JSC "System Operator of the Unified Energy System", PJSC "Yakutskenergo" and the Branch of PJSC "FGC UES" MES of the East successfully conducted a full-scale experiment that proved the possibility of restoring power supply to consumers in the Central Energy District (CER) of the energy system of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) from the United Energy System (IPS) of the East by moving the dividing point between them.
The experiment was carried out at the initiative of PJSC "Yakutskenergo" in agreement with JSC "SO UES" and by decision of the Headquarters for ensuring the safety of power supply of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The purpose of the experiment was to work out the actions of the dispatching and operational personnel when restoring power supply to the uluses (districts) located on the right bank of the Lena River in the Central Energy District of the Yakutsk Energy System from the IPS of the East via the 220 kV cable-overhead line (OHL) Nizhny Kuranakh - Maya.
Specialists of the branches of JSC "SO UES" Joint Directorate of the Energy System of the East (ODU of the East), Regional Dispatch Office of the Energy System of the Amur Region (Amur RDO) with the participation of specialists of the branch of JSC "SO UES" Regional Dispatch Office of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Yakutsk RDU) and PJSC " Yakutskenergo" developed the Program, determined the requirements for the parameters of the electric power mode of the IPS of the East and the CER of the Yakutsk energy system, and created circuit-mode conditions for powering the load of the CER from the IPS of the East. Switching control was carried out according to the commands of the dispatching personnel of the Amur Regional Dispatch Office and the Technology Management Department of Yakutskenergo PJSC.
During the experiment, which lasted more than 21 hours, the dividing point between the IPS of the East and the CER of the energy system of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) was successfully transferred to the depths of the Central Energy District, as a result of which part of the consumers of Yakutia received electricity from the IPS of the East. The maximum instantaneous value of the power flow reached 70 MW; in total, over a million kWh of electricity was transferred to consumers in the central part of Yakutia.
"The results obtained confirmed the possibility of restoring power supply to the riverside uluses in the Central energy region of the Yakutsk energy system from the IPS of the East in the event of accidents at the generating equipment of this energy region. Also during the experiment, data were obtained, the analysis of which will allow developing measures to optimize the switching process and reduce the time of interruption in the power supply of consumers when transferring the dividing point between the CER and the IPS of the East," said Natalia Kuznetsova, Director for Mode Management - Chief Dispatcher of the ODU of the East.
At present, the Western and Central energy districts of the energy system of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) with a total installed capacity of power plants of 1.5 GW operate in isolation from the UES of Russia and operational and dispatch control on their territory is carried out by PJSC Yakutskenergo. In 2016, as part of preparations for the implementation of the operational dispatch control of the energy system of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) as part of the Western and Central energy regions and the organization of the connection of these energy regions to the 2nd synchronous zone of the UES of Russia - the UES of the East - a branch of JSC "SO UES" Yakutskoe RDU. It will assume the functions of operational dispatch control on the territory of the Western and Central energy regions of the Yakutsk energy system will be carried out after the Government of the Russian Federation makes appropriate changes to the regulatory documents and excludes the Yakutsk energy system from the list of isolated ones.
A new version of the centralized emergency control system (CSPA) of the United Energy System of the East was put into commercial operation at the Branch of JSC SO UES "Unified Dispatch Control of Energy Systems of the East" (ODU of the East) with the connection to it of the emergency control automation of the Bureyskaya HPP.
Modernization of the TsSPA and the connection of local automatic stability violation prevention (LAPNU) of the Bureyskaya HPP as its downstream device will allow minimizing the amount of control actions in the power system to turn off consumers in the event of emergencies at electric power facilities.
CSPA of the IPS of the East was put into commercial operation in 2014. Initially, the LAPNU of the Zeya HPP and the LAPNU of the Primorskaya GRES were used as downstream devices. After the modernization of the hardware and software base of LAPNU carried out by the branch of PJSC RusHydro - Bureyskaya HPP, its connection to the TsSPA also became possible.
“Successful commissioning of the LAPNU Bureyskaya HPP as part of the TsSPA of the UES of the East made it possible to bring the automatic emergency control in the energy interconnection to a qualitatively new level. The number of triggers has increased from 16 to 81, the TsSPA has covered two thirds of the controlled sections in the UES of the East, the volume of control actions for disconnecting consumers in the event of accidents in the power system has been significantly minimized,” said Natalya Kuznetsova, Director for Mode Control - Chief Dispatcher of the ODS of the East.
In order to connect the emergency automation complex of the Bureyskaya HPP, in 2017–2018, specialists from the ODU of the East carried out a set of measures, which included the preparation and setting up of the test site of the TsSPA, setting up its network interaction with the LAPNU of the Bureyskaya HPP. According to the program developed by ODU Vostok and coordinated with Bureyskaya HPP, a branch of PJSC RusHydro, tests were carried out for the operation of the LAPNU as a grassroots device of the CSPA, as well as monitoring and analysis of computational models, monitoring of communication channels and information exchange between the CSPA and the LAPNU, setting up network interaction and software.
TsSPA UES of the East belongs to the family of third-generation centralized emergency automation systems. Compared to previous generations, they have extended functionality, including a more advanced algorithm for calculating the static stability of the power system and an algorithm for selecting control actions according to the conditions for ensuring not only static, but also dynamic stability - the stability of the power system in the process of emergency disturbances. Also, new DSPs operate on the basis of a new algorithm for assessing the state of the electric power regime of the power system. Each TsSPA has a two-level structure: the top-level software and hardware systems are installed in the control centers of the ODU, and the lower devices are installed at the dispatching facilities.
In addition to the IPS of the East, third-generation DSPAs are successfully operating in the IPS of the North-West and the IPS of the South. Systems in the UES of the Middle Volga, the Urals and in the Tyumen energy system are in trial operation.
Last summer in the east of the country there was bright event, which can rightfully be called significant for the entire industry. Without much fanfare, but for the first time in history, the United Energy System of the East was switched on for parallel synchronous operation with the United Energy System of Siberia, and hence with the entire western part of the Unified Energy System of Russia.
It should be clarified that the UES of Russia includes two synchronous zones. The first includes six parallel operating integrated energy systems (IPS) - the North-West, the Center, the South, the Middle Volga, the Urals and Siberia. In the second - only one and only IPS of the East. It unites the energy systems of the Amur Region, Primorsky Territory, Khabarovsk Territory and the Jewish Autonomous Region, as well as the South Yakutsk Energy Region. Electrical connections between the power systems of Siberia and Far East have existed since the mid-1980s - these are three 220 kV lines along the Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur Mainline(the first, albeit with a very small lead, was a connection along the BAM). However, the very fact of the existence of lines is one thing, and long-term parallel work along them is quite another. The latter is simply impossible due to the insufficient capacity of the lines, which were not built as interconnections, but only for power supply. railway and nearby settlements. Thus, the IES of the East operates in isolation from the first synchronous zone of the UES of Russia - the connecting lines are open at one of the substations in the Trans-Baikal Territory. To the east of this dividing point, consumers (primarily the Trans-Baikal Railway) receive power from the IPS of the East, and to the west from the IPS of Siberia.
Control room ODU East. Final preparations for the first experience of parallel operation of both synchronous zones of the UES of Russia
The dividing point between synchronous zones is not static. Dozens of times a year it is transferred from one traction substation to another - from Holbon to Skovorodino. This is done mainly to ensure repairs - both planned and emergency - of lines, substations, etc. In practice, the transfer of the separation point is associated with the need for a short-term disconnection of consumers powered from intersystem lines and, of course, causes inconvenience. The most unpleasant effect is the forced interruption in the movement of trains along the Trans-Baikal section of the Trans-Siberian Railway on hauls between several traction substations. It usually lasts from 30 minutes to two hours. And if, during planned transfers of the dividing point, only freight traffic usually suffers, then during emergency transfers, it happens that passenger trains also stop.
At the end of July and in August, the System Operator (OJSC SO UES), whose main function is to implement centralized operational and dispatch control in the UES of Russia, together with the Federal Grid Company (PJSC FGC UES) conducted tests to transfer the separation point without repayment loads. To do this, a parallel synchronous (that is, with a single frequency) was organized for a short time. electric current) operation of the IPS of the East and the IPS of Siberia.
Dispatcher's workplace
First of all, the tests were supposed to confirm the very possibility of short-term parallel operation of power systems along long - more than 1300 kilometers - 220 kV lines, which were never intended for such purposes and therefore are not equipped with the appropriate equipment: regime and emergency automation systems. The complexity of the task was determined by the fact that such tests were carried out in Russia for the first time; to put it in grandiloquent language, it was a step into the unknown.
The 220 kV Mogocha substation became the synchronization point of both OES during the tests, the sectional switches of which, during a recent reconstruction, were equipped with devices for capturing and monitoring synchronism (more specifically, APV US (KS). To set their settings, the specialists of the System Operator determined the permissible angle of synchronous switching and the allowable frequency difference in the UES of the East and the UES of Siberia.Also, the limits on static and dynamic stability were calculated.In addition, since the lines are not equipped with automatic elimination of the asynchronous mode (ALAR), a temporary current cutoff was organized at the Mogocha substation.Recorders of the transient monitoring system were used. modes (SMPR) at the Kharanorskaya GRES in the Trans-Baikal Territory, in addition, such devices were installed at the substations of Mogocha and Skovorodino.Let me explain a little: the SMPR recorders are designed to collect real-time information about the parameters of the electric power mode of the power system.
The fact is that the parallel connection itself was more a simple task than ensuring subsequent parallel operation. Said sectional switch was turned on automatically by a command from the synchronization device, when the frequency difference and the angle between the voltage vectors of the UES of the East and the UES of Siberia were in the allowable range. But it was more difficult to maintain a new mode of joint operation of two huge energy interconnections, so that they would not be separated in an emergency. In the course of a series of experiments, the regime was controlled by regulating the active power flow between the IPS of the East and the IPS of Siberia by a value from 20 to 120 MW. The regulation of the amount of flow and frequency in the interconnected power systems was carried out using a centralized automatic control system for frequency and power flows (CS ARCHM) of the IPS of the East, to which the Zeya and Bureyskaya HPPs are connected, as well as by the dispatching personnel of the ODU of the East (branch of the System Operator) from the dispatch center in Khabarovsk . The most valuable information necessary for determining the characteristics and operating conditions of the parallel operation of the IPS of the East and the IPS of Siberia was recorded in real time by the SMPR registrars and the means of the operational information complex of OAO SO UES.
The total duration of the joint work of power associations in nine experiments exceeded three hours. Successfully conducted tests not only proved the possibility of short-term parallel operation of the United Energy Systems of the East and Siberia, but also made it possible to experimentally determine the optimal settings for the CS ARCHM of the UES of the East, and also provided data for the development of measures to improve the reliability of the energy systems.
Historical moment - for the first time, the control panel displays the power flow between the IPS of the East and the IPS of Siberia through the switched on switch at the 220 kV Mogocha substation
The obtained results and positive experience make it possible in the future to significantly increase the reliability of power supply to consumers by briefly switching on the parallel operation of the IPS of the East and the IPS of Siberia with each transfer of the separation points. In this case, the power supply of all consumers connected to intersystem transmission lines along the Trans-Siberian Railway in the eastern part of the Trans-Baikal Territory will not be interrupted - consumers will not even notice the moment of switching.
However, the success of the tests does not at all mean instantaneous, as if by a wave of magic wand, changes in the situation with short-term repayment of consumers. To this end, it is still necessary to equip the sectional switches at the twenty-two 220 kV traction transit substations Erofey Pavlovich - Mogocha - Kholbon, owned by Russian Railways, with synchronization devices. The question of the need for such work was raised at a meeting of the government commission on ensuring the security of power supply in the Far Eastern Federal District, held on September 5 in Vladivostok. As a result, Russian Railways was instructed to develop and approve an action plan, including the installation of synchronization devices on sectional switches to transfer the dividing point between the IPS of the East and the UES of Russia without extinguishing the load.
Technologists monitor the progress of the tests. On the left is the head of testing, director for mode control - chief dispatcher of the ODU of the East Natalya Kuznetsova. At the workplaces of dispatchers - senior dispatcher Sergey Solomenny and dispatcher Oleg Stetsenko
One way or another, last summer the System Operator and FGC not only conducted a unique experiment on the parallel operation of both synchronous zones of the UES of Russia, but also created practical prerequisites for a radical increase in the reliability of power supply to the Trans-Siberian Railway and other consumers in the eastern part of the Trans-Baikal Territory.
The creation of a controlled connection of power systems to improve the reliability and efficiency of their work is expedient, first of all, in those places where there are difficulties in ensuring reliable parallel operation. These are interstate transmission lines, where, as a rule, there is a need to separate power systems by frequency, as well as “weak” intersystem power transmissions, which significantly limit the possibility of power exchanges between parallel operating power systems, for example, 220 kV power lines for connecting the power systems of Siberia and the Far East, passing along the Baikal-Amur (northern transit) and Trans-Siberian (southern transit) railway lines up to 2000 km long each. However, without special measures, the parallel operation of power systems along the northern and southern transits is impossible. Therefore, a merger is considered, which is a variant of parallel non-synchronous operation of power systems along the southern double-circuit transit (at subsequent stages of the merger, a non-synchronous closure of the northern transit is also possible). The urgency of the problem lies in the fact that it is necessary to find technical solutions to ensure the operation of the 220 kV power transmission Chita-Skovorodino, which feeds the traction substations of the Trans-Baikal Railway and at the same time is the only electrical connection between the IPS of Siberia and the East. To date, this extended connection does not have the required bandwidth, and also does not meet the requirements in terms of maintaining within the ranges of acceptable values. It operates in open mode and has a dividing point on the section VL-220 Holbon-Erofey Pavlovich. All this leads to insufficient reliability of the 220 kV network, which is the cause of repeated disruptions in the power supply of traction substations and failures in the operation of signaling devices, blocking and train schedules. One of the possible options for non-synchronous combination is the use of the so-called asynchronized electromechanical frequency converter (AS EMFC), which is a unit of two AC machines of the same power with rigidly connected shafts, one of which is designed as an asynchronized synchronous machine (ASM), and the other as ASM (AS EMFC type ASM+ASM) or as a synchronous machine (AS EMFC type ASM+SM). The latter option is structurally simpler, but the synchronous machine is connected to the power system with more stringent requirements for. The first machine in the direction of power transmission through AS EMFC operates in engine mode, the second in generator mode. The excitation system of each ACM contains a direct-coupled frequency converter that feeds a three-phase excitation winding on a laminated rotor.
Previously, in VNIIElectromash and Electrotyazhmash (Kharkov) for AS EMFC, draft and technical designs of vertical (hydro-generator) and horizontal (turbo-generator) AFMs with a capacity of 100 to 500 MW were completed. In addition, the Research Institute and the Electrotyazhmash plant developed and created a series of three pilot samples of AS EMFC-1 from two AFMs with a power of 1 MW (that is, for a throughput power of 1 MW), comprehensively tested at the LVVISU test site (St. Petersburg). The transducer of two AFMs has four degrees of freedom, that is, four parameters of the unit mode can be adjusted simultaneously and independently. However, as theoretical and experimental studies have shown, all modes possible on AS EMFC of the ASM+ASM type are implemented on AS EMFC of the ASM+SM type, including the modes of reactive power consumption by both machines. The permissible frequency difference of the combined power systems, as well as the controllability of the AS EMFC, are determined by the "ceiling" value of the excitation of the machines. The choice of the installation site for AS EMFC on the route under consideration is due to the following factors. 1. According to JSC Institute Energosetproekt, in the winter maximum mode of 2005, the power flow through Mogocha will be approximately 200 MW in the direction from the Kholbon substation to the east towards the Skovorodino substation. It is the value of this flow that determines the installed capacity of the AS EMFC-200 unit (or units).
2. The complex with AS EMCH-200 is designed for turnkey delivery with fully automatic control. But from the control room of the Mogocha substation and from the ODU of Amurenergo, the settings for the magnitude and direction of active power flows can be changed.
3. The installation site (Mogocha substation) is approximately in the middle between the Kholbon substation and the powerful Skovorodino substation, especially since the Kharanorskaya GRES can provide the required voltage levels at the Kholbon substation by the specified time (that is, by 2005). At the same time, the inclusion of AS EMFC-200 in the cut of the power line at the Mogocha substation will practically divide the connection into two independent sections with approximately two times reduced resistance and independent EMF of the machines of the unit on each side, which will increase the throughput of the entire double-circuit system by about one and a half to two times. Power transmission line-220 kV. In the future, if there is a regime need to increase the exchange power, it is possible to consider the installation of the second AS EMFC-200 unit in parallel with the first one.
This will significantly postpone the construction of -500 kV and the timeframe for the possible expansion of the Kharanorskaya GRES. According to a preliminary estimate, with the parallel operation of the power systems of Siberia and the Far East only along the southern transit, the limiting static stability exchange power flows in the Mogocha-Ayachi section are without AS EMFC: in the east direction - up to 160 MW, in the west direction - up to 230 MW.
After the installation of AS EMFC, the problem of static stability is automatically removed and the flows, respectively, can be 200-250 MW and 300-400 MW, while controlling the limiting flows by thermal limitation of individual, for example, head sections of power transmission lines. The issue of increasing exchange flows becomes especially relevant with the commissioning of Bureyskaya.
It is assumed, as indicated, the installation of AS EMCH-200 in the cut of the 220 kV overhead line at the Mogocha substation of the main double-circuit intersystem communication with numerous intermediate power take-offs.
On such an intersystem connection, accidents are possible with the loss of electrical communication with a powerful power system and the formation of an energy district powered by AS EMFC-200, that is, with the operation of AS EMFC-200 on a console load. In such modes, the AS EMFC-200 cannot and should not generally maintain the pre-emergency value of the transmitted power set by the master.
At the same time, it must retain the ability to regulate on its own tires and the speed of the shaft of the unit. The adaptive control system developed for AS EMFC requires teleinformation about switching off and on switches of adjacent sections of power lines. Based on this teleinformation, it transfers the ACM of the unit from the side of the non-emergency section of the route to control by the shaft speed and from the side of the ACM console takes over the load of the power district.
If this load is greater than the installed power of the AFM, then the AS EMFC is shunted with the transfer of machines to the compensatory mode. It is also important that the transmission of teleinformation about the vector behind the open switch allows, without catching synchronism, to immediately turn on the EMFC-200 into normal operation without shock after turning on the disconnected switch.
Many years of theoretical and experimental studies, performed for the complex of controlled connection of the power systems of the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia on the 220 kV power transmission Sochi-Bzybi Krasnodarenergo on the basis of the AS EMFC-200 project, the expected and known capabilities of the AS EMFC for regulating the active and, voltages of machines and the speed of the rotor of the unit are confirmed.
In fact, within the limits of its structural capabilities, the AS EMFC is an absolutely controllable element for combining power systems, which also has damping capabilities due to the kinetic energy of the flywheel masses of the rotors of the machines of the unit, which static converters lack. The control system, together with the ARV of machines with self-excitation systems and starting after the “Start” command is given, provides automatic testing of the state of the elements of the entire complex, followed by automatic inclusion in the network in the required sequence without the participation of personnel or stopping the unit after the “Stop” command is given. Manual connection to the network and manual adjustment of settings, emergency shutdown and automatic reclosure are also provided. When the AS EMFC-200 is put into operation, it is enough for a quiet start to provide slip in the prescribed range and settings that ensure the mode along the power line until the shunt switches open. In general, the control of AS EMFC-200 on intersystem communication should be approached from the position that the control structure should carry out the required control of the operation of the unit in steady and non-steady modes and ensure the performance of the following basic functions in electrical systems.
1. Maintenance of voltage values (reactive powers) in accordance with the settings in normal modes. So, for example, each of the AS EMFC machines is capable, within the limits limited by rated currents, to generate the required value of reactive power or to ensure its consumption without loss of stability. 2. Control in normal and emergency modes of the magnitude and direction of the flow of active power in accordance with the setting for synchronous and non-synchronous operation of parts of power systems, which, in turn, contributes to an increase in the throughput of intersystem communications. 2.1. Regulation of the flow using AS EMCH-200 according to a schedule agreed in advance between the combined energy systems, taking into account daily and seasonal changes in loads. 2.2. Operational regulation of intersystem flow up to reverse with simultaneous damping of irregular oscillations. If it is required to quickly change the direction of active power transmission through the unit, then by changing the settings for active power on the first and second machines in a coordinated manner, it is possible to change the flow of active power practically at a constant speed, overcoming only the electromagnetic inertia of the machine winding circuits. With the corresponding "ceilings" of excitation, the power reverse will take place quite quickly. So, for AS EMFC, consisting of two ASM-200, the full reverse time, from +200 MW to -200 MW, as calculations show, is 0.24 s (in principle, it is limited only by the value T "(f). 2.3 The use of AS EMFC-200 as an operational source for maintaining the frequency, as well as for suppressing electromechanical oscillations after large disturbances in one of the power systems or in the console energy district 3. Work for a dedicated (console) energy district of consumers with the required level of frequency and voltage. Vibration damping in emergency operating modes of electrical systems, a significant reduction in disturbances transmitted from one part of electrical systems to another.In transient modes, due to the ability of the AS EMFC to change the rotational speed within the specified limits, that is, the kinetic energy of the unit, intensive damping is possible
fluctuations and for a certain time, a disturbance that has arisen in one part of the power system will not be transmitted to another. So, at short circuit or automatic reclosure in one of the power systems, the unit will accelerate or decelerate, however, the value of the active power of the ACM connected to another power system will remain unchanged with the appropriate control. 5. Transfer, if necessary, of both machines of the unit to the mode of operation of the synchronous compensator. The cost of building a converter substation with AS EMFC-200 is determined by the composition of the equipment and, in fact, does not differ from the usually constructed substations with synchronous compensators. The site for the construction of the device should ensure the convenience of transporting equipment, compactness of installation and communication with existing power equipment at the Mogocha substation. To simplify the entire system of the substation, a variant is needed without separating AS EMFC-200 into a separate substation. To connect to the power systems of a unit whose machines are designed for full power \u003d 200 / 0.95 \u003d 210.5 MVA (according to Electrosila OJSC, St. Petersburg and), two 220 / 15.75 kV transformers are required. A technical and economic comparison of AS EMFC with static converters was carried out for a transmitted power of 200 MW. Compared parameters are given in the table. The DC insert (VPT) is a classic option. The table shows the power transmitted through the VPT is 355 MW, which corresponds to one unit of the Vyborg substation. B indicates the unit cost of the HCV (including substation equipment), which is given in the table. The efficiency factor of the VPT substation (taking into account synchronous compensators, power transformers and filters) is at the level of 0.96.
VPT on lockable (two-operation) keys with PWM and parallel-connected reverse diodes. It is known that the internal losses of lockable switches are 1.5-2 times greater than those of ordinary thyristors, therefore the efficiency of such a VCT with special power transformers, taking into account high-frequency switching filters, is 0.95. The issue of cost is not clearly defined. However, the specific cost of HCV based on STATCOM is 165 USD/kW and more.
For Directlink HCVs with two-level output curve generation, the unit cost is higher at $190/kW. The table shows data for both the STATCOM variant and the Directlink based variant. 
According to Elektrosila OJSC, out of two ASMs, the AS EMFC-200 has 98.3% (98.42% each) the unit cost of installed capacity is $40/kW. Then the cost of the converter unit itself will be $16 million. In accordance with the basic cost of a 220 kV AC substation with two transformers is $4 million, and the unit cost of the converter with the substation will be =(16+4) 10 6 /400 10 3 = 50 dollars/kW. Taking into account transformers, the overall efficiency will be = 0.983 2 0.997 2 = 0.96.
Along with the above options, it is also necessary to consider the option of a converter using synchronous compensators of the KSVBM type operated in power systems with hydrogen cooling of an outdoor installation. It should be noted that the synchronous compensator KSVBM 160-15U1 can be used as a synchronous machine in AS EMFC type ASM + SM in all modes, subject to the condition for the stator current. For example, at = 1 power P = ±160 MW; at = 0.95 (as in the project of OAO Elektrosila) P = 152 MW, Q = ±50 MV A, and EMF E = 2.5<Еном =3 отн.ед.
According to the developer JSC "Uralelektrotyazhmash", the synchronous compensator KSVBM 160-15U1 costs 3.64 10 6 dollars. ,46 10 6 dollars and then the total cost of the ASM + SM type converter (that is, from serial and re-equipped synchronous compensators) will be 9 10 6 dollars (see table). It should be noted here that
GOST 13109-97 on the quality of electrical energy (Decree of the State Committee for Standardization and Certification of the Russian Federation, 1998) allows the following frequency deviations: normal ±0.2 Hz during 95% of the time, limit ±0.4 Hz during 5% of the time of day . Considering that the AFC will continue to operate, it can be argued that the ceiling value of the excitation voltage for slip with a frequency of ±2 Hz, which is embedded in the AFM, will ensure reliable operation of the AS EMFC under other large system disturbances. At the rated current of the stator, the losses in the SC are 1800 kW, and then the efficiency is = 0.988. Taking the efficiency of the ASM converted from the SC to the same as in the project of Electrosila OJSC, taking into account the transformers, we get: = 0.988 0.983 0.997 2 = 0.966.
The table shows the data for two ASM+SM units in parallel, which makes it possible to cover the expected increase in transit throughput when installing the converter at the Mogocha substation. At the same time, the unit cost is less, and the efficiency is greater than that of all other options. The obvious advantage should also be emphasized - KSVBM compensators are designed for outdoor installation at ambient temperatures from -45 to +45 o С (that is, the entire technology has already been worked out), so there is no need to build a machine room for AS EMFC units, but only a housing for auxiliary devices with an area, as required by building codes, two six-meter spans in width by six six-meter spans in length, that is, 432 m 2. Thermal calculations of compensators
available for both hydrogen cooling and air cooling. Therefore, the mentioned two-unit AS EMFC can operate for a long time on air cooling at a load of 70% of the nominal one, providing the required flow of 200 MW.
In addition, the Energosetproekt institute has developed an original standard design for a 160 MVA SC installation with reversible brushless excitation, which can significantly reduce the amount of construction work, speed up installation and commissioning of SCs, and significantly reduce the cost of their installation.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Non-synchronous parallel interconnection of the IPS of Siberia and the Far East along the southern double-circuit transit 220 kV using an asynchronized electromechanical frequency converter (AS EMFC) is preferable in terms of technical and economic indicators compared to the known VPT based on STATKOM and DIRECTLINK.
2. Long-term theoretical and experimental studies and completed projects have shown the capabilities of AS EMFC to control active and reactive power, machine voltages and the rotor speed of the unit. By installing a converter at the Mogocha substation, the Holbon-Skovorodino transit is practically divided in half, so the throughput of this transit will increase by 1.5-2 times, which will make it possible to postpone the construction of a 500 kV transmission line and the expansion of the Kharanorskaya GRES.
3. Preliminary feasibility comparison of converters showed that the construction of a substation with VCT on lockable keys with PWM for a transmitted power of 200 MW based on the Directlink project costs $ 76 million, and on the basis of the STATKOM project - $ 66 million. At the same time, the AU EMFC-200 type ASM + ASM according to JSC "Elektrosila" and Research Institute "Elektrotyazhmash" (Kharkov) costs 20 million dollars.
4. For AS EMFC type ASM + SM based on serially produced JSC "Uralelektrotyazhmash" and operated in power systems synchronous compensators with hydrogen and air cooling for outdoor installation KSVBM 160 MV A, the unit cost of the installed capacity of AS EMFC with complete substation equipment is $ 40 / kW and at the same time the efficiency is not lower than other types of converters. Taking into account the small volume of construction and installation works, low unit cost and high efficiency, just such a substation with AS EMFC completely on domestic equipment can be recommended for non-synchronous interconnection of the IPS of Siberia and the Far East.
Rostekhnadzor issued an Investigation Act on the causes of a systemic accident that occurred on August 1, 2017 in the United Energy System of the East (IPS of the East), an accident that left over 1.7 million people without electricity in several regions of the Far Eastern Federal District at once.
The Act lists all the main participants in the events, dozens of signs of an accident, technical circumstances, organizational shortcomings, cases of non-fulfillment of the dispatcher’s command and facts of improper operation of equipment, design errors and violations of the requirements of regulatory legal acts, shows that the main and, in fact, the only reason for what happened was inconsistent functioning elements of the power system. The same reason underlies most system crashes.
The 500 kV line near Khabarovsk was under repair, on August 1 at 22 local time there was an outage to an oversize (short circuit when an oversized load passed under the wires) of the 220 kV line of the Federal Grid Company (FGC). Then the second 220 kV transmission line was switched off. The reason is the incorrect setting of relay protection and automation (RPA), it did not take into account the possibility of operating power lines with such a load. The shutdown of the second 220 kV transmission line led to the division of the IPS of the East into two parts. After that, the automatic power control at the RusHydro power plant did not work correctly, which provoked the further development of the accident and its scale. The result is the shutdown of several power lines, including those that lead to China.
- Protection, emergency automatics worked, a number of power facilities failed. The operation parameters of six stations have changed. Distribution networks have suffered, - Olga Amelchenko, a representative of Far East Distribution Grid Company JSC, told RG.
As a result, the unified energy system of the south of the Far East was divided into two isolated parts: excess and deficit. Outages occurred in both. In excess, the protection of generating and power grid equipment worked, and in deficit, automatic frequency unloading.
The official cause of the incident was "uncoordinated functioning of the elements of the power system."
According to the investigation report of Rostekhnadzor, the main causes of the accident are “excessive operation of relay protection devices, incorrect operation of automatic control systems for generating equipment, shortcomings in the algorithm used by the developer for the functioning of emergency automation in a 220 kV network, shortcomings in the operation of electric grid equipment.”
What happened on August 1 was not even an accident, but a series of accidents. In 2012, there were 78 systemic accidents, in eight months of 2017 - only 29. Major accidents have decreased, but, unfortunately, they have become larger. In 2017, there were five such accidents with large-scale consequences - the division of the power system into isolated parts, the shutdown of a large amount of generation and a massive power outage.
The main problem is that the industry does not have mandatory requirements for equipment parameters and their coordinated operation as part of the Unified National Energy System. A certain critical mass has accumulated, which led to the latest large-scale accidents.
A minor issue that could have been resolved in a short amount of time escalated into a major incident with system-wide repercussions. At each stage, the situation was aggravated by incorrect actions of automation designed and configured by people. She reacted incorrectly.
One of the main causes of accidents in the energy system of Russia, Deputy Minister of Energy of the Russian Federation Andrey Cherezov, called inconsistent operation of equipment, the activity was not actually based on any regulatory framework, as a result, it turned out that different equipment in the energy system often works inconsistently.
A new "code" of operation of the electric power industry was never created after the completion of the industry reform. With the departure of RAO "UES of Russia" from the arena and the transfer of interaction between subjects of the electric power industry to market relations, most of the regulatory acts of a technological nature lost their legitimacy, since they were formalized by orders of RAO.
Mandatory requirements for equipment, prescribed in the documents of the Soviet era, have long lost their legal status, moreover, many of them are morally outdated and do not correspond to the modern development of technologies.
Meanwhile, “energy entities have been massively introducing new devices since 2002 - new equipment was actively installed under the CSA, large-scale investment programs were implemented, a large number of energy facilities were built. As a result, it turned out that different equipment in the power system often works inconsistently,” said Andrey Cherezov.
“We have a lot of electric power entities, and the interaction between them should be regulated, but it turns out that they act independently,” said Andrei Cherezov, Deputy Minister of Energy of the Russian Federation, immediately after the accident.
Only normative regulation of technological activity is capable of ensuring the coordinated operation of the elements of the energy system. And for this it is necessary to create a transparent and technically correct system of generally binding requirements for the elements of the energy system and the actions of industry entities.
“There should not be autonomous functioning, because we work in a single energy system, respectively, the Russian Ministry of Energy intends to regulate everything through regulatory legal acts,” Andrey Cherezov emphasized.
- It is necessary to create clear, understandable conditions - who is responsible for the system, emergency automation, for its functionality, installations.
The ministry has begun work on improving the rules for investigating accidents in terms of a comprehensive systematization of the causes, creating mechanisms for determining and implementing measures to prevent them. “These rules define only the technical requirements for the equipment, without limiting the freedom to choose a manufacturer. Also, this document does not specify the terms for reconfiguration or replacement of equipment,” Andrey Cherezov said.
The Ministry of Energy of Russia organized work to restore the system of mandatory requirements in the industry, which was not properly developed in the course of reforming the energy sector. Federal Law No. 196-FZ of June 23, 2016 was adopted, which establishes the powers of the Government of the Russian Federation or the federal executive body authorized by it to establish mandatory requirements for ensuring the reliability and safety of electric power systems and electric power facilities.
Currently, dozens of normative legal acts and industry-wide regulatory and technical documents are being developed and are being prepared for adoption in accordance with the plans approved at the level of the Government of Russia.
In August, the President of the country instructed the Ministry of Energy to submit proposals to prevent massive power outages. One of the first steps should be the adoption of the most important systemic document - the Rules for the Functioning of Electric Power Systems. His project has already been submitted to the government of the Russian Federation for consideration. These mandatory rules will set the framework for normative and technical regulation - they will establish key technological requirements for the operation of the energy system and its constituent facilities. In addition, it requires the adoption of many specifying regulatory and technical documents already at the level of the Ministry of Energy.
Many of them have been drafted and have been publicly discussed. A series of emergency events in recent years in the UES of Russia makes power engineers hurry.
“One of the key tasks today is to direct investments into optimizing the existing energy system, and not into building up the energy system as an asset that is not yet possible to operate optimally,” said Evgeny Grabchak, Director of the Department for Operational Control and Management in the Electric Power Industry of the Russian Ministry of Energy, at the International Energy Efficiency Forum and energy development "Russian Energy Week" (Moscow, St. Petersburg, 5 - 7.10.2017)
— Taking as a basis a single coordinate system, unambiguously defining all subjects and objects, describing their interaction, and learning to communicate in one language, we will be able to provide not only horizontal and vertical integration of all information flows that revolve in the electric power industry, but also link decentralized centers management with a single logic for the regulator to make the necessary corrective decisions. Thus, in an evolutionary way, tools will be created for modeling the achievement of the main state of the electric power industry of the future, and we see it in the optimal cost of a unit of electricity - a kilowatt at a given level of safety and reliability, - Evgeny Grabchak explained.
In his opinion, in parallel, it will be possible to achieve additional benefits not only for the regulator and individual facilities, but also for related companies and the state as a whole.
- Among these advantages, I would like to note, first of all, the creation of new markets for services, these are: predictive modeling of the state of the energy system and its individual elements; life cycle assessment; analytics of optimal control of technological processes; analytics on the operation of the system and its individual elements; analytics for developing new technologies and testing existing ones; formation of an industry order for industry and assessment of the profitability of creating production facilities for electrical and related products; development of logistics services, asset management optimization services, and much more. However, in order to implement these changes, in addition to defining a single coordinate system, it is necessary to reverse the trend of introducing advanced, but unique and non-integrable technologies.
P. S.
On October 2, Vitaly Sungurov, who previously held the post of Advisor to the Director for Development Management of the UES of SO UES JSC, and before that headed a number of regional dispatch departments system operator.
From 2014 to 2017, Vitaly Leonidovich Sungurov was the director of the Udmurt RDU and Perm RDU branches. During this period, Vitaly Sungurov took an active part in the process of structural optimization of the System Operator. Under his leadership, a project was successfully implemented to enlarge the operating zone of the Perm Regional Dispatch Office, which assumed the functions of operational dispatch control of the electric power regime of the UES of Russia in the Udmurt Republic and the Kirov Region.
Based on the results of the annual inspection, which took place from October 24 to October 26, the Branch of JSC "SO UES" "Joint Dispatching Office of the Energy System of the East" (ODU of the East) received a certificate of readiness for work in the autumn-winter period (OZP) 2017/2018.
The results of the emergency training confirmed the readiness of the System Operator's dispatching personnel to effectively interact with the operational personnel of the electric power industry entities in the event of accidents, as well as to ensure the reliable functioning of the Unified Energy System of the East in the autumn-winter period of 2017/2018.
One of the main conditions for obtaining a readiness passport for work in the OZP is the receipt of readiness passports by all regional dispatching offices (RDO) of the operating zone of the branch of SO UES JSC ODU. During October, all RDOs of the operating zone of the ODU of the East successfully passed inspections and received passports of readiness for work in the 2017/2018 open air period. Obtaining readiness passports by the branches of SO UES JSC ODU and RDO is a prerequisite for issuing a readiness passport to the System Operator for work in the upcoming open-season period