MBOU "Larinskaya secondary school"
on the topic of:
"Ways
water treatment"
Done by 4th grade student
Shamigulov Denis
Supervisor:
teacher primary school
Pridannikova E.V.
Date of study: December - March, 2012.
Plan
Introduction
2.2. Ways to purify water in field conditions.
Conclusion.
Confession.
Money box interesting facts
Bibliography.
Introduction
Have you heard of water?
They say it's everywhere!
In a puddle, in the sea, in the ocean,
And 
at the faucet.
Like an icicle, it freezes
creeps into the forest with fog.
It's called a glacier in the mountains
twists like a silvery ribbon.
We're used to
that water is our companion always.
You can't wash without it
neither eat nor drink!
I dare to tell you:
We can't live without water!
Water is the most common in nature, but still not fully understood substance. It is necessary to replenish the water balance in the body (a person should drink up to 3 liters of water per day), mineral water treat diseases of the intestines and kidneys, dousing with cold water helps to cope with diseases of the cardiovascular system, calm the nerves, and harden the body.
Living natural spring water, not subjected to technological purification, causes admiration, a desire to quench your thirst.
Dead water flowing from our faucets can only cause disgust. If the water is cloudy and rusty, then it is better to pass it through a filter for cleaning. And if the water is clean and clear in appearance? Is this a guarantee that it does not contain harmful impurities? Unfortunately no.
After reading an excerpt from the work of Vladimir Fedorovich Odoevsky "Moroz Ivanovich", which we studied in the lesson literary reading:
“Meanwhile, the Needlewoman returns, strains the water, pours it into jugs; and what an entertainer: if the water is unclean, then she folds a sheet of paper, puts coals in it and pours coarse sand, inserts that paper into a jug and pours water into it, and the water - then you know it passes through the sand and through the coals and drops into a clean jug like crystal... I decided to find out what other ways you can purify water at home and camping.
According to forecasts, in 15 years at least 40% of the world's inhabitants will live in conditions of water scarcity.
For half a century, there have already been 37 local conflicts over access to water sources. It is becoming more and more obvious that the time is not far off when it is fresh water, and not oil, that will be the most important export resource. Russia is lucky: it ranks second in the world (after Brazil) in terms of fresh water reserves. But here's the paradox: today every second inhabitant of the country is forced to drink water that does not meet sanitary and hygienic requirements. And 22% of the population do not have access to centralized sources of water supply!
According to recent studies, our health depends on the water we drink. “We drink 90% of our diseases with water,” said Louis Pasteur, one of the scientists who discovered a way to disinfect milk.
The article "Global Water Pollution and Health" from the journal "Annual Environment and Resource Research Reports" states that water quality has become one of the biggest problems for everyone's health.
Drinking water and clean water are not synonyms. Clean water, as opposed to drinking water, is an indefinite term. For a chemist, "pure water" is free from impurities; for the fisherman - the water in which the fish is found; for a microbiologist, it is water that bacteria can live in, and for a production worker, water that is suitable for production processes. Drinking water must always meet certain established standards.
H 
Pure water (H2O) is one of the most essential conditions for human health.
The most important factors that ensure a long and healthy human life are:
Fresh air;
Absolutely pure water, in which there are no chemical substances and inorganic minerals;
The most natural food (as far as it can be natural at the present time in that poisoned and polluted world in which we now have to live).
I am convinced that pure water helps to improve the functioning of not only the body, but also the brain; in other words, it promotes more productive and accurate thinking. The explanation is simple: the 15 billion cells in our brain are 70% water.
Water pollution is a big risk.
One of the causes of human morbidity is the unsatisfactory quality of water that we use throughout our lives. The quality of water depends on the substances dissolved in it.
Thus, this topic needs to be studied not only by SanPiN employees, biologists,
chemists, physicists, but also people, because It is very important for our body to get clean water.
Object of study- water taken from a tap, pond, well.
Subject of study- the impact of water quality on human health, ways to improve the quality of drinking water.
Purpose of the study
Tasks:
1) To study literature sources on the topic of water purification methods and the impact of water quality on human health;
2) Process the data obtained during the experiments;
3) Conduct water analysis of various water supplies (wells, river water intake, wells);
Research methods Keywords: physico-chemical methods, analysis, generalization, conversation.
Hypothesis: At present, the quality of tap water has deteriorated, if water is the main source of life, and human health depends on its quality, then it is necessary to study ways to purify water.
Research part
Research topic: ways to purify water.
Purpose of the study– explore ways to improve the quality of drinking water in households and field conditions.
To achieve the goal, the following work was carried out:
School employees and relatives were interviewed about ways to purify drinking water.
Experiment "Freezing" was carried out.
Conducted and analyzed Taste test among 4th grade students.
Survey participants were asked whether they were confident good quality water from a faucet. 35 respondents said they were not sure.
According to the results of a survey of school employees, it was revealed that out of 35 people surveyed, the most famous cleaning method is boiling. It was named by 35 people. 10 people - chlorination. 5 people named the method of freezing. 4 - settling.
1 - distillation (chemistry teacher), 1 - ultrasound, ultraviolet rays
(physics teacher), 2 - using activated carbon and a funnel.
Purpose of experience: see the difference between tap water and pre-purified water.
Experience Freeze.
The experience is as follows. It is necessary to freeze water in two transparent plastic glasses: one is tap water, the other is purified. When the water in them freezes, take them out of the refrigerator and set aside to thaw. After 5 minutes, when the ice and frost melt from the surface of the glasses, we see the ice inside the glass.
We can immediately see a huge difference between ice from tap water and purified water. Ice in a glass in which tap water was frozen will be cloudy, not transparent, only water will be transparent around the edges. This is drinking water. In a glass of purified water, things are much better. The ice will be completely transparent.
Now put yourself main question:
What water would you like to drink when the ice melts? From the first or second glass? I think the answer will be unequivocal, because frozen purified water will look much fresher and tastier than its "sister" in the second glass.
ABOUT 
torture 2
Taste test.
This test is very simple.
For the qualitative conduct of the experiment, it is necessary that as much as possible more people. I took this test in our class. There were 19 people present.
The test is as follows. It is necessary for each participant to give a small amount of purified water in a glass.
Explain that we will be holding a tasting. The first thing you need to do is rinse your mouth thoroughly, then spit the water out into the sink.
Invite each student to do this twice so that the mouth and tongue are completely clear. Now, quickly fill the glass with tap water and offer to carry out the same steps as in the case of
with purified water.
Ask them to describe how they felt and what difference they felt.
If you did the test correctly, then at least you will hear an exclamation of disgust in response. It comes from the fact that a person begins to feel the difference
in the tastes of tap and clean water.
After all, in pure water there are no impurities and odors.
In a test I gave in class, about 2/3 of the students spit tap water into the sink and, according to the participants, have a strong aversion to tap water for some time.
Thus, for all the work I have done, you can do the following conclusion:
Water does not always meet the standards of GOST, this can lead to serious diseases of the body. To prevent this from happening, drinking water must be purified from its main pollutants.
2.1. Ways to purify water at home
Currently, the quality of tap water, and spring water has recently deteriorated significantly. Now people are adapting to this by purifying water in special ways.
Of course, with the development of science and progress, there are now many ways to purify raw water -
boiling
freezing
upholding
ultraviolet light treatment using special mercury lamps
ultrasonic water treatment
iodization
1. Water in the city network is chlorinated. Chlorine is a dangerous gas that destroys all living things (in many civilized countries, water has been ozonized for a long time). Even boiling does not destroy chlorine, but only converts it into salt, which is no less harmful to the body. Chlorine disrupts the body's defense systems: immune and endocrine.
2. In addition to chlorine, water contains other harmful and toxic impurities: salts heavy metals, pesticides, nitrates, oxidizing agents, bacteria, viruses, dissolved iron and hardness salts. Less often - fluorine, manganese, hydrogen sulfide, phosphates.
3. Water pipes are rusty and do not meet safety requirements.
4. Boiled water also does not meet the requirements for drinking water.
People have been trying to purify water without additional devices for a long time. According to some observations, rumors, stories of neighbors and relatives, several ways to purify water at home have been developed. There are several such methods, here are the most popular: boiling, settling, freezing. Let's consider each in more detail.
Draining stagnant water. It is better to collect drinking water for future use in the amount of 5-10 liters in the evening, during the period of maximum water intake, when water does not stagnate in pipes. You need to draw water only if it has a normal appearance: it does not smell very strong and is relatively transparent. If in the evening dirty, muddy or yellow with rust suddenly flows, this is evidence of an accident in the centralized water supply system, and such water should not be taken.
Settling of water. Water collected in the evening should be allowed to stand overnight - best of all in a closed glass, ceramic or enameled container, but not in an aluminum or steel pan. Then (if you are very concerned about the problem of heavy metals), you can perform the following operation: a flexible tube is carefully (so as not to stir up the liquid) inserted into a vessel with water - so that its end is located at the very bottom. The first portion of water is sucked in, after which it begins to pour from the tube into the sink, and about a third of the settled water is drained. It is necessary that the lower third, into which impurities of heavy metals have fallen during settling, merge. They cannot be completely removed in this way, but the concentration in the remaining water can be reduced. After draining a third of the water, you need to check if there is sediment at the bottom. If there is, you need to lift the vessel with water (carefully so as not to shake it up) and pour the water into another container, passing it through gauze folded in half or four. The rest of the water with sediment should be poured into the sink.
Boiling water. Water should be boiled in an enameled kettle or saucepan. Boiling kills microorganisms. However, some germs and viruses survive in boiling water. Therefore, you need to boil water in a saucepan without a lid and for at least 5-7 minutes.
The water treated in this way must be closed with a lid so that bacteria from the air do not penetrate, cool and pour into three-liter glass jars, tightly closing them with plastic lids. It is better to store water in the refrigerator.
Purification of drinking water by freezing-thawing method: Melt water is obtained in a freezer, freezing time (usually 10-12 hours). The result is ice (pure frozen water without impurities). In this case, the water brine is drained into the sink, and the ice is thawed. It is recommended to take melt water immediately after defrosting (its temperature should not exceed 10 degrees). It is recommended to drink water throughout the day in small sips, holding it in your mouth.
Doctors who know this secret of purification claim that water obtained in this way slows down the aging of the body and noticeably rejuvenates.
If put in a colander small stones of silicon or shungite, and pass water through them, then all harmful impurities will remain on the stones.
In areas where there is little water, it should be drunk with a small amount of vinegar: 1 liter of water - 1-2 teaspoons of apple cider vinegar and honey, 3-5 drops of 5% iodine
(in such an environment, microbes die in a few minutes). Kombucha is also suitable for these purposes.
Make a wick out of wool, lower one end of it into a bowl of water, and the other into an empty one. Water will begin to drip from a full into an empty dish already well cleaned. This is one of the best ways - water can be passed through such purification several times;
10-15 rowan leaves per 1-3 liters of water make it clean after 2 hours (even swamp, hunters know this). The leaves can be reused, just carefully rinse with clean water and then leave for at least 3 hours. The leaves are dried in the shade and stored in a wooden box or cardboard box.
- If there is no proven spring nearby and there are doubts about the good quality tap or spring water, then you need to boil it, cool it and pour sour berries - cranberries, lingonberries, sea buckthorn, peel or core of apples, etc. After the water is a little infused, you can drink it. Infusions of raspberry, wild rose, black currant are also very useful.
For reference- one tablet of activated carbon is able to filter about 0.9-1 l of water with a purification efficiency of up to 85-90%, then the performance drops sharply and the tablet needs to be changed.
Water is able to change its properties under the influence of words and thoughts - this has already been proven in the laboratory! Multi-volume works are written about this, scientific documentaries. Under the influence of evil and even simply indifferent words and thoughts, water changes its molecular structure. As a result, it becomes musty and turns into muck.
But under the influence of positive words and thoughts and when reading prayers of absolutely any of the world's religions above the water, water can turn from a rotten muddy liquid into a living one! Better than any kind words and prayers, such words as “I love you!” and thanks!". After their impact, water becomes a positively charged and useful source of energy for the body. The phrase “I love you, Lord!” works the same way. Thank you, God!" Science has established that water in this case changes its structure so much that it is difficult to call it even water, it changes its biochemical parameters. Such water can beneficially rebuild all the cells of living tissues and cure many diseases!
Ways to purify water in field conditions
Sodium permanganate (potassium permanganate) well suited for the treatment of raw water from streams and springs. But with potassium permanganate, the most important thing is to know how much to pour into the water, otherwise you can kill the entire intestinal microflora. Usually, a few crystals are added per liter of water, slightly less than the size of a match head. This amount of potassium permanganate is quite enough to kill foreign microflora (especially E. coli and dysentery coli and Staphylococcus aureus).
Method of iodination
Iodine is very well suited for water treatment (in the form of its alcohol tincture). As a method, water iodization is a method of disinfection in which iodine-containing compounds are used. As a bactericidal agent, iodine has been known for a long time and is widely used in medicine.
D 
la purifying water while hiking can also be used
1. chamomile leaves
2. celandine
3. cranberries
4. raspberry leaves
5. St. John's wort;
precisely those medicinal antiseptic plants whose bactericidal properties are generally recognized by medicine.
Hypericum tea in camping conditions, it is not only healthy, but also a tasty drink, which is very easy to prepare from yellow flowers or leaves.
Celandine- the leader among medicinal plants of antibacterial action kills almost all pathogenic microorganisms known to science.
In Rus', this plant even reduced warts and neoplasms.
While on a hike, you can still use the bactericidal properties of mushrooms, for example, a raincoat, porcini fungus, chaga, etc. In this regard, a raincoat is a living bactericidal adhesive plaster. And the infusion of chaga has a stimulating, separative, bactericidal, antitumor effect.
Also, in field conditions, you can use the healing properties of the natural silicon mineral. This colorful mineral of various colors and shades is ubiquitous. But the healing properties of silicon became known only recently: in the late 70s of the XX century.
silicon water It's very easy to prepare on the go. It is necessary to lower the silicon into a glass or enamel container with raw or boiled water. And keep it there all the time. The amount of silicon should be at the rate of 1-3 g per 1-5 liter jar. To protect against dust, the container should be covered with a clean gauze cloth and placed in a room with room temperature and daylight, protecting it from direct sunlight. A day later, you can wash your face with water, gargle, lubricate wounds.
Filtration
The simplest filter is an empty tin can or plastic bottle with two or three small holes punched in the bottom (cork) and two-thirds filled with fine sand, a piece of cloth is first laid out on the bottom of the can or the neck of the bottle. Water is poured from above and, having passed through the thickness of the sand, flows out into the holes. For greater reliability, it is better to repeat the filtering process many times. If the water is very polluted, the sand should be periodically changed to a cleaner one.
And if you fill a jar or a plastic bottle with charcoal broken into small pieces, taken from a burned-out fire, you will get a more technologically advanced charcoal filter. Pure charcoal is obtained by burning firewood in a container over high heat. Firewood should be hardwood, as softwood gives filtered water a specific taste and smell.
If there is no "dishes" at hand, then you can use cap or hat, shirt sleeve, trouser leg or a cloth rolled up in a bag, hanging them, for example, on a tree branch. To prevent filtered water from seeping through the fabric, it should be poured in a narrow stream into a recess made in the center of the filter.
Water should be poured into the filter in the center and in small portions, freely flowing through all layers, the water is filtered and clarified.
So there are quite a few ways to treat water in the field.
Conclusion.
Having studied the impact of drinking water quality on public health and methods of water purification, the following conclusions can be drawn.
The purpose of the research work was achieved by solving the set tasks. Having studied several literary sources and analyzed this topic, we can say:
The water we consume must be clean. Diseases transmitted through contaminated water cause deterioration in health.
Research work has been carried out. The results of the study showed that tap water is not always drinkable. In order to avoid various diseases, the sources of which enter the human body with water, it is necessary to purify it from the main pollutants in various ways.
During the entire research work, the hypothesis was proved.
If water is the main source of life, it has a huge impact on human health.
Thus, I believe that this topic is very important and relevant for a person, as well as future generations.
Summing up, I want to say that drinking water on the planet is becoming less and less and its quality is declining. I urge everyone to save and not pollute water.
Appreciation
When working on the topic “Water Purification Methods”, I am very grateful to my class teacher Pridannikova E.V., students of grade 4, school director Chutbasov R.R., head teacher of the school Urvacheva M.A., teachers of our school, canteen workers for their understanding and assistance in conducting research, proofreading texts and finding errors in them, reprinting my works and evaluating them.
Piggy bank of interesting facts
Animal instinct.
This experiment can be done with any pets, with dogs, cats and even birds.
To do this, we need 2 identical bowls, cups.
Pour tap water into one, and purified water into the second and put them in the place where you usually put water for your pet. The use of identical bowls is necessary to ensure that the test animal is not accustomed to drinking from the same bowl.
Pets will almost always choose purified water as they can feel the quality and freedom from contaminants (chlorine, odors and tastes).
This is the reason why many dogs and cats drink toilet water. The water has time to settle in the toilet tank and has time to dissipate the excess chlorine. Many people know that an animal will instinctively drink water that is purer. An instinct that a person has long lost.
Therefore, seeing what choice the pet made, one should draw a conclusion about what kind of water to drink.
A person must have normal water, otherwise he is in danger of death! Take, for example, a sailor who survived a shipwreck. Around it stretches an ocean of water, but sea water, salty. And if this poor fellow does not get fresh water, then after some time he will inevitably die. Another case: the traveler lost his way in the desert hot from the heat, and if he does not find water, he will face rapid dehydration and death. But before the end comes, thirst will make fun of the unfortunate, making him suffer immeasurably.
Some animals, such as rabbits and hares, that feed mainly on grass and other plant foods, which include up to 85% water, never drink ordinary water if they can find natural food.
This is interesting
There is water in stones and in products,
and in all living organisms.
Spruce weight - 100 kg, of which 80 kg - water
Narcissus weight - 100 g, of which 85 g is water
Salmon weight - 2 kg,
of which 1.5 kg - water
The loss of a large amount of water by the body is dangerous to human life. In hot areas, without water, a person can die in 5-7 days, and without food, in the presence of water, a person can live. long time. Even in cold zones, a person needs about 1.5-2.5 liters of water per day to maintain normal performance.
It is harmful to drink a lot of water on an empty stomach, immediately after exercise and especially after a bath on an empty stomach. Drink water slowly, in small sips. When swallowing water, try to keep it in your mouth for a while. This way of drinking is very beneficial. Drinking very cold water is harmful, and if there is no other way out, then you should drink such water after taking a sufficient amount of food.
The most expensive water in the world is sold in Los Angeles (USA). Its price is $ 90 per liter. According to sellers, the water has an ideal pH balance for humans and an exquisite taste. The liquid is sold in special bottles decorated with Swarovski crystals. Water has gained great popularity among wealthy youth, who line up for it in the most expensive nightclubs in California. Among those wishing to purchase exclusive bottles, Hollywood stars were also noticed.
A person drinks an average of 35 tons of water in his life.
Water can reduce the risk of a heart attack if a person drinks more than five glasses of water a day. However, only pure drinking water has such properties.
The writer Griboyedov in one of his works said: "It is difficult to forget the taste of the melt water of high-mountain streams." It is believed that it is thanks to the melt water that the highlanders live so long.
Approximately 70 percent of the Earth is covered with water. But only 1 percent of this water is drinkable!
In nature, there are about 1330 types of water. They differ in origin (for example: rain, soil, from fresh snow, etc.), they also differ in the amount of substances dissolved in it.
American nutritionists recommend getting rid of excess weight with the help of a “water” diet, which is becoming increasingly popular in the West. It was found that with a lack of fluid, the body begins to send signals to the brain similar to those of hunger. As a result, people start eating when they should be drinking! By drinking 2-2.5 liters of water every day, a person can suppress hunger and reduce the amount of food consumed. But it is water that you need to drink, since even tea or coffee contains active substances harmful to the diet.
There is a lake of ink in Algiers. You can write on paper with the water of this lake and the ink never runs out.
There is a lake in Antarctica, the water in which is 11 times saltier than sea water and can freeze only at t -50 degrees C (I wish it would be poured instead of antifreeze!)
A 2 percent reduction in body water levels can result in a 20% decrease in mental and physical performance.
In total, there are about three million cubic kilometers of fresh water on Earth. Every day, 1 trillion tons of water evaporate from the earth's surface.
If all the water in the world contained in various reservoirs is poured into the open ocean, then its level will rise by 3 cm. By the way, in the last 100 years, the ocean level around the world has been rising by more than a millimeter per year.
According to UNESCO, the cleanest water in the world is in Finland. The study, conducted in 122 countries around the world, took into account the quality and quantity of fresh water.
Worldwide, 1 billion 100 million people do not have access to water. So we are lucky people!
There is combustible water in Azerbaijan! From the match, the water lights up with a blue flame due to methane.
The most dangerous water in the world is in Sicily in one of the lakes. From the bottom of the lake, 2 sources of concentrated acid are beating, poisoning the water.
IN cubic centimeter sea water contains 1.5 grams of protein and quite a few other nutrients. Scientists have calculated that Atlantic Ocean"in nutritional value" is estimated at 20,000 crops harvested per year throughout the land.
Recent experiments have shown that water energizes food, after which food particles transfer this energy to the body during digestion. It turns out that food without water has absolutely no energy value for the body.
Literature:
L.F. Klimanova, V.G. Goretsky, M.V. Golovanova. Literary reading.
Science / Per. from English. MM. Zhukova, V.V. Svechnikova, S.V. Chudova, S.E. Shafranovsky. - M .: CJSC "ROSMEN - PRESS", 2006.
Petryanov IV, The most extraordinary substance in the world. Moscow, 1975 96 p.
Sinyukov V.V. Known and unknown water - M .: Knowledge, 1987. - 176 p.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Glass-of-water.jpg/409px-Glass-of-water.jpg glass of water
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Water
Iodine: http://www.samaramedprom.ru/upload/Image/iod_big.jpg
Water: http://green.uz/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/purewaterglass.jpg
Purpose of work: Purpose of work: To study the impact of water resources on human health, the study of water quality and methods of purification and filtration of tap water. Tasks: Tasks: 1. Learn about the importance of water in human life; 2.Find out the functions of water in the body, physical and chemical water properties; 3. Familiarize yourself with the definition of water quality. 4. Consider ways to improve water quality. 5.Find out: how much and when to drink.
Relevance of the topic According to the researched data (social survey of the residents of the district), 99% of the respondents use tap water for drinking, the quality of which leaves “much to be desired”. Only 1% of respondents use filters or use bottled water for drinking (which is also questionable).
CONTENTS: 1) Introduction 2) Physico - Chemical properties water 3) The impact of water resources on human health 4) Water pollution 5) The main sources of drinking water pollution 6) Methods of drinking water purification 7) Types of water filtration 8) Changes in water properties 9) Determination of water quality 10) Conclusion
1. Introduction. Water is a very common substance on Earth. Almost 3/4 of the surface the globe covered with water that forms oceans, seas, rivers and lakes. A lot of water is in a gaseous state as vapor in the atmosphere; in the form of huge masses of snow and ice, it lies all year round on the tops of high mountains and in polar countries. In the bowels of the earth there is also water that soaks the soil and rocks.
2. Physical and chemical properties of water. Water has unusual properties. Its highest density is observed at a temperature of 4C. When fresh water bodies cool in winter, as the temperature of the surface layers decreases, denser masses of water sink to the bottom, and warmer and less dense ones rise in their place from below. This happens until the water in the deep layers reaches a temperature of 4C. Thanks to this, life does not stop under the ice. Sea water freezes at -1.91C. With a further decrease in temperature to -8.2 ° C, sodium sulfate begins to precipitate, and only at a temperature of -23 ° C sodium chloride precipitates from the solution. Since part of the brine leaves the ice during crystallization, its salinity is less than the salinity of sea water.
3. The impact of water resources on human health. Poor drinking water quality and diseases are divided into four types: diseases caused by contaminated water (typhoid, cholera, dysentery, poliomyelitis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis). skin and mucous membranes that occur when using contaminated water for washing (from trachoma to leprosy). diseases caused by molluscs living in water (schistosomiasis and guinea worm). diseases caused by insects living and breeding in water - carriers of infection (malaria, yellow fever, sanitary and hygienic standards of water supply.)
Sometimes in drinking water there are many salts of hydrochloric and sulfuric acids (chlorides and sulfates). They give the water a salty and bitter-salty taste. The use of such water leads to disruption of the gastrointestinal tract. The incidence of caries depends on how much fluorine is contained in the water. Water fluoridation is believed to be effective in preventing caries, especially in children. But in addition to useful impurities in the water, there are others that are dangerous to the human body: - sulfides (hydrogen sulfide) - arsenic - lead - nitrate - uranium - cadmium - aluminum
4. Water pollution. Few people today doubt that the water that we drink and use in everyday life needs additional purification, no matter where it comes from - from a well, artesian well or water supply. According to the statistics of the Gosstroy of Russia, about 40% of the city's water supply network is now in disrepair, not to mention country cottages and summer cottages, where the quality natural water often goes beyond the limits of sanitary norms. In their reports at scientific conferences, scientists are increasingly stating that not only non-drinkable, but even non-domestic water flows from our tap.
5. Main sources of drinking water pollution. 1. Municipal waste. Municipal drains - contain both chemical and microbiological contamination and pose a serious hazard. The bacteria and viruses contained in them are the cause of dangerous diseases: typhus and paratyphoid, salmonellosis, bacterial rubella, cholera embryos, viruses that cause inflammation of the pericerebral membrane and intestinal diseases.
1. Industrial waste. are present in groundwater in slightly smaller amounts than in surface waters. Most of this waste goes straight to the rivers. In addition, industrial dust and gases settle directly or in combination with atmospheric precipitation and accumulate on the soil surface. plants, dissolve and penetrate deep into. Therefore, no one who is professionally engaged in water purification will be surprised by the content of heavy metals and radioactive compounds in wells located far from metallurgical centers - in the Carpathians.
6. Methods for cleaning and filtering tap water. On average across the country, practically every third sample of "tap" water does not meet hygienic requirements in terms of sanitary chemical indicators and every tenth - for sanitary and bacteriological. For example: 1) Some city reservoirs contain from 2,000 to 14,000 synthesized chemicals; 2) Only 1 percent of surface water sources meet the first class requirements for which our traditional water treatment technologies are designed. At the entrance to the apartment's water supply system, it is advisable to install a coarse filter, with a stainless steel mesh or polymer cartridges that can trap suspended matter and rust.
7. Types of water filtration.. Bulk-type cleaning systems.. Mechanical mesh and disc filters that remove undissolved mechanical particles, sand, rust, suspensions and colloids.. Ultraviolet sterilizers that remove microbes, bacteria and other microorganisms.. Oxidizing filters that remove iron, manganese, hydrogen sulfide. Adsorption filters that improve organoleptic characteristics (taste, color, smell) and remove residual chlorine, dissolved gases, organic compounds. Combined filters - complex multi-stage systems. Membrane systems - reverse osmosis systems for the preparation of drinking water, the highest degree of purification.
8. Changing the properties of water. 1. Boiling water. Boiling water destroys bacteria, coagulates colloidal particles of dirt, softens water, evaporates volatile organic substances and part of free chlorine. But the concentration of salts, heavy metals, pesticides, organic matter. Chlorine, associated with organics, when heated, turns into a terrible poison - a powerful carcinogen-dioxin, belonging to the category of poisons that are especially dangerous to health. We drink boiled water, and it worsens our health, slowly killing us.
2. Settling of water. When water is settled for at least 3 hours, the concentration of free chlorine decreases, but iron ions, salts of heavy metals, carcinogenic organochlorine compounds, radionuclides, and part of non-volatile organic substances are practically not removed.
Distillation of water. Distilled water is unsuitable for constant consumption, as it does not contain trace elements necessary for the body. The constant use of it leads to violations of the immune system, heart rate, the process of digestion of food and health.
Water filtration. Choosing a filter is a very difficult task. In order to figure out which filter to buy (and their mass: carbon, membrane, bactericidal, complex, etc.), you first need to have information about the composition and characteristics of your water. Only then it is necessary to select a filter according to the given properties. This can only be done by a professional. A home filter is essentially a mini water treatment plant.
9. Definitions of water quality. The best water is the water of springs, but not all, but those flowing through clean land or rocky land, which is better preserved from decay. Good water is in a spring open to the sun and wind, and in a stream flowing along a clay channel, since clay purifies the water, takes foreign impurities from it, and makes it transparent. Rain water is well absorbed by the body and contains a minimum amount of harmful impurities. It promotes better digestion and assimilation of food. Retains skin moisture, keeps it in balance. But all this applies to clean rainwater.
The snowy water is very cold. The warmth of the stomach hardly warms her. Snow water should also be used with caution due to the high levels of snow pollution. Through experiments, scientists have established that snow water is living water in the full sense of the word.
MELT WATER IS VERY USEFUL. In its structure, it is similar to water, which is part of the blood and cells. Therefore, its use frees the body from additional energy costs for structuring water. It is effective in the treatment of atherosclerosis, cleanses the body of toxins, increases its defenses, stimulates the mechanisms of reproduction, promotes rejuvenation of the body. Specific cleansing of various organs with melt water: Cleansing the nose with water. Cleansing the oral cavity: brushing teeth; massaging the gums with a brush; rinsing the mouth after eating with salt water. How to keep your toothbrush between brushings. Language cleansing. Throat cleansing. Ear cleaning. Eye cleaning. Hair and scalp cleaning. DISTILLED WATER. P. Bragg drank distilled water after 50 years and advised others to do so. He considered it one of the remedies and emphasized: “It is not dead water. It is the purest water that a person can drink. Distilled water helps to dissolve toxins that accumulate in the body of a modern civilized person, it passes through the kidneys without leaving inorganic stone residues there. This is soft water. Wash your hair in distilled water and see for yourself." Bragg was wrong to extol the virtues of distilled water. One of the most important drawbacks of this water is its purity from trace elements necessary for the life of the body.
WARM WATER. The water is warm and slightly heated, useful for patients with epilepsy. Warm water, when used in large quantities, weakens the stomach, and if you drink it in small portions and often, it flushes the stomach and weakens. Hot water increases the flow of blood during menstruation, excretion of urine, soothes pain. It does not quench thirst immediately and often leads to dropsy and thinness, dries up the body. STANDING WATER. It is undesirable to use this water, since stagnant water is oversaturated with microorganisms and carries negative energy. From standing water tumors, intestinal ulcers, various skin diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to determine its composition. THE WATER IS COLD. In moderation, it is most suitable for healthy people and for those who have too porous skin, suffering from expiration from any organs. It helps with fainting, hangover, vomiting, dizziness, thirst, elevated temperature, diseases of the liver and blood, in case of poisoning. Drinking in small sips of cold water stimulates the peristalsis of the stomach and intestines and favors the separation of gastric juice, stimulates appetite, improves digestion and promotes proper stool.
10. Conclusion. Water is the matrix of life, the basis of metabolism, changing its structure, its physical and chemical properties, it regulates life processes. Without water, any form of life is impossible - carbon silicon, etc. Blood and lymph water delivers all the necessary metabolites to cells and tissues and removes metabolic products. Water is essential for the existence of all living organisms; Since ancient times, it has been considered the primary source of life along with fire, air and earth. Water covers about 510 million square kilometers of the earth's surface (about ¾ of the surface). The total amount of fresh water on Earth is about 24 million cubic meters. km.
The life of both man and all mankind. That is why modern science constantly working on the creation of new methods of purification.
The methods primarily depend on the quantity and quality of the liquid to be purified. For example, some methods are used in industry, but at home, running water can be purified in a completely different way.
Industrial methods of water treatment
Water taken from reservoirs or underground sources passes through before entering the water supply. These methods are also used in the treatment of wastewater, which are an integral part of the operation of any industrial plant or factory.
- Mechanical methods of water purification. The very name of the method indicates what kind of goal is being pursued here. With the help of various filters, water is purified from unnecessary and harmful particles. To begin with, the liquid enters the surface of the filter, from where it passes through the entire boot in such a way that particles of a certain size are retained. But if using this method you can get rid of relatively large pollutants, then filters cannot save you from bacteria and small organic particles.
- Water chlorination. A fairly well-known purification method that allows you to disinfect water. But this technique also has its drawback, which everyone knows about. Drinking such water is simply impossible.
- Ozonation. Relatively new and good enough effective method water purification, which allows you to get rid of organic residues. Ozone is also considered a very strong disinfectant. Unfortunately, this method is quite expensive and is just beginning to catch on.
Unfortunately, the water that houses and apartments are provided with is not always of high quality. That is why you need to think about how to make it better at home.
Methods at home
As a rule, there are some problems with water flowing from the tap. Firstly, it contains magnesium and calcium salts, which make it tough. Another danger is the presence of unnecessary organic decay products, including nitrites and ammonia. Also, the water may contain impurities of iron and manganese - such a liquid acquires a yellowish color. Most often, rust deposits in water are the result of rust moving through old pipes. And, of course, one of the main problems is chlorine.
But water can be purified and made usable on its own. There are several very effective and common ways.
- Settling. In order for the water to become clean, it must be placed in a container and allowed to stand for at least a day. During this time, approximately 90% of the chlorine will evaporate from the liquid. If a reddish precipitate has formed at the bottom, the water must be filtered. But this method will not work if the liquid is saturated with bacteria and microscopic algae.
- Boiling. This method allows you to significantly soften the water, since magnesium and calcium salts simply settle on the walls of the dishes. During boiling, all chlorine will disappear from the liquid. In addition, high temperatures will help destroy most of the living microorganisms. But if in the water high level organic substances, it cannot be boiled, since nitrogen compounds will quickly react with chlorine.
- Household filters for water purification. Today we offer a huge selection of a wide variety of filters. The work of passive filters is based on simple filtration, when some of the polluting particles simply settle in the pores. By the way, as a filling for such a filter, they often use
There are also active filters containing a certain number of substances. These substances, when passing through water, react with pollutants, thus neutralizing them.
It is worth noting that the water filter must be chosen very carefully. First of all, be guided by the problem of your water, whether it be hardness or the presence of organic matter.
For every family water purification- one of the most important tasks of household ecology. It has long been proven that what we drink directly affects the health of the body, determines its resistance, increases or reduces the risk of all diseases. This problem is all the more important in the post-Soviet space, where industrial methods of water purification have long been outdated and do not provide its proper quality in the centralized water supply system. Dealing with this issue on your own is critical.
On the other hand, one cannot do without serious theoretical preparation in this matter. Not everyone knows how various water purification methods in everyday life on its composition, which of these methods should be used, and with which - increased caution should be exercised or avoided altogether. So, consider the main mechanisms of disinfection and removal harmful substances, their features and application specifics.
Water distillation
In the scientific community, disputes still do not subside about how acceptable household methods of water purification based on distillation are. Some experts talk about their danger, while others insist that such measures are preferable for human health. However, to date, most researchers agree that water distillation more harmful than helpful. They argue that perfectly pure water does not contain the necessary trace elements and, moreover, washes out useful salts from the body. Numerous experiments show that such methods of water purification over time lead to disruption of the cardiovascular system and the gastrointestinal tract.
Boiling water
In each family boiling water- the basic method of its disinfection for subsequent drinking or cooking. Fortunately, you can not argue with the effectiveness of this method. In addition to destroying bacteria and pathogens, boiling removes (evaporates or coagulates) some unwanted substances from the composition, incl. - part of free chlorine. On the other hand, thermal methods of drinking water purification increase the concentration of heavy metal salts, some organic substances and pesticides in it. Also, in a boiling liquid, chlorine in the composition of organic compounds can provoke the formation of dioxin - the most dangerous poison. Thus, boiling water should by no means be taken as the only way of protection sufficient in everyday life.
Settling of water
It is a very common myth that settling of water- a universal method that allows you to deal with almost all known pollution. Indeed, mechanical methods of water purification using settling can reduce the concentration of chlorine. However, this does not change the content of many other harmful salts, radionuclides, organic compounds and other substances. Thus, sedimentation is only suitable as an additional measure, and not as the main method of improving water quality.
Water filtration
Certainly, today water filtration is the best choice for home use. However, it is important to consider that modern methods of water purification using filtration are very diverse. Carbon, bactericidal, membrane, combined filters are widely represented on sale. Each of them has its own unique properties and more effective in a given situation. In this regard, it is always important to know the enemy in person - to understand which impurities pose the greatest danger in a given area, and to choose a filter based on this information. Otherwise, the effect of its use will be minimal.
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