvantage of the phlegmatic is his inertia, inactivity;

.choleric temperament.

People of this temperament are fast, excessively mobile, unbalanced, excitable, all mental processes proceed quickly and intensively. It is clearly manifested in incontinence, impulsiveness, irascibility, irritability of a choleric person. Hence the expressive facial expressions, hurried speech, sharp gestures, unrestrained movements. The feelings of a person of choleric temperament are strong, usually brightly manifested, quickly arise; mood sometimes changes dramatically.

In dealing with people, the choleric person allows harshness, irritability, emotional restraint, which often does not give him the opportunity to objectively evaluate the actions of people, and on this basis he creates conflict situations in the team. Excessive straightforwardness, irascibility, harshness, intolerance sometimes make it difficult and unpleasant to stay in a team of such people;

.melancholy temperament.

In people of this temperament, an insignificant occasion can cause tears, he is overly touchy, painfully sensitive. His facial expressions and movements are inexpressive, his voice is quiet, his movements are poor.

They hardly react to strong stimuli; Prolonged and intense stress causes slow activity in people of this temperament, and then its cessation. His reaction often does not correspond to the strength of the stimulus, there is a depth and stability of feelings, with their weak expression. In work, melancholic people are usually passive, often not very interested (after all, interest is always associated with strong nervous tension). Melancholic people are easily vulnerable, they can hardly endure resentment, grief, although outwardly all these experiences are expressed weakly in them. Representatives of the melancholy temperament are prone to isolation and loneliness, avoid communication with unfamiliar, new people, are often embarrassed, show great awkwardness in a new environment. Everything new, unusual causes a braking state in melancholics.

The famous cartoonist H. Bidstrup once depicted the reaction of four people to the same incident: someone accidentally sat on the hat of a man resting on a bench. As a result: the choleric became furious, the sanguine laughed, the melancholic became terribly upset, and the phlegmatic calmly put his hat on his head.

It should be remembered that the division of people into four types of temperament is very conditional. There are transitional, mixed, intermediate types of temperament; often in the temperament of a person, features of different temperaments are combined. "Pure" temperaments are relatively rare.

1.3 General concept of the nervous system and its properties

The nervous system is an integral morphological and functional set of various interconnected nervous structures, which, together with the humoral system, provides an interconnected regulation of the activity of all body systems and a reaction to changing conditions of the internal and external environment. The nervous system acts as an integrative system, linking sensitivity, motor activity and the work of other regulatory systems (endocrine and immune) into one whole. The structure of the nervous system is shown in Appendix A.

The central nervous system, if considered in more detail, consists of the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord. In these main sections of the central nervous system, in turn, the most important structures are distinguished that are directly related to mental processes, states and properties of a person: the thalamus, hypothalamus, bridge, cerebellum and medulla oblongata, which are presented in Appendix B.

The nervous system is a complex network of structures that permeates the entire body. In humans, as in all mammals, the nervous system consists of three main components:

-nerve cells (neurons);

-glial cells associated with them, in particular neuroglial cells, as well as cells forming neurilemma;

-connective tissue.

Neurons provide the conduction of nerve impulses; neuroglia performs supporting, protective and trophic functions both in the brain and spinal cord, and neurilemma, which consists mainly of specialized, so-called. Schwann cells, participates in the formation of sheaths of peripheral nerve fibers; connective tissue supports and links together the various parts of the nervous system.

Properties of the nervous system - "its natural, innate features that affect individual differences in the formation of abilities and character." These properties include:

-strength of the nervous system in relation to excitation, i.e. its ability to withstand for a long time, without revealing prohibitive braking, intense and often repetitive loads;

-strength of the nervous system in relation to inhibition, i.e. the ability to withstand prolonged and frequently repeated braking effects;

-balance of the nervous system in relation to excitation and inhibition, which manifests itself in the same reactivity of the nervous system in response to excitatory and inhibitory influences;

-lability of the nervous system, assessed by the rate of occurrence and termination of the nervous process of excitation or inhibition;

Weakness of nervous processes is characterized by the inability of nerve cells to withstand prolonged and concentrated excitation and inhibition. Under the action of very strong stimuli, nerve cells quickly pass into a state of protective inhibition.

Thus, in a weak nervous system, nerve cells are characterized by low efficiency, their energy is quickly depleted. But on the other hand, a weak nervous system has great sensitivity: even to weak stimuli, it gives an appropriate reaction.

V.D. Nebylitsyn suggested that a special combination of the basic properties of the nervous system, i.e. each type has its own advantages and disadvantages. In conditions of, for example, monotonous work, people with a weak type of nervous system show the best results, and when moving to work associated with large and unexpected loads, on the contrary, people with a strong nervous system.

-general, or systemic, properties that cover the entire human brain and characterize the dynamics of its work as a whole;

-complex properties, manifested in the features of the work of individual "blocks" of the brain (hemispheres, frontal lobes, analyzers, anatomically and functionally separated subcortical structures, etc.);

As B.M. Teplov, the properties of the nervous system "form the soil on which some forms of behavior are easier to form, others are more difficult."

Weakness of the nervous system is not a negative property. A strong nervous system copes more successfully with some life tasks, and a weak one with others. A weak nervous system is a highly sensitive nervous system, and this is its well-known advantage. Knowledge of temperament, knowledge of the characteristics of the innate organization of the nervous system, which influences the course of human mental activity, is necessary for the teacher in his educational and educational work.

So, the complex of individual-typological properties of the nervous system that a person has, first of all, determines the temperament, on which the individual style of activity further depends. Each property of the nervous system has not one manifestation, but a number of manifestations (a symptom complex of manifestations). And each of these manifestations cannot be assessed unambiguously (as useful or harmful). Each manifestation can be favorable and unfavorable, depending on the specific situation and the nature of the performance of the activity.

1.4 Classification of types of higher nervous activity (HNA)

According to the teachings of I.P. Pavlov, individual characteristics of behavior, the dynamics of the course of mental activity depend on individual differences in the activity of the nervous system. The basis of individual differences in nervous activity is the manifestation and correlation of the properties of the two main nervous processes - excitation and inhibition (8, p. 154).

Three properties of excitation and inhibition processes were established:

-the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition,

-balance of excitation and inhibition processes,

-mobility (replacement) of the processes of excitation and inhibition.

Combinations of these properties of the nervous processes of excitation and inhibition formed the basis for determining the type of higher nervous activity. Depending on the combination of strength, mobility and balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition, four main types of higher nervous activity are distinguished in accordance with Figure 1.

Figure 1. Classification of GNI types

Weak type. Representatives of the weak type of the nervous system cannot withstand strong, prolonged and concentrated stimuli. Weak are the processes of inhibition and excitation. Under the action of strong stimuli, the development of conditioned reflexes is delayed. Along with this, there is a high sensitivity (i.e., a low threshold) to the actions of stimuli.

Strong unbalanced type. Distinguished by a strong nervous system, it is characterized by an imbalance in the basic nervous processes - the predominance of excitation processes over inhibition processes.

Strong balanced mobile type. The processes of inhibition and excitation are strong and balanced, but their speed, mobility, and rapid change of nervous processes lead to a relative instability of the nervous connections.

Strong balanced inert type. Strong and balanced nervous processes are characterized by low mobility. Representatives of this type are outwardly always calm, even, difficult to excite.

The type of higher nervous activity refers to natural higher data; this is an innate property of the nervous system. On this physiological basis, various systems of conditional connections can be formed, i.e. in the process of life, these conditional connections will be formed differently in different people: this is where the type of higher nervous activity will manifest itself. Temperament is a manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity in human activity and behavior.

Features of a person's mental activity, which determine his actions, behavior, habits, interests, knowledge, are formed in the process of a person's individual life, in the process of education. "The type of higher nervous activity gives originality to a person's behavior, leaves a characteristic imprint on the whole appearance of a person - determines the mobility of his mental processes, their stability, but does not determine either the behavior, or actions of a person, or his beliefs, or moral principles."

I.P. Pavlov understood the type of the nervous system as innate, relatively weakly subject to changes under the influence of the environment and upbringing. According to Pavlov, the properties of the nervous system form the physiological basis of temperament, which is a mental manifestation of the general type of the nervous system. An equal sign can be put between the type of the nervous system and temperament.

Thus, the types of higher nervous activity (HNA) are a combination of congenital (genotype) and acquired (phenotype) properties of the nervous system that determine the nature of the interaction of the body with environment and reflected in all body functions. The specific value of congenital and acquired - the product of the interaction of the genotype and the environment - may vary depending on the conditions. In unusual, extreme conditions, predominantly innate mechanisms of higher nervous activity come to the fore. Various combinations of the three main properties of the nervous system - the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition, their balance and mobility - allowed I.P. Pavlov to distinguish four sharply defined types, differing in "adaptive abilities and resistance to neurotic agents."

2. Relationship between temperament and nervous system

2.1 Physiological basis of temperament

The properties of temperament, based on a certain type of nervous system, are the most stable and constant in comparison with other mental characteristics of a person.

According to the teachings of I.P. Pavlov, individual characteristics of behavior, the dynamics of the course of mental activity depend on individual differences in the activity of the nervous system.

The physiological basis of temperament is the neurodynamics of the brain, i.e. neurodynamic correlation of the cortex and subcortex. The neurodynamics of the brain is in internal interaction with the system of humoral, endocrine factors. A number of researchers (Lende, Belov, partly E. Kretschmer and others) were inclined to make temperament dependent, primarily on these latter. There is no doubt that the system of endocrine glands is included among the conditions affecting temperament.

It would be wrong, however, to isolate the endocrine system from the nervous system and turn it into an independent basis of temperament, since the very humoral activity of the endocrine glands is subject to central innervation. There is an internal interaction between the endocrine system and the nervous system, in which the leading role belongs to the nervous system.

For temperament, the excitability of the subcortical centers, with which the features of motility, statics and autonomics are associated, is undoubtedly essential. The tone of the subcortical centers and their dynamics influence both the tone of the cortex and its readiness for action. Because of the role they play in the neurodynamics of the brain, the subcortical centers undoubtedly influence temperament. The subcortex and the cortex are inextricably linked with each other. Ultimately, it is not the dynamics of the subcortex itself that is of decisive importance, but "the dynamic relationship between the subcortex and the cortex", as I.P. Pavlov in his doctrine of the types of the nervous system.

The types of nervous systems I.P. Pavlov connects with temperament, comparing four groups of nervous systems in accordance with Figure 2, which he came to in a laboratory way.

Figure 2. Relationship between GNI types by I.P. Pavlov and temperaments according to Hippocrates

These general types of the nervous system underlie the four traditional types of temperament (choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic), although in addition to the four combinations of properties of nervous processes, others were also found, the dependence of temperament on the properties of the nervous system manifests itself primarily as follows: the more one physiological property of the nervous system is expressed, the less the corresponding property of temperament is expressed.

If we single out the regular relationships of properties inherent in each type of temperament, we will get the following results, which are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Dependence of temperament on the characteristics of the nervous system

Mental properties Types of temperament and the properties of the nervous system corresponding to them Sanguine Choleric Phlegmatic Melancholic Strong Balanced. Movable Strong Unbalanced. ПодвижныйСильный Уравновешенный ИнертныйСлабый Неуравновешенный МалоподвижныйСкорость психических реакцийВысокаяОчень высокаяМедленнаяСредняяСила психических реакцийСредняяОчень большаяБольшаяБольшаяЭкстраверт или интровертЭкстравертЭкстравертИнтровертИнтровертПластичность или ригидностьПластичныйПластичныйРигидныйРигидныйЭмоциональная возбудимостьУмереннаяВысокаяСлабаяВысокаяСила эмоцийСредняяОчень большаяСлабаяБольшаяЭмоциональная устойчивостьУстойчивНеустойчивОчень устойчивОчень неустойчивЧувствительностьПониженнаяМалаяМалаяВысокаяРеактивностьПовышеннаяВысокаяМалаяМалаяАктивностьПовышеннаяПовышеннаяВысокаяПониженнаяРеактивность-активностьУравновешенныРеактивенАктивный ВоляУравновешенныТемп реакцииБыстрыйБыстрыйМедлителенМедлителен

The above characteristics do not pretend to be categorical, since the division of the temperament of all people into four groups is very conditional. More broadly, one can only say that temperament determines mainly the course of a person’s mental life, the dynamics of mental activity.

Summarizing the above, we can say that the properties of the nervous system, like the properties of any other physiological system, depend on the properties of the organism as a whole. Therefore, the properties of temperament, ultimately, depend on the properties of the organism as a whole. But this dependence has an indirect and indirect character, while the dependence of temperament on the properties of the nervous system is direct and immediate.

2.2 Temperament and personality

Temperament is one of the mental properties of a person, but people with the same temperament turn out to be very different. Each person is a unique individuality, and it is far from always possible to attribute him to one of the above types of temperament. The personality of most people has a sign of not one, but two or more types. Along with the features of a choleric person, for example, there may be noticeable signs of a sanguine person; in a melancholic, there are features of a phlegmatic person, etc.

Most often, a person is a carrier of mental properties belonging to different types of temperament. She has a mixed type of temperament (3, p. 80). But there are people who are distinguished by rather vivid manifestations of one or another type of temperament. So, the wonderful Russian commander A.V. Suvorov was a typical choleric: contemporaries recall that his views, words, movements were distinguished by extraordinary liveliness. It was as if he did not know peace and gave the observer the impression of a man consumed by a thirst to do a hundred things at once. He did not walk, but ran, did not ride, but jumped, did not go around the chair that stood in the way, but jumped over it.

Of the writers, A.S. was a choleric. Pushkin, sanguine - A.I. Herzen. V.A. had features of a melancholic temperament. Zhukovsky and N.V. Gogol (especially in last years his life), pronounced phlegmatic were I.A. Goncharov and I.A. Krylov.

Personality and temperament are interconnected in such a way that temperament acts as "the common basis for many other personal properties, primarily character. However, it determines only the dynamic manifestations of the corresponding personal properties."

Such personality traits as impressionability, emotionality, impulsiveness and anxiety depend on temperament.

Impressibility - these are the strength of the impact on a person of various stimuli, the time they are stored in memory and the strength of the reaction to them. The same stimuli have a greater effect on an impressionable person than on an insufficiently impressionable one. An impressionable person, in addition, remembers the corresponding impacts longer and retains a reaction to them longer. Yes, and the strength of the corresponding reaction is much greater than that of a less impressionable individual.

Emotionality is the speed and depth of a person's emotional reaction to certain events. An emotional person attaches great importance to what is happening to him and around him. Much more than an unemotional person, he has expressed all kinds of bodily reactions associated with emotions. An emotional individual is one who is almost never calm, constantly in the grip of any emotions, in a state of increased excitement or, on the contrary, depression.

Impulsivity is manifested in the incontinence of reactions, in their spontaneity and manifestation even before a person has time to think about the current situation and make a reasonable decision about how to act in it. An impulsive person first reacts, and then thinks if he did the right thing, often regrets premature and wrong reactions.

An anxious person differs from a low-anxiety one in that he too often has emotional experiences associated with anxiety: fear, fears, fears. It seems to him that much of what surrounds him carries a threat to his own "I". An anxious person is afraid of everything: strangers, phone calls, trials, official institutions, public speaking, etc.

The combination of the described properties creates an individual type of temperament. Those manifestations of "temperament, which ultimately become personality traits, depend on training and education, on culture, customs, traditions, and much more."

Although temperament is an innate personality trait, this does not mean that it does not change at all under the influence of living conditions, activities, education and self-education. Among prominent people there were many who managed to suppress the negative properties of their temperament. It is known, for example, that the writer A.P. Chekhov in adulthood never showed harshness in dealing with people, he was distinguished by softness, delicacy, outward calmness. However, his natural inclinations were different (like those of his father and other family members, who were distinguished by their harshness and irascibility).

But the writer worked hard on himself and managed to overcome the negative traits of his temperament. I.P. worked a lot on his temperament. Pavlov. In his youth, he was a very hot, addicted person, able to forget everything except what interested him at the moment. Subsequently, he learned to restrain his hobbies, taught himself to control his stormy temperament.

So, temperament is the natural basis for the manifestation of the psychological qualities of a person. However, with any temperament, it is possible to form in a person qualities that are unusual for this temperament. Temperament changes somewhat under the influence of living conditions and upbringing. Temperament can also change as a result of self-education.

2.3 Temperament and activity

If we evaluate the given psychological characteristics of temperament, we will see that each of them has both good and bad properties. So, a sanguine person is emotional and has a good working capacity, but his motives are unstable, and his attention is just as unstable. The melancholic is distinguished by less efficiency and great anxiety, but he is a sensitive person, as a rule, cautious and prudent. Therefore, there are no "bad" or "good" temperaments - each temperament is good in some conditions and bad in others. It does not determine the social value of a person either - the inclinations, worldview and beliefs of a person, the content of his interests do not depend on temperament. In the same way, people of the same type of temperament can be both progressive and conservative.

Depending on how a person relates to certain phenomena, to life tasks, to the people around him, he mobilizes the appropriate energy, becomes capable of prolonged stress, forces himself to change the speed of his reactions and the pace of work. An educated and sufficiently strong-willed choleric is able to show restraint, switch his attention to other objects, although this is given to him with great difficulty than, for example, phlegmatic.

Under the influence of living conditions, a certain course of action, a choleric person can develop inertia, slowness, lack of initiative, and a melancholic person can develop energy and determination. Life experience and upbringing of a person mask the manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity and temperament of a person.

However, individual strong mental shocks, complex conflict situations can suddenly unmask, exacerbate one or another natural dynamic feature of the human psyche.

In the system of education and re-education, typological categories of people require a particularly careful individual approach. Under unusual super-strong influences that give rise to a criminally dangerous situation, previously formed inhibitory reactions can be "disinhibited" primarily in people of the choleric type. Melancholics are not resistant to difficult situations, they are more disposed to a neuropsychic breakdown.

Depending on the conditions of life and human activity, individual properties of his temperament can be strengthened or weakened.

Features of temperament should be taken into account in professional selection. The profession of the operator of the control panel of an automatic system, for example, requires a timely and quick response to changes in the operation of many units and the rapid adoption of the right decisions; discipline in the classroom requires that the student be able to restrain his feelings and desires. These requirements cannot be arbitrarily changed, since they depend on objective reasons - on the content of the activity.

Temperament, influencing the dynamics of activity, can affect its productivity (. In different types activity, the role of temperament is not the same. Each property of temperament requires individual methods of work or influence on a person. So, melancholic people get tired quickly. Therefore, they need more frequent rest breaks than others. The emotional sphere of the personality also depends on the temperament, and hence the effectiveness of disciplinary influences or the motivating force of the motive.

A certain degree of adaptation of temperament to the requirements of activity is also possible due to the re-education (training) of individual properties of temperament.

There are four ways of adapting temperament to the requirements of activity.

First way - professional selection, one of the tasks of which is to prevent persons who do not have the necessary properties of temperament from this activity. This path is implemented only in the selection for professions that place high demands on personality traits.

The second way to adapt temperament to activity is to individualize the requirements, conditions and methods of work imposed on a person (individual approach).

The third way is to overcome the negative influence of temperament through the formation of a positive attitude towards activity and corresponding motives.

The fourth, main and most universal way of adapting temperament to the requirements of activity is the formation of its individual style. An individual style of activity is understood as such an individual system of techniques and methods of action that is characteristic of a given person and appropriate for achieving a successful result.

Temperament is an external manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity of a person, and therefore, as a result of education, self-education, this external manifestation can be distorted, changed, and the true temperament is "disguised". Therefore, "pure" types of temperament are rarely found, but, nevertheless, the predominance of one or another tendency is always manifested in human behavior.

We emphasize that temperament determines only dynamic, but not meaningful, characteristics of behavior. On the basis of the same temperament, both a "great" and a socially insignificant person are possible.

2.4 Temperament and abilities

Temperament has nothing to do with the talent and giftedness of people. Among the great people there are bright representatives of all four types of temperaments: I.A. Krylov and M.I. Kutuzov - phlegmatic, A.S. Pushkin and A.V. Suvorov - choleric, M.Yu. Lermontov and A.I. Herzen - sanguine, poet V.A. Zhukovsky, N.V. Gogol and P.I. Tchaikovsky - melancholic.

The most simple, natural manifestation of temperament can be observed in childhood. Temperament makes itself felt very early, already in the first year of life, because temperament, as we know, is based on innate types of the nervous system. They constitute inclinations, or natural prerequisites that function, are manifested in the child in his behavior, in his relationship with other people and living conditions.

In the process of life, the type of human nervous system (genotype) does not remain unchanged; under the influence of environmental influences, as a result of education, the acquisition of experience in communication and activity, it significantly changes and even restructures. “The way of human and animal behavior is determined not only by the innate properties of the nervous system, but also by those influences that have fallen and are constantly falling on the organism during its individual existence, i.e. depends on constant education or training in the broadest sense of these words. And this is because, next to the properties of the nervous system indicated above, its most important property, the highest plasticity, continuously appears.

Therefore, it is not the innate properties of the nervous system in themselves that are of decisive importance in the formation of the dynamic characteristics of the child's behavior, but his real relationships with the people around him, the circumstances of his life, the direction and nature of his activity. The activity of the child in cooperation with an adult is of decisive importance in the development and change of temperament. Organizing the child's life, motivating the forms and methods of his behavior and relationships, the adult, as it were, "educates" the child's temperament.

Both temperament and abilities are characterized by high stability. Of course, inclinations, the system of education and sensitive age play an important role in the formation of abilities. Abilities are manifested in the dynamics of the formation of knowledge, skills and abilities in the conditions of a particular activity.

-individual psychological characteristics that distinguish one person from another;

-not any individual characteristics, but only those that are related to the success of any particular activity;

-ability is irreducible to psychological formations, i.e. to knowledge, skills and abilities.

Based on these characteristics, the following definition of abilities is given. Abilities are individual psychological characteristics that are a condition for the successful implementation of a particular productive activity.

Abilities are divided into general, special and communication abilities. General abilities are understood as a system of individual mental properties that ensures productivity in mastering knowledge, skills and abilities for the implementation of various types of activities. The basis for the development of general abilities lies in cognitive (mental) processes.

Special abilities include such a system of personality traits that helps to achieve high results in any special field of activity (musical, stage, sports, mathematical, military leadership, etc.).

The ability to communicate presupposes a developed degree of socio-psychological adaptation, i.e. active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the new social environment. It manifests itself in the ability to exert a psychological influence on others, to convince them and win them over.

J. Strelyau investigated the relationship between the levels of intellectual abilities and the properties of temperament. The study gave a negative result. Correlation links between the levels of intellectual abilities and the properties of temperament were not revealed. This means that among individuals with " high level intellectual abilities can be found both sanguine and phlegmatic, both choleric and melancholic, or various combinations of these types of temperament.

Abilities are discovered in the process of mastering activities. They are closely related to the general orientation of the personality and the inclinations of a person to a particular activity.

Psychological studies have shown that representatives of different temperaments can achieve equally high successes in activities, but they go to these successes in different ways. B.C. Merlin and E.A. Klimov developed the concept of an individual style of activity, the essence of which is understanding, taking into account and mastering a person with his psychodynamic characteristics. So, it is easier for a choleric person than a phlegmatic person to develop speed and energy of action, while it is easier for a phlegmatic person to develop endurance and composure.

Conclusion

Summing up all of the above, I would like to note once again that the features of the types of GNI and the properties of temperament have attracted and continue to attract the attention of psychologists from different countries. Not a small contribution to the study of this issue was made by the following works: I.P. Pavlova, B.M. Teplova, V.D. Nebylitsyna (1976), M.V. Bodunova (1977), V.M. Rusalov, I.M. Paley, L.B. Ermolaeva-Tomina, and many others.

General types of the nervous system is one of the most developed areas of the physiology of higher nervous activity. The physiological study of the general types of the nervous system opens up new methodological paths for the experimental-psychological study of temperaments. According to the teachings of I.P. Pavlov, some properties of the nervous system form the physiological basis of temperament, experiments have unequivocally shown this.

Temperament is the biological foundation of our personality, i.e. is based on the properties of the nervous system, is associated with the structure of the human body (its constitution), with the metabolism in the body. I.P. Pavlov revealed the laws of higher nervous activity, established that the same reasons underlie the temperament as the basis of the individual characteristics of the conditioned reflex activity of a person - the properties of the nervous system. These properties are hereditary and extremely difficult to change.

Until now, there are several different views on the nature of temperament. A significant part of scientists consider temperament to be an innate quality. I am closer to the approach formulated by Krutetsky, who believes that the role of the environment (upbringing) in the formation of temperament is great and that with proper consideration of the properties of temperament and on the basis of these properties, it is possible to form a personality that is full for society (6, p. 74).

The psyche of each person is unique. Its uniqueness is associated both with the characteristics of the biological and physiological structure and development of the organism (internal conditions), and with the composition of social ties and contacts (external influence). Temperament, as well as sexual and age properties of the psyche, belong to the biologically determined substructures of the personality. Thus, personality is a set of internal conditions through which all external influences are refracted.

Temperament to some extent affects the development of human abilities, especially those that include movements with such essential characteristics as pace, reaction speed, excitability. First of all, these are abilities that include complex and precise movements with a difficult trajectory and an uneven pace. They also include abilities associated with increased performance of long-term concentration.

Studies of the connection between temperament and activity show the importance of taking this factor into account when choosing a profession, both by the person himself and by educational organizations and industries when applying for study and work.

This work describes:

general idea of ​​temperament (properties of temperaments, psychological characteristics of temperaments, temperament and activity, temperament and personality, temperament and abilities);

basic properties of the nervous system, classification of types of GNA, correlation of GNA types with temperament.

Acquaintance with the literature on the topic under consideration allows you to take a fresh look at yourself as a person, understand how the characteristics of temperament influenced the character, study and try to solve some problems of communication, study, change your attitude towards yourself.

Glossary

№ p / p New concept Contents 1 Humoral theory of temperament is a theory based on the position of the dominant fluid in the body (humor) and the type of temperament - sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic 2 or phenomena under the influence of various factors3 Introversion is a way of psychological orientation, in which the movement of energy is carried out towards the inner world. 4 Limbic system olfactory, or visceral, brain, a set of parts of the brain, united by anatomical (spatial relationship) and functional (physiological) features 5 Neurotransmitters are physiologically active substances produced by nerve cells. With the help of neurotransmitters, nerve impulses are transmitted from one nerve fiber to another fiber or other cells through the space separating the membranes of the contacting cells 7 Reticular formation - reticular formation, reticular formation, a set of nerve structures located in the central parts of the brain stem (medulla oblongata and midbrain, visual tubercles). The midbrain is a part of the brain stem located between the diencephalon (anteriorly), the pons and the cerebellum (posteriorly). It is represented by the quadrigemina, consisting of two pairs of hillocks, or tubercles, the tire of S. m. and the legs of the brain, which have the form of longitudinal strands. 9Physiology is the science of the vital activity of organisms, their individual systems, organs and tissues and the regulation of physiological functions.F. also studies the patterns of interaction of living organisms with the environment, their behavior in various conditions. 10 Extraversion An attitude or position characterized by a concentration of interest in external objects. A way of psychological orientation, in which the movement of energy is carried out towards the outer world11 Endocrine system is a system of glands that produce hormones and release them directly into the blood. These glands, called endocrine or endocrine glands, do not have excretory ducts; they are located in different parts of the body, but are functionally closely interconnected.

List of sources used

1.Druzhinin V.N. Experimental psychology. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Piter", 2000. - P.215.

2.Egorova E.A. Psychology of individual differences. M., 1997. - S. 203.

.Kovalev A.G. Psychology of personality, ed.3.M., "Enlightenment", 1997. - P.254.

.Brief Dictionary of the System of Psychological Concepts // K.K. Platonov - M. Higher School 1984. - P.287.

.Merlin V.S. Essay on the theory of temperament, M., 1964. - P.241.

.Nemov R.S. Psychology // Textbook for students of higher pedagogical educational institutions. In 3 books. Book 1, M .: Education VLADOS, 1998. - P. 184.

.General psychology / Composition. E.I. Rogov - M. VLADOS, 1995. - P. 128.

.Pavlov I.P. Full coll. Op. T.3. Book 2.M. - L., 1951. - S.271.

.Practical psychology in tests, or how to learn to understand yourself and others, M., ed. "AST-Press Book", 2001 - P.124.

.Practical psychology // Toolkit. Ed. Shaparya V.B. - Rostov n / a: ed. "Phoenix", 2002. - P.158.

.Psychology of individual differences TEXTS / ed. Yu.B. Gippenreiter, V.Ya. Romanova - M. Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1982. - P. 123.

.Simonov P.V., Ershov P.M. Temperament. Character. Personality, ed.M., "Science", 1984. - P.210.

.Strelyau Ya. The role of temperament in mental development. M., 1982. - P.162.

.Theoretical problems of personality psychology, ed. E.V. Shorokhova, M., 1974. - P. 173.

.Teplov B.M. The current state of the issue of the types of higher nervous activity and their definition // Psychology of individual differences - M., 1982. - P.282.

Annex A

The structure of the nervous system

Annex B

Structures that are directly related to mental processes, states and properties of a person

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Moscow State Agroengineering University named after

V. P. Goryachkina

Department: Psychology and Pedagogy

Temperament and basic properties of the human nervous system.

Simakova Julia

Moscow 2009

Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

The magic of numbers in the Mediterranean civilization led to the doctrine of four temperaments, while in the East a five-component "system of the world" developed. The word "temperament" (from Latin temperans, "moderate"), translated from Latin, means "proper ratio of parts", equal in meaning to the Greek word "krasis" (Greek ??????, "fusion, mixing") Introduced by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. By temperament, he understood both the anatomical and physiological and individual psychological characteristics of a person. Hippocrates explained temperament, as a feature of behavior, by the predominance of one of the "vital juices" (four elements) in the body:

· The predominance of yellow bile (Greek ????, chole, "bile, poison") makes a person impulsive, "hot" - choleric.

The predominance of lymph (Greek ??????, phlegm, “sputum”) makes a person calm and slow - a phlegmatic person.

The predominance of blood (lat. sanguis, sanguis, “blood”) makes a person mobile and cheerful - a sanguine person.

The predominance of black bile (Greek ??????? ????, melana chole, “black bile”) makes a person sad and fearful - a melancholic.

Temperament and type of nervous system

Each person is born with a certain set of biological features of his personality, manifested in temperament. Significant differences in the behavior of people, due to the properties of their temperaments, are even among blood brothers and sisters, among twins living side by side. Temperaments differ among the Siamese twins Masha and Dasha, all children who received the same upbringing, have the same worldview, close ideals, beliefs and moral principles.

Temperament is a psychological concept, and the type of nervous system is a physiological one.

Temperament is a manifestation of the type of the nervous system in human activity, individual psychological characteristics of a person, in which the mobility of his nervous processes, strength, and balance are manifested.

In the nerve centers of the human brain cortex, two opposite active processes take place in a complex interaction: excitation and inhibition. Excitation of some parts of the brain causes inhibition of others, this can explain why a person who is passionate about something ceases to perceive the environment. So, for example, the switching of attention is associated with the transfer of excitation from one part of the brain to another and, accordingly, the inhibition of the abandoned parts of the brain.

Excitation and inhibition can be balanced or dominate each other, they can proceed with different strength, move from center to center and replace each other in the same centers, i.e. have some mobility.

The type of the nervous system is determined precisely by the combination of strength, balance and mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition. There are four most pronounced types of the nervous system, their relationship and connection with temperament (see table).

It should be borne in mind that temperament must be strictly distinguished from character. Temperament in no way characterizes the content side of the personality (worldview, views, beliefs, interests, etc.), does not determine the value of the personality or the limit of achievements possible for a given person. It is related only to the dynamic side of activity. Character is inextricably linked with the content side of the personality.

Being included in the development of character, the properties of temperament undergo changes, due to which the same initial properties can lead to different properties of character, depending on the conditions of life and activity. So, with appropriate upbringing and living conditions, a person with a weak type of nervous system can form a strong character, and, conversely, traits of weak character can develop with a "hothouse", pampering upbringing in a person with a strong nervous system. In all its manifestations, temperament is mediated and conditioned by all real conditions and the specific content of human life. For example, the lack of restraint and self-control in human behavior does not necessarily indicate a choleric temperament. It may be a disadvantage. Temperament is directly manifested in the fact that it is easier for one person, for another it is more difficult to develop the necessary reactions of behavior, that for one person one method of developing certain mental qualities is needed, for another - others.

It is indisputable that with any temperament it is possible to develop all socially valuable personality traits. However, the specific methods of developing these properties significantly depend on temperament. Therefore, temperament is an important condition that must be reckoned with in an individual approach to education and training, to the formation of character, to the comprehensive development of mental and physical abilities.

Psychological characteristics of temperaments

A description of the features of different temperaments can help to understand the features of a person’s temperament, if they are clearly expressed, but people with pronounced features of a certain temperament are not so common, most often people have a mixed temperament in various combinations. But the predominance of traits of any type of temperament makes it possible to attribute a person's temperament to one or another type.

Studies show that, depending on the conditions of personality formation, each type of temperament can be characterized by a complex of both positive and negative psychological traits: “best” or “worst”. Only positive or only negative temperaments do not exist.

According to I.P. Pavlov, temperaments are the "basic features" of a person's individual characteristics.

Sanguine temperament

Sanguine is constant in its impermanence. All impressions act on him easily and quickly - hence frivolity. Either he doesn't read anything at all, or he reads avidly. He only does what he loves. Marries by accident. She is always at war with her mother-in-law ... A sanguine woman is the most tolerable woman, if not stupid.

The sanguine person quickly converges with people, is cheerful, easily switches from one type of activity to another, but does not like monotonous work. He easily controls his emotions, quickly gets used to a new environment, actively enters into contacts with people. His speech is loud, fast, distinct and is accompanied by expressive facial expressions and gestures. But this temperament is characterized by a certain duality. If the stimuli change rapidly, novelty and interest of impressions are maintained all the time, a state of active excitement is created in the sanguine person and he manifests himself as an active, active, energetic person. If the effects are long and monotonous, then they do not support the state of activity, excitement, and the sanguine person loses interest in the matter, he develops indifference, boredom, lethargy.

A sanguine person quickly has feelings of joy, grief, affection and ill will, but all these manifestations of his feelings are unstable, do not differ in duration and depth. They quickly arise and can just as quickly disappear or even be replaced by the opposite. The mood of a sanguine person changes quickly, but, as a rule, a good mood prevails.

phlegmatic temperament

Phlegmatic - appearance is ordinary, clumsy. Always serious, because too lazy to laugh. An indispensable member of all kinds of commissions, meetings and emergency meetings, at which he does not understand anything and dozes without a twinge of conscience ... The most convenient person for marriage, he agrees to everything, does not grumble and is complaisant. Happy in the service. A phlegmatic woman will be born to eventually become a mother-in-law. Being a mother-in-law is her ideal.

A person of this temperament is slow, calm, unhurried, balanced. In activity shows solidity, thoughtfulness, perseverance. He usually finishes what he starts. All mental processes in the phlegmatic proceed as if slowly. The feelings of a phlegmatic person are outwardly expressed weakly, they are usually inexpressive. The reason for this is the balance and weak mobility of the nervous processes. In relations with people, the phlegmatic is always even, calm, moderately sociable, his mood is stable. The calmness of a person of phlegmatic temperament is also manifested in his attitude to the events and phenomena of the life of a phlegmatic person, it is not easy to piss off and hurt him emotionally. It is easy for a person of a phlegmatic temperament to develop restraint, composure, calmness. But a phlegmatic person should develop the qualities he lacks - greater mobility, activity, not to allow him to show indifference to activity, lethargy, inertia, which can very easily form under certain conditions. Sometimes a person of this temperament can develop an indifferent attitude to work, to life around him, to people and even to himself.

Choleric temperament

Choleric - bilious and face yellow-gray. Eyes toss and turn in their sockets like hungry wolves. Irritable. I am deeply convinced that in winter "the devil knows how cold" and in the summer "the devil knows how hot"! He doesn't understand jokes. As a husband and friend it is impossible, as a subordinate it is hardly conceivable, as a boss it is unbearable and highly undesirable.

People of this temperament are fast, excessively mobile, unbalanced, excitable, all mental processes proceed quickly and intensively. The predominance of excitation over inhibition, characteristic of this type of nervous activity, is clearly manifested in incontinence, impulsiveness, irascibility, and irritability of the choleric. Hence the expressive facial expressions, hurried speech, sharp gestures, unrestrained movements. The feelings of a person of choleric temperament are strong, usually brightly manifested, quickly arise; mood sometimes changes dramatically. The imbalance inherent in choleric is clearly associated in his activities: he gets down to business with an increase and even passion, while showing impulsiveness and speed of movements, works with enthusiasm, overcoming difficulties. But in a person with a choleric temperament, the supply of nervous energy can be quickly depleted in the process of work, and then a sharp decline in activity can occur: the upsurge and inspiration disappear, the mood drops sharply. In dealing with people, the choleric person allows harshness, irritability, emotional restraint, which often does not give him the opportunity to objectively evaluate the actions of people, and on this basis he creates conflict situations in the team. Excessive straightforwardness, irascibility, harshness, intolerance sometimes make it difficult and unpleasant to stay in a team of such people.

Melancholy temperament

Melancholic - gray-blue eyes, ready to shed a tear. prone to hypochondria. With regret and with tears in his voice, he notifies his neighbors that valerian drops no longer help him ... His spiritual testament has long been ready. A melancholic woman - the most unbearable, restless creature - leads to stupefaction, despair, suicide. The only good thing is that it is easy to get rid of it

Melancholics have slow mental processes, they hardly react to strong stimuli; Prolonged and intense stress causes slow activity in people of this temperament, and then its cessation. In work, melancholic people are usually passive, often not very interested (after all, interest is always associated with strong nervous tension). Feelings and emotional states in people of a melancholic temperament arise slowly, but differ in depth, great strength and duration; melancholic people are easily vulnerable, they can hardly endure resentment, grief, although outwardly all these experiences are expressed poorly in them. Representatives of the melancholy temperament are prone to isolation and loneliness, avoid communication with unfamiliar, new people, are often embarrassed, show great awkwardness in a new environment. Everything new, unusual causes a braking state in melancholics. But in a familiar and calm environment, people with such a temperament feel calm and work very productively. It is easy for melancholic people to develop and improve their inherent depth and stability of feelings, increased susceptibility to external influences.

Psychologists have established that the weakness of the nervous system is not a negative property. A strong nervous system copes more successfully with some life tasks, and a weak one with others. A weak nervous system is a highly sensitive nervous system, and this is its well-known advantage. Knowledge of temperament, knowledge of the characteristics of the innate organization of the nervous system, which influences the course of human mental activity, is necessary for the teacher in his educational and educational work. It should be remembered that the division of people into four types of temperament is very conditional.

The relationship of character and temperament

Character is often compared with temperament, and in some cases these concepts are substituted for each other. In science, among the dominant views on the relationship between character and temperament, four main ones can be distinguished:

1. - identification of character and temperament (E. Kretschmer, A. Ruzhitsky);

2. - opposition of character and temperament, emphasizing the antagonism between them (P. Viktorov, V. Virenius);

3. - recognition of temperament as an element of character, its core, an invariable part (S.L. Rubinshtein, S. Gorodetsky);

4. - recognition of temperament as the natural basis of character (L.S. Vygotsky, B.G. Ananiev).

Based on the materialistic understanding of human phenomena, it should be noted that the common character and temperament is dependence on the physiological characteristics of a person. The formation of character essentially depends on the properties of temperament, more closely related to the properties of the nervous system. In addition, character traits arise when the temperament is already sufficiently developed. Character develops on the basis, on the basis of temperament. Temperament determines in character such traits as balance or difficulty in entering a new situation, mobility or inertia of reaction, etc. However, temperament does not predetermine character. People with the same temperament properties can have a completely different character. Features of temperament can contribute to or counteract the formation of certain character traits.

The properties of temperament can, to some extent, even come into conflict with the character.

In a person with a formed character, temperament ceases to be an independent form of personality manifestation, but becomes its dynamic side, consisting in a certain emotional orientation of character properties, a certain speed of mental processes and personality manifestations, a certain characteristic of expressive movements and actions of a person. Here we should also note the influence exerted on the formation of character by a dynamic stereotype, i.e. a system of conditioned reflexes that form in response to a steadily repeating system of stimuli. The formation of dynamic stereotypes in a person in various repetitive situations is influenced by his attitude to the situation, as a result of which excitation, inhibition, mobility of nervous processes can change, and, consequently, the general functional state of the nervous system. It is also necessary to note the role in the formation of dynamic stereotypes and the decisive role in the formation of dynamic stereotypes of the second signal system through which social influences are carried out.

The traits of temperament and character are organically connected and interact with each other in a holistic single image of a person, forming an inseparable alloy - an integral characteristic of his personality.

Despite the fact that the character is attributed to the individual characteristics of the personality, in the structure of the character one can single out traits that are common to a certain group of people. Even the most original person can find some trait (for example, unusual, unpredictable behavior), the possession of which allows him to be attributed to a group of people with similar behavior.

In this case, we need to talk about the typical character traits of N.D. Levitov believes that the type of character is a specific expression in the individual character of traits common to a certain group of people.

Character is not innate - it is formed in the life and activities of a person as a representative of a certain group, a certain society. Therefore, the character of a person is always a product of society, which explains the similarities and differences in the characters of people belonging to different groups.

Diverse typical features are reflected in the individual character: national, professional, age. Typical features are often fixed by everyday consciousness in various attitudes and stereotypes. Being refracted in a peculiar way, typical features inherent in preschool children, adolescents, the elderly, etc. appear in national characteristics. it is not difficult to describe the typical character of a doctor, a military man, at the same time, each typical character has its own individual features.

Despite stability, the type of character has a certain plasticity. Under the influence of life circumstances and upbringing, the requirements of society, the type of character changes and develops.

Conclusion

Each temperament has both positive and negative properties. Good upbringing, control and self-control makes it possible to manifest: melancholic, as an impressionable person with deep feelings and emotions; phlegmatic, as a seasoned person, without hasty decisions; sanguine, as a highly responsive person for any work; choleric, as a passionate, frantic and active person in work.

Negative properties of temperament can manifest themselves: in a melancholic - isolation and shyness; phlegmatic - indifference to people, dryness; in a sanguine person - superficiality, dispersion, inconstancy.

A person with any type of temperament may or may not be capable, the type of temperament does not affect a person’s abilities, it’s just that some life tasks are easier to solve for a person of one type of temperament, others for another.

Bibliography

1. Psychology of individual differences. Texts / Ed. Yu.B. Gippenreiter, V.Ya. Romanova, M.: MGU Publishing House, 1982

2. http://azps.ru/articles/cmmn/indexht.html

3. http://day-night.narod.ru.html

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