Engineering units of the combat brigades of the us ground forces. Russian engineering troops Engineering troops

The creation of engineering troops was necessary for the reason that it was necessary to perform tasks that related to engineering support during hostilities. These are special forces that have been trained by personnel and struck the enemy with the help of engineering ammunition.

The history of the creation of engineering troops

The engineering troops began their existence in ancient Greece, in those days they were called digging detachments. Their task was the construction of defensive structures along the border and the arrangement of camps.

In the annals of 1016, it was indicated that these were builders who were on military service and well versed in martial arts. Engineer troops received their legal existence since 1701. A little later, they already became an independent army, and by the time the Russian-Turkish war began, their number was already 2.8% of the entire field army. They lived up to expectations on time. Patriotic War and the Battle of Borodino.

When the first came World War, the Russian army, under the clear guidance of the engineering troops, erected various defensive structures that were thousands of kilometers long. One of such defenses was the heroic Osovets and the Brusilovsky breakthrough.

By the beginning of the twentieth century, the engineering troops had at their disposal a lot of educated military builders, their number was up to 6% of the entire army.

The main tasks of military engineers

The Engineering Troops of the Russian Federation must perform the following important tasks:

• conducting engineering reconnaissance of the terrain and enemy facilities;
• control over fortifications during the construction of defensive positions;
• barrier device;
• creation of various facilities for water crossings;
• preparation of routes along which the movement and maneuver of troops will take place;
• carrying out all measures to camouflage the army;
• carrying out water purification and points for the water supply of the army;
• direct participation in the cleansing of the territory where the use of weapons of mass destruction was carried out;
• the destruction of the chemical industry and much more.

21 January celebration

Engineer Troops Day in Russia is celebrated on January 21st. This holiday began to be celebrated from the moment the President of the Russian Federation issued a decree in 1996. The head of state singled out this day for the invaluable contribution of the Russian army to the country's defense potential. In the same year, the Minister of Defense of the country issued a decree to celebrate January 21 every year as the day of the Russian engineering troops.

This date will be remembered by all residents due to the fact that, by the Decree of Peter the Great, a special school was established in Moscow on January 21, 1701. At first, the school prepared military engineers for service, but a year later all the graduates became part of the Russian army.

Engineering troops: our days

Today, the engineering troops of the Russian Federation consist of units, subunits and formations, each of which has its own purpose. The troops are divided according to their purpose into:

• assault barrage engineers;
• engineering and sapper troops;
• positional;
• camouflage engineers;
• bridges;
• pontoons;
• water treatment and extraction engineers;
• engineering and construction;
• amphibious.

The engineering troops, the photo of which is provided below, exist in various structures: in the Federal Border Service, in the Ministry of Defense, in the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. 100% hope is placed on these troops to solve the most difficult tasks with regard to engineering support. These decisions imply the availability of modern equipment and weapons, as well as well-trained personnel.

One of the main tasks of the troops is the complete counteraction to mine terror. This was due to the fact that the threat of world terrorism has sharply increased recently. This issue is today included in the task of many law enforcement agencies and is still being solved by them.

The sapper army entered one of the organizations of the engineering troops at the time when the Patriotic War began. Their task was to carry out the construction of rear lines for defense in a timely manner, build and repair roads, bridges, and also train engineering units for the front.

Engineer-sapper troops were invited to carry out mine clearance in the area of ​​​​the active front. These troops made a huge contribution to the engineering preparation of the defense not only of Moscow, but also of other equally important cities.

The first and third sapper armies, together with residents near Moscow, built the following:

• more than 3,700 firing structures were erected;
• anti-tank ditches were dug, which stretched for 325 kilometers;
• more than 1,300 kilometers of forest blockages have been developed.

The sapper army is the main base where the accumulation of the military takes place for training in the engineering unit of the army and front subordination. From this base, more than 150,000 people replenished front-line formations, as well as rifle ones.

Famous figures of the engineering troops

Many famous figures, composers, generals, scientists and inventors were included in the engineering troops of Russia. These included Field Marshal Kutuzov, Marshal Ogarkov, Marshals of the Engineering Troops Shestipalov, Proshlyakov, Aganov, Vorobyov, Kharchenko and many others. A lot of military engineers were named Heroes of Russia, and this figure is very high.

In 2002, Daniil of Moscow was declared the patron saint of the Heavenly Engineer Troops. This event indicated that the devoted work of the engineering troops found understanding in the Orthodox Church.

January 21, the Day of Engineering Troops, in addition to the Russian Federation, is also celebrated in Belarus.

The role of engineering troops in peacetime

• Maintain the combat potential of the military army to commit combat readiness to repel the strike.
• Preparation of command and control bodies for the conduct of hostilities with their direct appointment.
• The accumulation of military equipment, weapons and supplies, in the amount in which it is necessary for the conduct of hostilities.
• Acceptance of direct participation in the restoration of peace and its maintenance.
• Acceptance of direct participation in the destruction of the consequences of disasters.
• Carrying out operational equipment of the territory of the country.

The role of engineering troops in wartime

The engineering troops, the photo of which is provided below, perform the following role in wartime:

• carry out the implementation of all tasks that are clearly indicated in the plan for strategic deployment;
• suppress all military conflicts as much as possible;
• carry out repulsive actions against enemy aggression with military troops ready for attack;
• jointly with other troops carry out defensive and offensive operations to destroy the enemy.

The invaluable contribution of the troops

Troops have always taken an active role in all battles to defend the Fatherland. They successfully carried out military operations during the Patriotic War, during the defense of Sevastopol, during the First World War and the Russo-Japanese War.

They received a special distinction during World War II. For their exploits and defense of the Motherland, many were awarded orders, some received the title of Hero, and some became holders of the Order of Glory.

January 21, the Day of the Engineering Troops of Russia, is significant for the siege of Izmail, as well as for the provision of military operations in Afghanistan, the successful resolution of cases in Abkhazia, Herzegovina, Tajikistan and many other countries.

For three hundred years the troops have occupied one of the highest places in the Russian Armed Forces. They make an invaluable contribution to the elimination of the consequences of accidents, catastrophes, and mine clearing of the area from explosive objects.

One of the very important exploits of the engineering troops was the liquidation of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.

Today, the most recognized battalion is the engineering battalion, which is engaged in reconnaissance and mine clearance. Their work is full of danger every day, for which they are respected by the entire Russian people. Today they are mastering a completely new technique - military excavators, various means for detecting explosives and stations for complex water treatment.

In the Russian Armed Forces, engineering troops have an excellent record, which shows their commitment to the Motherland, the traditions and heroism of military engineering.

Today, the engineering troops courageously continue the work of their fathers and grandfathers. They help save thousands of human lives during natural disasters, carry out dangerous service in the hottest spots on the planet and eliminate man-made disasters and the consequences of accidents.

Engineering Troops

special troops designed to provide engineering support for military operations of formations and units of military branches. I. in. are available in the armed forces of most states and consist of units and subunits for various purposes: engineer-sapper (sapper), engineering-road, pontoon-bridge, crossing-landing (amphibious), engineering-bridge-building (bridge), engineering-positional, water extraction (field water supply), civil engineering and other specialties. I. in. equipped with a variety of engineering equipment for excavating trenches and trenches (shelters), building (restoring) roads and bridges, harvesting timber and structures; have crossing, camouflage, electrical, lifting equipment, as well as means of reconnaissance, extraction and purification of water, mining, demining, etc. are part of the formations and units of the armed forces and branches of the armed forces.

In battle and operation IV. are used to perform complex engineering support tasks that require special training of personnel, the use of various engineering equipment and engineering ammunition. On the offensive, they arrange passages in barriers and crossing obstacles, obstruct and pave the way for the movement of troops, equip and maintain crossings through water barriers, destroy defensive structures, destroy enemy military equipment and manpower; in the defense, mine-explosive and other barriers are set up, complex fortifications are erected, and mechanized excavation of trenches, communication passages, trenches, and shelters is carried out. Besides, I. century. carry out engineering reconnaissance of the enemy and the terrain, equip the areas where troops and command posts are located, perform the most important camouflage work, extract and purify (disinfect) water. In the armies of some countries in the I. century. the equipment of airfields, the laying and maintenance of field pipelines, the maintenance of inland waterways, the equipment and maintenance of maneuverable basing points for naval forces, as well as the performance of topographic, cartographic and geodetic work and the supply of troops with topographic maps are entrusted.

Even in ancient times, the troops performed various military engineering tasks to ensure the combat operations of the troops. Before the advent of I. century. the construction of fortifications, the preparation of routes, the construction of crossings, the creation of barriers, and other work was carried out by the troops themselves, sometimes with the help of temporarily created detachments of artisans. The appearance of I. century. belongs to the 17th century. (in France), their first organizer was the famous French engineer S. Vauban; in Austria, Germany and Russia I. century. were created in the early 18th century. Time of creation I. century. February 1712 is considered in Russia, when Peter I approved the staffs of a miner company (from 1702) and a team of pontooners (from 1704), and also created a “regiment of military engineers”. Significant development of I. century. Russian army received during the Seven Years' War of 1756-63, which required engineering preparation for the siege of powerful fortresses (Kolberg and others), the crossing of troops across the Neman and Vistula, etc. In 1802, an engineering department was created. At the beginning of the 19th century I. in. consisted of engineering and pontoon regiments (6-10 companies each). In 1816, the battalion organization of the I. century was introduced. at the rate of 1 engineer or 1 engineer battalion for each corps. In the 2nd half of the 19th century. battalions of I.V. were grouped into brigades. In 1870, the first military telegraph parks (later companies) began to form in Russia; battalions, in 1877 naval mine companies. In 1878 field engineering parks were introduced. Before World War I 1914-18 I. century. The Russian army had 39 engineer, 9 pontoon battalions, 25 parks, 38 aviation detachments, 7 aeronautic and 7 spark companies, as well as several spare parts. I. in. other armies at that time included: the German army - 19 engineering battalions, 1 railroad. regiment and 1 railroad. company; Austrian army - 5 engineering regiments: 2 engineering and 1 pioneer (consisting of 5 battalions each), 1 railroad. and 1 telegraph. At the beginning of the 20th century from I. v. Russian and other armies gradually stood out from the communications, railway. troops, aviation, automobile and armored, searchlight, chemical troops. In the 19th century I. in. the largest armies accounted for about 2% of their total composition; during World War I, the number of I. century. increased to 7%, and by the end of 1917 in the British, French and Russian armies they were about 12%. The increase in the number of I. century. was due to the increase in the scope of operations and the expansion of the engineering support for military operations of the troops, as well as the emergence of new tasks for the engineering preparation of theaters of military operations and the entire territory of the country in the interests of waging war.

Soviet IV created together with the organization of the Red Army. According to the state of 1918, it was planned to have an engineer battalion (1263 people) in divisions, a sapper company (361 people) in rifle brigades, and a sapper team (60 people) in rifle regiments. In 1919, special engineering units were formed (pontoon and electrical engineering battalions, separate camouflage companies). During civil war for their heroism, more than 100 soldiers of the engineering units were awarded the Order of the Red Banner. Guide I. century. carried out by the inspector of engineers at the Field Headquarters of the Republic (from 1918 to the end of 1921 - A.P. Shoshin), chiefs of engineers of fronts, armies and divisional engineers. Command cadres were trained at the Military Engineering Academy (which resumed classes in 1918) in 3 schools and 8 military engineering courses. In 1921, the number of I. century. accounted for 2.7% of the Red Army, their leadership was entrusted to the main military engineering department (created in June 1918, but until 1921 was in charge of only the engineering supply of the Red Army), the position of inspector of engineers was abolished. As a result of the military reform of 1924-25, I. century. switched to new states, according to which the corps had engineer battalions (2 engineer companies and an engineering park), divisions - a separate engineer company and an engineering park, rifle regiments - an engineer camouflage platoon. In 1929, full-time engineering units and subunits were available in all branches of the military, I. century. gradually began to be equipped with new engineering equipment.

Great experience of Soviet I. century. received during the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-40 when breaking through the heavily fortified defensive line of the Mannerheim Line (see Mannerheim Line) and performing engineering support tasks offensive operations Red Army.

By 1941 I. v. consisted of military, army and district units and subunits, in addition, there were 2 battalions and 1 company of I. century. RVGK. At the beginning of 1941, the district and army engineering units were reorganized into engineer and pontoon regiments. At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45 (October 1941), the formation of sapper armies began to carry out work on the engineering equipment of defensive lines (by January 1942 there were 10 of them). In February 1942, 5 sapper armies were disbanded, the rest were subordinated to the fronts, and later also abolished. Since 1942, the main form of organization of the I. century. Engineer brigades (assault, engineer-engineer, pontoon-bridge, etc.) became the RVGK, which in 1944 were introduced into the fronts and armies. In November 1941, the headquarters of the engineering troops of the Red Army, the headquarters of the engineering troops in the fronts and armies were created, and the position of chief of the I. v. The Red Army, which was occupied: from November 1941 - Major General of the Engineering Troops L. Z. Kotlyar, from April 1942 - Major General of the Engineering Troops MP Vorobyov. The posts of deputy commander of the front (army) - head of the engineering troops of the front (army) were established in the troops. During the Great Patriotic War I. century. built fortifications, created barriers, mined the terrain, in offensive operations ensured the maneuver of troops, conducted engineering reconnaissance, made passages in the minefields of the enemy, ensured the overcoming of his engineering barriers, forcing water barriers, participated in the assault on fortifications, cities, secured the occupied territory, participated in carrying out counterattacks and counterattacks. For great services in the Great Patriotic War, over 600 people. awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, 266 people. were awarded Orders of Glory 3 degrees. Many parts and connections of I. century. received the rank of guards. Heads of I. century. in the post-war period there were: until 1952 - Marshal of the Engineering Troops M. P. Vorobyov, from May 1952 - Colonel General (since 1961 Marshal of the Engineering Troops) A. I. Proshlyakov; from February 1965 - Lieutenant General of the Engineering Troops (since 1966 Colonel General) V. K. Kharchenko.

In the postwar period, I. century. have been further developed, new means have appeared for making passages in enemy barriers, high-performance road and earth-moving machines, prefabricated collapsible fortifications, modern pontoon parks and self-propelled amphibious assault vehicles, highly effective barriers and special vehicles for laying mines during combat operations . I.'s great work. have done to clear the country's territory of explosive objects: identified and destroyed more than 58 million mines and more than 122 million air bombs and artillery shells. For the courage and courage shown in the performance of these works, more than 8 thousand soldiers of the I. century. awarded orders and medals of the Soviet Union.

Lit.: Alexandrov E. V., A brief historical sketch of the development of the engineering troops of the Russian army, M., 1939; Military engineering art and engineering troops of the Russian army, Sat. Art., M., 1958; Engineering troops in the battles for the Soviet Motherland, M., 1970.

G. F. Samoilovich.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Engineering Troops" is in other dictionaries:

Engineering troops in the Russian Federation- Engineering troops are special troops designed to perform the tasks of engineering support for military operations that require special training of personnel and the use of engineering weapons, as well as to inflict losses ... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

Special troops designed for engineering support of combat operations of troops. Appeared in France in the 17th century, in Russia at the beginning. 18th century In modern armies they consist of engineering sapper (sapper), engineering road, pontoon bridge, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Special troops designed to perform the most complex tasks of engineering support, requiring special training and the use of engineering weapons, as well as for the use of engineering mines. Available in the armies ... ... Emergencies Dictionary

Check information. It is necessary to check the accuracy of the facts and the reliability of the information presented in this article. There should be explanations on the talk page ... Wikipedia

Engineering Troops- ENGINEERING TROOPS. To the beginning 1941 consisted of military, army and district units and subunits. Available in the armies and military eng. battalions by the spring of 1941 were transformed into 18 engineers. and 16 pontoon regiments. To perform huge-scale engineering. ... ... Great Patriotic War 1941-1945: Encyclopedia

Special troops designed for engineering support of combat operations. Appeared in France in the 17th century, in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century. In modern armies they consist of engineering sapper (sapper), road engineering, pontoon bridge, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Engineering Troops- special troops performing the tasks of engineering support for the combat activities of the main branches of the armed forces and special tasks of blocking and blocking, creating defensive lines, destroying blockaded strongholds and firing ... ... Brief dictionary of operational-tactical and general military terms

Engineering Troops- ENGINEERING TROOPS, appointed for use in the war of all modern. in. tech. means as direct. performers more complex and responsible. work or just as a leader with the troops. By department special forces I. troops are assigned: ... ... Military Encyclopedia

In Russia they are: 1) 17 sapper battalions, 1 sapper semi-battalion (Turkestan) and 3 sapper companies (East Siberian, West Siberian and Transcaspian); 8 pontoon battalions; 6 railway battalions; 17 military telegraph parks and ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Engineering Troops- special troops designed for engineering support of combat operations. I. in. modern armies consist of formations, units and subunits for various purposes: engineering sapper (sapper), assault, obstacles and obstacles, ... ... Dictionary of military terms

Everyone knows well what combat missions artillery performs, what tankers are needed for, and what marines, special forces and paratroopers do. But even far from everyone who serves in the Russian army today, not to mention the civilian population, will be able to clearly tell about the role of the Russian engineering troops. At best, to the question: “who are engineering warriors?” civilians will simply answer - they are sappers, because they are constantly mining and clearing something, blowing up and building. And some “knowledgeable” people even, having heard the name “engineering troops”, will wave their hand dismissively and say that these are ordinary soldiers from the Stroybat.

In reality, the engineering troops of Russia have absolutely nothing to do with the construction battalions. First of all, these are mobile special forces units (obstacle detachments, territory clearing brigades, assault groups, etc.), which accompany the main forces in offensive operations and conduct comprehensive engineering reconnaissance of specific terrain squares. In addition, they are designed to quickly solve various tasks for the technical support of a military operation with the participation of infantry units and other units. ground forces RF. In 2017, the active units of the engineering troops (IV) of Russia solemnly celebrated 316 years of service in the ranks of the Russian army. And today they are considered one of the most sought-after branches of the Armed Forces.

For three centuries, Russian military engineers have gone through a rather thorny path of development and formation as an independent branch of the military, but at the same time, these brave soldiers have always demonstrated an unbridled desire to serve their homeland. For the first time, professional training and education of engineering fighters in various specialties began to be carried out as early as 1701. According to the personal order of Tsar Peter I Alekseevich the Great, the first special educational school was created in Russia on the basis of the then main governing body - the Pushkar order. In the "training" for the future military service in the army, professional and experienced artillerymen and, together with them, specialists of a narrow profile - military engineers were preparing. The very next year, graduates of the school were sent to the active miner units of the army for further service. Later, pontoon teams were also formed.

For the centuries-old history of the engineering troops, in the memory of chroniclers, military historians and ordinary eyewitnesses of that time, there was practically not a single “high-profile” battle in which the military personnel of the IW units would not take a direct part. This only confirms the fact that their role in any land battle was fundamental and extremely important. Russian warrior-engineers, not having theoretical knowledge and sufficient experience, and also not having the proper technical equipment, were able to show themselves in all their glory in many fierce battles. The soldiers distinguished themselves during Battle of Poltava and severe Crimean War. The fighters of the engineering troops under the command of Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov made a huge contribution to the victory during the assault on the Izmail fortress. Later, for this valiant feat of arms, the great Russian commander was awarded the highest rank of generalissimo, and the IV soldiers who participated in the battle were presented with state orders.

Regardless of the nature of the hostilities, detachments of engineering troops almost always arrive at the "meeting point" before anyone else. They check the territory for the presence of mines and other explosive devices, build river crossings, and, if necessary, quickly make safe passages through enemy minefields. Military engineers are faced with "dirty work" on duty, and very often perform their direct duties while under massive enemy fire. No matter how loud it may sound, but not a single army in the world is able to completely do without engineering troops. In Russia, the day of a military engineer is celebrated annually on January 21.

The origin of the Engineering Troops

According to ancient chronicles, the first officially confirmed information about warrior-builders in Russia appeared as early as 1016 AD. The soldiers who were in the sovereign's service differed significantly from the classical city planners, who were called carpenters, stone craftsmen and "townspeople" casters. It was customary to call military engineers differently - city builders or bridge builders. Actually, even the word "city" in the Old Russian language had a completely different meaning. By it was meant not a settlement, but a military settlement similar to a fortress, in which it was convenient to carry out defensive operations.

The warrior-builders also differed from the ordinary soldiers of the army and sentinel detachments. The task of organizing the defense of cities was entrusted to their shoulders. From some of the ancient Russian chronicles of the tsarist period of the 9th-10th centuries, which have survived to this day, it is known that many warriors-engineers had a wide knowledge of military art. They did not just sit in fortified cities, coming up with a plan for organizing defense, but built various military fortifications that were used against enemy units. In the second half of the 17th century, the warrior-engineers who were in the tsarist military service actually became elite soldiers. And there were reasons for this.

By the beginning of 1200, according to the Julian calendar, the "fragmentation" of Russia into separate feudal principalities began. Against the background of these processes, the construction of castles and new defensive fortifications intensified. The services of military engineers became in demand, and the soldiers themselves received a decent salary for their work. This served as a fairly powerful impetus for the further development and improvement of military engineering in Russia. In addition to erecting defensive structures, the soldiers discovered and implemented new opportunities for engineering support and combat support for offensive operations.

In 1242, Russian troops were able to defeat German soldiers “to the smithereens” right on the ice of Lake Peipus in the Pskov region on the border with Estonia. In the course of a fierce battle, military engineers put into practice not only standard field-type fortifications, which were built taking into account the characteristics of the terrain, but also used special defensive structures designed for a long period of operation. The warrior-builders of Russia distinguished themselves in 1552, when, on the orders of Tsar Ivan IV, they built the fortress city of Sviyazhsk in less than a month, where the support base of the Russian troops involved in the siege of Kazan was located.

The development of military affairs in the 17th–18th century.

In 1692–94 The last Tsar of All Russia, Peter I Alekseevich, personally supervised the conduct of experimental training maneuvers using engineering communications and defensive fortifications. At the same time, the then popular scientific works French military engineer named Sebastien Le Pretre de Vauban. The fortified cities of the great marshal later became the World Heritage of Humanity and are today under the protection of UNESCO. Therefore, it is not surprising that all countries of the world, including Tsarist Russia, tried to copy his inventions.

Tsar Peter I made a lot of efforts to create regular IW units in 1712, and it was he who insisted on the use of crossing facilities and the construction of field fortifications, which made it possible to provide offensive military operations that were unfolding on land with the necessary weapons and technical equipment. Subsequently, this made it possible to actively develop and introduce new ways to strengthen state borders. However, Peter I came to grips with the professional training of military engineers much earlier.

The official history of the development of the IV units dates back to January 21, 1701, when Peter I Alekseevich decided to create the Pushkar Order School in Moscow, where officers of artillery regiments and individual army engineering formations of the regular troops of Russia were to undergo tactical training. This experience turned out to be successful, and already 18 years later, in 1719, the new school, but already in St. Petersburg. The military charter of Peter I, which replaced the old "cannon and military charter" proposed by Anisim Mikhailov, marked the beginning of the restructuring of the regular units of the Russian army, which had a positive effect on the level of its combat capability. Some time later, in 1722, the famous Table of Ranks was introduced by the tsar, in which all the officer ranks of the engineering units of the Russian army became “head and shoulders above” the infantrymen and cavalrymen.

In the 1750s, units of the engineering troops were subordinate to the Chancellery of Artillery and Fortification. During this period, they experienced a rapid surge in development and an invaluable contribution to the "common cauldron" was made by the talented General-in-Chief of the Engineering Troops Hannibal Abram Petrovich. Thanks to his efforts, the popularity of military builders has increased dramatically. Toward the end of the 18th century, the number of IWs in the active Russian army increased by almost 3-4 times. This opened up new opportunities for the development of the defense of the Russian state.

In 1757, frame-sail pontoons first appeared in service with the Russian army - they were intended for fixing floating supports on the water, which, in turn, were used by military engineers to build a temporary floating bridge with a carrying capacity of up to 3.5 tons. In 1797, at the suggestion of Emperor Paul I, regular army battalions necessarily included one mining company, which carried out military construction activities during offensive campaigns, and also camouflaged various objects on land and built field structures. Thus, already at the end of the 18th century, the development of engineering troops was in full swing, which made it possible to significantly strengthen the combat power of the Russian Empire.

IW units in the era of great wars

Before the start of the war with Napoleonic France, which began in 1812, about ten miner and pioneer units of the engineering troops were formed in Russia. In addition, artillery pontoon teams provided support for combat ground operations. Another 14 companies were stationed in fortified fortresses. However, they were staffed only by conductors and officers. The need for labor was compensated by infantrymen and volunteers from among the local population.

One sapper and two pioneer regiments from the active battalion of the IW took part in foreign campaigns against France. If we talk about exact numbers, then at the time of World War II, there were about 45 regular combat engineering units in the Russian army. Sapper and miner army detachments were engaged in the construction of long-term defensive fortifications, which were used to protect fortresses, as well as in offensive operations. While the pioneer companies actively carried out work on the improvement of travel routes, bridge crossings and field fortifications. Pontoon teams were engaged in the construction of floating bridges across the rivers.

During the Crimean War, which took place in 1853-56, in which the army Russian empire was forced to resist the coalition of European states, two cavalry pioneer divisions were involved, performing important tasks in the construction of defensive "heights", as well as 9 battalions of sappers. It should be noted that the IW at that time separated from the artillery and became an independent branch of the military. And although the successes of the Russian army in this battle were very doubtful, military engineers showed themselves as courageous, staunch and brave fighters. Actually, other military units also showed their best side, and the defeat itself was more of a political nature and was due to "blunders" in strategic calculations made by the army command.

AT Russian-Turkish war, which unleashed in 1877-1878. units of the engineering troops achieved unprecedented results - the number of regular units exceeded the mark of 20,000 military personnel. At the same time, new vacancies were opened in the specialties of aeronautics and pigeon communications. By the end of the 19th century, the engineering troops provided technical support for almost all offensive operations of the Russian infantry, cavalry detachments and artillery regiments. In addition, the soldiers took an active part in the construction of fortresses, and also performed important engineering tasks in the arrangement of travel routes and the laying of new radiotelegraph lines.

Contribution to the victory of the USSR in World War II

AT Soviet army The primary purpose of the IW was the technical support of offensive and defensive combat operations of the infantry. In the conditions of a tough war, the forces of ordinary soldiers and officers competently planned and successfully implemented all the necessary conditions for the rapid advancement of the main offensive units of the Soviet army. IW special forces carried out the tasks of camouflaging military installations, constructing defensive fortifications, including anti-tank ditches, and other assignments of the command. In many respects, it was thanks to the timely and coordinated actions of military engineers that the German invaders faced insurmountable obstacles on the way to the Soviet fortified areas, which were of strategic importance.

During the Second World War, the battalions and detachments of the USSR Military Forces gained vast experience and prospects for further development. Improved technical capabilities, as well as constantly expanding the range of military tasks. At the same time, the role of IW soldiers also increased. Almost from the first days of the invasion of the fascist invaders into the territory of the USSR, they actively participated in the preparation and conduct of defensive battles - they dug trenches, cleared roads, created protective fortifications and built water crossings using pontoons. Together with other army units, military engineers steadfastly held back the powerful onslaught of the German forces.

On the Northern and Western fronts, the special forces of the IW acted as mobile, mobile barrier units. They covered the retreat of the main forces of the Soviet army, destroying river crossings, mining fields and arranging insurmountable zones of artificial obstacles, which forced the Germans to slow down. And on the Kola Peninsula, the fighters of the engineering troops, together with the surviving motorized riflemen, without tanks and artillery, were able to actually completely block the advance of the Germans in this direction.

When organizing the defense of the Russian capital, by decision of the highest ranks of the High Command of the Army, 10 mobile mobile detachments were urgently formed, which performed combat missions in front of the very noses of the Nazis, mining the paths of tanks and destroying road communications. Thanks to the work carried out, during the attack on Moscow in one of the sectors, the German units lost about 200 units of heavy armored vehicles and about 140 units of trucks with weapons and ammunition. For this valiant feat, the soldiers were presented with high state awards. True, many of them received medals and orders posthumously.

In 1942-43, when Soviet troops launched a counteroffensive, the military engineers of the Red Army had to hastily restore previously destroyed bridges and build new river crossings. In addition, the task of clearing the territories that the Germans "marked" before the retreat fell on their shoulders. In winter, it was also necessary to lay columned paths in meter-long snowdrifts. However, this task was successfully solved in a short time. Whereas many retreating German units simply fell into the snow captivity, without special equipment for clearing the territories, and became easy money for Soviet soldiers. With the start of the full-scale winter counter-offensive of 1942, teams of reconnaissance bombers were deployed to the enemy rear every day.

Assault engineering units often had to perform general army military tasks. For example, during a fierce battle in the Lithuanian city of Vilna, the soldiers of the fourth sapper brigade of the IV were personally able to neutralize and destroy about 2 thousand Germans, take prisoners about 3 thousand soldiers and free more than 2.5 thousand Soviet prisoners of war and ordinary citizens who were in a local concentration camp. As a result of the Second World War, about 800 soldiers of the IV units became Heroes of the Soviet Union, and about 300 people were solemnly awarded the Order of Glory.

Secondary tasks of the Engineering Troops

The profession of a military engineer is quite multifaceted and versatile - adapted to any need. Experienced specialists of the Russian EW are equally in demand both in wartime and in peacetime. After the end of the Second World War, the military personnel of the engineering units were involved in the Afghan war, and also took a direct part in the peacekeeping missions in Europe, Asia and the Middle East. Today, Russian engineering troops are actively engaged in mine clearance in Syria. They accomplished many feats during periods of "calm". The brave soldiers of the IW rendered great assistance in eliminating the consequences of a large-scale man-made disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, which occurred in 1986.

In peacetime, special forces of the engineering troops of the Russian Armed Forces, together with the Ministry of Emergency Situations and other federal departments, are taking measures to evacuate the population from dangerous areas, as well as eliminate the negative consequences of emergencies, both man-made and natural character. Among the primary tasks of the IW are the construction and subsequent operation of bridges and pontoon crossings in the country's water spaces, extinguishing forest fires, disposing of nuclear waste, and eliminating the consequences of the collapse of emergency industrial facilities that are dangerous to human life. This is only a small part of all the secondary tasks that Russian engineering troops regularly have to perform.

Technology for pontoon crossings

One of the key tasks of the military engineering troops is to build safe passageways through water areas. The pontoon crossing is the result of the painstaking work of dozens of soldiers and a rather complex engineering process that requires utmost care and attention. In order for a prefabricated structure made of floating elements to become a full-fledged crossing, you need to know the entire technology of this process from “A to Z”. First, floating conveyors are launched into the water, with the help of which the future floating crossing is gradually and scrupulously assembled. If necessary, river boats insure the structure on the water. On small reservoirs, you can do without them. Soldiers of the engineering troops connect all the elements manually, and then control the crossing from the shore and water.

Pontoon military crossing has a lot of advantages. Firstly, structures on pontoons are practical and highly transportable: they can be easily moved in a collapsible state on land, and then, if necessary, transported by water. But the primary advantage lies in the high speed of installation, which allows you to quickly transport the necessary equipment or people through any water barrier. In the capable hands of the servicemen of the Russian engineering troops, this mechanism works clearly and smoothly. With a competent approach, it is possible to build a pontoon crossing 400–500 meters long in just a few hours.

However, this technical engineering structure also has obvious disadvantages. For example, in busy areas of water bodies, they interfere with river navigation. But if this issue can be resolved at the stages of planning and preparing the operation, then others remain relevant to this day. Floating pontoons are highly dependent on water level, wind speed and waves. We have to put up with the fact that in winter, in conditions of freezing, the use of pontoon crossings is simply impossible. And if the elementary rules of operation are not observed, floating bridges can even “float away” in an unknown direction. A similar incident occurred in 2005 during the construction of pontoon supports on the Kondoma River.

Insignia of engineering units

One of the main attributes of the engineering troops of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation is the classic emblem. In the central part there is a double-headed eagle, which, according to the good old tradition, is depicted with wings outstretched to the sides. In his claws, he firmly holds 2 axes (a traditional army symbol of IW), which are located crosswise in relation to each other. This heraldic sign acts as the official coat of arms. As a rule, this army symbol can be found on the gates of the engineering unit, special equipment and buildings of the IW headquarters. The history of the emblem has more than 200 years - it first appeared in 1812.

If we talk about award signs, then the medal with a moire ribbon "Veteran of the Engineering Troops" is considered the most important. This commemorative award is intended only for military servicemen with seniority who honorably fulfilled their personal duty to the Motherland and retired for a well-deserved rest. On the obverse of the medal there is the coat of arms of the RF Armed Forces, below is the "company" sign of the engineering troops of the modern sample (2 crossed axes and a flaming grenada). Also on the front side are the traditional symbols of the Russian Armed Forces - laurel and oak branches. The reverse of the award medal depicts a small five-pointed star, which is surrounded by jagged "boundaries" of a classic military fortification.

The official flag of the divisions of the Russian IWs is a double-sided rectangular panel. The main symbol is depicted as a 4-pointed white cross, the edges of which expand closer to the outer part of the flag and are in contact with four red-black rays. In the central part there is a track-laying blade, a sea anchor, a flaming grenada with lightning bolts spreading in different directions, as well as two axes crossed with each other. The upper part of the "exposition" is framed by a gear wheel.

The traditional lapel badge of the units of the Military Forces of Russia is designed to be worn in the corners of the collar military uniform, as well as on officer shoulder straps. This emblem, in addition to traditional engineering axes and a bulldozer blade, depicts an anchor, a mine and lightning bolts diverging to the sides. The symbol indicates belonging to the Russian engineering troops. Also widely used in everyday life is the breast emblem of the 1994 sample with the image of a lavalier symbol and the inscription: "Engineering Troops".

Armament and technical equipment

In the midst of World War II (1943-44), many Soviet special forces of the engineering troops adopted the modified CH-42 body armor. Such powerful uniforms were mainly equipped with the soldiers of the assault units of individual sapper brigades of the IV, which were not subordinate to the general staff, but directly to the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. During the war years, engineering troops were also called "armored infantry" or "battleships", since soldiers in CH-42 bulletproof vests looked rather awkward against the background of other units of the Soviet army. Nevertheless, a steel breastplate, made of 36SGN steel 2 mm thick, was able to protect against machine gun bullets and small fragments.

Today, in the current special forces of the engineering troops of the Russian Federation, the most modern equipment and equipment are used to perform combat missions. The servicemen of the sapper brigades of the special forces of the military forces are equipped with unique new-generation protective uniforms. The kit is capable of protecting against the explosion of anti-personnel mines and an improvised explosive device with a warhead capacity of about 1 kg of TNT. In addition to the standard firearms, soldier-engineers who perform important tasks of clearing the territory also use new powerful Kite-class mine detectors. A modern military locator detects anti-personnel mines and other hidden explosive devices at a distance of up to 30 meters in any type of soil, in snow, as well as under asphalt and even concrete floors. "Korshun" was successfully used by Russian military personnel when carrying out mine clearance work in Syria.

When it is urgently required to examine and clear a vast area of ​​land from land mines and other explosive devices, then military engineers have no choice but to put into practice "brute force" - a self-propelled demining unit called UR-77 "Meteorite". In wide circles, this miracle technique is better known under the unofficial pseudonym "Snake-Gorynych". They took it to the balance of the engineering troops back in 1977, but even today this machine surpasses some modern world analogues produced in the West. UR-77 destroys any explosive devices in its path, providing military equipment and soldiers with a safe corridor with a total length of almost 200 meters and a track width of 6 m.

On the balance sheet of the engineering troops of the Russian Federation is the most diverse equipment and equipment. To quickly overcome ground obstacles and artificially created barriers, engineering mechanized bridges of the TMM-6 class, as well as earlier modifications, are widely used. The fighters of the engineering troops, depending on the situation, use in practice special equipment designed for the complex mechanization of earthmoving or road work. In addition, the IV brigades are armed with universal multi-wheeled track-laying vehicles of the PKT-2 class and tank-laying bridges of the MTU-72 class.

In order to overcome water obstacles in a short time, mobile diving stations, transportable pontoon parks and floating trailers are used. In emergency cases, special "Exit" kits are used, designed for urgent evacuation of tank crews. Also, the engineering troops are equipped with automobile crane installations, sawmills and powerful military excavators. Such a variety of technical means makes it possible to perform the most complex tasks with minimal time.

Special equipment of the engineering troops of Russia

BAT-2- an indispensable assistant in almost any engineering business. This army track-laying machine, like a sewing knife, has several working tools at once, which are necessary for laying column tracks. BAT-2 also provides for special crane equipment with a lifting capacity of up to 2 tons. Despite the huge number of additional units and mechanisms, in practice this technique is a fairly obedient, responsive and very fast car that can accelerate to 70 km / h.

In addition to performing its direct duties, BAT-2 has proven itself well in clearing the area from snowdrifts and snow blockages in winter time. Instead of the friction clutch and planetary turning mechanism traditional for heavy military equipment, the BAT-2 tracklayer has 2 onboard gearboxes. For greater maneuverability on rough terrain, rubber-metal hinges are provided on the caterpillar mover. One of the three modes of a powerful bulldozer is activated using standard hydraulic equipment. The mass of BAT-2 together with power units and additionally installed equipment is 39.7 tons.

IMR-1- engineering vehicle obstacles. Built on the basis of the T-55 tank. In just 1 hour, it is able to turn 300 meters of solid blockage into a road suitable for the passage of conventional vehicles. It is distinguished by stronger hull armor, since very often the vehicle has to perform tasks under enemy fire. To install logs into the ground, a manipulator with a grip is used. IMR-1 has a very small view, therefore, together with the mechanic, the commander-operator is also sent to complete the task, who directs the driver's actions in the process of manipulating the crane installation. The body of this armored vehicle has a fairly powerful protection against radioactive radiation.

The installed working equipment has 3 main modes of operation: two-blade, grader and bulldozer, which makes this type of equipment a real all-rounder in military affairs. The suspension is used individual torsion bar, the maximum speed over rough terrain is about 20 km / h. The mass of the IRM-1 engineering vehicle is 37.5 tons.

MDK-3- an army armored vehicle for digging pits, which can quickly dig a ditch 3.5 m wide and deep, and the length of the ditch can be any. This car is equipped with a turbocharged 12-cylinder engine with a capacity of 710 horsepower. Machine weight 39 tons. Maximum speed up to 80 km/h over rough terrain. For digging a pit, a special working body of a rotary type is provided, as well as a baking powder and a cutter. The performance of the rotor is quite high - in 1 hour this technique is able to dig about 350–450 cubic meters of earth.

The external tool of the MDK-3 engineering special equipment is a milling cutter that looks like a meat grinder knife. Actually, its functions are similar. It is the cutter of the first one that "bites" into the ground and feeds the loosened mass to the second wheel - the rotor, which rotates much faster than the cutter and throws the ground to one side. The gearbox sets in motion the rotor and the working cutter of a huge size. Its gears rotate a cardan shaft with a diameter of a telegraph pole. But the main movement of all mechanisms is given by a hydraulic motor.

There is another gearbox combined with a gearbox, and for finishing work in the MDK-3 a small blade is provided, which levels the shelter, making the walls vertical, and also quickly builds convenient races. The maximum burrowing depth is 5 meters. Being at a depth, in order not to burn out from the exhaust gases, the drivers use a first-class regular Russian-made air purification and ventilation system that can withstand even radioactive dust. By the way, you can also control the earthmoving machine while digging a pit using a remote control, while outside the cab.

Where are military engineers trained?

If you intend to get the profession of a sapper of the engineering troops of Russia, then documents for full-time training can be submitted to the selection committee of the 66th interdepartmental training center, which is located in the Moscow region. In this educational institution, you can get the profession of a specialist in the mine detection service. In addition to the theoretical foundations of minecraft, cadets have the opportunity to consolidate their knowledge in practice. To do this, the training center uses a separate military training ground in Nikolo-Uryupino, where special tactical classes and testing of the latest robotic systems are held.

The forge of engineering personnel, where the professional training of officers of the Russian army is carried out, is rightfully considered the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which is located in Moscow. The term of study in the chosen specialty is 5 years. After graduating from the institute, cadets are assigned the junior officer rank of "lieutenant" and are issued with a diploma of a qualified specialist of the state standard. The training time is counted in the total military experience. You can also study at the structural unit of the university - the Tyumen Higher VIKU named after. Marshal A. I. Proshlyakov. Detailed information can be obtained on the official website of educational institutions.

If you intend to obtain a diploma of a junior specialist in IV, then you should contact the regional training centers of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. One of these centers is located in the city of Volzhsky, the other - in Kstovo. Please note that it is possible to get into the engineering troops for permanent service only by contract, so it is best to decide in advance on the choice of a higher educational institution or a specialized center in order to receive the coveted "crust" of a qualified specialist.

Benefits of serving in the engineering troops

The monetary allowance of contract soldiers depends on the region of service. On average, the salary varies between 25-40 thousand rubles. In addition, various monthly allowances, lifting and annual material assistance are additionally provided. The modern army makes it possible not only to earn good money, but also to provide for the family. There is another significant plus in the contract service. Already after the first contract, any soldier has the right to enter into a military mortgage. It does not work like a civilian one - while the service is in progress, the state fulfills credit obligations. But even if the contractor decides to go into civilian life, no one will take away an apartment or a house. In this case, the serviceman will independently pay off the remaining debt to the bank.

The social package of a contract soldier, among other things, includes the opportunity to receive free education, free medical care and rehabilitation support, as well as food and clothing allowances. In the near future, the term of the first contract is planned to be reduced to 2 years. At the same time, a unified system of discounts will be created for the purchase of public goods and services by contractors. It is also planned to develop a project on preferential lending to contract soldiers of the engineering troops. The main directions in improving the service under the contract are the creation of favorable housing conditions, optimization of monetary allowance, improvement of social and living conditions and raising the status of military engineering troops who serve under the contract. In addition, social protection and the rights of servicemen and members of their families are guaranteed.

How do military engineers serve today?

The engineering troops of Russia are a real gold nugget, an alloy of science and courage. And there is no exaggeration in this. Quickly build a road for the safe movement of vehicles, clear the area where hostilities are taking place, and provide water and electricity to settlements in the event of emergency- invisible, but necessary work. And here you can not do without professional soldiers serving on a contract basis. That is why the modern engineering troops of Russia are 80-90% composed of trained contract soldiers.

You will not find traditional army armored vehicles in the IW brigades. These units are armed with their own unique "monsters" made of metal, each of which has its own specific specifics. Some machines are designed to clear debris, others make passages in minefields, and still others build bridges across rivers and reservoirs. Separate battalions of engineering troops also perform different tasks. For example, a demining battalion cleans up unexploded ordnance from areas close to populated areas. Only contract soldiers serve here. During the day, the engineering battalion is able to clear up to 5 hectares of land from landmines.

It is impossible to perform such a colossal amount of work manually, so special equipment comes to the aid of the soldiers. On a special account today is the latest demining machine "Uranus-6". This is a sapper robot that is controlled from a distance. This technique is actively used to clean urban areas, as well as foothill areas. Also, soldiers of the engineering troops are now mastering the latest model of a mine detector, which, for its unique technical characteristics, was nicknamed the “Kite” in the Russian army. Today, the engineering troops are developing by leaps and bounds, and automation plays a key role in reforming the IW units.

In terms of the level of military training in terms of the use of special equipment, the fighters of the engineering brigades are considered among the best in the Russian army. A well-thought-out material and educational base helps to hone skills. Many parts have their own engineering town, a waterfield for pontoon crossings and a range with an obstacle course, where they teach driving and conduct fire training. Combat brigades are completed according to a mixed principle - contract soldiers are accepted for service in the most popular army specialties:

• part-commander;
• deputy platoon commander;
• medical instructor;
• electrician-communicator;
• driver mechanic.

At the beginning of the service for all contractors, a probationary period is provided. Unsure of themselves and weak-willed soldiers who simply cannot cope with the tasks and duties assigned to them, after the expiration of the probationary period (3 months), they are eliminated according to the principle of natural selection. Only the most persistent guys who are ready for self-sacrifice get into the service. Contract soldiers live in service apartments and barracks of the Kubrick type. Alternatively, it is allowed to rent housing in a nearby village. At the same time, the Ministry of Defense compensates part of the money for renting an apartment or a private house.

It is possible to conclude a contract for military service in the ranks of the engineering troops through the representative office of the Ministry of Defense. Absolutely any law-abiding citizen of the Russian Federation (without a criminal record) over the age of 19 who has a state diploma of complete secondary education and has completed military service in active military units of the Army or Navy can submit a corresponding application. Entrance tests for all applicants for military service under a contract are held at specially created regional selection points. These tests are complex and multi-level competitions, including a mandatory psychological stability test, as well as a physical fitness test.

The time has come for both me and you to deal with the concept of the Russian Armed Forces. What are types and types of troops? What is the composition of the Russian Armed Forces? And what subtleties exist in these concepts?

We will talk about this in this article.Let's start, of course, with the definitions of the basic concepts: types and types of troops. Believe me, there will be a lot of interesting things here.

Types of Armed Forces- formations in the armed forces of a state.

• Ground forces.
• Sea forces.
• Air Force.

In general, everything is simple. Types of the Armed Forces are divided into subspecies, depending on the environment - land, water or air. Okay, let's move on.

Branch of the Armed Forces- an integral part of the branch of the Armed Forces. They can also be separate (about these later). It includes units and formations, formations that have only their own weapons, military equipment, apply their own tactics, have combat properties characteristic of them and are designed to perform tactical and operational-tactical tasks in battle and operation.

An interesting fact that will help us understand the difference between the branches of the Armed Forces and the branches of the armed forces.

Previously, the "type of troops" was called the "type of weapon." And in total there were 3 types of troops:

• Infantry.
• Cavalry.
• Artillery.

As time went. Science did not stand still. And now we can name a larger number of military branches, because now there are also far from 3 “arms branches”, but dozens.

So. Summarizing all of the above, we can say that types of troops - these are the components of the branches of the Armed Forces. Nevertheless, do not forget that there are also separate types of troops that are not subordinate to any types of the RF Armed Forces.

These are the Special Forces Rocket Forces (RVSN) and the Airborne Forces (VDV). We will analyze them at the end of the article.

I depicted all types and types of troops of the RF Armed Forces in the form of a diagram. You remember that I love to visualize, right? I love and I know how - different things, of course. In general, I got the following.

Now let's talk about each separately. What, why and when is applied. Let's go in order.

Ground troops

The Ground Forces are the most numerous branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in terms of combat composition. They are designed to defeat enemy force groupings, capture and hold his territories, regions and lines, and repel enemy incursions and large airborne assault forces.

The ground forces include the following types of troops:

Motorized rifle troops - the most numerous branch of the armed forces, which forms the basis of the Ground Forces and the core of their battle formations. Together with the tank troops, they perform the following main tasks:

In defense - to hold the occupied areas, lines and positions, repel enemy attacks and defeat his advancing groupings;
in an offensive (counter-offensive) - to break through the enemy's defenses, defeat groupings of his troops, capture important areas, lines and facilities, force water barriers, pursue the retreating enemy;
conduct oncoming battles and battles, operate as part of naval and tactical airborne assault forces.

Motorized rifle troops

basis motorized rifle troops make up motorized rifle brigades with high combat independence, versatility and firepower. They are capable of conducting combat operations under the conditions of using both conventional means of armed struggle and weapons of mass destruction in various physical, geographical and climatic conditions, day and night.

- the type of troops and the main striking force of the Ground Forces. They are mainly used in conjunction with motorized rifle troops in the main directions and perform the following main tasks:

In defense - in direct support of motorized rifle troops in repelling an enemy offensive and inflicting counterattacks and counterattacks;

On the offensive - inflicting powerful cutting blows to a great depth, developing success, defeating the enemy in oncoming battles and battles.

Tank brigades and tank battalions of motorized rifle brigades, which are highly resistant to nuclear weapons, firepower, high mobility and maneuverability, form the basis of tank troops. They are capable of making fullest use of the results of fire (nuclear) engagement of the enemy and achieving the ultimate goals of combat and operations in a short time.

(RV and A) - a branch of the Ground Forces, which is the main means of fire and nuclear destruction of the enemy in the course of conducting combined arms operations (combat actions). They are designed to perform the following main tasks:

• gaining and maintaining fire superiority over the enemy;
• defeat of its means of nuclear attack, manpower, weapons, military and special equipment;
• disorganization of command and control systems for troops and weapons, reconnaissance and electronic warfare;
• and others...

Organizationally, the RV and A consist of rocket, rocket, artillery brigades, including mixed artillery battalions of high power, rocket artillery regiments, separate reconnaissance divisions, as well as artillery of combined arms brigades and military bases.

(Air Defense SV) - a branch of the Ground Forces, designed to cover troops and objects from the actions of enemy air attack means when conducting operations (combat actions) by combined arms formations and formations, regrouping (march) and deployed on the spot. They are responsible for the following main tasks:

• combat duty for air defense;
• conducting reconnaissance of an air enemy and alerting the covered troops;
• destruction of enemy air attack means in flight;
• participation in the conduct of missile defense in theaters of military operations.

Organizationally, the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces consist of military command and control bodies, air defense command posts, anti-aircraft missile (rocket-artillery) and radio engineering formations, military units and subunits. They are capable of destroying enemy air attack weapons over the entire range of altitudes (extremely low - up to 200 m, low - from 200 to 1000 m, medium - from 1000 to 4000 m, large - from 4000 to 12000 m and in the stratosphere - more than 12000 m) and flight speeds.

Intelligence formations and military units belong to the special forces of the Ground Forces and are designed to perform a wide range of tasks in order to provide commanders (commanders) and headquarters with information about the enemy, the state of the terrain and the weather in order to make the most rational decisions for an operation (battle) and prevent the surprise of enemy actions.

In the interests of the Ground Forces, reconnaissance is carried out by full-time reconnaissance units of combined arms formations (motorized rifle and tank brigades), special-purpose formations and units, radio and electronic intelligence of army and district sets, as well as reconnaissance units and subunits of military branches and special forces of the Ground Forces.

During the preparation and conduct of combined arms operations (combat actions), they perform the following main tasks:

• revealing the enemy's intention, his direct preparation for aggression and preventing surprise attacks;
• identification of the combat composition, position, grouping, condition and capabilities of enemy troops (forces) and its command and control system;
• opening objects (targets) for destruction and determining their location (coordinates);
• other…

- special troops designed to perform the most complex tasks of engineering support for combined arms operations (combat operations) that require special training of personnel and the use of engineering weapons, as well as to inflict losses on the enemy by using engineering ammunition.

Organizationally, engineering troops consist of formations, units and subunits for various purposes: engineer-reconnaissance, engineering-sapper, barriers, obstacles, assault, engineering-road, pontoon-bridge (pontoon), crossing-landing, engineering-camouflage, engineering-technical, field water supply and others.

When preparing and conducting combined arms operations (combat operations), the engineering troops perform the following main tasks:

• engineering reconnaissance of the enemy, terrain and objects;
• the erection (arrangement) of fortifications (trenches, trenches and communication passages, shelters, dugouts, shelters, etc.) and the arrangement of field structures for the deployment of troops (residential, utility, medical);
• installation of engineering barriers, including the installation of minefields, blasting, equipment of non-explosive barriers (anti-tank ditches, scarps, counterscarps, gouges, etc.);
• clearance of terrain and objects;
• preparation and maintenance of troop movement routes;
• equipment and maintenance of crossings on water barriers, including the construction of bridges;
• extraction and purification of water in the field and others.

In addition, they are involved in countering enemy reconnaissance and weapon guidance systems (camouflage), imitation of troops and facilities, providing disinformation and demonstrative actions to deceive the enemy, as well as in eliminating the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy.

Radiation, chemical and biological defense troops (RCBZ) - special troops designed to carry out a complex of the most complex measures aimed at reducing the losses of formations and formations of the Ground Forces and ensuring the fulfillment of their combat missions when operating in conditions of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination, as well as increasing their survivability and protection from high-precision and other types of weapons.

The basis of the RKhBZ troops is made up of multifunctional separate brigades of the RKhBZ, which include units capable of carrying out the entire range of measures of the RKhB protection.

The main tasks of the RKhBZ troops include:

• identification and assessment of the radiation, chemical and biological situation, the scale and consequences of the destruction of radiation, chemically and biologically hazardous objects;
• ensuring the protection of compounds and parts from the damaging factors of weapons of mass destruction and radiation, chemical, biological contamination;
• reduced visibility of troops and facilities;
• liquidation of the consequences of accidents (destruction) at radiation, chemically and biologically hazardous facilities;
• inflicting losses on the enemy using flamethrower and incendiary means.

- special troops designed to deploy a communications system and provide control of formations, formations and subunits of the Ground Forces in peacetime and wartime. They are also entrusted with the tasks of operating automation systems and means at control points.

Signal troops include nodal and line formations and units, units and subunits of technical support for communications and automated control systems, communications security services, courier and postal communications, and others.

Modern signal troops are equipped with mobile, high-reliability radio relay, tropospheric, space stations, high-frequency telephony equipment, voice-frequency telegraphy, television and photographic equipment, switching equipment and special equipment for classifying messages.

Aerospace Force

Aerospace Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (VKS RF Armed Forces) - view Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which began to carry out the assigned tasks from August 1, 2015 in accordance with the decree of the President of the Russian Federation V. V. Putin.

The VKS of the Russian Armed Forces are a new branch of the Armed Forces, formed as a result of the unification of the Air Force (VVS) and the Aerospace Defense Forces (VVKO) of the Russian Federation.

The general leadership of the aerospace defense of Russia is carried out by the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, and the direct control is carried out by the High Command of the Aerospace Forces of the Russian Federation.

VKS of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include:

Russian Federation (Russian Air Force) - a branch of forces within the Aerospace Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (Russian Armed Forces).

The Russian Air Force is intended for:

• repelling aggression in the air sphere and protecting command posts of the highest levels of state and military administration, administrative and political centers, industrial and economic regions, the most important economic and infrastructure facilities of the country and groupings of troops from air strikes;
• destruction of enemy facilities and troops using both conventional and nuclear weapons;
• aviation support for combat operations of troops of other types and branches of troops.

solve a wide range of tasks, the main of which are:
monitoring space objects and identifying threats to Russia in and from space, and, if necessary, parrying such threats;
implementation of launches of spacecraft into orbits, control of satellite systems for military and dual (military and civil) purposes in flight and the use of some of them in the interests of providing the troops (forces) of the Russian Federation with the necessary information;
maintaining in the established composition and readiness for the use of military and dual-use satellite systems, means of their launch and control, and a number of other tasks.

Let's move on to the consideration of the final type of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Navy

The Navy (Navy) is view Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (RF Armed Forces). It is intended for the armed protection of the interests of Russia, the conduct of hostilities in the sea and ocean theaters of war.

The Navy is capable of inflicting nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets, destroying its fleet groups at sea and bases, disrupting the enemy’s ocean and sea communications and protecting its maritime transportation, assisting the Ground Forces in operations in continental theaters of military operations, landing amphibious assaults, participating in repelling landings enemy and perform other tasks.

The Navy includes:

are the main ones for ensuring the exit and deployment of submarines to combat areas and returning to bases, transporting and covering landing forces. They are assigned the main role in laying minefields, in combating the mine danger and protecting their communications.

- a branch of the Navy, including strategic nuclear missile submarines, nuclear multi-purpose submarines and diesel-electric (non-nuclear) submarines.

The main tasks of the submarine forces are:

• defeating important ground targets of the enemy;
• search for and destruction of submarines, aircraft carriers and other surface ships of the enemy, his landing units, convoys, single transports (vessels) at sea;
• reconnaissance, ensuring the guidance of their strike forces and the issuance of target designation to them;
• destruction of offshore oil and gas complexes, landing of reconnaissance groups (detachments) for special purposes on the coast of the enemy;
• setting mines and others.

Organizationally, the submarine forces consist of separate formations that are subordinate to the commanders (commanders) of submarine formations and the commander of formations of heterogeneous fleet forces.

- branch of forces of the Navy, intended for:

• search and destruction of the combat forces of the enemy fleet, landing units, convoys and single ships (vessels) at sea and at bases;
• covering groupings of ships and fleet facilities from enemy air strikes;
• destruction of aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles;
• air reconnaissance;
• aiming at the ship forces of the enemy of their strike forces and issuing target designation to them.

It is also involved in mine laying, mine action, electronic warfare (EW), air transportation and landing, search and rescue operations at sea.

Aircraft (helicopters) for various purposes form the basis of naval aviation. The assigned tasks are carried out independently and in cooperation with other branches of the fleet forces, as well as with formations (units) of other branches of the Armed Forces.

(BV) - a branch of the forces of the Navy, designed to cover the forces of the fleets, troops, population and objects on the sea coast from the effects of enemy surface ships; defense of naval bases and other important objects of the fleets from land, including from sea and air assault forces; landings and actions in sea, air and sea landings; assistance to ground forces in antiamphibious defense of amphibious areas of the sea coast; destruction of surface ships, boats and landing vehicles in the range of weapons.

Coastal troops include 2 types of troops: coastal rocket and artillery troops and marines.

Each branch of the armed forces solves certain target tasks independently and in cooperation with other branches of the BV and Navy forces, as well as with formations and units of other branches of the Armed Forces and military branches.

The main organizational units of the BV are brigades, battalions (divisions).

BVs are equipped mainly with weapons and equipment of combined arms type. They are armed with coastal missile systems (BRK) of anti-ship guided missiles, stationary and mobile artillery mounts designed to destroy sea and ground targets, special (marine) reconnaissance equipment, etc.

Separate types of troops

(RVSN) - a separate branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the land component of the strategic nuclear forces. Troops constant combat readiness(we will talk about what this actually means in another article of my blog).

The Strategic Missile Forces are intended for nuclear deterrence of possible aggression and destruction as part of strategic nuclear forces or independently massed or group nuclear missile strikes of strategic facilities located in one or more strategic directions and forming the basis of the military and military-economic potentials of the enemy.

The main armament of the Strategic Missile Forces consists of all Russian ground-based mobile and silo-based intercontinental ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads.

(VDV) - a branch of the Armed Forces, which is a reserve of the Supreme High Command and is designed to cover the enemy by air and perform tasks in his rear to disrupt command and control, capture and destroy ground elements of high-precision weapons, disrupt the advancement and deployment of reserves, disrupt the rear and communications , as well as to cover (defend) certain areas, areas, open flanks, block and destroy airborne assault forces, enemy groupings that have broken through, and perform other tasks.

In peacetime, the Airborne Troops perform the main tasks of maintaining combat and mobilization readiness at a level that ensures their successful use as intended.

To be honest, only after reading these materials did I understand why the Strategic Missile Forces and the Airborne Forces were separated into separate branches of the military. Look at the quantity and quality of tasks they perform every day! Both genera are truly unique and universal. However, like everyone else.

Let's sum up the analysis of these fundamental concepts for any citizen of our country.

Summary

1. There is the concept of "service of the Armed Forces", and there is the concept of "arms". These are completely different concepts.
2. The type of troops is a component of the branch of the Armed Forces. But there are also 2 separate types of troops - these are the Strategic Missile Forces and the Airborne Forces.
3. Each branch of the armed forces has its own tasks in peacetime and wartime.

The main result for me. I figured out this whole structure. Especially after I drew my diagram. I hope she is correct. Let me throw it in here one more time so that we can remember it well together.

Outcome

Friends, I sincerely hope that you have managed with me, if not completely, then partially, to understand the concepts of "types and types of troops" - constituent parts Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

I want to note that despite the fact that I was able to deal with many nuances in this topic, I still could not understand what kind of troops I belong to.

We'll have to talk to the officers! I promise to post this information

(company, platoon, squad, crew (calculation), their specialization and tasks

1. Engineer troops are designed to perform the most difficult tasks of engineering support and inflict losses on the enemy with engineering ammunition in various types of combat.

2. They consist of units of engineering reconnaissance, engineer-sapper, engineering obstacles, controlled mining, demining, robotic means, trawling, engineering-road, mechanized bridges, engineering-bridge-building, pontoon, ferry-amphibious, floating transporters, engineering-positional, equipment points management, engineering, engineering structures, engineering camouflage, field water supply, field power supply, special works, etc.

3. Engineering intelligence units designed to conduct engineering reconnaissance of the enemy, terrain and objects. They operate independently or as part of the intelligence agencies of combined arms formations (subunits).

4. Engineering and sapper units designed to conduct engineering reconnaissance of the enemy, terrain and objects; device and maintenance of engineering barriers, production of destruction; making and maintaining passages in engineering barriers and destruction; clearance of terrain and objects.

5. Divisions of engineering obstacles and controlled mining are intended for the device and maintenance of mine-explosive obstacles and the production of destruction.

When preparing for a battle, as a rule, subunits of engineering barriers install mine-explosive barriers in a mechanized way, with the start of tactical operations they are an element of the battle formation and act as part of a mobile barrier detachment (POZ).

6. Demining, robotic, minesweeping units are designed for demining (complete demining) of terrain and objects, ensuring that troops overcome obstacles and destruction, including massive ones.

7. Engineering and road, mechanized bridges and engineering and bridge building units are intended for preparation and maintenance of movement routes and maneuver of troops, equipment and maintenance of crossings over obstacles, construction of low-water bridges.

8. Pontoon, crossing and landing units, units of floating transporters designed for equipment and maintenance of landing, ferry and bridge crossings when overcoming water barriers.

9. Engineering - positional, divisions of equipment of control points, engineering and technical designed for fortification equipment of lines, positions and areas, engineering equipment for deployment areas of command posts, equipment for water extraction and purification points and field power supply to troops.

10. Engineering structures divisions are intended for preparation of structures of fortifications and low-water bridges.

11. Engineering camouflage units designed to perform tasks of hiding and simulating troops and facilities using engineering weapons, local means and materials.

12. Field water supply units designed for equipment and maintenance of points (areas) of water production and purification.

13. Field power supply units designed to meet the needs of troops in electrical energy.

14. Special work units are intended for preparation (production) of destruction of buildings and structures, elimination of the consequences of fires (explosions) in warehouses, bases and arsenals of ammunition.

15. Engineering troops units perform the following tasks: engineering reconnaissance of the enemy, terrain and objects; fortification equipment of lines, positions and areas; arrangement and maintenance of engineering barriers, destruction; making and maintaining passages in engineering barriers and destruction; clearance of terrain and objects; preparation and maintenance of troop movement and maneuver routes; equipment and maintenance of crossings on water barriers; equipment and maintenance of points (areas) of water production and purification; concealment and imitation of important areas and facilities using engineering weapons, local means and materials; field power supply of troops.

16. Under combat use units of engineering troops is understood as their organized use in combat, as a rule, in cooperation with formations (subunits) of military branches, special troops and other military formations, as well as independently in order to fulfill assigned tasks.

17. To perform the tasks of engineering support, subunits of engineering troops may be attached to combined arms formations (subunits) or perform tasks in their interests, remaining subordinate to their immediate superior.

18. The combat use of engineering troops subdivisions is personally organized by the commander of an engineering troops subdivision on the basis of preliminary combat, combat orders of a higher commander (chief).

19. Basic principles combat use of units of engineering troops: maintaining constant combat readiness; decisive concentration of efforts to fulfill the tasks of engineering support; perseverance and continuity in the performance of assigned tasks; the use of units in accordance with their combat mission and capabilities; coordinated use and close interaction with units and subunits of combat arms, special forces and among themselves; full tension of moral and physical strength, the use of the moral and psychological factor in the interests of fulfilling the tasks set; continuous management; compliance with international humanitarian law.

20. Maintaining constant combat readiness subdivisions of the engineering troops consists in organizing and carrying out a set of measures aimed at maintaining their ability in any conditions of the situation in an organized manner and in a timely manner to complete the task. Essential elements the combat readiness of subunits are: knowledge and understanding by subunit commanders of the assigned tasks and timely preparation for their implementation; high combat and special training of personnel; maintaining weapons and engineering weapons in readiness for use; provision with everything necessary for the successful completion of the task; high vigilance of personnel.

21. Resolute concentration of efforts subdivisions of the engineering troops to perform the tasks of engineering support is achieved through skillful maneuver of forces and means, covert advance and sudden actions.

22. Perseverance and continuity when performing assigned tasks, they are provided with a constant desire, readiness and ability of unit commanders and all personnel to carry out assigned tasks, while acting boldly, energetically, showing creative initiative, perseverance and perseverance, skillfully, moving from one method of action to another, based on the current situation .

23. Application of units in accordance with their combat mission and capabilities, it is ensured by a clear statement of tasks, taking into account the effective use of engineering weapons. The most appropriate is the centralized use of units without excessive fragmentation.

24. Consistent application and close collaboration with units and subunits of the military branches, special troops and among themselves is achieved by the timely organization of interaction in terms of goals, tasks, places, time and methods of fulfilling the assigned tasks.

25. Full tension of moral and physical strength, the use of the moral and psychological factor in the interests of fulfilling the assigned tasks is the most important condition for achieving success and is ensured by: the formation of the readiness and ability of the personnel to successfully perform the assigned tasks in a difficult environment; achieving moral and psychological superiority over the enemy; maintenance of law and order and military discipline; ensuring the psychological stability of personnel; reduction of psychogenic losses; protection of personnel from information and psychological impact; social protection of military personnel.

26. Continuous control allows the most efficient and complete use of the combat capabilities of subunits and ensures the successful completion of their assigned tasks on time, in any conditions of the situation.

27. Respect for international humanitarian law provides for the rejection of prohibited methods and means of performing the tasks of engineering support, taking into account its principles, as well as the implementation of all possible measures in order to avoid, and if this is not possible, then minimize losses among the population and damage to civilian objects.

2. Formations created from units of engineering troops in various types of combat

28. During the preparation and during the battle, temporary formations can be created from the units of the engineering troops: engineering observation posts (INP), engineering photography posts (IPF), engineer reconnaissance patrols (IRD), officer engineer reconnaissance patrols (OfIRD), engineer reconnaissance groups (IRG) ; mobile barrier units (POZ), airborne mobile barrier units (POZ (B)); mobile detachments of sea barriers (POZ (M)); traffic support units (OOD); detachments and groups of obstacles (ORazg, Grazg).

Engineer units may be part of assault squads and groups.

29. Engineering observation post (INP) Designed to conduct engineering reconnaissance of the enemy and the terrain in the specified sector. 2-3 observers are assigned to the INP, it is equipped with observation devices, a map or a map of the area, an observation log, a compass, a clock, means of communication and transportation. The results of the observation are recorded in the observation log, put on a map (diagram) and reported to the commander (chief) who posted the post, as well as to the commander in whose sector the observation is being carried out.

30. Engineering photography post (IPF) designed to conduct engineering reconnaissance with the receipt of documentary data (photographs) about the engineering activities of the enemy and the terrain. Two or three people are appointed to the IAP, it is equipped with photographic devices, means of transportation and communication. Visual observation and photography can be carried out using helicopters using a special helicopter reconnaissance kit (HCR) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which provide an increase in the depth of photography and observation.

31. Engineering reconnaissance patrol (IRD) designed to conduct engineering reconnaissance during the battle and the movement of troops, and officer engineering reconnaissance patrol (OfIRD) for reconnaissance of especially important objects, verification of conflicting data or their clarification. The IRD is assigned from squad to platoon, in the OFIRD - one or two officers and one squad. They are equipped with means of communication, movement and means of engineering reconnaissance.

The removal of the IRD sent from the unit of engineering troops for reconnaissance of the area of ​​​​the task (section of the terrain) depends on the conditions of the situation, the task, the capabilities of means of communication and movement, and may be up to 20 km. It can operate on foot, by car, engineering reconnaissance vehicle, armored personnel carrier or helicopter.

32. Engineering Intelligence Group (IRG) designed for reconnaissance of enemy engineering measures and terrain in front of the front line and behind enemy lines. It is created from specially trained personnel of engineering reconnaissance units and other units of engineering troops and operates independently in front of the front line, and behind enemy lines, as a rule, as part of combined arms reconnaissance groups.

The IRG is equipped with a radio station, surveillance devices and other special reconnaissance equipment, depending on the task and the nature of the reconnaissance object. The IRG advances to the mission area on foot, in armored personnel carriers or helicopters.

33. Mobile detachment of obstacles (POZ) It is intended for the installation of mine-explosive obstacles and the production of destruction in the areas of enemy operations. A subdivision of engineering barriers or an engineer-sapper subunit with minelayers is assigned to the mobile detachment of obstacles. A mobile obstacle detachment, as a rule, operates jointly with an anti-tank reserve, but can also perform tasks independently, interacting with troops in the zone (zone) of responsibility of their actions.

In some cases, there may be mobile detachments of obstacles air (POZ (V)) and sea (POZ (M)).

34. Movement support unit (OOD) is an element of the marching order and is designed to directly ensure the movement of columns of troops. The basis of the traffic support detachment is made up of road engineering units. The traffic support detachment, as a rule, includes groups: reconnaissance and demining, road and bridge and combat support.

Depending on the affiliation, by order of the combined arms commander, it may include: road engineering, engineer-engineer, bridge-building and other units of engineering troops, as well as units of the NBC protection, motorized rifle (tank), artillery and air defense.

35. Detachments and groups of obstacles (ORazg, Grazg) are designed to ensure that troops overcome obstacles and destruction during the battle.

Demining units (engineering and sapper), engineering and road units with means of reconnaissance of mine-explosive obstacles and making passages in them, devices for crossing non-explosive obstacles and obstacles are allocated to the detachment and the blocking group.

Detachments and groups of obstacles may include subunits of military branches. Their composition is determined by the decision of the combined arms commander.

36 . Subdivisions of the engineering troops, assigned for reinforcement to combined arms formations (subunits), come under the command of the commander for the entire period of preparation and conduct of combat.

Upon arrival in the specified area, the commander of the engineering troops unit reports to the commander and head of the engineering service (NIS) of the combined arms unit on the arrival, condition and capabilities of the subordinate unit and subsequently organizes the execution of tasks in accordance with the order received.

Chapter Two