Famous people seems to everyone else almost perfect, it seems that they immediately became famous, or that they can not get into funny and ridiculous situations. But, in fact, they are the same people as everyone else. Not everyone immediately understood what exactly they were talented in, and recognition did not immediately come to some. Reading interesting stories from, you begin to treat them not only as special individuals, but also as people who can make mistakes, get into ridiculous situations and achieve their goals.
Jules Verne
This is not just a writer of adventure novels, but also one of those authors who could foresee some things. Jules Verne also belonged to this category, and his works were favorite books not only for children, but also for adults. They contained not only inventions that were fantastic for that time, but also colorful descriptions of nature and the depths of the sea. And the life of Jules Verne was as bright and a little mysterious as his novels.
- Back in 1839, the boy, who was only 11 years old, went to the port of Nantes, where the schooner Coralie was located. It was on her that this boy went as a cabin boy. This ship was supposed to go to the fabulous and mysterious India, where he so dreamed of getting. But he was noticed in time and landed on the shore. Many years later, as an adult, he told others that his vocation was in the maritime business. And he regretted that he could not become a sailor then. This boy was Jules Verne.
- People often said that his novels described technologies that would be invented in the future. One of these stories is connected with the legend of the writer's family. Allegedly in 1863, the writer completed work on the novel "Paris in the 20th century." He returned from the publishing house puzzled: the publisher refused to print the manuscript because it was too fantastic! And unexpectedly, in 1989, Vern's great-grandson discovered the very novel and the inventions that were described in the book actually existed.
- Jules Verne is one of those writers who popularized science in society, thanks to his writing talent. Therefore, for many designers and engineers of spacecraft, as well as cosmonauts and astronauts, his books have become desktop. His talent and faith in science was rewarded: a large crater on the far side of the Moon was named after him.
The famous Russian writer, whose talent was most clearly revealed in dramaturgy, managed to completely change the idea of what a play should be. In his works, Anton Pavlovich knew how to very accurately select expressions that would describe all the weaknesses of human nature. At the same time, the writer himself was philanthropic and throughout his life urged everyone to "take care of the person in themselves." Chekhov did not like to write about himself, but the writer's notebooks, his letters, the memoirs of people who had a chance to communicate with him, allow you to get acquainted with interesting facts from the life of Anton Pavlovich.
1. There was always a place for medicine in Chekhov's life. After all, initially he saw his calling to be a doctor, and writing stories, plays and playful notes for him was just a way to earn extra money. Among the teachers at the medical faculty, where the writer studied, was the famous Nikolai Sklifosovsky. Later, Anton Pavlovich began to work as a doctor.
After some time, there was a change of priorities, and in January 1886, a sign was removed from his door, which said that the doctor was taking there. The point was not only that Anton Pavlovich began to seriously engage in writing, but in his practice there was a difficult case: two of his patients died of typhus. During his famous trip to Sakhalin, Chekhov wrote that he was already ready to leave medicine.
But, in fact, he always continued to be a doctor. Anton Pavlovich attended various medical congresses to keep abreast of the latest news in this area. In his estate in Melikhovo, he continued to provide medical assistance to all those in need, treated the sick in Yalta. Even being already seriously ill, Anton Pavlovich was ready to go to Far East not as a writer, but as a doctor.
2. It was Chekhov who "gave" Sakhalin to Russia. In 1890, the playwright made the most difficult expedition to Sakhalin, which was a place of exile for prisoners and convicts. One newspaper wrote about this trip as a significant event. Anton Pavlovich approached the journey responsibly: he studied the history of the Russian prison, all kinds of records about the island, the works of historians, geographers and ethnographers about Sakhalin.
When Chekhov went to Sakhalin, then this place was not fully studied, uninteresting to anyone, there was not even accurate data on the population. The trip lasted three months, during which the writer made a population census, studied the life of convicts. It was thanks to Anton Pavlovich that Russian and foreign researchers became interested in the island.
3. Chekhov did charity work, which was not limited to one medical care. He raised funds for the needy, built schools, opened public libraries, in which he gave away his many books, which were of museum value. Well, of course, he helped all the sick and even arranged for those who had little money to go to the sanatorium. All his life he followed his testament: "Take care of the person in you!".
An outstanding scientist who laid the foundations of chemistry, the creator of the periodic table, a professor - the life of such a talented person as Dmitri Mendeleev was just as interesting. There was a place in it for very entertaining facts that open the scientist from the other side.
1. The most important well-known fact of the scientist’s biography is the famous dream in which he had a periodic table chemical elements. No matter how she gave a certain aura of mystery to the personality of Mendeleev, but this is not so. Dmitry Ivanovich created this table through much research and thought.
The periodic law was discovered in 1869. On February 17, the scientist made a sketch of a table on the back of a letter, in which it was written about a request to come and help the production. Later, on separate cards, Mendeleev wrote the names of all the chemical elements known at that time, as well as the atomic weight, and arranged them in order. Therefore, the trip was postponed, and Dmitry Ivanovich himself plunged into work, as a result of which the periodic table of chemical elements was obtained. And in 1870, the scientist was able to calculate the atomic mass of those elements that have not yet been studied, which is why there were "empty" places in his table, later filled with new elements.
2. Despite his numerous scientific works and important discoveries, Dmitry Ivanovich never received the Nobel Prize. Although he was repeatedly nominated for it, each time it was awarded to a different doctor. In 1905, Mendeleev was among the candidates, but a German chemist became the laureate. In 1906, it was decided to award the prize to Dmitry Ivanovich, but then the Royal Swedish Academy changed its mind and presented the award to the French scientist.
In 1907, a proposal was made to share the prize between the Italian scientist and Mendeleev. But on February 2, 1907, the 72-year-old outstanding scientist passed away. A possible reason why Dmitry Ivanovich did not become a laureate is the conflict between him and the Nobel brothers. It occurred on the basis of disagreements over the introduction of an oil tax, thanks to which the brothers were able to get rich and control some of the Russian stocks.
The Swedes started a rumor about the depletion of the oil field. A special commission was created, among whose members was Mendeleev. He was opposed to the introduction of a tax, and refuted the rumor started by the Nobel brothers, which became the cause of the conflict between the Nobels and the scientist.
3. Despite the fact that for the majority Mendeleev's name is associated with chemistry, in fact, the works devoted to chemistry accounted for only 10% of the total number of scientific studies. Dmitry Ivanovich was also interested in shipbuilding and participated in the development of navigation in the Arctic waters. And he devoted about 40 works to this area.
Mendeleev took an active part in the construction of the first Arctic icebreaker "Ermak", which was launched on October 29, 1898. For his active participation in the study of the development of the Arctic, a ridge was named after him, which is under water in the Northern Ledovite, discovered in 1949 .
The facts written above are only a small part of the cases that happened to these prominent people. But these stories show that famous personalities did not always immediately determine their vocation, they tried to set an example for other people and follow their principles. Therefore, interesting stories from the lives of great people can inspire humanity to do something important for the development of science or to contribute to the arts or simply to help other people.
Russia is a great country whose lands are full of various famous and great people. They became great for a reason, but thanks to their deeds, and not by any other, but precisely those that put the country above others. What exactly are the people?
Peter I
This king is a great reformer that helped Russia move to a new level. The reign of the king: 1672 to 1725. The future reformer was born in Moscow, in the Romanov dynasty. From a very early age, Peter is taught literacy.
The next stage of life raises the question of transition to the throne, but since the young king was not yet able to lead the country, sister Sophia took over this right. Peter begins to move away from the throne, and moves with his mother to the village, where the boy begins to get involved in military affairs. Here it is, the beginning of the formation of a great reformer. For the purpose of fun, he begins to create gaming regiments, teaching discipline and military affairs to other young people. The most interesting thing is that these regiments will become the main army of Russia in the future.
Peter continues to develop himself while Sophia rules the country. The Tsar is fond of European culture, military affairs, shipbuilding and other important skills. As soon as the sister leaves the throne, the control of the country passes into the hands of Peter I. The Tsar begins active hostilities outside of Russia, "opening" the way to the seas. And in order to have power at sea, it creates a powerful navy. Also, under him, a new capital, Petersburg, was built, which was the northern capital. What reforms were carried out under him? First, there was a change in the people, moving to the European way. Streets, people, behavior and culture were changed to European. Further reforms of education, army, economy will be carried out. Many establishments have opened.
Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov
The great scientist of Russia was born into a poor family in a village. From birth, he was fond of science, literature, and the study of languages. The thirst to learn was so strong that Mikhail went on foot to the capital in order to enter a prestigious educational institution. Considering that people from ordinary families were not accepted to any academy, it was worth coming up with something. And the young, smart guy decided to tell everyone that he came from the nobility.
Thus, the guy enters the academy and begins to study. At the end of the academy in Moscow, he goes to study in St. Petersburg, and then to Europe altogether. Having adopted for himself many of the knowledge of other countries, he returned to Russia and became a physics teacher at the academy in St. Petersburg, and then switched to teaching chemistry.
As for his work in chemistry, he conducted experiments and experiments not only at the university, but also in his home laboratory. Due to the numerous and versatile views of the world, he learned many sciences. For some period he taught physics, and after - chemistry. He also understood other exact, natural and humanitarian sciences.
In laboratories, he conducts various experiments, discovering new substances and elements. His works are known not only in Russia, but also abroad. On account of his discoveries such as porcelain, glass and other useful discoveries. He also has textbooks on chemistry and metallurgy, which allowed other people who were thirsty for knowledge to learn. Many Moscow universities are named after him. And also created various awards named after Lomonosov, which showed the quality of knowledge in people. Lomonosov is an example of how to become a great person from an ordinary guy.
And this is only the smallest grain of great people that the land of Russia keeps. Each of them became famous there or there, which played a big role in public.
2, 3, 4, 5 grade
- Who is an entomologist and what does he study? (entomologist studies this profession) Grade 2
Entomology is one of the branches of general zoology. If we disassemble the name of science in more detail, then from ancient Greek it sounds like the science of insects. Despite the fact that since ancient times man
- Report on Alexander Pushkin (message)
The great poet appeared in the family of the retired major Sergey Lvovich Pushkin, and the great-granddaughter of the arap Peter I Nadezhda Osipovna on June 6, 1799. In addition to him, the family had an older sister Olga and a younger brother Leo
- Life of primitive people - message report
Now humanity has all the conditions for a comfortable and peaceful life: food, housing, material support, energy, various equipment and weapons. But this is how it is in our time, and before there was nothing like that.
- Historical events in Pushkin's poem Poltava
"Poltava" by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, created in 1828, describes major events era of the reign of Peter I, which played a significant role in the history of Russia. The author in this work reliably told about the great deeds of the people
- Electricity - message report
Electricity has become an integral part of modern life. We treat the current running through the wires as something due and familiar. Electrical household appliances, all kinds of gadgets, and even the lighting of houses and apartments
Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich (c. 952-1015) - Baptist Ancient Russia
The Russian prince Svyatoslav, who ruled in Kyiv, had three sons - Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir. Immediately after the death of Svyatoslav, the brothers went to war with each other, each wanted to rule in Kyiv, to become an autocratic prince. Vladimir showed great foresight in this struggle and turned out to be the winner. He converted to Christianity, baptized Russia and in every possible way contributed to the education of ordinary people.
Prince Ivan III Vasilyevich (1440-1505) - Unifier of Russian lands
The Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily II, nicknamed the Dark One, attracted his son Ivan to manage the affairs of the state during his lifetime. Thus, he confirmed his legal rights to the throne. All business papers were signed by both of them. Ivan entered into full rights after the death of his father, when he was 22 years old. Ivan III began to unite the Russian lands around Moscow, turning it into the capital of the all-Russian state. Under him, the Moscow principality got rid of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. He knew how to carefully listen to the advice of his boyars. In adulthood, Prince Ivan 3 did not like to take part in military campaigns, believing that commanders should fight, and the sovereign should decide important matters at home. For 43 years of his reign, the Moscow principality freed itself from the power of the Horde khans, significantly expanded and strengthened. Under him, the code of laws "Sudebnik" was adopted, a local system of land tenure appeared.
Peter I (1672-1725) - "What I want, it must be"
Peter 1 was truly great. Everything was great with Peter - growth, army, battles, territories, plans. He sought not only to expand the boundaries Russian state, but also to make life in it similar to that seen in Europe. He learned a lot himself and taught others. However, in his desire to quickly introduce new orders, he often went to extremes, massacres in his time were not uncommon. He was in a hurry in everything, as if he felt that fate had given him a not very long life.
Catherine II (1729-1796) - Enlightened Monarchine
June 28, 1762 in St. Petersburg there was a bloodless palace coup. Emperor's wife Peter III Ekaterina Alekseevna, with the help of the guards, removed her husband from power and declared herself an autocratic empress. Once on the Russian throne, Catherine II tried to win the loyalty and love of her subjects. She carried out many economic transformations, promoted the development of trade in every possible way, torture and executions were abolished in Russia, and elected courts appeared. The period of her reign was called the "golden age", and the empress herself was called the Great.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (1799-1837) - The sun of Russian poetry
Time inexorably moves us away from Pushkin, the poet, playwright, prose writer, but his creative genius becomes more and more distinct from this. His poems, poems and stories showed different aspects of Russian reality, secular life and peasant life, they reflected the restless soul of the poet, deep feelings and experiences. His poetry and prose were enthusiastically received by readers of the 19th century. It was then that the halo of his greatness was created, he began to be considered the ancestor of Russian literature, the creator of modern literary language. It is no coincidence that the time in which he lived is called the “Pushkin era”.
Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov (1810-1881) - Surgeon from God
Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov worked for hours in the anatomical theater, cutting soft tissues, examining diseased organs, sawing bones, looking for replacements for damaged joints. Anatomy became a practical school for him, which laid the foundation for his further successful surgical activity. Pirogov was the first to come up with the idea of plastic surgery, applied anesthesia in military field surgery, for the first time applied a plaster cast in the field, suggested the existence of pathogens that cause suppuration of wounds. His works, various medical atlases put forward Russian surgery to one of the first places in the world.
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (1821- 1881) - Defender of the poor
Despite the wide popularity of Fyodor Dostoevsky in Russia, worldwide recognition and interest in his work came after his death. Everyone noted his deep psychologism, passion in depicting "humiliated and offended". The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche wrote that Dostoevsky was the only psychologist from whom he learned anything. The works of Fyodor Mikhailovich had a noticeable influence on writers: the Austrian Stefan Zweig, the Frenchman Marcel Proust, the Englishman Oscar Wilde, the Germans Thomas and Heinrich Mann.
Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy (1828-1910) - Preacher of morality
The famous Russian theater director and creator of the acting system, Konstantin Stanislavsky, wrote in his book “My Life in Art” that in the difficult years of the first revolutions, when despair gripped people, many recalled that at the same time Leo Tolstoy lived with them. And it became easier on the soul. He was the conscience of mankind. AT late XIX and at the beginning of the 20th century Tolstoy became the spokesman for the thoughts and hopes of millions of people. He was a moral support for many. It was read and listened to not only by Russia, but also by Europe, America and Asia.
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907) - Legislator in chemistry
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was a versatile scientist: in the laboratory he studied new properties of materials, at plants and factories he analyzed the results of their use, and carefully summarized information at his desk. Every year he traveled to different regions of the country, traveled abroad. The Periodic Table of Chemical Elements created by him - a brilliant discovery - established the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus and was accepted throughout the world. Meeting it scientific works is 25 volumes.
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) - Composer for all time
Foreign performers of piano music, violinists, cellists and vocalists are well aware of the International Tchaikovsky Music Competition, which is held in Moscow every 4 years. The symphonic works of the Russian composer have long been heard in the concert halls of many leading capitals of the world, his operas and ballets are in the repertoire of the world's outstanding opera houses. Tchaikovsky left behind a huge musical legacy that has become part of the global culture.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) - Teacher of the theory of reflexes
Awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for 1904, the creator of the science of higher nervous activity, the Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov was recognized as the foreman of physiologists around the world.
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) - Discoverer of the biosphere
Vladimir Vernadsky entered the history of Russian and world science as an outstanding natural scientist, thinker, and public figure. He studied such special branches of knowledge about the Earth as geology, crystallography, mineralogy, geochemistry, and biology. And he determined the paths of the general evolution of the Earth, introduced the concepts of "biosphere" and "noosphere" - the areas of distribution of life on Earth as a result of evolutionary impact on it by humans. He was the forerunner of a new branch of science - ecology.
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) (1870-1924) - Practitioner of building communism
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin is the most famous politician of the 20th century. For over 70 years in the Soviet Union, he was considered an unsurpassed genius who set the goal of building communism in Russia. In 1917, Lenin took on the impossible task of making backward agrarian Russia socialist and then communist. He dreamed that the working people would receive everything according to their needs. The idea turned out to be untenable. True, after Lenin, the country gradually switched to an industrial path of development. Communism was not achieved, but at the cost of enormous efforts, including millions of human victims, the USSR approached the leading positions on the world stage.
Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Stalin) (1878 -1953) - The inspirer of all victories
The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), the head of the Soviet government, Joseph Stalin, led the country to the industrial path of development, with his name the Soviet people won the Great Patriotic war, he caused mass labor heroism, under him the country became a superpower. But he planted a totalitarian, dictatorial regime in the country, carried out forced collectivization, under him famine broke out in the country, mass repression, the world community was divided into two camps - socialist and capitalist. In history, Stalin remained a double personality: the winner in the war and the tyrant of his own people.
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (1906-1966) - Chief Designer
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev was an outstanding design engineer who dreamed of conquering space. He made a huge contribution to organizing the production of rocket and space technology and rocket weapons in the Soviet Union. He was the first in the world to launch satellites into earth orbit, scientific stations, spaceships. The news shocked the whole world. He dreamed of exploring the expanses of the Universe with the help of automatic devices and began to prepare a flight to Mars, but he did not manage to carry out his plans.
photo from internet
Lifehacker presents a selection of unusual and motivating biographies that will help you come to new discoveries, cope with failures and find harmony with yourself.
The story of Apple founder and CEO Steve Jobs, as retold by Walter Isaacson, is one of the most popular modern biographies, often mentioned in various collections. "Steve Jobs" tells the life and career of one of the most influential entrepreneurs of the 21st century, his great failure and how it helped him succeed and conquer the world.
The Microsoft co-founder talks in his autobiography about the years of the company's inception and growth, his difficult and close relationship with Gates. In this book, you will find a couple of ideas on how to start your own business, interact with partners, earn money and, most importantly, how to spend it.
David Kirkpatrick's book - the true story of creation social network#1 with over half a billion users. The protagonist of the story, Mark Zuckerberg, himself provided the journalist with unlimited access to information about himself and Facebook, so the facts presented in the book can be considered as reliable as possible.
Tony Shay is an Internet entrepreneur and CEO of Zappos online retailer. The autobiography tells about the life and development of a businessman, from opening a worm farm at the age of nine to the creation of Zappos and LinkExchange, which were later bought by Amazon and Microsoft. This cheerful story will help young entrepreneurs make their business even more useful and profitable.
Blake Mykosky is an American entrepreneur, writer, and philanthropist best known as the founder of the Toms Shoes Company. She is famous not only for her espadrilles, but also for the fact that when you buy a pair of shoes, the same one is sent to poor children with foot diseases. In his book, Mykosky talks not only about how to make a profit, but also about how to start a business that will benefit people.
Shoe Salesman is another success story, this time by Nike creator Phil Knight, who couldn't afford to buy Adidas sneakers as a kid. This book tells the story of how an entrepreneur founded a company that became a serious competitor to the company with three stripes. In addition, Shoe Sales will reveal what happened to the waitress who painted the $30 Nike logo and how the NASA aeronautical engineer came up with the famous Air Max.
The business autobiography of Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz is not an ordinary success story, but a cautionary tale that proves that a company can earn high profits and not give up on its principles. Howard Schultz says that treating employees and customers with love and respect, producing the highest quality product and providing appropriate service are the foundations that cannot be sacrificed even in the most difficult periods for the company.
The autobiography of multi-billionaire Richard Branson will appeal to those who want to become an entrepreneur, build a successful business, or simply learn how the Virgin empire was built. This book tells about what an exciting path and grandiose results can await those who have an entrepreneurial spirit and a desire to embody it. Branson began his career by selling defective Virgin records. At the moment, the Virgin Group includes more than 400 companies of various profiles, and the number of employees of the corporation exceeds 50 thousand people.
The book of an outstanding American industrialist is not a collection of abstract general recommendations for creating and running a business, but a reference book with applied information. Henry Ford in simple terms teaches the intricacies of everyday life, the same - explains the most complex production relations, reinforcing what has been said with examples - models that are efficient even after a hundred years.
The autobiography of former Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson will appeal not only to football fans. This book is a story of extraordinary strong man who knows perfectly well that without heavy disappointments there are no big victories.
A Life in Cast is the most honest story of a career full of ups and downs, the autobiography of a man who has come a long way to become a movie star. Bryan Cranston talks about his past, treating his every life status like a movie role, whether it's a house painter or a murder suspect. The book will appeal to all lovers of fascinating non-fiction literature and fans of Cranston in particular.
If the biographies of successful entrepreneurs don't inspire you, you might like Stephen King's memoirs. If you have to write for work, and textbooks on journalism and philology are already tired, then How to Write Books is a great way to profitably take a break from boring manuals. If you are just starting to write, then King's biography is also suitable: the author talks to the reader without arrogance, on an equal footing, motivating him to work.
A biography of Christopher McCandless, an American downshifter who ventured into the wilderness of Alaska with a small supply of food and equipment in the hope of living in seclusion for some time. "In the Wild" is an example of selflessness and a person's willingness to give up the blessings of civilization in search of peace of mind. The end of this story is sad, but the philosophy of McCandless is close to many.
The story of Benjamin Franklin has inspired many: from Dale Carnegie to. In his autobiography, a politician, scientist and journalist shares his advice with those who are just starting their careers, looking for new ideas or just interested in history.
The autobiography of Solomon Northup, a free-born African American who, by coincidence, fell into slavery. This book teaches that even in the most seemingly hopeless situations Don't give up and lose hope. The adaptation of this story won the Oscar for Best Picture in 2013.
The Russian Federation is a great state that ranks first on the planet in terms of territory and national wealth. However, its main pride is made up of outstanding citizens who have left a noticeable mark on history. Our country has nurtured a huge number of famous scientists, politicians, generals, athletes and artists of world renown. Their achievements allowed Russia to take one of the leading positions in the list of superpowers of the planet.
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Who are they, outstanding citizens of Russia? The list of them can be continued endlessly, because each period in the history of our Fatherland has its own great people who have become famous in different fields of activity. Among the most prominent personalities who, to one degree or another, influenced the course of both Russian and world history, it is worth mentioning the following:
- Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky.
- Peter the Great.
- Alexander Suvorov.
- Mikhail Lomonosov.
- Dmitry Mendeleev.
- Yuri Gagarin.
- Andrei Sakharov.
Minin and Pozharsky
An outstanding Russian citizen Kuzma Minin and his no less famous contemporary, Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, went down in history as the liberators of Russian lands from the Polish invaders. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Russian state began Time of Troubles. The crisis, which engulfed many areas of life, was aggravated by the presence of impostors on the throne of the capital. In Moscow, Smolensk and a number of other cities, the Polish gentry was in full swing, and the western borders of the country were occupied by Swedish troops.
In order to expel foreign invaders from Russian lands and liberate the country, the clergy called on the population to create a people's militia and liberate the capital from the Poles. The call was answered by the Novgorod Zemstvo headman Kuzma Minin (Sukhoruk), who, although not of noble origin, was a true patriot of his homeland. In a short time, he managed to gather an army from the inhabitants of Nizhny Novgorod. Prince Dmitry Pozharsky from the Rurik family agreed to head it.
Gradually to people's militia Nizhny Novgorod began to join the inhabitants of the surrounding cities, dissatisfied with the dominance of the Polish gentry in Moscow. By the autumn of 1612, the army of Minin and Pozharsky numbered about 10 thousand people. In early November 1612, the Nizhny Novgorod militia managed to expel the Poles from the capital and force them to sign an act of surrender. The success of the operation became possible thanks to the skillful actions of Minin and Pozharsky. In 1818, the memory of the heroic liberators of Moscow was immortalized by the sculptor I. Martos in a monument erected on Red Square.
Peter the First
The significance of the reign of Peter I, nicknamed the Great for his services to the state, is difficult to overestimate. An outstanding citizen of Russia, Peter the Great, was on the throne for 43 years, coming to power at the age of 17. He turned the country into the greatest empire, founded the city of Petersburg on the Neva and transferred the capital from Moscow to it, conducted a number of successful military campaigns, thanks to which he significantly expanded the borders of the state. Peter Great start trade with Europe, founded the Academy of Sciences, opened many educational institutions introduced compulsory study foreign languages, forced representatives of the noble classes to wear secular outfits.
Significance of the reign of Peter I for Russia
The sovereign's reforms strengthened the economy and science, contributed to the development of the army and navy. His successful domestic and foreign policy became the basis for the further growth and development of the state. Voltaire highly appreciated the internal transformations of Russia in the time of Peter the Great. He wrote that the Russian people in half a century managed to achieve what other peoples could not achieve in 500 years of their existence.
A. V. Suvorov
The most prominent citizen of Russia in the second half of the 18th century is, of course, great commander, Generalissimo of Russian land and sea forces Alexander Suvorov. This talented commander fought over 60 major battles and was not defeated in any of them. The army under the command of Suvorov managed to win even in those cases when the enemy forces significantly outnumbered it. The commander took part in Russian-Turkish wars 1768-1774 and 1787-1791, commanded brilliantly Russian troops during the storming of Prague in 1794, and in the last years of his life he led the Italian and Swiss campaigns.
In the battles, Suvorov used the tactics of warfare developed by him personally, which was significantly ahead of its time. He did not recognize military drill and instilled in the soldiers love for the Fatherland, considering it a guarantee of victory in any battle. The legendary commander made sure that during military campaigns his army was provided with everything necessary. He heroically shared all the hardships with the soldiers, thanks to which he enjoyed great authority and respect among them. For his victories, Suvorov was awarded all those existing in his time in Russian Empire high military awards. In addition, he was a holder of seven foreign orders.
M. V. Lomonosov
Outstanding citizens of Russia glorified their country not only in the art of statecraft or military tactics. Mikhail Lomonosov belongs to the cohort of the greatest domestic scientists who have made a huge contribution to the development of world science. Born into a poor family and unable to get a decent education, from early childhood he had a high intellect and was drawn to knowledge. Lomonosov's desire for science was so strong that at the age of 19 he left his village, went on foot to Moscow and entered the Slavic-Greco-Roman Academy. This was followed by studies at St. Petersburg University at the Academy of Sciences. To improve knowledge in the natural sciences, Michael was sent to Europe. At the age of 34, the young scientist became an academician.
Lomonosov, without exaggeration, can be considered a universal person. He possessed brilliant knowledge of chemistry, physics, geography, astronomy, geology, metallurgy, history, and genealogy. In addition, the scientist was an excellent poet, writer and artist. Lomonosov made many discoveries in physics, chemistry and astronomy, and became the founder of the science of glass. He owns the project of creating Moscow University, which was later named after him.
D. I. Mendeleev
worldwide famous chemist Dmitri Mendeleev is the pride of Russia. Having been born in Tobolsk in the family of the director of the gymnasium, he had no barriers to education. At the age of 21, young Mendeleev graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the St. Petersburg Pedagogical Institute with a gold medal. A few months later, he defended his dissertation for the right to lecture and began teaching practice. At 23, Mendeleev was awarded a master's degree in chemistry. From this age, he began teaching at the Imperial University of St. Petersburg. At the age of 31, he becomes a professor of chemical technology, and after 2 years - a professor of general chemistry.
World fame of the great chemist
In 1869, at the age of 35, Dmitri Mendeleev made a discovery that made him famous all over the world. We are talking about the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements. It became the basis for all modern chemistry. Attempts to systematize the elements according to their properties and atomic weight were made even before Mendeleev, but he was the first to clearly formulate the pattern existing between them.
The periodic table is not the only achievement of the scientist. He wrote many fundamental works on chemistry and initiated the creation of the Chamber of Weights and Measures in St. Petersburg. D. I. Mendeleev was a holder of eight honorary orders of the Russian Empire and foreign countries. He was awarded a doctorate degree from the Turin Academy of Sciences, Oxford, Cambridge, Princeton, Edinburgh and Göttingen Universities. The scientific authority of Mendeleev was so high that he was nominated for the Nobel Prize three times. Unfortunately, other scientists have become laureates of this prestigious international award every time. However, this fact in no way diminishes the merits of the famous chemist before the Fatherland.
Yu. A. Gagarin
Yuri Gagarin - an outstanding citizen of Russia Soviet era. April 12, 1961 on spaceship"Vostok-1" for the first time in the history of mankind made a flight into space. Having spent 108 minutes in Earth's orbit, the astronaut returned to the planet as a hero of international proportions. Gagarin's popularity could be envied even by world movie stars. He made official visits to more than 30 foreign states and traveled all over the USSR.
An outstanding citizen of Russia, Yuri Gagarin, was awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union and the highest insignia of many countries. He was preparing for a new space flight, but a plane crash that occurred in March 1968 in the Vladimir region tragically cut short his life. Having lived only 34 years, Gagarin became one of the the greatest people XX century. All streets and squares are named after him. major cities Russia and the CIS countries, monuments to him are erected in many foreign countries. In honor of Yuri Gagarin's flight, April 12 is celebrated as International Cosmonautics Day all over the world.
A. D. Sakharov
In addition to Gagarin, there were many other prominent citizens of Russia in the Soviet Union. The USSR became famous throughout the world thanks to Academician Andrei Sakharov, who made an invaluable contribution to the development of physics. In 1949, together with Yu. Khariton, he developed a project hydrogen bomb- the first Soviet thermonuclear weapon. In addition, Sakharov conducted a lot of research on magnetohydrodynamics, gravity, astrophysics, and plasma physics. In the mid-70s, he predicted the advent of the Internet. In 1975, the academician was awarded Nobel Prize peace.
In addition to science, Sakharov was active in human rights activities, for which he fell out of favor with the Soviet leadership. In 1980, he was stripped of all titles and top awards, after which he was deported from Moscow to Gorky. After the start of Perestroika, Sakharov was allowed to return to the capital. During the last years of his life, he continued to work scientific activity and was also elected to the Supreme Council. In 1989, the scientist worked on a draft of a new Soviet constitution that proclaimed the right of peoples to statehood, but a sudden death did not allow him to complete the work he had begun.
Prominent citizens of Russia in the 21st century
Today, a huge number of people live in our country, glorifying it in politics, science, art and other fields of activity. The most famous scientists of our time are physicists Mikhail Allenov and Valery Rachkov, urbanist Denis Vizgalov, historian Vyacheslav Vorobyov, economist Nadezhda Kosareva, etc. The outstanding artists of the 21st century include artists Ilya Glazunov and Alyona Azernaya, conductors Valery Gergiev and Yuri Bashmet, opera singers Dmitry Hvorostovsky and Anna Netrebko, actors Sergei Bezrukov and Konstantin Khabensky, directors Nikita Mikhalkov and Timur Bekmambetov and others. Well, the most prominent politician in Russia today is its President - Vladimir Putin.