POPULAR UPRISINGS X-XII cc. was the territory of the present Sichuan province. Here back in 964, on the fourth

Exercise 1. Mark the correct positions in green and the incorrect positions in red.

The reasons for popular uprisings under Peter I were:
a) the hardships and hardships associated with the Northern War;
b) the introduction of new state duties and taxes;
c) new taxes and works “for local needs”;
d) strengthening of national oppression in a number of regions of Russia;
e) Russia's participation in the Northern Union;
f) introduction of recruitment kits;
g) forcibly attracting the population to the construction of St. Petersburg, canals, fortifications in other regions of the country;
h) registration of peasants to factories;
i) seizure of land from the local population in the developed territories;
j) forcible planting of Orthodoxy in the territories being developed;
k) persecution of the Old Believers;
l) the fragility of royal power;
m) Peter's innovations I in everyday life (cutting beards, etc.).

Task 2. Who were these people, why did their names go down in the history of our country?

Yakov Nosov - Yaroslavl merchant and Astrakhan fisherman, Old Believer, leader of the Astrakhan uprising of 1705-1706.
K. A. Bulavin - Don Cossack, who raised an uprising in southern Russia in 1707 (Bulavin uprising). In 1708 he was killed by a traitor.

Task 3. Fill in the table "People's uprisings under Peter I".

Task 4. On the contour map (p. 48) shade with different colors:

a) the region of the Astrakhan uprising;
b) the area of ​​the uprising by K. A. Bulavin;
c) the territory of the Bashkir uprising.

Click to enlarge

Task 5. Expand the meaning of concepts.

working people - the general name of workers in the fields and in industry (serfs-otkhodniks, sessional and free-hired workers).
Otkhodniks - peasants who left their native places to work (for manufactories, crafts and agriculture).
"Charming Letters" - a written appeal to the population, calling to join the uprising and oppose the authorities.
Tax on brown and gray eyes - tax collected by tsarist officials in Bashkiria and which became one of the reasons for the Bashkir uprising of 1705.
Punitive policy - a set of actions that provides for punishment in response to disobedience or objectionable behavior of an individual or group of individuals.

The uprising in Astrakhan in 1705 -Reason: carrying out Peter's transformations The arbitrariness of the voivode Timofey Rzhevsky knew no boundaries. On Ilyin's Day in 1704, beards and clothes were forcibly cut off throughout the city. Caught and insulted women. Later, in a petition to Peter I, Astrakhan residents wrote that, on the orders of the voivode, “the Russian dress was cut off from the male and female sexes in a way that was not like it and exposed to the people and any curse over them and the girlish sex was repaired, and they were beaten off from churches, and they were beaten, and mustaches, and beards were cut off with meat." On the night of July 30, 1705, the alarm sounded in Astrakhan. A detachment of soldiers and archers broke into the Astrakhan Kremlin and began to kill the "initial people". The rebels were outraged that the whole city supported the rebels. Governor T Rzhevsky raised the tax on salt, introduced new taxes on baths, cellars and stoves, which, following the decree of Peter I, forced them to wear European clothes and shave their beards. the neighboring towns of Krasny and Cherny Yar, Guryev, Terki Astrakhans twice approached Tsaritsyn, but could not take it. However, on the way back, the petitioners were met by Sheremetev's troops. The rebels decided to defend themselves. On March 12, government troops, having overcome the desperate resistance of the Astrakhans, broke into the city. The rebels, who had settled in the Kremlin, surrendered after the shelling. According to the results of the investigation, 314 "breeders of rebellion" were executed. Many died from torture or were exiled to Siberia. Peter I

The movement of Kondraty Afanasyevich Bulavin in July 1707, Peter I issued a decree on the search for fugitives in the Don towns. Yu. V. Dolgorukov was appointed responsible for the execution of the decree. In September, Dolgorukov, at the head of a detachment, arrived in Cherkassk and announced the royal will to the Don ataman Lukyan Maksimov. Dolgorukov began a raid on the Cossack settlements of the Upper Don (Buzuluk, Medveditsa, Khoper), the peasants were returned, another no less part hid in the steppes and ravines, and ultimately joined the detachment of the Bakhmut ataman Bulavin. Bulavin wrote about the cruelty of the Moscow army in his letters: “And many of our brother Cossacks were tortured with a whip, they beat and cut their noses and lips in vain, and they took wives and girls on the bed by force and repaired all kinds of abuse over them, and our babies were hung from trees by the legs."

Precepts of Ignat Nekrasov: 1. Do not submit to tsarism. Do not return to Russia under the tsars. 2. Do not connect with the Turks, do not communicate with the non-believers. Communication with the Turks only when needed (trade, war, taxes). Quarrels with Turks are forbidden. 3. The highest power is the Cossack circle. Participation from the age of 18. 4. Decisions of the circle are executed by the ataman. He is strictly obeyed. 5. Ataman is elected for a year. If he is guilty, he is removed ahead of time. 6. Decisions of the circle are obligatory for all. Everyone is watching the performance. 7. All earnings are handed over to the military treasury. From it, everyone receives 2/3 of the money earned. 1/3 goes to kosh. 8. Kosh is divided into three parts: 1st part - army, weapons. 2nd part - school-church. 3rd - help to widows, orphans, old people and others in need. 9. Marriage can only be entered into between members of the community. For marriage with non-believers - death. 10. Husband does not offend his wife. She, with the permission of the circle, can leave him, and the circle punishes her husband. 11. To acquire good is obliged only by labor. A real Cossack loves his work. 12. For robbery, robbery, murder - by decision of the circle - death. 13. For robbery, robbery, murder in war - by decision of the circle - death. 14. Shinkov, taverns - do not keep in the village. 15. There is no way for Cossacks to become soldiers.

Precepts of Ignat Nekrasov: 16. Keep, keep the word. Cossacks and children must go on talking in the old way. 17. A Cossack does not hire a Cossack. He does not receive money from his brother. 18. Do not sing worldly songs during fasting. You can only old ones. 19. Without the permission of the circle, the chieftain Cossack cannot leave the village. 20. Only the army helps orphans and the elderly, so as not to humiliate and not be humiliated. 21. Keep personal assistance confidential. 22. There should be no beggars in the village. 23. All Cossacks adhere to the true - Orthodox old faith. 24. For the murder of a Cossack by a Cossack, the killer is buried alive in the ground. 25. Do not engage in trade in the village. 26. Who trades on the side - 1/20 profit per kosh. 27. The young honor the elders. 28. Cossack must go to the circle after 18 years. If he does not walk, they take a fine twice, on the third - they flog. The fine is set by the chieftain and foreman. 29. Ataman to elect after the Red Hill for a year. Esaul to elect after 30 years. Colonel or marching ataman after 40 years. Military ataman - only after 50 years. 30. For cheating on a husband, they beat him with 100 lashes. 31. For cheating on a wife, bury her neck in the ground.

Testaments of Ignat Nekrasov: 32. They beat you to death for theft. 33. For the theft of military goods - they flog and a hot pot on the head 34. If you mess with the Turks - death. 35. If a son or daughter raised a hand against their parents - death. For insulting the elder - whip. The younger brother does not raise his hand to the elder, the circle will punish with whips. 36. For betrayal of the army, blasphemy - death. 37. Do not shoot at Russians in a war. Don't go against blood. 38. Stand up for the little people. 39. There is no extradition from the Don. 40. Whoever does not fulfill the precepts of Ignat will perish. 41. If not everyone in the army is wearing hats, then you can’t go on a campaign. 42. For violation of Ignat's precepts by the chieftain - to punish and remove him from the chieftainship. If, after punishment, the chieftain does not thank the Circle "for science" - flog him again and declare him a rebel. 43. Atamanship can last only three terms - power spoils a person. 44. Keep no prisons. 45. Do not put a deputy on a campaign, and those who do it for money - to be executed by death as a coward and a traitor. 46. ​​Guilt for any crime establishes the Circle. 47. A priest who does not fulfill the will of the Circle is to be expelled, and even killed as a rebel or a heretic.
V.V. Dolgoruky Born in 1667 in the family of the boyar V. D. Dolgorukov, who was the nephew of the commander Yu. A. Dolgorukov. Participated in the campaigns of 1705 and 1707 and distinguished himself in the capture of Mitava. In 1708 he was sent with a detachment to the Don to pacify the Bulavin rebellion. During Battle of Poltava commanded the reserve cavalry and contributed to the complete defeat of the Swedes.

The war with the Turks and the journey of Peter I abroad. At the very end of the 17th century, the son of Alexei, Peter I, became the Russian tsar. Upon entering the kingdom, the smart and active young tsar soon began to establish new orders. He completely ceased to reckon with the Boyar Duma and became very friendly with the foreigners who lived in Moscow. He attracted them to his service and brought in new troops in a foreign way, removing the archers, as a force of antiquity.

In 1695, Peter began a war with Turkey in order to clear the way to the Black Sea. He built a fleet of 29 ships on the Don and, with an army trained by foreigners, attacked the Turkish fortress of Azov and took it. During this war, Peter became even more convinced of the need to rebuild all life in the country and adopt from the Europeans their military and naval techniques.

Peter went abroad. In Western Europe at that time the leading countries were Holland and England. In Holland, he worked with an ax in his hands at shipyards. In England, he studied shipbuilding to perfection. Peter I spent about two years abroad and learned a lot. In Russia, an uprising of archers began, dissatisfied with the new order instituted by Peter, and demanding a return to the old. It was a reactionary uprising. Peter returned from abroad and personally supervised the massacre of the rebel archers, who were pulling Russia back. Streltsy regiments were disbanded.

Peter I (1672–1725).

The beginning of the war with the Swedes. In 1700, Peter I began a war with the Swedes over the coast of the Baltic Sea. The Swedes had the best army in the world and a good navy. Charles XII was the king of Sweden at that time. Charles attacked the troops of Peter, besieging the Swedish fortress of Narva, defeated them utterly, took all the artillery and many prisoners.

Peter, however, was not taken aback. He ordered the church bells to be taken down and poured into cannons. 250 young people were planted to study literacy and the beginnings of mathematics in order to make artillerymen and craftsmen out of them. A new army was recruited from the serfs and trained in military affairs.

IN 1703 In the year Peter occupied the swampy mouth of the Neva River, built a fortress and the city of Petersburg (now Leningrad) here, which under Peter became the capital of the state. To build a fortress and a city, Peter drove a mass of serfs from all over Russia. Thousands of them died here from hunger and disease. The people responded to these torments with uprisings.

Popular uprisings. Under Peter I, the Bashkirs, Tatars, and Udmurts revolted. IN 1707 In the same year, an uprising of Cossacks and peasants on the Don arose. The rebels were led by the Cossack Kondraty Afanasyevich Bulavin. The rebels took a number of cities. Peter sent an entire army against Bulavin. At this time, the rich Cossacks plotted and attacked the farm where Bulavin lived. Ataman fired back to the last bullet. Not wanting to give himself into the hands of enemies, Bulavin fired the last bullet into himself.

The last minutes of Bulavin.

For two years the rebels fought against the troops of Peter. The rebellious villages of peasants on the Don were burned. The captured rebels were almost without exception executed. Many thousands of fugitives were returned to the landowners.

The reasons for the defeat of Bulavin were the same as in the previous uprisings of peasants and Cossacks.

Having suppressed popular uprisings, Peter concentrated all his forces on the fight against the Swedes.

Defeat of the Swedes. The Swedish king Charles XII, using the betrayal of the Ukrainian hetman Mazepa, invaded Ukraine with his army through Poland. IN 1709 In the year near Poltava, the Swedes and Russians met.

Soldiers of the regular army of Peter I.

Swedish troops were defeated by the Russian regular army. In this battle, Peter I himself especially distinguished himself. Charles XII and Mazepa fled to Turkey. Charles convinced the Turks to go to war with Russia. The war with Turkey began again.

Peter put up an army of forty thousand against the Turks. The Turks, on the other hand, gathered an army five times larger. On the Prut River, Peter's troops were surrounded. I had to conclude an unfavorable peace with the Turks and return the fortress of Azov to them.

After the failure with the Turks, Peter decided to finish off the Swedes and finally secure the shores of the Baltic Sea for Russia. He took Riga, Revel from the Swedes, built a strong fleet. In a naval battle, the Swedish fleet was defeated.

The war with the Swedes lasted a long time, 21 years. In the end, the Swedes signed a peace treaty, according to which the lands off the coast of Riga and Gulf of Finland.

The struggle of Peter I for the coast of the Caspian Sea. Peter I also decided to fortify himself on the shores of the Caspian Sea, through which the paths went to the East - to Central Asia, India and Iran. He gathered an army of 80 thousand people and led it from Astrakhan on a campaign against the possessions of Iran. Peter agreed in advance with the Georgian princes, who were under the rule of Iran, and with the Armenian merchants, who were supposed to help him in the war with the Shah - the ruler of Iran.

In addition to the land army, Peter sent more troops on ships. These troops landed in cities on the shores of the Caspian Sea and captured them. Peter took possession of the cities of Derbent and Baku.

In the cities of Azerbaijan, captured by Peter, then lived the peoples conquered by the Iranian kings 200-300 years before the campaigns of Peter I. The Azerbaijanis all the time fought with the Iranian conquerors for their independence and against their oppression. Therefore, the indigenous people of Azerbaijan did not put up serious resistance to Peter's troops.

Reforms in government. Peter I achieved his goal. The shores of the Baltic Sea were in the hands of Russia. Russia has moved closer to Europe. Peter waged a relentless struggle against the backwardness of Russia and remade its order in a European way.

Instead of the Boyar Duma, Peter established a senate of persons appointed by him. Instead of 50 orders, Peter set up 12 colleges that were in charge of the army and navy, foreign affairs, economy and court. In the Senate and colleges, all affairs were managed by the nobles.

Peter divided all of Russia into 8 provinces. At the head of the province, he put the governor, who ruled the region, was in charge of recruiting soldiers and collecting money.

In order to strengthen the strength and power of the nobles, Peter gave them the estates in their full possession. IN 1721 year after the victory over the Swedes, Peter took the title of emperor. Since that time, Russia began to be called Russian Empire.

Reforms in the economy. To increase the income of the state, Peter introduced a poll tax, forcing all male peasants, young and old, to pay. Under Peter, cloth and other manufactories(factories). Workers-serfs worked on manual machines. Merchants were given money to set up new manufactories.

Interior view of the silk manufactory under Peter I.

In England at that time many free wage-workers were already working in the manufactories. Peter, in order to provide merchants with workers, attributed entire villages of peasants to factories. Under Peter there were already more than 200 manufactories. Arms factories expanded greatly in Tula. New iron-working plants sprang up in the Urals.

Merchants and breeders quickly grew rich. Peter gave the merchants in the cities their own administration.

Education. Peter paid great attention to education, trying to instill it even by force. Peter sent the youth of the nobility abroad to study shipbuilding and foreign languages.

Schools were opened where they taught maritime, engineering, medicine and other sciences. The teachers at the schools were Englishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, Germans and other foreigners whom Peter invited to serve in Russia.

Peter ordered to open digital schools in all provinces, where noble children had to learn to read and write, arithmetic and geometry. Peter forbade even illiterate nobles to marry.

Peter started the first newspaper in Russia, Vedomosti, following the European model, and simplified the Russian alphabet for it.

Before Petra New Year considered from the first of September. Peter ordered to keep the account, as it was done abroad, from the first of January. The new calendar was introduced on January 1, 1700 according to the new chronology, which is still in use today.

Peter ordered the nobles to cut off their beards, put on wigs and short camisoles and caftans, which were worn in Western Europe. Only priests and peasants were allowed to wear a long dress and a beard.

Peter ordered to arrange in the houses of his approximate evenings with European dances and games, the so-called assemblies.

Under Peter I, Russia made significant progress, but remained a country where everything was based on serf oppression and tsarist arbitrariness. Gain Russian Empire under Peter 1, it was achieved at the expense of the death of hundreds of thousands of workers, at the expense of the ruin of the people. Peter I did a lot to create and strengthen the state of landowners and merchants.

Dominion of the nobility. Peter I died in 1725. After the death of Peter I, the court circles of the nobles, relying on the noble regiments of the guards, conspired and overthrew emperors they did not like from the throne. Empresses Anna Ivanovna and Elizaveta Petrovna reigned longer than others.

In their reign there were several wars with Turkey, Sweden and other states. From the newly captured lands, the nobles received new estates with peasants.

Russian troops became especially famous during the Seven Years' War, when they were defeated German troops and the city of Berlin was taken in 1760.

In St. Petersburg, the nobles set up magnificent palaces for themselves, arranged magnificent festivities and balls in them. The imperial court and the nobility of Russia now imitated the French kings and their courtiers in everything.

The nobles learned to speak French, the men dressed in French velvet camisoles. Silk stockings covered their legs. Her high-heeled shoes were adorned with jeweled buckles, and she wore a curled, powdered wig on her head. The women were dressed in expensive dresses made of the finest silk and lace. On their heads, the eyes wore bizarre French hairstyles.

The deluxe nobles in powdered wigs themselves did not know how to work and did not want to. But to work in factories, to build palaces, the nobles needed scientists and specialists. They were invited from abroad, which was very expensive.

Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, surrounded by her retinue, goes for a walk.

Peter also decided to found the Academy of Sciences, which was opened in the year of his death. All academics were foreigners. Students were taught at the academy. But the nobles did not want to study, the peasants were not allowed into the academy.

M. V. Lomonosov. The great Russian scientist was a peasant from the village of Denisovka (not far from the city of Arkhangelsk) - Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. From the far north, he reached Moscow and entered the school, posing as a noble son, otherwise he would not have been accepted to school. Living from hand to mouth, Lomonosov, thanks to persistent work, completed an eight-year course of study at the age of five. A capable young man was sent abroad to continue his education at the state expense. Upon returning to Russia, Lomonosov was appointed a member of the Academy of Sciences.

Great Russian scientific academician M. V. Lomonosov (1711–1765).

Lomonosov was an outstanding scientist in the field of physics, chemistry and other sciences. He made many major scientific discoveries. Lomonosov laid the foundation for Russian science and was the first to write literary works in purely Russian, having cleansed it of many obsolete Slavic words.

At the suggestion of Lomonosov, the first university was founded in Moscow in 1755. There is now a monument to M.V. Lomonosov in the university courtyard. Lomonosov died in 1765, during the reign of Catherine II.

Empress Catherine II. In 1762, the nobles placed Catherine II on the Russian throne, killing her husband with her assistance. Peter III.

Under Catherine II, the rights of the nobles were further expanded. Catherine II distributed over a million peasants to the nobles. In order to have the means for their luxurious life, the nobles began to oppress the peasants even more.

Corvee reached the point that the peasants almost all the time had to work for the landowner. The serfs did everything to the landowner - they were farmers, and blacksmiths, and cooks, and lackeys, and hunters, even artists. The only thing left for the peasant to work for himself was the holidays and the night. Under Catherine II, the dues increased almost fivefold.

Nobles traded peasants. They paid 20-30 rubles for a woman, 100-200 rubles for a literate or craftsman. A small child could be bought for 10–20 kopecks. Dogs were valued more by the landowners.

The landowners mocked the peasants in every possible way. The landowner Saltychikha beat her serfs to death, scalded them with boiling water, burned her hair with fire. She killed over a hundred people.

This terrible situation led the peasants to revolt.

Start and move peasant war. The Cossacks were the first to rise on the Yaik River (now the Ural River). The tsarist government deprived the Ural Cossacks of their liberties, taxed them with burdensome taxes, seeking to turn the Cossacks into the same serfs as the peasants of central Russia. Cossack foremen took extra taxes from ordinary Cossacks and appropriated the salary assigned to the Cossacks.

IN 1773 year, the poor Cossacks opposed their oppressors.

The Don Cossack Emelyan Ivanovich became the head of the uprising Pugachev, a strong, intelligent and courageous person.

Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev.

The Cossacks captured a number of fortresses and laid siege to Orenburg.

The serf workers of the Ural factories joined Pugachev. The peasants attached to the factories cursed hard labor at the factory. Even at the beginning of the reign of Catherine II, out of 200 thousand factory peasants, about 50 thousand participated in the uprising.

The workers willingly joined Pugachev's army. They supplied his troops with weapons, cannons and cannonballs. From the factory workers came the leaders of the detachments of the Pugachev army - Khlopusha and Beloborodov.

Then the Bashkirs joined the uprising. The nobles took away land from the Bashkirs and started ironworks here. The robbed Bashkirs raised uprisings more than once. The uprisings were suppressed.

Now the Bashkirs have risen again and joined Pugachev's army with their cavalry. One of their leaders was Salavat Yulaev. He was a brave young rebel who helped Pugachev a lot with his army.

At the same time, serfs rebelled in the Volga region: Russians, Tatars, Chuvashs, Mordovians, Mari. Pugachev pretended to be Emperor Peter III. He said that the nobles and his wife, the villainess Catherine II, failed to kill him and he escaped. On behalf of Peter III, Pugachev signed orders and sent manifestos throughout the country, calling for the extermination of the nobles, declaring that he was freeing the peasants from the power of the landlords, soldiers' sets, and taxes.

Pugachev judges the landowners. From a painting by V. G. Perov.

The entire Volga region and the Urals, as well as part of Siberia, were in the grip of an uprising. The estates of the landowners were destroyed. The peasants seized the landowners' lands, and the stocks of the lord's bread were taken to Pugachev's army.

With his troops, Pugachev approached Kazan and laid siege to the fortress.

The troops of Catherine II soon began to push Pugachev's army. Pugachev had to retreat south down the Volga. The Volga cities that were on his way surrendered to Pugachev without a fight. But he could not get a foothold in them.

The suppression of the peasant war. In August 1774, Pugachev reached Tsaritsyn. A few days later, in a battle with a detachment of the tsarist troops, he was defeated and fled with the remnants of his army to the steppe. Here, traitors from the rich Cossacks betrayed him to the tsarist authorities.

Pugachev was put in chains and taken to Moscow in a large wooden cage. On January 10, 1775, on Bolotnaya Square, the executioners executed the brave leader of the peasant war - Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev.

Salavat Yulaev's nostrils were torn out and the words "thief and murderer" were burned on his forehead with a red-hot iron. After that, he was brought to Bashkiria and beaten with a whip in every village where he led the uprising. After severe torture, Salavat Yulaev was exiled to hard labor.

The peasants fought bravely and steadfastly, but, crushed by the darkness, they did not clearly understand what was to be achieved. Disunited, they could not create a strong organization and a strong army to fight.

That is why the peasants and the oppressed peoples were defeated.

Annexation of Crimea. Suvorov. In the reign of Catherine II, Azov was conquered from the Turks. Crimea was annexed to Russia, which was previously ruled by the Tatar khans, subordinate to Turkey. In the south of Crimea, the sea fortress of Sevastopol was built, the stronghold of the Russian fleet on the Black Sea.

The great Russian commander Alexander Vasilyevich became famous in the war with the Turks Suvorov.

He started military service from a simple soldier. Suvorov led a harsh lifestyle: he ate soldier's food, tempered himself.

With 25 thousand troops, Suvorov defeated the 100 thousandth army of the Turks.

Simultaneously with the annexation of Crimea, all Left-bank Ukraine. Hetmanate in Ukraine was destroyed. Russian troops entered the Zaporozhian Sich, and the Sich was destroyed forever. Its lands were seized by the tsarist generals. Some of the Cossacks were transferred to the Kuban (Northern Caucasus), some of them went to Turkey, and the poor Cossacks and peasants were forced to work as serfs. Catherine II equalized Ukrainian foremen in rights with Russian nobles.

Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730–1800).

Partition of Poland. Poland in the XVIII century was very weakened. Poland was ruled by the largest landowners-pans, who were constantly at enmity with each other. The royal power was weak.

Taking advantage of the weakness of Pan Poland, Austria, Prussia and Empress Catherine II agreed among themselves on the division of the lands of the Polish state. During the division of Poland, Belarusian and Ukrainian lands on the right bank of the Dnieper passed to Russia. Most of the land was taken over by Austria.

IN 1794 In 1999, in Poland, under the leadership of Kosciuszko, there was an uprising of the Poles for the restoration of Poland. Austria, Prussia and Russia sent their troops against him. Kosciuszko was broken. In battle, he was seriously wounded and taken prisoner. Lithuania seceded from Poland to Russia.

Since that time, Poland ceased to exist as an independent state for many years.

Conquests in Kazakhstan and in the Far North. Kazakh pastoralists in the 18th century had three states - zhuzes. Zhuzs were ruled by khans and sultans. The Kazakh nobility and merchants traded with Russia and the neighboring states of Central Asia - Kokand and Bukhara, as well as with China. All these states tried to subjugate the Kazakhs to their power, taking advantage of their internecine strife.

Previously, the Kazakhs were conquered by the Mongols. Mongolian tribes enslaved the Kazakhs for about 200 years and attacked them until the very accession of Kazakhstan to Russia. The Kazakhs several times asked the Russian tsars to accept them into Russian citizenship. In 1731, the Younger Zhuz joined Russia at the request of Khan Abulkhayr. The Russian tsars, taking advantage of this, began to conquer all of Central Asia. Catherine built fortresses in the conquered regions, put garrisons of Russian soldiers there. The tsarist agents pursued a policy of plundering the Kazakh lands. The Kazakh people rose up against the policy of tsarism more than once.

In 1783, a brave man became the head of the rebellious Kazakh people. Sarym Datov. For fourteen years, the Kazakh people fought against enemies under the leadership of their fearless leader Sarym, who became a national hero. Sarym was killed, the uprising was crushed. Catherine's troops penetrated deep into the Kazakh steppes and built fortresses there. In the first half of the 19th century, the whole of Kazakhstan was annexed.

TO late XVIII centuries, the last lands of the northern peoples of Siberia were subordinated to the power of Russia. The tsarist detachments made their way through the Bering Strait to the north of America and established Russian power over Alaska. In the 19th century, Russian tsars sold Alaska for next to nothing to the American government, not knowing that Alaska had a lot of gold.

At the end of the reign of Catherine II, the final conquest of Azerbaijan began.

§ 22. Popular uprisings in the time of Peter the Great

At the beginning of the XVIII century. Hundreds of thousands of people died in wars and construction because of malnutrition and disease. Tens of thousands, leaving their homes, fled abroad and to Siberia, rushed to the Cossacks on the Don and Volga. By executions of archers, Tsar Peter taught the common people a lesson, and they were afraid to openly grumble. But in their hearts, many hated the king and his innovations, seeing them as the cause of their misfortunes. The past was portrayed by people as paradise. In a whisper they talked about it to each other, Peter was called an unreal king. Old Believers, who at the beginning of the XVIII century. persecuted especially cruelly, they were convinced that the Antichrist came to earth in the guise of Peter.

1. ASTRAKHAN UPRISING

In 1705 an uprising broke out in Astrakhan. It was a noisy and colorful city on the Caspian coast. Russian, Armenian, Khiva, Iranian, Bukhara and Indian merchants settled here. Posadsky and numerous alien (“walking”) people in the warm season were busy extracting salt and fish.

1705 Astrakhan uprising

Barber and his "victim". Splint. Early 18th century

In the garrison, numbering 3,650 people, there were many former Moscow archers, participants in the streltsy riots, exiled to the outskirts. They were commanded by foreign officers who saw the Russians as "barbarians". For hatred of themselves, foreign leaders paid arbitrariness. The archers were tortured, in 1705 their salary was reduced.

At the head of Astrakhan was the governor Timofey Rzhevsky. If it were necessary to find in Rus' an example of greed, tyranny and cruelty, then Rzhevsky was suitable for this without any doubt. The voivode imposed requisitions on all types of urban trade, even petty. From the owners of the ships they took free and dump money at the piers. Cellars, baths, stoves, beer brewing were taxed. Some taxes were levied directly in favor of the governor. Rzhevsky farmed out the grain trade, he himself entered into a share with the tax-farmers and earned a lot by raising the price of bread.

Astrakhan residents were especially offended by the forced barbering and shortening of the dress. Peter, returning in 1698 from abroad, ordered everyone, with the exception of the clergy and peasants, to shave their beards and wear a short camisole of the Hungarian or German type. To keep a beard, it was necessary to pay a special fee, but it was so high that there were almost no applicants. Those who paid received a beard badge. By order of Rzhevsky, beards and skirts were cut right on the street, often causing injury.

In the end, the cup of patience overflowed. On July 30, 1705, the alarm sounded. Streltsy, soldiers, townspeople revolted; 300 foreigners and "initial people" were immediately killed. The next day, Voivode Rzhevsky, who had hidden there, was dragged out of the chicken coop and executed. His treasury was seized and paid from it a salary to the garrison, which was headed by elected commanders. A council of elders was created to govern Astrakhan. It included a wealthy Yaroslavl merchant, owner of fisheries in the lower reaches of the Volga, Yakov Nosov, zemstvo burgomaster (head of the Astrakhan self-government) Gavrila Ganchikov and archer Ivan Sheludyak.

beard sign

Astrakhan Kremlin

The rebels called on the surrounding inhabitants, Don Cossacks and the townspeople of Tsaritsyn "to stand up for the cross, beard and Russian dress." The towns of Krasny and Cherny Yar, Guryev and Terki joined the Astrakhans. Tsaritsyn remained deaf to their calls. And the Don Cossacks even decided to send a detachment of two thousand to help the government troops.

Peter was furious when he heard about the Astrakhan rebellion. The king even suspected that these were the machinations of Swedish spies. Field Marshal B.P. Sheremetev was sent from the Baltic to suppress the Astrakhans. His regiments approached the rebellious city seven months after the start of the rebellion. On the way, Cherny Yar surrendered to them, the inhabitants of which came out with a confession, carrying a chopping block and an ax. March 13, 1706 Astrakhan was taken by storm. Following it, other rebellious settlements were occupied without resistance.

Sheremetev arrested 504 instigators of the rebellion, among whom were 427 archers, 45 workers and 18 townspeople. In Astrakhan, they announced that they would all be sent as soldiers to the war in the Baltic states. But they were taken to Moscow, to the dungeons of the Preobrazhensky Prikaz, which was in charge of especially dangerous state crimes. The head of this order, F. Yu. Romodanovsky, began a search (investigation). Yakov Nosov and many others died from torture, 300 people were executed.

Russian ships off Astrakhan. Engraving. 1722

The uprising forced the government to soften its actions in the southern counties. They forgave arrears, canceled some taxes and temporarily stopped shaving beards and wearing foreign clothes.

2. REBELLION LEADED BY K. BULAVIN

But a little more than a year passed, and a new rebellion shook Russia. Now the blatant Cossacks, led by Kondraty Bulavin, have risen on the Don. This uprising was provoked by the expedition of Prince Yu. V. Dolgoruky.

Dolgoruky came to the Don, in order to despise the old rule "there is no extradition from the Don", to look for runaway landlord peasants and return them to their owners. Along the way, for intimidation, he burned the Cossack villages that received the fugitives. On October 9, 1707, Bulavin's people attacked Dolgoruky's detachment in the Shulginsk town and killed almost all of it. The homely Cossacks did not like the violation of the liberties of the Don, in addition, the capture of "newcomers" deprived them of cheap labor. But they were also afraid of royal revenge: the free Don was now squeezed between the royal fortresses of Voronezh and Azov with Taganrog, where there were plenty of royal troops. A detachment of homely Cossacks, together with soldiers from Azov and the Kalmyk cavalry, defeated the Bulavins, and they left for the Zaporizhzhya Sich. From there, Bulavin's "charming letters" came to the Don and to its immediate vicinity.

In the spring of 1708, the Bulavins returned to the Don and stood in the Pristansky town, where Cossacks flocked to support the rebels. Ataman of the Don Army Lukyan Maximov opposed Kondraty Bulavin, but it cost him his life. The homely Cossacks went over to the side of the rebels, Maximov was executed, and the Cossack circle proclaimed Bulavin the supreme ataman. Kondraty sent two Cossack detachments to raise the Volga region, while he himself moved to Azov. But he failed to take Azov, which undermined the authority of the new Don leader. Discord began. Bulavin returned to the Don, to the capital of the Cossacks, Cherkassk, to which the tsarist troops were already approaching. Some of the Cossacks conspired, wanting to extradite Bulavin to the government and thereby earn their own forgiveness.

1707-1708 The uprising led by K. Bulavin

Soon Bulavin died. Household Cossacks seized Bulavin's prominent associates and came with them to the tsar's governors with confession. The Bulavins were executed and rafts with their bodies were lowered down the Don to intimidate them.

3. BASHKIR REBELLION

Simultaneously with the Astrakhan and Bulavin uprisings, another riot thundered: from 1705 to 1711 they fought with the Russian authorities and the population of the Bashkirs. The reason for the rebellion was the outrages that were repaired by the royal profit-makers, sent to collect taxes and people for service in the irregular cavalry. The Bashkirs rebelled and began to beat the Russians - bosses and ordinary people. Many Russian villages were set on fire, the property of the peasants was seized, and people were sold into slavery or killed. The Bashkir nobility, who led the uprising, turned to the Crimean Khanate and Turkey for help, but no real help came from there. In 1711 Russian army suppressed the Bashkir rebellion.

1705-1711 Bashkir uprising

Questions and tasks

1. Using the material of this and the previous paragraphs, explain the reasons for popular discontent and riots in the reign of Peter I. 2. What, in your opinion, are the uprisings of the 18th century. different from the performances of the "rebellious" XVII century? 3. What are the reasons for the defeat of the rebels? 4. What do you see as the significance of popular performances? 5. On the contour map, mark the areas of popular riots early XVIII c., put the years of the uprisings, arrows show the campaigns of the detachments of K. Bulavin.