In the literature there is a name - steppe region. The administrative center is the city of Omsk.
Story
The steppe general-governorship was established by a nominal Imperial decree given to the Governing Senate on May 18, 1882, as part of the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions.
The position of Assistant to the Governor-General of the Steppe was not established.
It was formed in 1882 at the initiative of the Minister of War P. S. Vannovsky in connection with the need to unite the territories bordering China Russian Empire in one governorate. With the formation of the Stepnoy, the West Siberian Governor General was abolished, from which the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions were transferred. The third region that became part of the new governor-general was Semirechensk, which had previously been subordinate to the Turkestan governor-general.
The Governor-General of the Steppe Territory was at the same time the commander of the troops of the Omsk Military District and the chief ataman of the Siberian Cossack Host.
In 1899, the Semirechensk region was returned to the Turkestan Governor General.
Management
Governors General
| FULL NAME. | Title, rank, rank | Position replacement time |
|---|---|---|
| Kolpakovsky Gerasim Alekseevich | infantry general | 25.05.1882-24.10.1889 |
| Taube Maxim Antonovich | baron, general of cavalry | 24.10.1889-05.07.1900 |
| Sukhotin Nikolai Nikolaevich | lieutenant general | 14.04.1901-25.04.1906 |
| Nadarov Ivan Pavlovich | cavalry general | 25.04.1906-08.06.1908 |
| Shmit Evgeny Ottovich | cavalry general | 08.06.1908-24.05.1915 |
| Sukhomlinov Nikolai Alexandrovich | lieutenant general | 24.05.1915-01.03.1917? |
Commissioner of the Provisional Government for the Steppe Territory
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Literature
- Governor's Gallery: Governor-Generals of Western Siberia and the Steppe Territory, 1819-1917. Chairmen of the Omsk Regional Executive Committee, 1917-1989. I. P. Shikhatov. Edition "Heritage. Dialogue-Siberia. Omsk. 2000
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An excerpt characterizing the Steppe General GovernmentAn hour later, all hunting was at the porch. Nikolai, with a stern and serious look, showing that there was no time now to deal with trifles, walked past Natasha and Petya, who were telling him something. He inspected all parts of the hunt, sent a flock and hunters ahead to the race, sat on his red bottom and, whistling the dogs of his pack, set off through the threshing floor into the field leading to the Otradnensky order. The horse of the old count, a playful merenka called Viflyanka, was led by the count's stirrups; he himself had to go straight in a droshky to the manhole left for him.All the hounds were bred 54 dogs, under which 6 people left as dodzhachim and vyzhlyatnikov. In addition to the gentlemen, there were 8 greyhounds, followed by more than 40 greyhounds, so about 130 dogs and 20 horse hunters went into the field with the master's packs. Each dog knew the owner and nickname. Each hunter knew his business, place and purpose. As soon as they went beyond the fence, everyone, without noise or conversation, evenly and calmly stretched out along the road and the field leading to the Otradnensky forest. As if horses were walking on a furry carpet across the field, occasionally splashing through the puddles when they crossed the roads. The misty sky continued to descend imperceptibly and evenly to the earth; the air was quiet, warm, soundless. From time to time one could hear the whistling of a hunter, then the snoring of a horse, then a blow with a rapnik or the squeal of a dog that was not walking in its place. Having driven a mile away, five more riders with dogs appeared out of the fog towards the Rostov hunt. In front rode a fresh, handsome old man with a large gray mustache. “Hello, uncle,” Nikolai said when the old man drove up to him. - A clean march! ... I knew it, - my uncle spoke (he was a distant relative, a poor neighbor of the Rostovs), - I knew that you couldn’t stand it, and it’s good that you were going. Pure business march! (That was my uncle's favorite saying.) - Take your order now, otherwise my Girchik reported that the Ilagins were willingly standing in Korniki; you have them - a clean march! - under the nose they will take a brood. - I'm going there. What, bring down the flocks? - Nikolai asked, - dump ... The hounds were united in one flock, and uncle and Nikolai rode side by side. Natasha, wrapped in kerchiefs, from under which a lively face with shining eyes could be seen, galloped up to them, accompanied by a hunter and a bereytor, who was assigned by the nanny with her, who did not lag behind her, Petya and Mikhaila. Petya laughed at something and beat and pulled his horse. Natasha deftly and confidently sat on her black Arab and with a sure hand, without effort, laid siege to him. Uncle looked disapprovingly at Petya and Natasha. He did not like to combine pampering with the serious business of hunting. - Hello, uncle, and we're going! Petya shouted. “Hello, hello, but don’t pass the dogs,” my uncle said sternly. - Nikolenka, what a lovely dog, Trunila! he recognized me,” Natasha said about her beloved hound dog. “Trunila, first of all, is not a dog, but a survivor,” thought Nikolai and looked sternly at his sister, trying to make her feel the distance that should have separated them at that moment. Natasha understood this. “You, uncle, don’t think that we interfere with anyone,” said Natasha. We stand where we are and don't move. “And a good thing, countess,” said my uncle. “Just don’t fall off the horse,” he added, “otherwise it’s a pure march!” - nothing to hold on to. The island of Otradnensky order could be seen a hundred fathoms away, and those arriving approached it. Rostov, finally deciding with his uncle where to throw the hounds from and showing Natasha a place where she should stand and where nothing could run, headed for the race over the ravine. “Well, nephew, you’re becoming a seasoned one,” said the uncle: don’t iron (pickle). | ||||||||||
established by decree May 18, 1882 in Russia. It consisted of two regions that were part of the Zap.-Sib., abolished by the same decree. governor-general, - Akmola and Semipalatinsk, as well as separated from the Turkestan governor-general of Semirechensk region. Adm. the center of this year-g. was the city of Omsk. The governor-general of the region was at the same time the commander of the troops of the Omsk military. district and ataman sib. Cossacks. Dec. 1897 Semirechensk region was withdrawn from this year-g. and returned to the Turkestan General Governorship. As part of 2 regions of this year-g. existed until Oct. 1917.
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General- general, m. (Latin generalis - general, main) (pre-revolutionary and foreign). The highest military rank. adjutant (general who acted as adjutant to the king). Major, Lieutenant General
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bass general- bass general, m. (music). An abbreviated way of numerically designating notes by indicating intervals from the lowest (bass) register.
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Admiral General M.- 1. The highest naval rank, corresponding to the rank of Field Marshal in ground forces(in the Russian state until 1917). 2. A person who had such a rank.
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Quartermaster General M.- 1. Headquarters in the armed forces of some countries. 2. The person holding such a position (usually leading the development and planning of military operations).
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Lieutenant General M.- 1. The second most senior general rank. 2. A person holding such a title.
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Major General M.- 1. The first seniority general rank. 2. A person holding such a title.
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UDK 94(571) SRNTI 03.23.31
STEPPE GENERAL GOVERNORSHIP AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY: PROBLEMS OF ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
(According to the most subordinate reports)
V.V. Germizeeva
Omsk State Technical University Russia, 644050, Omsk, prosp. Mira, 11; [email protected]
Based on the reports of governors-general and governors, the problems of administrative management in the Steppe Territory at the beginning of the 20th century are analyzed. Attention is drawn to issues that influenced the state of government (projects to abolish the governor-general, resettlement policy, the socio-political situation). The condition of most administrative institutions was not without flaws, but in an effort to overcome them, governors and governors-general, as a rule, followed the traditional path, petitioning for an increase in staff and an increase in the salaries of officials.
Key words: governor, administration, Akmola region, Semipalatinsk region, Steppe Governor-General, administration.
STEPPE GOVERNORATE GENERAL IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY:
THE PROBLEMS OF ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT (According to the most devoted reports)
Omsk State Technical University
Russia, 644050, Omsk, prosp. Mira, 11
The article analyzes the issues of administrative management in the Steppe region in the early XX century based on the reports of governors-general and governors. The author pays attention to the issues that influence the state of governance (projects to abolishment the Governorate General, resettlement policy and social and political situation). The state of the most administrative offices had their shortcomings, but in an effort to overcome them, governors and governors-general went along the traditional way, asking for staff increasing and officials" salary increment.
Keywords: a Governor, management, Akmola region, Semipalatinsk region, Steppe Governorate General, administration.
As a result of the abolition of the West Siberian Governor General in 1882, the Steppe Governor General was formed with the center in Omsk. It included Akmola, Semipalatinsk and Semirechensk (until 1897) regions. The main administration of the region belonged to the governor-general, and the regional administration was formed by the province
© V.V. Germizeeva, 2017
tori and board, consisting of common presences and offices.
Over the past twenty years, work on the study of the administrative policy of the autocracy, as well as the activities of the administration in Siberia and the Steppe region, has noticeably intensified. First of all, it should be noted that these issues are reflected in research
A.V. Remnev, who was actively involved in the problems of interaction between central and local authorities and the reform of the Siberian administrative apparatus. On the history of the Steppe General Government, the works of P.P. Wiebe, A.P. Tolochko, I.P. Shikhatov and others. They present the problems of the socio-economic, socio-political and cultural development of the region, the personal fate of the governor-general.
In this paper, attention is drawn to the problems of managing the Steppe Territory at the beginning of the 20th century, which were reflected in the annual reports of the governor-general. The structure of these documents was clearly regulated, but at the beginning of the 20th century it underwent some changes. The reports of this time reflect the issues most relevant for the development of a particular region. In particular, for the Steppe Territory, this is a resettlement policy, representation in the State Duma, the implementation of judicial reform, reflections on the need to introduce zemstvo institutions. A lot of space in the reports was occupied by the section devoted to solving food issues, as well as organizing assistance to the population affected by crop failures. Often attention was paid to the state of communications and the general characteristics economic life the edges. The ratio of this information depended on the situation in a particular year, but in each report we find information about the situation of local authorities and an indication of the need to strengthen their composition.
An interesting fact is that almost from the moment of its formation, there were opinions regarding the uselessness of the Steppe Governor-General, the establishment of which was considered as a temporary measure. After the exclusion of the Semirechensk region from its composition in 1897, the governor-generalship was under the threat of liquidation, since the Akmola and Semirechensk regions, according to the central authorities, were quite similar to the internal provinces of the Russian Empire. In 1901, Minister of the Interior D.S. Sipyagin submitted to the Committee of Ministers the question of the abolition of the governor-general. The main argument was that in the Akmola and Semirechensk regions, administrative,
military reform, a railway was built, etc. Nevertheless, the majority of members of the Committee of Ministers turned out to be supporters of the preservation of the Steppe Governor-General, and as a result, the decision on the issue was postponed indefinitely.
In 1908, the State Duma raised the issue of abolishing the post of Governor-General of the Steppe Territory and his office. In the legislative proposal, attention was drawn to the need to eliminate positions that are a relic of the past and require significant expenses for their maintenance. Again, the argument in favor of the abolition was that the boards of the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions, together with the governors, can quickly resolve all pressing issues of local government. At the same time, Deputy Minister of the Interior S.E. Kryzhanovsky drew attention to the rather limited composition of the boards, to the vastness of the tasks facing officials. Therefore, in his opinion, the unifying and controlling principle in the person of the governor-general had to be preserved. In addition, the abolition of the position could lead to a weakening of power in the region. One of the reasons for the implementation of the projected measure was to be the saving of public funds, but this circumstance was not of decisive importance, since the abolition of the post of governor-general and his office would entail the need to strengthen the personnel of regional institutions.
Discussion of the validity of the existence of the Steppe Governor-General at the beginning of the 20th century. was presented in the pages of periodicals. So, in one of the issues of the journal "Siberian Questions" its presence was explained by the desire of the government to create "a local stronghold in case of possible clashes with centrifugal liberation aspirations." P. Golovachev called the existence of the general government administrative archaism, entailing not only an unnecessary burden on the state budget, but also hindering the development of the region "on the basis of true self-government." The pages of the magazine noted that the office of the steppe governor-general is “a completely unnecessary transmission agency, aimlessly slowing down affairs and
costing the treasury over 100 thousand a year, not counting the maintenance of the governor-general and the staff of his retinue. Therefore, there was a point of view that the abolition of the governor-general would be gladly received by the entire population, as well as by the ranks of local institutions of various departments, since the latter spend a lot of time avoiding unnecessary interference by the Governor-General of the Steppe Territory in resolving certain issues. The office of the governor-general, according to the author of the article, completely outlived its usefulness at the end of the 19th century: “In the old days, when there were no state property departments in Western Siberia, no special survey institutions, like the current surveying resettlement party, no city architects, etc., the office of the governor-general of Western Siberia concentrated the positions of a forester, surveyor, engineer, architect, agronomist, etc. All this cumbersome apparatus , designed to meet the various needs of state and public life, was inherited by the Steppe Governor General ... All these positions have now been transferred to local institutions of various ministries, which does not in the least interfere with the prosperous existence of a separate super-departmental institution called the Steppe Governor General. Further, the article drew attention to the significant sums required for the maintenance of the Governor-General and his office, as well as the timeliness of the liquidation of the office, but doubts were expressed in such an outcome: “As this abolition of an superfluous, obsolete institution neither caresses our ears nor pleases our hearts, we still doubt that this bill will be translated into action.”
The final decision on the project was made at a meeting on June 22, 1912. The State Council decided to reject the bill approved by the State Duma on the abolition of the post of Governor-General of the Steppe Territory.
Despite discussions that lasted more than 20 years, the Steppe General Government lasted until 1917. Moreover, the governors general in their annual reports periodically pointed out the need to increase the composition of the office and the salaries of the officials.
Among the most important questions about the state of local government in the Steppe Territory, which were most often presented in the reports of governors and governors-general, the following should be noted: the qualitative composition of employees of regional governments, shortcomings in the activities of police institutions and peasant chiefs, problems in organizing office work in institutions due to the constant increase in the volume of work. The general trend can be illustrated by a small excerpt from the report of the Governor-General E.O. Schmitt for 1910: “There is a lack of people, a lack of organs with which it would be possible to manage the vast Steppe region.”
V.S. Losevsky, who became governor of Akmola at the end of 1906, in his first all-submissive report for 1907, paid quite a lot of attention to the qualitative composition of the employees of the regional government, county institutions, and the characteristics of peasant chiefs. At the same time, his conclusion was disappointing: many officials did not correspond to their positions, did not cope with the assigned duties. Ways to solve the problem were traditional: the dismissal of individual officials and the preparation of petitions for an increase in staff and salaries.
Steppe Governor-General I.P. Nadarov also noted the imperfection of the local government, since its representatives, due to their “excessively huge work”, were far, in his opinion, from understanding the true needs of the population. The administration, “receiving for its work, for the most part, a completely insufficient content, due to the vastness of the territory of the region, the rarity of the population”, “due to the unsatisfactory nature of its composition and organization, due to the lack of a living connection with the population, devoid of any public initiative, is decisively unable not only to show any creative work and initiative, but also to successfully carry out all the tasks assigned to it by life” . Improvement of local authorities I.P. Nadarov connected with the expansion of the staff, the increase in the salaries of employees, with the introduction of zemstvo self-government in the region. He noted that administrative measures aimed at the cultural and economic upsurge of the population did not keep pace with the rapid pace of life,
therefore, the local authorities are "not able to understand and correctly illuminate" them.
In a report on the colonization of the Steppe Territory, Governor-General E.O. Schmit drew attention to the increase in the volume of work for officials of various departments due to the resettlement, which negatively affected the state of office work and led to a longer resolution of cases.
Akmola Governor A.N. Neverov, describing the activities of regional and county institutions, noted that the office work of many of them had reached the limits at which it was difficult to guarantee efficiency in management. In addition, the governor believed that the issue of increasing the material remuneration of officials was quite timely, since since the end of the 19th century. prices for individual products have tripled, while maintenance salaries have remained the same.
Speaking about the role of police institutions, Governor-General E.O. Schmit noted: “The police seem to be the main vital nerve of administrative management; serving the population, it is the link that connects the heterogeneous classes of the population and helps the government in its concern for the welfare and prosperity of the region. At the same time, according to the governor-general, “in the steppe regions the word “police” seems to be almost an empty phrase,” since by law these functions are assigned to a limited number of police officers. Akmola region, with a population of 1.4 million people, was policed by five county chiefs, five of their assistants and a small number of police officers and guards. In the Semipalatinsk region, their composition was even more limited. In this situation, as noted by E.O. Schmitt, it is difficult to guarantee order and tranquility in areas inhabited by people of different faiths, nationalities and customs. On the contrary, for a number of crimes, such as cattle theft, deforestation, robbery, a wide scope opened up. Illustrating the problems in this area, the Governor-General pointed to the weak moral level and lack of consciousness of duty among individual employees, and also drew attention to cases of theft by policemen during searches.
in private apartments. To solve problems in this area in 1912, 38 bailiff positions were established to maintain order and tranquility among the diverse population of the region.
In separate reports, attention is drawn to the peasant chiefs who supervised the peasant public self-government and had fairly wide powers. In the Steppe General Government, 28 such positions were established: in the Akmola region - 16 and in Semipalatinsk - 12. The state of vast territories with a heterogeneous population depended on the peasant chiefs, therefore, it was important for them not only knowledge of laws, but also understanding of local conditions. When characterizing the activities of peasant chiefs in the reports, one can find examples of a careless attitude to their duties, since people “random, without sufficient training” could get into positions. Paying attention to the diversity of the composition of these officials, the governors traditionally saw the same way of solving the problem in their most subservient reports: to raise the institution of peasant chiefs to the proper height, maintain their prestige in the eyes of the population, reduce the size of the plots, increase the content and ensure real control over their activities by the indispensable members of the regional boards.
Thus, both the governors of the regions and the governors-general of the Steppe Territory in their reports noted the timeliness of increasing the composition of administrative institutions and raising salaries, which would make it possible to attract the best forces to the service and provide an opportunity for choice. Speaking about management problems, E.O. Schmit pointed out with regret that such a situation is observed in various spheres of life in the region: the number of priests, doctors, justices of the peace, veterinarians and other local workers is "extremely insufficient." Therefore, the governor-general believed that "only with an increase in the number of local figures is it possible to correctly guide and vigilantly monitor the diverse population of the steppes," and systematic work "on arranging the region will then go forward with large steps."
In general, certain issues related to the state of local administrative
institutions, were reflected in almost every governor-general report on the development of the Steppe Territory, as well as in the reports of regional governors. As the region developed, the system of organizing local government required reorganization, mainly regulated by regulations issued back in late XIX V. Therefore, both local governors and governors-general, drawing attention to existing problems, petitioned for the establishment of new positions and an increase in the salaries of employees, which, in their opinion,
REFERENCES
It was supposed to improve the quality of the composition of officials and the effectiveness of management in general.
The problems of the functioning and interaction of power, the delimitation of subjects of jurisdiction at the federal level and at the level of subjects, the organization of the public service are relevant for modern Russia. In this regard, an appeal to the historical experience of administrative activity in the Russian Empire, especially taking into account regional specifics, will always be of great importance.
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6. Shihatov I.P. Gubernatorskaya galereya: Ge-neral-gubernatory Zapadnoy Sibiri i Stepnogo kraya. 1819-1917. Chairman of the Omskogo oblastnogo ispolkoma. 1917-1989. Omsk, 2000. 224 s.
7. Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy archive (dalee RGIA). F. 1276. Op. 4. D. 14. L. 2, 4-13.
8. Golovachev P. Sibirskie voprosy v Gosudarstvennoy Dume // Sibirskie voprosy. 1906. No. 1. S. 5.
9. Sibirskie pis "ma // Sibirskie voprosy. 1908. No. 13. S. 23-30.
10. V. Nenuzhnoe general-gubernatorstvo // Siberian questions. No. 45-46. S. 7-10.
11. Vsepoddanneyshiy otchet stepnogo general-gubernatora generala ot kavalerii Shmita o sostoyanii Stepnogo kraya za 1913. Omsk, 1913. 30 s.
12. Gosudarstvennyy arhiv Rossiyskoy Fede-ratsii. F. 543. Op. 1. D. 492. L. 4.
13. Vsepoddanneyshiy report stepnogo general-gubernatora generala ot kavalerii Shmita o sostoyanii i
the needs of colonization in the Steppe region. Omsk, 1909. 24 p.
14. RGIA. F. 1284. Op. 194. D. 115. L. 84.
15. The Most Submissive Report of the Steppe Governor-General, General of the Cavalry Shmit, on the State of the Steppe Territory in 1910. Omsk, 1911. 34 p.
16. The Most Submissive Report of the Steppe Governor-General, General of the Cavalry Shmit, on the State of the Steppe Territory in 1912. Omsk, 1913. 24 p.
Germizeeva Victoria Viktorovna - Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor (Russia), Associate Professor of the Department " National history» Omsk State technical university; e-mail: [email protected]
nuzhdah kolonizatsionnogo dela v Stepnom krae. Omsk, 1909. 24 s.
14.RGIA. F. 1284. Op. 194. D. 115. L. 84.
15. Vsepoddanneyshiy otchet stepnogo general-gubernatora generala ot kavalerii Shmita o sostoyanii Stepnogo kraya za 1910. Omsk, 1911. 34 s.
16. Vsepoddanneyshiy otchet stepnogo general-gubernatora generala ot kavalerii Shmita o sostoyanii Stepnogo kraya za 1912. Omsk, 1913. 24 s.
Germizeeva Vitoriya Vitorovna - Cand. Sc. (History), Associate Professor (Russia), Associate Professor of the Russian History Department at Omsk State Technical University; e-mail: [email protected]
The article was received by the editors on June 24, 2017.
UDC 94 (571.1) (574) "1916-1917" SRNTI 03.23.55
SOUTH OF OMSK: EXTRAORDINARY EVENTS OF 1916 - EARLY 1917 IN THE STEPPE REGION AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES
Ending. Beginning at No. 2 (24)
A.A. Shtyrbul
Omsk State Pedagogical University Russia, 644033, Omsk, nab. Tukhachevsky, 14
The article is devoted to the most important component of the grandiose national liberation movement and the uprising of the Central Asian peoples of the Russian Empire in 1916 against tsarism - the events in the Steppe General Government (Steppe Territory), as well as the political consequences of these events in the region. Provides information about the causes and organizers of the uprising.
Key words: regional history in the context of Russian history, Steppe region, political crisis, national liberation movement.
TO THE SOUTH OF OMSK: EXTREME EVENTS IN 1916 -BEGINNING OF 1917 IN STEPPE REGION AND THEIR IMPACTS
completion. Beginning in #2 (24)
Omsk State Pedagogical University
Russia, 644033, Omsk, nab. Tukhachevsky, 14
The article is devoted to the events in the Steppe Governorate General (Steppe region) as well as the political consequences of these events. These events are the most important part of the Grand National liberation movement and the uprising of the Central Asian peoples of the Russian Empire in 1916 against of tsarism.
Keywords: regional history in the context of the Russian history; steppe region; a political crisis; national liberation movement.
According to the "Regulations" of 1891, the city was approved as the center of the Steppe Governor-General
Omsk
According to the “Regulations” of 1891, the Governor-General on the territory of Kazakhstan
He was endowed with unlimited power.
According to the “Regulations” of 1891 in Kazakhstan, it was possible to allow the replacement of the posts of volost governors without elections
Minister of Internal Affairs.
According to the “Regulations” of 1886, the lowest link in the judicial system of Kazakhstan, which considered the cases of the indigenous Muslim population, was
"People's Court".
According to the “Regulations” of 1886, the cases of the indigenous Muslim population were considered by the lower echelon of the judicial system
"People's Court".
According to the “Regulations” of 1886 in Kazakhstan, a judicial link called the “People’s Court” considered cases
Indigenous Muslim population.
By order of the military governor in Kazakhstan, extraordinary congresses of judges were convened to consider cases
Residents of different counties and volosts.
According to the "Regulations" of 1891, to the provincial government of the central regions of the empire in Kazakhstan were equated
Regional governments.
According to the “Regulations” of 1891, city police departments were created in Kazakhstan in
major regional centers.
In the major regional centers of Kazakhstan, city police departments were created for
"Regulations" of 1891
At the end of the XIX century. the first strikes of workers in Kazakhstan took place spontaneously and with a clear predominance
economic requirements.
Favorable conditions for the start of the resettlement of Russian peasants in Kazakhstan were created
The abolition of serfdom in Russia.
The abolition of serfdom in Russia created favorable conditions for the start
Resettlement of Russian peasants in Kazakhstan.
In the second half of the 19th century, in order to ease the acuteness of the agrarian issue in the inner provinces of Russia, the government
Started resettlement policy in Kazakhstan.
The tsarist government saw its social support in the national outskirts in
Peasant settlers.
The resettlement of peasants from the central regions of Russia to Kazakhstan begins in the middle
X years. 19th century
In the second half of the 19th century, the conditions for the withdrawal of Kazakh lands and the start of the resettlement policy prepared the announcement of Kazakh lands
State property.
Kazakh lands were declared state property of Russia
Reform 1867 - 1868
According to the "Provisional Rules on Peasant Resettlements in Semirechye" of 1868, the peasant settlers were provided with land in the amount of
Tithes per soul.
According to the "Temporary Rules on Peasant Resettlements in Semirechie", settlers were exempted from all taxes and duties for a period of
The social stratification of the Kazakh sharua was accelerated by the tsarism
The policy of seizing Kazakh lands.
In the second half of the XIX century. according to the socio-economic situation, the rural proletariat in Kazakhstan included
Zhataki.
In the second half of the XIX century. those who broke with the tribal and patriarchal environment turned out to be susceptible to class phenomena
Zhataki.
Organizations of banks and credit institutions in Kazakhstan, in the second half of the XIX century. contributed
Development of natural resources.
In the second half of the nineteenth century. Branches of the State Bank of Russia opened in the cities of Kazakhstan
Semipalatinsk and Uralsk
The first fair was opened in 1832 on the territory
Bukey horde.
One of the largest fairs in the Kazakh steppe opened in 1848.
Koyandinskaya.
According to the population census of 1897, A) Verny and Semipalatinsk were among the largest cities in Kazakhstan.
Kostanay and Akmolinsk.
In 1862-1877. uprisings took place in East Turkestan against Chinese domination
Uighur and Dungan.
In 1862-1877. Uighurs and Dungans rebelled against Chinese domination for the restoration of their hereditary rights in
Eastern Turkestan
In 1862-1877. for the restoration of their hereditary rights in East Turkestan, against Chinese domination, there were uprisings
Uighur and Dungan
In 1862-1877. there were uprisings of the Uighurs and Dungans for the restoration of their hereditary rights in East Turkestan, against the domination
China.
After the suppression of the uprising of the Uighurs and Dungans in 1862-1877. in Xinjiang between Russia and China began negotiations on the return to China
Ili region.
After the suppression of the uprising of the Uighurs and Dungans in 1862-1877. in Xinjiang between Russia and China began negotiations on the return of the Ili region
China.
Residents of the Ili region, the choice of Chinese or Russian citizenship provided
Petersburg Treaty of 1881
The Petersburg Treaty of 1881 provided for the choice of Chinese or Russian citizenship for residents
Ili region.
On the basis of the St. Petersburg Treaty of 1881, the resettlement of the Uighurs and Dungans in Semirechye continued from
By 1884
On the basis of the Petersburg Treaty, more than 50,000 Uighurs and Dungans in 1881-1884. moved to the area
Upper Irtysh.
On the basis of the Petersburg Treaty in 1881 - 1884. more than 50,000
Uighur and Dungan.
The book "Twelve Mukans", published in 1905 in Kazan, summarizes the spiritual experience
Uighur people.
The spiritual experience of the Uighur people is summarized by the book published in 1905 in Kazan
"Twelve Mukans".
The most important feature of regional power in Siberia in the XIX-beginning of XX centuries. there was no clear line between external and internal politics, the incompleteness of the process of registration of state borders, the mobility of internal administrative borders. A clear example confirming this was the Steppe Territory (or the Steppe General Government), which existed on the territory of the former Russian Empire from 1882 to 1917. This administrative unit included the territories modern Russia and Kazakhstan.
35 years of the Steppe region
The steppe general-governorship was formed on May 18, 1882 in connection with the need to unite the territories bordering with China under the authority of one official military-administrative person. The initiator of this project was the Minister of War PS Vannovsky. With the formation of the Steppe Territory, the West Siberian Governor General, which consisted of Siberian and Kazakh territories, was abolished, from which the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions were transferred. The third region included in the new governor-general was Semirechensk, which had previously been subordinate to the Turkestan governor-general (in 1897 it was again returned to Turkestan). With regard to Western Siberia, which since 1882 was withdrawn from the control of the governor-general, it can be said that it turned into a kind of "inner outskirts", having a higher status of integration into the imperial space, in contrast to Eastern Siberia, the Far East and the Steppe Territory, where autonomous governor-general power was largely preserved.
Steppe General Government, 1895
Omsk became the administrative center of the new military-territorial formation. The Governor-General of the Steppe Territory was simultaneously the commander of the troops of the Omsk Military District and the ataman of the Siberian Cossack army.
During his stay on the map of Russia, the steppe region was ruled by the following governor-generals: G. A. Kolpakovsky (1882-1889), M. A. Taube (1890-1900), N. N. Sukhotin (1901-1906), I. P. Nadarov (1906-1908), E. O. Shmit (1908-1915), N. A. Sukhomlinov (191 5-1917). On March 4, 1917, the Steppe General Government as an administrative-territorial unit actually ceased to exist.
Baron von Taube at the head of the steppes
Maxim Antonovich Taube lived a long and interesting life. He was born on Christmas Day - December 25, 1826. He came from the nobles of the old Estonian family of barons von Taube. Their ancestors were from Westphalia and appeared in Estonia and Livonia in the XIV century. Two centuries later, separate lines of the Taube family moved to Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Saxony and Prussia. The surname reached a prominent position in the 17th and 18th centuries. in Saxony and Sweden. Ronian lines of the von Taube family, in Sweden - two counts and one baronial, and in Germany two baronial. Maxim Antonovich belonged to the Estonian (i.e. Russian) line of the Taube barons. He was educated in the Noble Regiment, which was located in St. Petersburg. Having comprehended the basics of military science, in 1845 he was released in the first officer rank of warrant officer and immediately entered the service in the Life Guards of the Lithuanian Regiment and at the same time was seconded to the officer classes of the artillery school. After their graduation in 1847, the young officer was transferred to serve in the Battery of the Life Guards Horse Artillery. There he quickly grows in ranks, participates in the Hungarian campaign, receives military awards.
In 1858, Taube was promoted to colonel with the appointment of commander of the 2nd Light Battery of the Horse Artillery Life Guards. For the difference in military operations to suppress the uprising in Poland in 1863, the future steppe governor-general was awarded the order St. Vladimir of the 4th degree and a golden weapon with the inscription: "For courage". In 1863-65. Maxim Antonovich commands the 3rd Novorossiysk Dragoon Regiment. From 1865 to 1873 he is the head of the Nikolaev Cavalry School with enrollment in the army cavalry. In 1866 M. A. Taube was promoted to major general. In 1873-75. Maxim Antonovich commands the 3rd Cavalry Division, in 1874 he was enrolled in His retinue Imperial Majesty. In 1875-81. M. A. Taube was the commander of the 5th cavalry division with the rank of lieutenant general. From 1881 to 1889 he commanded the 12th Army Corps, and in April 1889 he was appointed assistant commander of the Kyiv military district.
While in this position, Taube was appointed on October 24, 1889 to the post of Governor-General of the Steppe Territory and commander of the troops of the Omsk Military District at the same time as the military ataman of the Siberian Cossack army. Already in Omsk, he received the rank of general from the cavalry. The period of Taube's general government coincided with significant events in the life of our region - the arrival of the Tsesarevich in 1891, the construction of the Great Siberian Railway, the establishment of the Omsk diocese in 1895, the construction of the Assumption Cathedral.
State Secretary A. N. Kulomzin, who visited our city in 1896, gives the following description of Taube: “ This is a kind, extremely sweet old man with a very kind old wife and two nieces.". On July 5, 1900, Maxim Antonovich was appointed to the State Council and left Omsk.
Military "for", police "against"
Already during the very creation of the Steppe General Government in 1882, opinions were heard about the uselessness or temporary nature of emergency power in this region. In the central departments, primarily in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, it was believed that it was designed to ensure "through consistent transformations, the introduction of the outskirts into a stable administrative system given to the European provinces." Some officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs admitted that the new Steppe General Government "does not achieve its goal either in administrative or political terms." Even then, it was noted how different conditions are in the regions that make up the governor-general. The most advanced in terms of the structure of the administration and the court were the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions, which, even more than the Siberian provinces, were similar to the inner provinces of Russia. “The life of the population is developing here quietly and peacefully; in the designated areas there are no political exiles, no political propaganda; even the thought of separatism, which was born in Siberia, as can be seen from the cases, under the influence of the exiled Poles, did not penetrate here; even gendarmerie supervision does not exist in these areas,” writes MIA official F.K. Giers.
It was not clear to him why these regions could not be dealt with following the example of the Ural and Turgai regions, which, with the abolition of the Orenburg Governor-General in 1881, came under the direct jurisdiction of the ministries. The unification of most of the Kazakhs within the framework of one general government, in his opinion, could have negative political consequences. It would be more practical to divide the Semipalatinsk region between the Akmola and Semirechensk regions, leaving the latter under the authority of the military governor and retaining the predominant influence of the Military Ministry and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs here. The thought, initiated by G. A. Kolpakovsky, of transferring the center of the governor-general from Omsk to Verny (now Alma-Ata) also seemed dangerous to him.
The question of the fate of the Steppe Governor General was returned to in government circles in connection with the return in 1897 of the Semirechensk region to the Turkestan Governor General. Left with only two oblasts, the Steppe General Government faced the threat of liquidation.
In an effort to get ahead of events, M. A. Taube proposed as early as 1898 to form a new Omsk general government from Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions, as well as Tobolsk and Tomsk provinces with a center in Omsk. Taking advantage of the situation, the Minister of the Interior D.S. Sipyagin, who had a negative attitude towards the institution of the Governor-General, hastened in 1901 to obtain the consent of Nicholas II to submit to the Committee of Ministers a proposal to abolish the Steppe Governor-General. The Ministry of Internal Affairs argued its point of view by the fact that the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions can be exempted from the governor-general's supervision, since administrative and judicial reforms were carried out there, and the population achieved visible success in the development of citizenship. Omsk is connected with the center of the country by rail, and telegraph lines connect not only regional, but also county towns of the Steppe Territory. The Ministry of Internal Affairs saw no reason to keep the Steppe Governor General from a military point of view either.
Minister of War A.N. Kuropatkin, in turn, urgently telegraphed to Omsk to prepare materials there not only in favor of the existence of the Steppe Governor-General, but also to discuss the issue of expanding its territory at the expense of the Tomsk province. Even the option of including the Ural and Turgai regions in the governor-general was considered. In 1899, Kuropatkin, visiting Omsk, wrote in his diary that the Siberian military district, despite the fact that it had actually become internal and reserve, should play an important role, since the troops here had to carry out guard duty, and the Muslim population of the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions "may still cause trouble for us both on religious grounds and on a huge mass of land ...".
The main arguments of the military in this discussion were to be the aggravated relations with China, as well as internal problems caused by tense relations between Kazakhs, Cossacks and migrant peasants. There were rumors about threats from the Kazakhs to “trample the fields of peasants with horses”, about dangerous agitation in the Petropavlovsk district of the reserve colonel Sultan Valikhanov, who, “noisily and defiantly driving around the steppe in uniform and orders” with a crowd of Kirghiz (as the Kazakhs were called before the revolution), contributes to the violation of the established order”, about the increased Islamic threat. Local authorities reported that "with the arrival of Mr. Colonel Vali Khanov, the Kirghiz remembered something that they should have put out of their heads a long time ago."
The growing tension in relations between the Russian and Kazakh populations was also frightening: “Mutual relations between the sedentary and nomadic populations are only beginning to worsen, but I don’t think that there are data to further soften these relations. The Kirghiz sees in the Orthodox peasant his enemy, who has knocked him out of the rut of a sweet, free nomadic life and introduced a new trend and a purely Russian direction to the steppe; the peasant, feeling partly his helplessness among the immense steppes, for his part, also dislikes the non-Christian Kirghiz.”
They assured from Omsk that “revolt in the Kirghiz steppes seems possible, and if the Andijan events did not tangibly affect the mood of the minds of the nomadic population of the Semipalatinsk and Akmola regions, it was only because, both in the Ferghana region, and mainly in Semirechensk, the most energetic measures were taken to prevent unrest at the very beginning.” They even remembered the uprising of Kenesary Kasymov half a century ago. However, the Department of Religious Affairs of Foreign Confessions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs parried these arguments, noting that the presence of the governor-general in Turkestan did not save Andijan from an uprising, and a repetition of a “rebellion” similar to Kasymov’s movement is hardly possible under current conditions. In addition, as officials from the Ministry of Internal Affairs argued at the time, the Muslim factor in the Steppe is not dangerous: “Kyrgyz nomads professing the Mohammedan faith, in general, are indifferent to religion, which for them is reduced mainly to the ritual side. If, however, the progressive movement of Islam has been noticed lately, then it manifests itself mainly among the tribes inhabiting the Central Asian possessions.
However, the majority of members of the Committee of Ministers spoke in favor of maintaining the Steppe General Government. The Ministry of War supported the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which feared an uprising of nomads in the border regions of China. There were difficulties in managing the Cossack population. Inspired by success, N. N. Sukhotin, who replaced M. A. Taube, already insisted on the creation of a governor-general, which would include not only two steppe regions, but all Siberian provinces. In conditions Russo-Japanese War and the first Russian revolution, Nicholas II, clearly sympathizing with this proposal, nevertheless postponed the solution of the issue until calmer times.
In 1908, public attention was again aroused by rumors about the administrative reorganization of Asiatic Russia. Obviously, this was due to the decentralization intentions of P. A. Stolypin, who provided for the division of Russia into 11 regions, including the Steppe region, which would include Western Siberia. In contrast to these plans, on the pages of the magazine " Siberian issues"an article by A. Bukeikhanov appeared" Unnecessary General Government". In it, the author conveyed general dissatisfaction with the preservation of administrative and political anachronism: “Before the constitution, everyone was afraid of the steppe governor-general and his chicerone, who was in charge of the chancellery. They interfered in the affairs of all departments and bored everyone to such an extent that everyone always only thought about the abolition of the Steppe General Government. Two years later, a bill on the further existence of the Steppe Governor-General, signed by 40 deputies, was submitted to the State Duma. This time, the question of the very existence of the institution of general government was called into question, which came into conflict with the presence of a unified government in the form of a reformed Council of Ministers. But the Ministry of Internal Affairs has already spoken out for the preservation of the emergency governor-general power, declaring that it is necessary in the conditions of an intensive resettlement movement in the Steppe Territory. They also remembered the revolutionary danger on the outskirts of the empire. Thus, the Steppe General Government lasted until 1917 and was abolished by the revolution.
This material published on the BezFormata website on January 11, 2019,below is the date when the material was published on the site of the original source! An emergency occurred in the apartment of the house on 20th Amurskaya Street this afternoon because of an old gas stove.
RIA Omsk-Inform
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IA Omsk is here
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IA New Omsk
07.02.2020
Author: Lidia Chesakova Members of the Embracing the Sky Foundation, who help patients in palliative departments, decided to talk about serious problems that prevent them from working.
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07.02.2020
Research laboratory "Study of technogenic building materials" was formed on the basis of the Siberian State Automobile and Road University.
Ministry of Construction and Housing
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