Chest sign
1683 - an amusing regiment was formed in the village of Preobrazhensky.
04/25/1695 - Preobrazhensky elective amusing regiment.
1698 - assigned to 4 battalions with bombardier and grenadier companies.
08/22/1700 - first mentioned as Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment.
03.1703 - during the performance of the regiment to the Nyenshantsu fortress, the regimental ranks, who turned out to be incapable of military service, were left in Moscow and the Moscow retired company of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment was formed from them.
01/24/1722 - according to the Table of Ranks, the headquarters and chief officers of the regiment were granted seniority of two ranks against the army.
03/19/1726 - The Moscow retired company was expelled from the regiment and turned to compose the life guards of the battalion.
11/11/1727 - the Life Guards Battalion was named the Moscow Life Guards Battalion.
12/9/1731 - the grenadier company was abolished, the grenadiers were distributed to 16 people for each fuselery company
05/13/1741 - grenadiers from fuselery companies were assembled into a newly established grenadier company, which received a staff: 5 chief officers, 19 non-commissioned officers, 256 grenadiers, 4 drummers, 4 flute players, 1 non-combatant, 10 cab drivers; total 299 ranks.
11/26/1741 - the grenadier company, by order of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, was expelled from the regiment and named the Life Company, a new company was formed to replace it.
03/13/1762 - the bombardier company was expelled to form a special Bombardier battalion. The regiment was reorganized into 3 battalions: one battalion - 6 grenadier companies, the remaining 2 battalions - 1 grenadier and 5 musketeer companies each.
07/05/1762 - the order to form a special Bombardier battalion was canceled.
February 26, 1763 - The Moscow Life Guards Battalion was abolished; instead of it, a disabled team was established in the city of Murom, called the Life Guards of Murom.
1770 - a jaeger team of 93 people was established at the regiment.
1775 - Another grenadier company was added to the regiment.
11/9/1796 - the regiment received from His Majesty's own Gatchina troops (also called the Pavlovsk garrison) battalions No. 1 and 4, and then the regiment was brought into the 3 grenadier companies and 3 battalions. The bombardier company is separated into the formation of the Life Guards artillery battalion; battalions and companies were ordered to be named after the chief and commanders: the 1st battalion - His Majesty, the 2nd - Lieutenant General Tatishchev, the 3rd - Field Marshal Count Suvorov and the Consolidated Grenadier - Mayopa Arakcheev.
04/15/1797 - the regiment was reinforced by another battalion of 5 musketeer companies and one grenadier company, which with the first three became part of the Consolidated Grenadier Battalion.
December 3, 1797 - The 1st battalion was transformed into a grenadier battalion, and the Combined Grenadier Battalion was abolished.
07/10/1798 - the regiment was reorganized into 2 grenadier and 3 musketeer battalions, 5 companies each.
1800 - All musketeer companies are converted to grenadier companies.
03/17/1800 - his life guard Imperial Majesty regiment. The third battalion was abolished, and instead of it, two grenadier outbuilding companies were formed for the remaining 20 companies, which were not included in the battalions.
04/15/1800 - the regiment was reinforced by another battalion of 5 musketeer companies and one grenadier company, which, with the previous 3, became part of the Consolidated Grenadier Battalion.
03/14/1801 - Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment; the wing company was disbanded and then 4 grenadier battalions were formed.
08/19/1808 - 80 non-commissioned officers (5 per company) and 18 musicians were added to the lower combat ranks.
06/28/1810 - due to a decrease in the number of hospital carts, 9 furleyts were reduced in the staff of the regiment
02/22/1811 - the first companies of the battalions retained the name grenadier, and the rest were renamed fuselery; battalions and companies are named by numbers.
03/28/1811 - the Life Guards Murom team was abolished.
08/06/1811 - a pharmacy pharmacist and his student were added to the staff of the regiment
11/7/1811 - The 2nd battalion was expelled for the formation of the Life Guards of the Lithuanian Regiment. Regiment consisting of 3 battalions.
01/05/1817 - 6 weapons apprentices were added to the staff of the regiment
01/16/1817 - the number of artisans is limited to 26 people, furleys - 17 people.
04/12/1819 - ordered to have 27 buglers: 2 of them per company
07/07/1829 - ordered to have a double choir of musicians (84 people)
11/30/1830 - a furley was added to the staff for transporting documents of the divisional headquarters.
01/25/1842 - for the preparation of reserve troops, the 4th battalion was formed from indefinitely-vacation lower ranks.
03/10/1854 - The 4th battalion was transferred to the 4th active, and the 5th or reserve battalion was formed for the regiment.
08/20/1854 - The 5th reserve battalion was renamed the reserve and the 6th reserve battalion was formed.
09/17/1854 - The 4th, 5th and 6th battalions became part of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Reserve Regiment.
02/09/1856 - rifle companies were formed from the best shooters for each battalion of the regiment.
08/06/1856 - the regiment was assigned to 3 active battalions, with 3 rifle companies.
08/19/1857 - The 3rd battalion was ordered to be called reserve and disbanded in peacetime.
04/30/1863 - the 3rd battalion was formed and named active.
01/01/1876 - the regiment was reorganized into 4 battalions, each of 3 companies, and at the same time the first 3 battalions were from linear, and the 4th from rifle companies (for which one new company was formed).
08/28/1877 - on the occasion of the campaign of the 4th battalions of the regiment, a 4th company reserve battalion was formed.
09/08/1878 - The 4-company reserve battalion was disbanded.
06/15/1906 - The 1st battalion was renamed the Special Infantry and deprived of the rights of the guard.
08/20/1906 - a new 1st battalion was formed (from the Knights of St. George and distinguished ranks - participants in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05)
07/18/1914 - a reserve battalion was formed during mobilization.
03/04/1917 - Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment.
05/09/1917 - the reserve battalion was deployed in the Life Guards Preobrazhensky reserve regiment (order for the Petrograd military district No. 262 of 1917).
12/2/1917 - regiment commander colonel A.P. Kutepov gave the order to disband the regiment.
05/20/1918 - the active and reserve regiments were disbanded (order of the Commissariat for Military Affairs of the Petrograd Labor Commune No. 96 dated 05/24/1918).
1918 - revived in the Volunteer Army.
1919 - in the summer he had one company in the 1st Consolidated Guards Regiment. Another company of the regiment was part of the Consolidated Guards Battalion (Volkov).
12.10. (6.11.) 1919 - a battalion (3 companies) was formed under the command of a colonel CM. Leonova in the Consolidated Regiment of the 1st Guards Infantry Division (Volkov).
11/19/1919 - the battalion was reduced to one company of 30-40 bayonets (Volkov).
December 3, 1919 - the company was abolished (Volkov).
01.1920 - another Preobrazhensky company arrived at the front, which survived until the internment of the regiment's units in Poland. Company commanders: Captain A.L. Benoit(killed 09/25/1919), captain Jews, lieutenant Andryushchenko, captain Lviv, Captain Baron Rosen(Volkov's data).
08.1920 - was a company in the 1st battalion of the Consolidated Guards Infantry Regiment (Volkov).
1918 - in the summer in Kyiv, a group of officers of the regiment gathered, which laid the foundation for the "Union of Preobrazhentsev" and drafted its charter (Volkov).
1920-09.1921 - the regimental association in exile "Union of Preobrazhentsev" was located in Paris and consisted of 182 full and honorary members in the 1930s. By 1930, more than 120 people who had ever served in the regiment lived in exile. Honorary Chairman - Prince A.P. Oldenburg(08/06/1921-09/06/1932) Chairmen: Lieutenant General A.A. Gulevich, chamberlain A.F. Gears, captain V.N. Timchenko-Ruban; Deputy Chairman - Colonel V.V. Svechin; secretaries: Prince N.A. Obolensky, Lieutenant Count D.S. Tatishchev; representatives in Yugoslavia - Colonel V.A. Storozhenko and captain B.A. Perrin, in the USA - Colonel P.N. Malevsky-Malevich. In 1939, the association consisted of 130 people (including 40 in France, 40 in Paris), in 1949 - 51 (18 in Paris and 8 in the USA), in 1951 - 47 people and 10 honorary members, for 1958 - 36 (13 in Paris). In 1938, the association also consisted of 4 competing members. 01.1936-.04.1939 published the journal "Preobrazhenskaya Chronicle" (9 issues were published, editor - Colonel V.V. Svechin), and then - until 11.1959 - “Alert of the Communications Service of the Union of Preobrazhentsev” (4 issues were published, editor - Lieutenant Count D.S. Tatishchev) (Volkov's data).
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Seniority since 1683 May 23. Regimental feast on August 6 (New Style 19), Transfiguration of the Lord.
1683 Tsar Pyotr Alekseevich began to gather near him, in the village of Preobrazhensky near Moscow for military games, the so-called Amusing, from his peers, the children of boyars and courtiers. Contemporaries did not leave any notes about the original device of amusing; it is only known that their number, which at first did not exceed 50, quickly increased, so that, due to lack of premises, some of them were transferred to the village of Semenovskoye.
1687 Amusing are already beginning to be called soldier regiments: Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky.
1695 April 30. The Preobrazhensky Regiment, reorganized into 9 companies, with a special Artillery or Bombardier company, set out from Moscow on a campaign to Azov.
1698 The regiment was assigned to the 4th battalions; in addition, Bombardier and Grenadier companies were with him.
1700 August 22, on the day of the march to the fortress of Narva, for the first time officially named the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment.
1703 In March, when the regiment marched to the Nyenshantsu fortress, its ranks, which turned out to be incapable of military service, were left in Moscow and the Moscow Retired Company of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment was formed from them.
August 3, 1706, Tsar Pyotr Alekseevich deigned to accept the rank of Colonel.
1707 In April, a command was issued: the regiment should be on horseback during marching movements; as a result of this, in the campaigns of 1707, 1708, 1709 and 1710, the regiment was in a cavalry position.
January 24, 1722. According to the table of ranks, the Headquarters and Chief Officers of the regiment were granted seniority of two ranks against the army.
1726 March 19. The Moscow retired company was expelled from the regiment and turned to the compilation of the Life Guards battalion, which on November 11, 1727 was named the Moscow Life Guards battalion, and on February 26, 1763 was abolished; instead of it, a disabled team was established in the city of Murom, called the Life Guards of Murom and abolished on March 28, 1811.
December 26, 1741. The grenadier company, by order of EMPRESS ELIZABETH PETROVNA, was expelled from the regiment and named the Life Company, and a new company was formed in its place.
Artistic Moskvitin F. Oath of the Preobrazhensky Regiment to Elizabeth
1762 March 13. Bombardier's company was expelled to form a special Bombardier's battalion;—July 5th, this command was canceled.
1770 A Jaeger team of 93 people was established at the regiment, and in 1773 r. one more Grenadier company was added to the composition of the regiment.
On November 9, 1796, the regiment received from His Majesty's own Gatchina troops (also called the Pavlovsk garrison) battalions No. 1 and 4, and then the regiment was brought into the 3rd Grenadier companies and 3rd battalions. The bombardier company is separated into the formation of the Life Guards Artillery Battalion; battalions and companies were ordered to be named after the Chief and Commanders: the 1st battalion - His Majesty, the 2nd - Lieutenant General Tatishchev, the 3rd - General Field Marshal Count Suvorov and the Consolidated Grenadier - General Mayopa Arakcheev.
1800 April 15. The regiment was reinforced by another battalion of 5 Musketeer companies and one Grenadier company, which, with the previous 3, became part of the Consolidated Grenadier Battalion.—December 3rd, the first battalion of His Majesty was transformed into the Grenadier, and the Consolidated Grenadier was disbanded.
1801 In March, the regiment was named His Imperial Majesty's Life Guards Regiment. The third battalion was abolished, and instead of it, two Grenadier Outbuilding companies were formed in addition to the remaining 20 companies, which were not included in the battalions.
1801 March 14th regiment, as before, was named the Life Guards Preobrazhensky; The wing-company was disbanded and then 4 Grenadier battalions were formed.
1811 February 22. The first companies of the battalions retained the name Grenadier, and the rest were renamed Fuselery; battalions and companies are named by numbers.—November 7th—the second battalion was deducted for the formation of the L.-Gds. Lithuanian regiment and then the regiment was reorganized into 3 battalions.
January 25, 1842. For the preparation of reserve troops, the 4th battalion was formed from indefinitely-leave the lower ranks, on March 10, 1854, it was transferred to the 4th active, and the 5th or Reserve Battalion was formed for the regiment. On August 20, the 5th Reserve Battalion was renamed the Reserve Battalion and the 6th Reserve Battalion was formed. On September 17, the 4th, 5th and 6th battalions became part of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Reserve Regiment.
February 9, 1856. From the best riflemen, rifle companies were formed for each battalion of the regiment, and on August 6, the regiment was brought into the ranks of 3 active battalions, with 3 rifle companies.
1857 August 19. The third battalion was ordered to be called reserve and disbanded in peacetime.
1863 April 30. The 3rd battalion was formed and named active.
1876 January 1. The regiment was reorganized into 4 battalions, each of 3 companies, and moreover, the first 3 battalions were from line companies, and the 4th from rifle companies (for which one new company was formed).
August 28, 1877. On the occasion of the campaign of the 4th battalions of the regiment, a 4th company reserve battalion was formed, September 8, 1878 disbanded.
1906 June 15. The 1st battalion was renamed into the Special Infantry and was deprived of the rights of the Guard, a new first battalion was formed (from the Knights of St. George and distinguished ranks - participants in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 - 05).
(Source: Imperial Guard: reference book Imperial Headquarters / ed. V. K. Shenk. - 2nd ed.; correct and additional - St. Petersburg: Printing house of V. D. Smirnov, 1910. - S. 51-52)
1. Formation of the regiment
At first, the soldiers of the Preobrazhensky Regiment were mostly nobles. Many of them, who acted voluntarily, were guided by the calculation of the benefits of service under the direct supervision of the sovereign, who so closely followed the service of each individual private and, moreover, did not distinguish between ranks despite his differences. Under such circumstances, everyone, relying on their abilities, willingly went to the service of the Tsar's favorite Transfigurators, fully believing that the usefulness of his service would be commensurately rewarded by the monarch's distinctions.
On the other hand, the advantage of service in the Preobrazhensky regiment was the fact that it made it possible for everyone to subsequently direct their forces in any direction according to their abilities. The tsar's regiment at that time was the hotbed of all the dignitaries of the Russian state, from the commander to the administrator and diplomat.
In addition, the influx of nobles into the Preobrazhensky Regiment was especially sensitive from February 26, 1714, when by decree of Peter the Great it was forbidden to promote nobles who did not serve in the guard as soldiers.
But in addition to the voluntary entry of nobles into the ranks of the guard, the recruitment of the regiment was sometimes carried out on the personal appointment of the sovereign: for example, by decree of February 12, 1715, it was ordered to write out 200 underage people from the nobles from Moscow to replenish the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments, and in the same year, in during March, April and May, Peter himself personally examined the noble children presented to him by Major Ushakov of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, who had come to St. in Moscow at the Slavic-Latin Academy.
Among the examples of the mandatory recruitment for recruiting from undergrowth, here is the tsar's decree of November 28, 1711, which ordered the Axis to deliver 125 people to the Preobrazhensky Regiment, who must be found from the undergrowth of noble children. If there are none, then send the best recruits.
In addition to the nobles who entered the guard voluntarily and without fail, persons of other classes were also recruited, who also enjoyed certain rights and advantages when they entered voluntarily.
So, for example, all volunteers who entered the Preobrazhensky Regiment from tributary families were given the advantage that their widows, wives, children and mothers were freed from serfdom and from dues, and male children were no longer subject to recruitment duty.
Besides, military service the lower class, along with the nobles, opened the way to officers, and the officer rank elevated them to the highest noble class; so, on January 16, 1721, the tsar's handwritten decree was given: All chief officers who did not come from the nobility, these and their children and their descendants are nobles, and it is necessary for them to give patents for the nobility.
Then one of the most important ways of manning the guard with recruits existed in the form of so-called private recruitments, about which a special decree was given to the Senate each time, and in most cases the recruitment was carried out one person from 20 yards. Sometimes Prince Romodanovsky, who was in charge of the Preobrazhensky order and the affairs of the entire guard, with a general recruitment and with a lack of people in the guard, appointed recruits to the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments at his own discretion, but in this case he assumed full responsibility for their suitability.
There was also a procedure for recruiting guards, according to which all male children of the Preobrazhenians and Semenovtsy enjoyed the right to enter the service in the same regiments and often enrolled in the places of their fathers in order to dismiss them.
Relatives of those who served in the guards, who entered the service from home or were transferred from other units for joint service, also enjoyed a similar right. Persons belonging to the latter category were recorded separately in the regimental lists and were called supernumeraries. This should also include minors who had the right to enter the regiments for the service of their relatives.
Many noble nobles, wanting to please the sovereign, recorded their children almost from the cradle. There were especially many such examples in the lists of the Preobrazhensky Regiment in 1704, so that Peter paid special attention to this inconvenience and in the subsequent years of his reign destroyed this recruitment system.
By the methods listed, the ordinary replenishment of the lower ranks of the guard regiments was carried out, so to speak, but in some cases, with a large loss in people, as, for example, during hostilities, to staff the guard, the sovereign sometimes resorted to transfer from the army, as well as to enrollment consented by foreigners. Subsequently, the reception of the latter was limited only by the number of musicians and artisans necessary for the regiment.
As for the replenishment of officer vacancies in the regiment, they were mainly replaced by productions from among non-commissioned officers and transfers for distinction of officers from the army and navy. Among the examples of the transfer of officers from the army for distinction to the guards, it is enough to point out one: in 1708, when Peter sent a message to Prince Romodanovsky about the defeat of the Swedish army and the capture of General Levengaupt, the postscript read: I ask that this whistleblower be welcome to our regiment.
There were also examples, especially in the early years of the Northern War, that Peter the Great appointed his stolniks and other more or less high officials of the civil department as officers in the guard, but such cases were, as it were, exceptions.
It remains to be said about the staffing of the regiment by clerks, who were elected for the most part from clerks; so, for example, on July 6, 1707, the tsar wrote to Romodanovsky: Our regiment badly needs a regimental clerk; for the sake of it, if you please, choose a kind and unusual person from the clerks. In addition, clerical vacancies were also replenished by voluntarily enrolling or selected from recruits who were well literate.
Those who wished to enter the service filed petitions about this to the sovereign himself or his entourage. This continued until 1710, and from that time petitions began to be written in the highest name, but were submitted to the part in which the petitioner expressed a desire to enter. These requests, after their consideration, were satisfied at the suggestion of the regimental authorities and at the discretion of the tsar, and then the enlistment of those who expressed a desire who were awarded as meeting the requirements of a soldier of the guard followed.
As for the order of recruitment, the recruits had to come to the designated places for collection uniformed and supplied with fodder money. At the assembly points, they were distributed in parts according to their abilities, and to select people for the guard, an officer from the regiment was sent and he was instructed to choose people who were certainly prominent.
A specific time for the collection of recruits was not set, and they were going to the deadlines assigned for each set separately, through which very often the units remained understaffed for a long time.
A similar order of replenishment with people existed until 1706, when a decree was issued to send Vedomosti from the regiments to Moscow to the Military Order in each year in September in the last or October in the first days, and from the Military Order, having collected recruits from the orders, to send these Military orders to the judge from his order of the same year in December, and so that, of course, these recruits were delivered to the regiments in January, and for the passage of recruits, determine exactly two initial persons, which recruits should be given to the generals themselves and take replies from them.
But, despite all the orders of the sovereign, there was a mess in the reception and supply of recruits: the recruits were not brought to their destination on time, and, moreover, the number of escapes from their bad maintenance increased every year.
It was necessary to pay special attention to this, and Peter the Great instructed the Military Collegium, having investigated this issue, to determine the exact rules for eliminating the existing unrest in sending recruits, and in September 1719 the Military Collegium decided: “Although decrees were repeatedly sent and published in the province about a decent collection and recruits, however, these decrees are for the most part not executed, which is why there is a considerable ruin for the state and a malfunction in the regiments, namely: when recruits are collected in the provinces, they are first led from their houses chained, and, having brought them to the cities, they are kept in great cramped conditions, in prisons and prisons for a considerable time, and, thus, having exhausted them on the spot, they will be sent, not judging by the number of people and the distance of the path, with one, and then unfit, officer or nobleman with insufficient food; besides, they will lead, having missed a convenient time, a cruel mudslide, which is why many illnesses happen on the road and die untimely, and the worst thing is that many without repentance, while others, unable to endure such a great need, flee and stick to thieves' companies, from which The worst state is ruined, because from such a bad order, neither the peasants nor the soldiers, but the ruins of the state become. From the provinces, a considerable number are sent crippled and very unfit for military service, of which more than 700 people in the Military Collegium are not accepted into the military service due to unfitness.
So that there are no such disorders, when the squad of recruits is initiated, it is necessary to immediately send a statement to the Military Collegium, how many recruits will be determined from which the province will be recruited, and then in the Military Collegium those recruits should be painted according to commands and sent to receive their good headquarters, chief and non-commissioned officers, depending on the number of recruits, and these officers to accept recruits from the governors and governors of the kindest and fit for service; garrison soldiers should see them off; officers, having received recruits, must immediately swear them in and, so as not to run, entrust them with mutual responsibility; then, connecting those recruits with garrison soldiers, dividing them into corporals and companies, teaching them by all means the soldier's exercise and reading them the military article, so that they would come to the regiments not real peasants, but partly as ordinary soldiers; and the grain and monetary salary determined by him from the very reception of them to give in full. So as not to exhaust them on the road with a quick march, lead them as usual for a soldier's march: three days to go, and the fourth to rest.
In October 1717, a decree was issued that allowed everyone to hire a recruit instead of himself, but with the condition, however, that the hired hand be of good behavior, and not a runaway soldier and not a thief, and, moreover, if he runs away from his unit, then in return he had to join the ranks of the employer. In the recruiting lists, both hirers and employers were accurately indicated with the expectation that at their first (hirers') escape, the regiment reported to the Military Order a list of escaped hirers, whom the employer had already searched for on his own and delivered them to the appropriate units.
2. Composition and number of ranks
The composition of the Preobrazhensky Regiment underwent various changes during the reign of Peter the Great. So, initially the regiment did not have a specific staff: people were added and removed depending on the number of those who wanted to enter the service, and only in 1694 the Preobrazhensky were divided into battalions and companies.
Then, in 1698, the regiment was brought into four battalions, which until 1716 did not have their own internal control, but constituted only an independent part of the regiment in combat terms. Each battalion was divided into four fusilier, or musketeer (infantry, armed with flintlock rifles or muskets), companies, following one after the other in numerical order.
In addition, the regiment also included bombardier and grenadier companies, which did not belong to any of the battalions, but sometimes during hostilities they were divided between them in parts. The company, in turn, was divided into corporals, the number of which varied from four to eight, but was always an even number. This division of the company existed for its internal management, while in combat terms it was divided into platoons, or plutongs. The formation of that time was four-rank; the ranks stood one after another at a distance and closed only for shooting. Two-thirds of the men in each battalion were armed with rifles and bayonets, and the remaining third were armed with pikes and swords.
In addition to subdividing the regiment into battalions for formation and into companies for internal control, the Preobrazhensky Regiment also had a detached, or non-combatant, team, a retired Moscow company and a team of gunners.
The first of them, at the beginning of its formation, consisted of halberdiers, cabmen and batmen, and later, in 1716, increased by the addition of oboists, clerks, paramedics, medical students, all kinds of artisans and, finally, professes. All company ranks were shown in the lists of the fourth battalion.
The retired company was established in 1703 and was permanently in Moscow, which is why it was called Moscow. It included all the ranks of the regiment, which, due to old age, wounds, illnesses or injuries, could not remain in the ranks. Its set, of course, could not be determined by any states, since it was replenished by accidentally falling ill in peacetime and wounded in wartime. The appointment of regimental ranks to it depended on the definition of a doctor and regimental headquarters officers.
The service of the ranks of the retired company consisted in the maintenance of guards at the regimental outbuildings, in looking after the regimental church and the houses of regimental officers.
Finally, the team of gunners was the so-called servants of the regimental artillery and consisted of two corporals and 62 privates. Until 1704, the ranks of the regiment did not have a specific staff, but were divided into corporals, furiers (non-commissioned officer responsible for quartering the company), ensigns, company clerks, captains (in charge of receiving, accounting, storing and issuing weapons), sergeants and corporals - these are for the lower ranks; as for the officers, they were divided into ensigns, second lieutenants, lieutenants, captain-lieutenants, captains, majors and colonels.
The ranks, starting with the major, were considered headquarters officers, and the persons who wore these ranks were known at that time under the general title of "gentlemen of the regimental headquarters." A half-colonel, or, as he was later called a lieutenant-colonel, was in charge of the Preobrazhensky Regiment; only the monarch, who was, as it were, the chief of the regiment and his immediate superior, was considered a colonel in the regiment. So it was during the reign of Peter the Great and remained until 1796.
At the end of the reign of Peter the Great, the names of officer ranks were somewhat changed, but at what time these changes followed, for lack of precise instructions, it is difficult to determine.
With these changes, ensigns became known as Fendriks, second lieutenants - non-commissioned lieutenants, lieutenants - lieutenants and captain-lieutenants - captain-lieutenants.
In addition to the aforementioned ranks, the regimental secretary and the priest were also attached to the staff of the regiment at different times, and with the establishment of the Engineering School for officers in 1722, positions and conductors (according to the engineering department) were determined.
The first secretary of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment was Alexander Mikhailov, and the first priest was Ivan Maksimov.
As for the size of the regiment, until 1704 the ranks of the regiment were not determined by any states, and only this year, Field Marshal Ogilvy, by order of the sovereign, returning to Moscow after the capture of Narva, took up the organization of the Russian army and presented Peter the Great with a staff of regular infantry and cavalry , and for the Preobrazhensky Regiment, not including the bombardment company, the following staff was proposed: battalions -4; mouth: grenadier - 1, fusilier - 16; regimental headquarters: colonel, lieutenant colonel, majors - 2, quartermaster, regimental secretary, regimental priest, adjutant, paramedic, paramedical assistants - 8, waggenmeister, profos; the number of military ranks in the regiment: captains - 17, lieutenants 34, warrant officers - 16, sergeants - 34, ensigns - 16, furiers - 17, company clerks - 17, corporals - 134; corporals - 268, drummers - 67, batmen - 67, privates - 2663.
The sovereign, on October 12 of the same, 1704, actually for the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, not including the bombardment company, this staff was approved.
In the bombardment company, it was considered: captains - 2, lieutenant, sergeants - 6, corporals - 8, drummers - 2, privates - 160, captains - 2, clerks - 2. after his betrayal - Fedor Pleshcheev. The first lieutenant in this company was Alexander Danilovich Menshikov.
In 1714, there were two lieutenants in the bombardment company, one second lieutenant, there were still four corporals and the lower ranks also about 160, but the bombardiers with their students and gunners formed two flank non-numbered corporals; only two middle ones remained numbered.
In the grenadier company, the number of people increased to 170, which is why instead of the previous four, five corporalities were formed, and the fusilier companies remained almost unchanged.
In 1716, the change in the composition of the Preobrazhensky Regiment consisted in the fact that the division into battalions began to concern internal management, and the bombardier and grenadier companies in this respect were assigned to the first battalion.
Finally, in 1723, a change was made in the composition of the bombardment company: instead of two fusilier corporals, in addition to the bombardment corporality, another bombardment, two bombardment corporal apprentices, two gunners and one engineer were formed. It remains to be said about the existing position for regimental musicians, which the sovereign created for the first time in 1698 on his return from abroad. Regimental music of that time was composed of oboes, flutes, sipoches (reed or willow duda) and drums.
Each fusilier company had two drummers and an oboist, while the grenadier company had two drummers and a flute player. In 1702, the sovereign issued a special regulation on regimental musicians, and one more oboist was added to each fusilier company, and one flute player to the grenadier company. From among the orders recent years During the reign of Peter the Great, his decree on the appointment of priests exclusively from among those studying in schools attracts special attention.
Dragoons
Peter I, forming a regular cavalry, established for her clothes, common to almost all the troops of northern and western Europe.
The uniforms, equipment and weapons of the Dragoon Prince Meshchersky Regiment were made on a living thread, since it was possible to supplement and improve all this under the personal supervision of Field Marshal Sheremetev, upon the arrival of the regiment in Pskov, in the spring of 1701; but at the end of that year, presumably, the dragoons of Prince. Meshchersky were already uniformed, equipped and armed, as they participated in the battle of Erestfer.
Dragoon Regiment Prince. Meshchersky was dressed in a dark green cloth, infantry type, single-breasted caftan, buttoned only at the waist, or with all buttons, depending on the time of year, and under it was an elk camisole, reminiscent of the cut of the current Caucasian beshmet. Instead of a collar, the caftan had a narrow red trim, and the lining on the caftan, edges, trims at the loops and wide split cuffs, from under which the shirt cuffs were visible, were of the same color; around the neck is a black tie tied with a wide bow. Elk pants and boots with bells (similar to today's over the knee boots), to which iron yellow spurs were tied, were used only in the ranks; at home, the dragoon's shoes consisted of green stockings and black blunt shoes, fastened in front with a buckle, which was closed with a leather flap. The headdress was a small triangular hat trimmed around the edges with white braid; from under this hat, long hair fell in strands on his shoulders. The outer clothing of the dragoon was an epancha made of dark green cloth with a karaze lining, fastened with a copper hook and had a narrow turn-down collar with a small hood. Epancha reached only to the knees and was so narrow that it served only as a weak protection from rain and cold.<…>
The armament of the dragoon was very diverse. In the regiment, at the same time, were: sabers, swords, broadswords, baguettes, spears, fuzei, carbines and pistols.
Over the caftan on the dragoon, two wide elk baldrics were worn crosswise, of which a fox hung on one, and a gun was attached to the other. Melee weapons hung on a belt harness, and a pistol was placed in an open pig at the saddle.
Bags were attached to the rear pommel of a bulky German saddle, and on the side - the originality of that time - an ax, a pick or a shovel, one of three, were attached.
Non-commissioned officer of the regiment Meshchersky was no different from a dragoon; the officer, on the other hand, was distinguished by gilded buttons, a narrow gold galloon that turned off the edges of the harness, and copper spurs. In addition, the officer relied on cut gloves with bells.
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According to the new rules issued by the Military Collegium on February 9, 1720, a change followed in the cut of the dragoons' clothing: small turn-down cloth collars were given to the caftans; pocket valves, instead of serrated ones with five buttons, were supposed to be cut at an angle with three buttons. The color of the caftans was also changed, and the dragoons were ordered to build them from cornflower blue cloth; the collar of the cuff, the fringes of the loops and the linings began to be made of white cloth. |
Dragoon Regiment Prince. N.F. Meshchersky, |
First cavalry guards
Peter, who did not like luxury, this time retreated from his habits: preparations for the coronation began long ago, and the Sovereign spared no means to give the imperial coronation, approved for the first time in Russia, extraordinary magnificence. The first Imperial coronation was supposed not only to prove to the whole world that Peter considers his right to the Imperial title undoubted, but also to demonstrate with his own eyes all the might of the new Empire.
Among the concerns of Peter to furnish the upcoming coronation with possible splendor should also include the establishment of “drabants” or “cavalry guards”.<…>
On March 31, 1724, “Mr. Major General Lefort appeared at the State Collegium and announced that yesterday he was with His Imperial Majesty in the house on the former Golovinsky Yard, where His Imperial Majesty deigned to order him to choose from those found in Moscow from the army and from the zapoloshny officers who are now in Moscow are 60 people in drabant, and whoever has a command over them will henceforth be sent a decree to the Military Collegium of His Imperial Majesty.
Exactly two weeks later, the "drabants" were recruited: on April 14, "there was a review of the officers from the captain to the ensign of the army and guard regiments, of which 6 people were selected for the drabants."
On the same day, Tolstoy “promemory” notified the Military Collegium: “By His Imperial Majesty’s decree, 6o caftans were prepared for 6o people in drabants of a dress, 6o caftans, and 6o red overhead caftans with coats of arms on both sides and trousers, and we need a dress for drabants to the Military Collegium to accept and order certain drabants to put on and try on, and if which of them is short or narrow, these drabants have announced that, and that will be corrected. And the State Military Collegium to do this according to His Imperial Majesty's decree.<…>
All cavalry guards were 71: 4 officers, 6 complete cavalry guards, 4 spares, 1 timpani and 2 trumpeters; the last three from the lower ranks.
Contemporaries, describing the "cavalry guard", agree that the cavalry guards "people were chosen from the whole army the most tall and prominent."
Their outfit, made under the supervision of the supreme marshal of the coronation of Tolstoy, amazed everyone with its beauty and wealth.
The supply of the "cavalry guards" with horses was carried out with the help of requisition: on April 21 and 22 they were demanded to Prince Menshikov from all Moscow merchants, Russian and foreign, riding and draft beautiful and tall of them were appointed under drabants.<…>The color of the horses was black.
On May 4, the Imperial family moved from Golovinsky to the Kremlin Palace. On May 5, a “publication” was made about the coronation, scheduled for Thursday, May 7.
On the eve of the day of the coronation, an all-night vigil was sent in all Moscow churches.
On the morning of May 7, “both guards of His Imperial Majesty and other battalions came to the Kremlin and were placed on Ivanovskaya Square ... And from the very apartments of the Imperial, both at the top and along the large porch, called Red, and along the bridge, which from that porch to the church was made a cathedral, grenadiers from the guards were placed on both sides, ie. grenadier companies of the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments.<…>
At 10 o'clock the procession to the cathedral began. It was opened by "half of the Imperial cavalry guards with their officers in front." Probably the cavalry guards went 3 in a row, with carbines on the left shoulder. They were followed by pages, deputies from the provinces, generals, then they carried regalia (mantle, scepter, orb and crown). Behind the regalia, having before him the supreme marshal, was the Emperor with his two assistants, princes Menshikov and Repnin. Peter was "in a summer caftan, heavenly
blue, richly embroidered with silver, wearing red silk stockings and a hat with a white feather. The caftan was embroidered by the "hands" of Catherine. Behind the Emperor was Catherine "in the richest robe" made in the Spanish style and in a headdress strewn with precious stones and pearls. Her dress was of purple material, richly and magnificently embroidered. The Empress was led by the Duke of Holstein; supported by her assistants, counts Apraksin and Golovkin; the train of the mantle was carried by five ladies of the "first rank". The Empress was followed by ladies-in-waiting and ladies of the court, and "then came the colonels, officers and other national gentry, which were determined in this ceremony."
The procession was brought up by "the other half of the company of the Imperial Cavalry Guards."
Met at the locker of the Assumption Cathedral by the clergy, the Emperor and the Empress, in his forerunner and while singing Psalm 100 “I will sing Mercy and Judgment to Thee, Lord”, went to the “throne” arranged in the middle of the cathedral. “Waiting for Their Imperial Majesties to ascend the throne, Mr. Lieutenant General Yaguzhinsky, like the captain of the Imperial Cavalry Guards, and Mr. Major Dmitriev-Mamonov, the same cavalry guards lieutenant, stood on both sides of the entrance of a large assault on the throne to protect it; the other two gentlemen, the commanding officers of that cavalry guard, Brigadier Leontiev and Colonel Meshchersky, stood on both sides of the middle attack, between ascent to the throne, all four with the staves of their team in their hands.
This is how the first appearance of cavalry guards in Russia is described ...
At the very end of the XVII century. Peter I decided to reorganize the Russian army according to the European model. The basis for the future army was the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments, which already in August 1700 formed the Royal Guard.
A uniform the soldier (Fusiliers) of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment consisted of a caftan, camisole, pants, stockings, shoes, tie, hat and coat.
The caftan (see image below) was made of dark green cloth, knee-length, instead of a collar it had a cloth lining of the same color. The sleeves did not reach the hands; shirt gathers were visible from under them.
Cuffs - split, made of red cloth. Four loops were cut along the upper edge, fastened with copper buttons.
On the back and sides, from the waist to the hem, there were cuts. At the same time, buttonholes were sewn on the sides of the dorsal incision for decoration - three, four, and sometimes the entire length of the floor.
In front, below the belt, pockets with five-pointed notched flaps were cut, which were fastened with four buttons.
12-16 (depending on the height of the soldier) puffed-up copper buttons were sewn along the side. The red lace on the left shoulder - the prototype of the epaulette - served to fix the belt of the cartridge bag.
The lining of the caftan and the trim of the loops were red.
The camisole (see image below) was worn under the caftan and was of the same cut as the caftan, but shorter and narrower, without cuffs.
Pants - knee-length, with copper buttons on the side seams. Until 1720, the camisole, trousers and stockings were dark green or, more rarely, red.
Shoes - blunt, lubricated (i.e., smeared with tar), fastened with a copper buckle, covered with a flap on top. On campaigns, privates could wear boots with small bells.
The hat is black, woolen, with a round crown. The brim of the hat was sheathed with white galloon and turned up, initially on one side, later on three, forming a cocked hat. A camisole button was sewn on the left side.
The tie was made of black material and tied with a bow.
Epancha (see image above) was worn in cold, inclement weather. It was sewn from dark green cloth with lining of the same color. It was fastened at the neck with a copper hook and loop.
The epancha had two collars: the upper one was a narrow turn-down collar and the lower one was wide.
The length reached the knees.
Soldiers wore long hair, shoulder-length, combed in a straight parting. The beards were shaved, leaving only mustaches combed up.
A uniform non-commissioned officers - corporals, lieutenants, captains, furiers and sergeants - differed from the soldier's with a narrow gold galloon sewn along the edge of the hat brim and on caftan cuffs (see image above).
Officers of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment wore uniform, almost identical to the uniform of privates (see image below).
As a rule, when sewing an officer's uniforms and ammunition, fabrics and leather of higher quality were used than those of privates. In addition, along the board, the edges of the cuffs and pocket flaps of the caftan and camisole, along the side seam of the trousers and the edge of the hat fields, gold galloon was sewn on.
The hat was decorated with a plume of white and red feathers.
The buttons of the uniform were gilded, and the caftan had a dark green lining.
The officer's tie was sewn from white linen.
In addition, the officers were given elk skin gloves.
In full dress, officers were required to wear large curled wigs.
Chief officers - ensign, second lieutenant, lieutenant, captain-lieutenant and captain - had silver badges with a gilded border. The badge depicted a crown and a St. Andrew's cross made of blue enamel.
After the battle near Narva, these signs were given the inscription "1700 19 BUT" by Peter I and their shape and design were changed. They have become narrower and longer than before, with a golden cross and laurel branches.
The scarves of the chief officers are silk, of three stripes - white, blue and red, with silver tassels.
Headquarters officers - major, lieutenant colonel and colonel - had gilded badges, without an inscription, a cross - white enamel. All signs were worn on a blue St. Andrew's ribbon.
The scarves of the staff officers were with gold tassels, the majors and lieutenant colonels had a white stripe mixed with silver, and the colonels, in addition, had a red stripe mixed with gold.
Officers' scarves were worn over the right shoulder and tied at the left side with a knot.
The weapons and ammunition of the officers were a sword with a lanyard and a protazan.
The sword was worn on an elk harness, trimmed around the edge with gold galloon. The lanyard brush for the chief officers was silver, for the headquarters officers - gold.
In the ranks, the officers were armed with a protazan, which was a flat spear with an image of a double-headed eagle on the pen and a crescent-shaped base. The pen ended with a round tube and a metal apple. In the place where the tube was attached to the shaft there was a brush: for the chief officers it was silver, for the staff officers it was gold.
The total length of the protazan with the shaft was 261 cm.
Both the officer's protazan and the sergeant's halberd, as the actual weapon, were never used, being a command signal or honorary badge.
In wartime, the first line of Fusiliers - up to a third of the total number - was transformed into pikemen. The clothes of the pikemen were exactly the same as the clothes of the Fusiliers.
The weapons and ammunition of the pikemen were; a spear with a black shaft (341 cm), a sword and a pistol. The tip of the spear was trihedral and often decorated with a gold notch. An ensign was attached to the tip - a flag made of black matter, with a golden image of a double-headed eagle and golden dragons. In front, on the belt, the pikemen wore a cartridge box.
In addition to the listed ranks, a fusilier company was supposed to have two drummers and one oboist. Cut and color them uniforms, basically, did not differ from the soldier’s, however, there were the following features of the musicians’ uniforms: along the sides of the caftans, camisoles, along the edges of the cuffs and pocket flaps, a narrow woolen lace of three stripes was sewn - white, blue and red (see image below).
In addition, the drummers on the right shoulder, under the tympanic band, sewed on an overlay of dark green cloth, trimmed with tricolor galloon.
All musicians were armed with swords. The drum was worn over the right shoulder on an elk baldric with an iron hook. The drum was wooden, 41.8 cm high and 44 cm in diameter. The body of the drum was painted with green paint and was painted with patterns. On one side, a double-headed eagle was depicted on a red field, on the other, a hand descending from the clouds with a drawn sword.
In each of the guards regiments, except for the fusilier battalions, there was one grenadier company. A uniform The grenadier guards (see image above) differed from the fusilier only in that instead of a triangular hat they wore black leather grenadier hats decorated with an ostrich feather. The shape of this headgear made it possible to throw grenades without hitting the cocked hat over the wide brim.
The grenadier hat consisted of a round leather crown, with a high forehead and nape. A copper plaque with the monogram of Peter I was attached to the back of the crown, with an ostrich feather in white and red colors attached to it. The forehead was decorated with a copper plaque with an engraved image of a double-headed eagle.
The hat of the guards grenadier officers was distinguished by gold embroidery in the form of leaves on the forehead and around the crown and a gilded metal device.
The weapons and ammunition of ordinary grenadiers were distinguished by the fact that the fusee had a running belt threaded through two iron rings attached to the stock of the gun. While throwing grenades, the fusee was worn behind the back, over the left shoulder.
Harness with a sword was a common pattern. On the front of the belt was worn a cartridge case for 12 charges, with a round badge, in the form of a flaming Grenada, with a minted Royal monogram (see image above). Over the left shoulder on an elk baldric is a grenade bag, decorated at the corners of the lid with flaming grenade (see image above).
The grenadier chief officers had the same insignia - a sword with a lanyard, a badge and a scarf, as the fusilier ones. The lyadunka was not worn on the belt, but over the right shoulder, and instead of the protazan, they were armed with a light fusee with a bayonet and a shoulder strap with gold galloon.
In a grenadier company, I am supposed to have two drummers and one flutist.
Before 1720 cut uniforms, weapons and ammunition of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky and the Life Guards of the Semenovsky regiments were the same. The difference was only in the color of the caftans - dark green in the Preobrazhensky regiment and light blue (light blue) in the Semenovsky.
At the very end of the XVII century. Peter I decided to reorganize the Russian army according to the European model. The basis for the future army was the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments, which already in August 1700 formed the Royal Guard.
A uniform the soldier (Fusiliers) of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment consisted of a caftan, camisole, pants, stockings, shoes, tie, hat and coat.
The caftan (see image below) was made of dark green cloth, knee-length, instead of a collar it had a cloth lining of the same color. The sleeves did not reach the hands; shirt gathers were visible from under them.
Cuffs - split, made of red cloth. Four loops were cut along the upper edge, fastened with copper buttons .
On the back and sides, from the waist to the hem, there were cuts. At the same time, on the sides of the dorsal incision, for decoration, they sewed buttonholes- three, four, and sometimes the entire length of the floors.
In front, below the belt, pockets with five-pointed gear flaps were cut, which were fastened with four buttons .
12-16 (depending on the height of the soldier) puffed-up copper buttons were sewn along the side. Red the lace on the left shoulder - the prototype of the epaulette - served to fix the cartridge belt bags .
The lining of the caftan and the trim of the loops were red.
The camisole (see image below) was worn under the caftan and was of the same cut as the caftan, but shorter and narrower, without cuffs.
Pants - knee-length, with copper buttons on the side seams. Until 1720, the camisole, trousers and stockings were dark green or, more rarely, red.
Shoes - blunt, lubricated (i.e., smeared with tar), fastened with a copper buckle, covered with a flap on top. On campaigns, privates could wear boots with small cracks.
The hat is black, woolen, with a round crown. The brim of the hat was sheathed with white galloon and turned up, initially on one side, later on three, forming a cocked hat. A camisole button was sewn on the left side.
Tie made of black cloth and tied with a bow.
Epancha (see image above) was worn in cold, inclement weather. It was sewn from dark green cloth with lining of the same color. It was fastened at the neck with a copper hook and loop.
The epancha had two collars: the upper one was a narrow turn-down collar and the lower one was wide.
The length reached the knees.
Soldiers wore long hair, shoulder-length, combed in a straight parting. The beards were shaved, leaving only mustaches combed up.
A uniform non-commissioned officers - corporals, lieutenants, captains, furiers and sergeants - differed from the soldier's with a narrow gold galloon sewn along the edge of the hat brim and on caftan cuffs (see image above).
Officers of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment wore uniform, almost identical to the uniform of privates (see image below).
As a rule, when sewing an officer's uniforms and ammunition used fabrics and leather higher quality than ordinary. In addition, along the board, the edges of the cuffs and pocket flaps of the caftan and camisole, along the side seam of the trousers and the edge of the hat fields, gold galloon was sewn on.
The hat was decorated with a plume of white and red feathers.
Buttons the uniforms were gilded, and the caftan had a dark green lining.
officer tie sewn from white linen.
In addition, officers were given gloves from elk skin.
In full dress, officers were required to wear large curled wigs.
Chief officers - ensign, second lieutenant, lieutenant, lieutenant captain and captain- had silver badges with gilded border. The sign depicted a crown and St. Andrew's cross from blue enamel.
After the battle near Narva, these signs were given the inscription "1700 19 BUT" by Peter I and their shape and design were changed. They have become narrower and longer than before, with a golden cross and laurel branches.
The scarves of the chief officers are silk, of three stripes - white, blue and red, with silver tassels.
Headquarters officers - major , lieutenant colonel and the colonel had gilded signs, without an inscription, the cross was white enamel. All signs were worn on blue Andrew's tape.
The scarves of the staff officers were with gold tassels, the majors and lieutenant colonels had a white stripe mixed with silver, and the colonels, in addition, had a red stripe mixed with gold.
Officers' scarves were worn over the right shoulder and tied at the left side with a knot.
The weapons and ammunition of the officers were a sword with a lanyard and a protazan.
The sword was worn on an elk harness, trimmed around the edge with gold galloon. The lanyard brush for the chief officers was silver, for the headquarters officers - gold.
In the ranks, the officers were armed with a protazan, which was a flat spear with an image of a double-headed eagle on the pen and a crescent-shaped base. The pen ended with a round tube and a metal apple. In the place where the tube was attached to the shaft there was a brush: for the chief officers it was silver, for the staff officers it was gold.
The total length of the protazan with the shaft was 261 cm.
Both the officer's protazan and the sergeant's halberd, as the actual weapon, were never used, being a command signal or honorary badge.
In wartime, the first line of Fusiliers - up to a third of the total number - was transformed into pikemen. clothing pikemen was absolutely the same as the clothes of the Fusiliers.
The weapons and ammunition of the pikemen were; a spear with a black shaft (341 cm), a sword and a pistol. The tip of the spear was trihedral and often decorated with a gold notch. An ensign was attached to the tip - a flag made of black matter, with a golden image of a double-headed eagle and golden dragons. In front, on the belt, the pikemen wore a cartridge box.
In addition to the listed ranks, a fusilier company was supposed to have two drummers and one oboist. Cut and color them uniforms, basically, did not differ from the soldier’s, however, there were the following features of the musicians’ uniforms: along the sides of the caftans, camisoles, along the edges of the cuffs and pocket flaps, a narrow woolen lace of three stripes was sewn - white, blue and red (see image below).
In addition, the drummers on the right shoulder, under the tympanic band, sewed on an overlay of dark green cloth, trimmed with tricolor galloon.
All musicians were armed with swords. The drum was worn over the right shoulder on an elk baldric with an iron hook. The drum was wooden, 41.8 cm high and 44 cm in diameter. The body of the drum was painted with green paint and was painted with patterns. On one side, a double-headed eagle was depicted on a red field, on the other, a hand descending from the clouds with a drawn sword.
In each of the guards regiments, except for the fusilier battalions, there was one grenadier company. A uniform guards grenadiers (see image above) differed from the fusilier only in that instead of a triangular hat they wore grenadier hats from black leather, decorated with an ostrich feather. The shape of this headgear made it possible to throw grenades without hitting the cocked hat over the wide brim.
Grenadier a cap consisted of a round leather tulle, with a high forehead and nape. A copper plaque with the monogram of Peter I was attached to the back of the crown, with an ostrich feather in white and red colors attached to it. The forehead was decorated with a copper plaque with an engraved image of a double-headed eagle.
A cap Guards grenadier officers were distinguished by gold embroidery in the form of leaves on the forehead and around the crown and a gilded metal device.
The weapons and ammunition of ordinary grenadiers were distinguished by the fact that the fusee had a linear belt, threaded through two iron rings attached to the gun stock. While throwing grenades, the fusee was worn behind the back, over the left shoulder.
Harness with a sword was a common pattern. On the front of the belt was worn a cartridge case for 12 charges, with a round badge, in the form of a flaming Grenada, with a minted Royal monogram (see image above). Over the left shoulder on an elk baldric is a grenade bag, decorated at the corners of the lid with flaming grenade (see image above).
The grenadier chief officers had the same insignia - a sword with a lanyard, a badge and a scarf, as the fusilier ones. The lyadunka was not worn on the belt, but over the right shoulder, and instead of the protazan, they were armed with a light fusee with a bayonet and a shoulder strap with gold galloon.
In a grenadier company, I am supposed to have two drummers and one flutist.
Before 1720 cut uniforms, weapons and ammunition of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky and the Life Guards of the Semenovsky regiments were the same. The difference was only in the color of the caftans - dark green in the Preobrazhensky Regiment and light blue ( blue) in Semenovsky.
Source: website A uniform armies of the world - //uniforma-army.ru/
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In 1711, among other positions, two new positions appeared in the Russian army - adjutant wing and adjutant general. These were especially trusted military personnel, belonging to the highest military leaders, and from 1713 to the emperor, who carried out responsible assignments and controlled the execution of orders given by the military leader. Later, when the Table of Ranks was created in 1722, these positions were included in it, respectively. Classes were defined for them and they were equated
The uniform of the army hussars of the Russian Imperial Army of 1741-1788 the army had little need for regular light cavalry. The first official hussar units in the Russian army appeared during the reign of the Empress
The uniform of the army hussars of the Russian Imperial Army of 1796-1801 In the previous article, we talked about the uniform of the Russian army hussars during the reign of Empresses Elizabeth Petrovna and Catherine II from 1741 to 1788. After Paul I ascended the throne, he revived the army hussar regiments, but introduced Prussian-Gatchina motifs into their uniforms. Moreover, from November 29, 1796, the names of the hussar regiments became the former name by the name of their chief
The uniform of the hussars of the Russian Imperial Army of 1801-1825 In the two previous articles we talked about the uniform of the Russian army hussars of 1741-1788 and 1796-1801. In this article we will talk about the hussar uniform of the reign of Emperor Alexander I. So, let's get started ... On March 31, 1801, all the hussar regiments of the army cavalry were given the following names: hussar regiment, new name Melissino
Uniform of the hussars of the Russian Imperial Army of 1826-1855 We continue the series of articles on the uniform of the Russian army hussar regiments. In previous articles, we reviewed the hussar uniforms of 1741-1788, 1796-1801 and 1801-1825. In this article we will talk about the changes that occurred during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I. In 1826-1854, the following hussar regiments were renamed, created or disbanded.
Uniform of the hussars of the Russian Imperial Army of 1855-1882 We continue the series of articles on the uniform of the Russian army hussar regiments. In previous articles, we got acquainted with the hussar uniform of 1741-1788, 1796-1801, 1801-1825 and 1826-1855. In this article we will talk about the changes in the uniform of Russian hussars that took place during the reign of Emperors Alexander II and Alexander III. On May 7, 1855, the following changes were made to the uniform of officers of the army hussars
The uniform of the hussars of the Russian Imperial Army of 1907-1918 We are finishing a series of articles on the uniform of the Russian army hussars of 1741-1788, 1796-1801, 1801-1825, 1826-1855 and 1855-1882. In the last article of the cycle, we will talk about the uniform of the restored army hussars in the reign of Nicholas II. From 1882 to 1907, there were only two hussar regiments in the Russian Empire, both in the Imperial Guard of the Life Guards, His Majesty's Hussar Regiment and the Grodno Life Guards
The uniform of the soldiers of the infantry regiments of the New Foreign system at the end of the 17th century consisted of a Polish-style caftan with buttonholes sewn on the chest in six rows, short, knee-length pants, stockings and shoes with buckles. The headdress of the soldiers was a cap with fur trim, the grenadiers had a cap. Weapons and ammunition: a musket, a baguinet in a scabbard, a harness, a bag for bullets and a beret with charges, the grenadiers have a bag with grenade. Before 1700 soldiers of amusing Preobrazhensky had a similar uniform
Field infantry At the beginning of 1730, after the death of Peter II, the Russian throne was occupied by Empress Anna Ioannovna. In March 1730, the State Senate approved the models of regimental coats of arms for most of the infantry and garrison regiments. In June of the same year, the Empress established the Military Commission, which was in charge of all issues related to the formation and supply of the army and garrison regiments. In the second half of 1730, the composition imperial guard the newly formed Life Guards was introduced
During the First World War of 1914-1918, in the Russian Imperial Army, the tunic of arbitrary imitation models of English and French models, which received the general name French after the name of the English General John French, became widespread. The design features of the service jackets mainly consisted in the design of a soft turn-down collar, or a soft standing collar with a button closure, like the collar of a Russian tunic, adjustable cuff width with the help of
From the author. This article provides a brief excursion into the history of the emergence and development of uniforms of the Siberian Cossack army. The Cossack form of the era of the reign of Nicholas II, the form in which the Siberian Cossack army went down in history, is considered in more detail. The material is intended for novice historians-uniformists, military-historical reenactors and for modern Siberian Cossacks. In the picture on the left is the military sign of the Siberian Cossack army
The story about the uniform of the Semirechensk Cossack Army of the early XX century will be incomprehensible if we do not briefly touch on the topic of the uniform of the entire Russian Imperial Army, which had its own long history and traditions, regulated by the Highest approved orders from the Military Department and circulars of the General Staff. After the end of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. the reform of the Russian Army was launched, including changes in the form of clothing. Beyond some return to uniforms
The accession to the throne of Emperor Alexander I was marked by a change in the uniform of the Russian army. The new uniform combined fashion trends and traditions of Catherine's reign. The soldiers dressed in tailcoat-style uniforms with high collars, boots replaced all ranks with boots. Jaegers of the light infantry received hats with a brim, reminiscent of civilian top hats. A characteristic detail of the new uniforms of heavy infantry soldiers was a leather helmet with a high plume.
In the history of the domestic military uniform, the period from 1756 to 1796 occupies a special place. The stubborn and energetic struggle between progressive and reactionary tendencies in the national military art indirectly left its mark on the development and improvement of the uniforms and equipment of the Russian troops. The level of development of the Russian economy formed a serious basis for the transformation of the Russian army into a modern military force for that era. Advances in metallurgy contributed to the expansion of the production of cold
At the end of the 18th century, the military uniform of the Russian army again underwent changes in its significant part. In November 1796 Catherine II suddenly died and Paul I ascended the throne. her reign. Paul openly declared his intention to bring
The science of ancient Russian weapons has a long tradition; it originated from the moment of discovery in 1808 at the site of the famous Lipitsk battle in 1216, a helmet and chain mail, possibly belonging to Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. Historians and experts in the study of ancient weapons of the last century A. V. Viskovatov, E. E. Lenz, P. I. Savvaitov, N. E. Brandenburg attached considerable importance to the collection and classification of items of military equipment. They also began decoding and its terminology, including -. neck
A military uniform is not only clothing that is supposed to be comfortable, durable, practical and light enough so that a person carrying the hardships of military service is reliably protected from the vicissitudes of weather and climate, but also a kind of visiting card of any army. Since the uniform appeared in Europe in the 17th century, the representative role of the uniform has been very high. The uniform in the old days spoke about the rank of its wearer and what kind of troops he belonged to, or even
1. PRIVATE GRENADER REGIMENT. 1809 Selected soldiers, designed to throw hand grenades during the siege of fortresses, first appeared during the Thirty Years' War 1618-1648. The grenadier units selected people of high stature, distinguished by their courage and knowledge of military affairs. In Russia, from the end of the 17th century, grenadiers were placed at the head of assault columns, to strengthen the flanks and to act against cavalry. To early XIX centuries, the grenadiers turned into a kind of elite troops that did not differ in weapons
Almost all the countries of Europe were drawn into the wars of conquest, which were continuously waged by the Emperor of France Napoleon Bonaparte at the beginning of the last century. In the historically short period of 1801-1812, he managed to subjugate almost all of Western Europe to his influence, but this was not enough for him. The emperor of France claimed world domination, and Russia became the main obstacle on his way to the top of world glory. In five years I will be the master of the world, he declared in an ambitious impulse,
The Russian army, which owns the honor of victory over the Napoleonic hordes in the Patriotic War of 1812, consisted of several types of armed forces and military branches. The types of armed forces included ground forces and Navy. The ground forces included several branches of the military, infantry, cavalry, artillery and pioneers, or engineers now sappers. The invading troops of Napoleon on the western borders of Russia were opposed by 3 Russian armies of the 1st Western under the command
107 Cossack regiments and 2.5 Cossack horse artillery companies participated in the Patriotic War of 1812. They constituted irregular searches, that is, part of the armed forces that did not have a permanent organization and differed from regular military formations in recruitment, service, training, and uniforms. The Cossacks were a special military estate, which included the population of certain territories of Russia, which constituted the corresponding Cossack army of the Don, Ural, Orenburg,
The army is the armed organization of the state. Consequently, the main difference between the army and other state organizations is that it is armed, that is, in order to perform its functions, it has a complex of various types of weapons and means that ensure their use. In 1812, the Russian army was armed with cold and firearms, as well as protective weapons. To edged weapons, the combat use of which is not associated with the use of explosives for the period under review -
Illustrations of uniforms of the Russian army - artist N.V. Zaretsky 1876-1959. Russian army in 1812. SPb., 1912. Light cavalry general. General of the retinue EIV General of the light cavalry. Walking form. General of the retinue of His Imperial Majesty in the quartermaster department. Parade uniform. Parade uniform. Private Izyum Hussar Regiment. Parade uniform.
His Imperial Majesty's Own Convoy was the formation of the Russian guard, which carried out the protection of the royal person. The main core of the convoy were the Cossacks of the Terek and Kuban Cossack troops. Circassians, Nogays, Stavropol Turkmens, other mountaineers-Muslims of the Caucasus, Azerbaijanis, a team of Muslims, from 1857 the fourth platoon of the Life Guards of the Caucasian squadron, Georgians, Crimean Tatars, other nationalities of the Russian Empire. The official date of the founding of the convoy
Officers of the Cossack troops, who are under the Office of the Military Ministry, full dress and festive uniforms. May 7, 1869. The Life Guards Cossack Regiment marching uniform. September 30, 1867. Generals in the army Cossack units full dress. March 18, 1855 Adjutant General, listed in the Cossack units in full dress. March 18, 1855 Adjutant wing, listed in the Cossack units in full dress. March 18, 1855 Chief officers
Until April 6, 1834, they were called companies. January 1827, 1 day - On officer epaulettes, to distinguish ranks, forged stars were installed, as at that time introduced in regular troops 23. July 10, 1827 - In the Don horse artillery companies, round pompoms are installed at the lower ranks of red wool, officers have silver drawings 1121 and 1122 24 . 1829 August 7 days - Epaulettes on officer uniforms are installed with a scaly field, following the model
SONG EMPEROR, on the 22nd day of February and the 27th day of October of this year, the Highest Command deigned to 1. Generals, Headquarters and Chief Officers and lower ranks all Cossack troops, except for the Caucasian, and except for the Guards Cossack units, as well as civil officials serving in the Cossack troops and in regional boards and departments in the service of the Kuban and Terek regions, named in articles 1-8 of the attached list, Appendix 1, to have a uniform according to the attached
Military uniforms are called clothes established by rules or special decrees, the wearing of which is mandatory for any military unit and for each branch of the military. The form symbolizes the function of its bearer and his belonging to the organization. The stable phrase honor of the uniform means military or corporate honor in general. Even in the Roman army, soldiers were given the same weapons and armor. In the Middle Ages, it was customary to depict the coat of arms of a city, kingdom or feudal lord on shields,
Adjutant General, Chief Officer of the Life Guards of His Majesty's Cossack Regiment and Cossack of the field cavalry regiments of the Ural Cossack troops in the usual form orders for the military department of 1883 64 and 72. Headquarters and chief officers serving in the military district departments and institutions subordinate to them, ordinary uniform and chekmen order of the military department of 1892 305. Life Guards Caucasian Cossack squadrons 1 Trumpeter of His Imperial Majesty,
As the researcher of the history of the Caucasian linear Cossacks V.A. Kolesnikov, the Khopersky Cossack regiment existed for almost a century and a half 1775-1920, starting with a convoy-police team, staffed from residents of only four settlements on the eastern outskirts of the Voronezh region, then by the beginning of the 20th century. grew into a serious fighting unit, replenished with Cossacks from two dozen villages of the Khopersky regimental district of the Kuban army ... The Khopertsy can deservedly be called the old-timers of the Kuban
In the reign of Alexander III there were no wars or major battles. All solutions for foreign policy received personally by the Sovereign. The post of state chancellor was even abolished. In foreign policy, Alexander III took a course towards rapprochement with France, and in building the army, much attention was paid to recreating the naval power of Russia. The emperor understood that the absence of a strong fleet had deprived Russia of a significant part of its great-power weight. During his reign, the foundation was laid
The clothing of military personnel is established by decrees, orders, rules or special regulations. Wearing a naval uniform of a naval uniform is mandatory for military personnel of the armed forces of the state and other formations where military service is provided. In the armed forces of Russia, there are a number of accessories that were in the naval uniform of the times of the Russian Empire. These include shoulder straps, boots, long overcoats with buttonholes.
sign system The uniforms of the White armies were directly influenced by the symbols of the White movement of the state national, St. George and parts of death. By 1917, white, blue and red were considered state colors, while white, black and yellow were erroneously associated with the idea of monarchy, the ribbon on the anniversary medal of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty is an example of this. At the beginning of 1918, white-blue-red
From the author. In this article, the author does not claim to fully cover all issues related to the history, uniform, equipment and structure of the Russian army cavalry, but only tried to briefly talk about the types of uniforms in 1907-1914. Those who wish to get more deeply acquainted with the uniform, way of life, customs and traditions of the Russian army cavalry can refer to the primary sources given in the bibliography for this article. Dragoons At the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian cavalry was considered
The gorget is a crescent-shaped metal plate approximately 20x12 cm in size, suspended horizontally by the ends on the officer's chest near the throat. Designed to determine the rank of an officer. More often in the literature it is referred to as an officer's badge, neck badge, officer's badge. However, the correct name for this element of military clothing is gorget. In some publications, in particular in the book A. Kuznetsov Awards, the gorget is mistakenly considered a collective award sign. However, this
Perhaps there is no more well-known and noticeable element of the officer uniform of the Russian tsarist army than epaulettes on the shoulders of officers and generals, but the history of epaulettes in the Russian army has less than one century, more precisely about eighty years. Sometimes in some publications you can find the statement that epaulettes appeared on Russian military uniforms in 1762-63. However, this is not true. These are epaulettes from a garus cord. Some similarity with epaulettes is given by the ends hanging down from the shoulder in the form of a fringe.
Espanton protazan, halberd Espanton, protazan partisan, halberd are actually ancient weapons of the pole type. Espanton and pierced weapons are piercing, and the halberd is piercing and chopping. By the end of the 17th century, with the development of firearms, they were all hopelessly outdated. It is difficult to say what Peter I was guided by when introducing these antiquities into service with non-commissioned officers and infantry officers of the newly created Russian Army. Most likely on the model of Western armies. As weapons, they played no role,
A document regarding the clothing of the army, filed by General Field Marshal Prince Grigory Potemkin-Tavrichesky in the name of the Highest Name in 1782 as far as his prosperity, he burdened himself with iron armor of protection, such that they even extended to horses; then, undertaking long trips and forming squadrons, they began to lighten themselves; full armor changed into half and
They do not emit a warlike roar, they do not sparkle with a polished surface, they are not decorated with chased coats of arms and plumes, and quite often they are generally hidden under jackets. However, today, without this armor, unsightly in appearance, it is simply unthinkable to send soldiers into battle or ensure the safety of VIPs. Body armor is clothing that prevents bullets from entering the body and therefore protects a person from being shot. It is made from materials that scatter
Not only historical documents, but also works of art that take us back to the pre-revolutionary past are filled with examples of the relationship between servicemen of different ranks. The lack of understanding of a single gradation does not prevent the reader from isolating the main theme of the work, however, sooner or later, one has to think about the difference between the addresses Your Honor and Your Excellency. Few people notice that in the army of the USSR the appeal was not abolished, it was only replaced by a single one for all
The shoulder straps of the tsarist army of 1914 are rarely mentioned in feature films and historical books. Meanwhile, this is an interesting object of study in the imperial age, during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II, uniforms were an object of art. Before the start of the First World War, the distinctive signs of the Russian army differed significantly from those that are used now. They were brighter and contained more information, but at the same time they did not have functionality and were easily visible in the field.
Very often in cinema and classical literature there is the title of lieutenant. Now there is no such rank in the Russian army, so many people are interested in the lieutenant, what is the rank in accordance with modern realities. To understand this, we need to look at history. The history of the appearance of the rank Such a rank as a lieutenant still exists in the army of other states, but it does not exist in the army of the Russian Federation. It was first adopted in the 17th century in regiments brought to the European standard.
Considering all the stages of the creation of the Russian armed forces, it is necessary to delve deeply into history, and although during the time of the principalities there is no question of Russian empire and even more so about the regular army, the birth of such a thing as defense capability begins precisely from this era. In the XIII century, Russia was represented by separate principalities. Although their military squads were armed with swords, axes, spears, sabers and bows, they could not serve as a reliable defense against extraneous encroachments. United army
In Russia, the name of Tsar Peter I is associated with numerous reforms and transformations that radically changed the patriarchal structure of civil society. Wigs replaced beards, shoes and over the knee boots replaced bast shoes and boots, caftans gave way to European dresses. The Russian army, also under Peter I, did not stand aside and gradually switched to the European equipment system. One of the main elements of the uniform is the military uniform. Each branch of the military receives its own uniform, [email protected] website