What are speech errors? These are any cases of deviation from the language norms that are valid. A person without knowledge of these laws can work normally, live, build communications with others. However, in certain cases, efficiency may suffer. There is a risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood. In these and other cases, it is simply necessary to know what errors exist and how to deal with them.
Correcting speech errors in sentences is not always easy. In order to understand what exactly to pay attention to when composing this or that oral statement or written text, we have created this classification. After reading this article, you will find out exactly what shortcomings will need to be corrected when you are faced with such a task.
When classifying speech errors, it would be logical to consider the unit of the linguistic tier as the fundamental criterion - the one, the norms of writing, education, the functioning of which was violated. The following levels are distinguished: words, phrases, sentences and text. A classification of speech errors was created using this division. This will make it easier to remember the different types.
At the word level
The word is the most important unit of language. It reflects the changes taking place in society. Words not only name a phenomenon or object, but also perform an emotionally expressive function. Therefore, when choosing which of them are appropriate in a particular case, one should pay attention to stylistic coloring, meaning, compatibility, and usage, since a violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.
Here we can note spelling errors, that is, a violation of the spelling that exists in modern Russian. Their list is known, so we will not dwell on this in detail.
Derivatives at the word level
At the word level, there are also word-formation speech errors, that is, a violation of various norms of word formation in the Russian literary language. These include the following types:
- incorrect direct word formation. An example is the use of the word "hare" instead of the correct version of "hare", or a "thoughtful" (instead of "thoughtful") look, and others.
- speech error associated with incorrect reverse word formation. For example, "loga" (from the word "spoon"). Such use is usually inherent in children of primary school or preschool age.
- another type is a substitutive word formation, which manifests itself in the replacement of one or another morpheme: "weigh" (from the word "hang"), "throw", used instead of "throw".
- word-composing, that is, the creation of a derivative unit, which cannot be considered as occasional: reviewer, winder.
All these are types of speech errors that are related to word-formation.
Grammar at the word level
There are also other varieties of misuse of words. There are in the Russian language, in addition to word-formation, both grammatical and speech errors. They should be able to distinguish. Grammatical errors are the incorrect formation of various forms, a violation of the properties of the formative system in different parts of speech. These include the following varieties:
- associated with a noun. This may be the formation of the form of the accusative case of some inanimate noun by analogy with an animate one. For example, "She asked for a breeze" (you should use the accusative form "breeze"). Here we also include the reverse situation - the formation of the form of the accusative case in an animate noun in the same way as in an inanimate one. Example: "Two bears harnessed to the sleigh" (correct: "two bears"). In addition, when forming case forms, there may be a change in the gender of the noun: "February blue", "pie with jam". There are times when indeclinable names are inclined: "to ride a meter", "to play the piano". Some of us sometimes form plural forms of nouns, while they only have a singular, and vice versa: "a tray of teas."
- speech errors associated with the adjective. This may be the wrong choice of short or long forms: "The man was very full", "The building was full of people". Here we also include the incorrect formation of degrees of comparison: "Lena was weaker than Luda", "The new ones are becoming more combative."
- another speech error is an error associated with the verb (the forms of its formation). Example: "A person is rushing around the room."
- speech errors associated with participles and gerunds. Examples: "Looking around, a hunter was walking", "Riding in a bus."
- errors related to the incorrect use of forms of pronouns: "I did not want to tear myself away from (the book)," "Their contribution to the common cause" and others.
Lexical at the word level
The next type of errors are lexical, that is, a violation of various lexical norms, lexico-semantic compatibility and norms of word usage. They are manifested in the fact that compatibility is violated (less often - in a sentence, most often - at the level of a phrase).
This may be the use of an unusual meaning for the word. Such a speech error was made in the sentence "All the walls of the room were covered with panels" (you cannot use the word "covered" in this context). Another example: "Luxurious (that is, living in luxury) was the landowner Troekurov."
It should also be noted here that there is a violation of the lexical-semantic compatibility of a certain word: "The sky was bright" ("to stand" in the meaning of "take place" can only be used in relation to the weather), "The rays of the sun lay on the meadow" (correctly: "illuminated the meadow" ). This type of error primarily affects the verb.
In addition, one can distinguish the attribution of some figurative meaning to a word that does not have it: "The overworked hands of this man say that he had to work hard."
The use of synonyms can also be incorrect. These are speech errors, examples of which are as follows: "Mayakovsky uses satire in his work" (instead of "uses"), "With his legs wide apart, the boy looks at the football field on which the players are fighting" (correctly - "fight"). Here we highlight the confusion of the meanings of paronyms: “His eyebrows rose surprisingly” (instead of “surprised”), “This work is a typical image of the fantastic genre (that's right -“ sample ”). these lakes live for several days a year.
At the phrase level
When choosing a word, one should take into account not only its meaning in literary language, but also lexical compatibility. Not all words can be combined. This is determined by their semantics, emotional coloring, stylistic affiliation, grammatical properties, etc. When it is difficult to determine whether certain words can be used together, one should refer to the compatibility dictionary. This will help to avoid errors at the level of phrases, sentences, as well as text.
Errors at this level occur when there is a violation of various syntactic links. For example, agreements: "I want to teach everyone volleyball - this is a good, but at the same time hard sport" (good, hard sport). Controls: "I feel thirst for glory", "I am amazed by his strength", "gain strength". The connection between the predicate and the subject may be broken: "Neither the heat nor the summer is eternal (the singular form is used instead of the plural "eternal"). All these are types of speech errors at the level of the phrase.
Offer level errors
At this level, we can distinguish syntactic and communicative. Let us consider in detail these speech errors in Russian.
Syntax errors at the sentence level
This may be unjustified parceling, violation of structural boundaries. As an example, the following sentences with speech errors can be cited: "Seryozha went hunting. With dogs", "I see. My dogs are running around the field. They are chasing a hare." Syntax errors include violations in the construction of various homogeneous rows: the choice of different forms in a series of homogeneous members: "She was smoothly combed, ruddy." Another variety is their different structural design, for example, as a subordinate clause and as a secondary sentence: "I wanted to tell you about the case with that person and why he did this (correctly" and about his act ""). There may also be a mixture of indirect and direct speech: “She said that I would definitely fight (here the same subject is meant - “she”, correctly - “will be”). Violation in the subordinate and main sentences of the aspect-temporal correlation of predicates or homogeneous members: "She goes and said," "When the girl was sleeping, she sees a dream." And another variation is a separation from the defining word of the subordinate clause: "One of the works in front of us hangs, which is called" Spring ".
Communication errors at the sentence level
The next section is communicative errors, that is, violations of various norms that regulate the communicative organization of a certain utterance. They are as follows:
- actually communicative (violation of logical stress and word order, leading to the fact that false semantic connections are obtained): "The boys are located on the boat with the keel up."
- logical-communicative (violation of such a side of the statement as conceptual-logical). This may be a substitution of the subject performing the action ("Masha's eyes and facial contours are carried away by the film"); substitution of the object of action ("I like Pushkin's poems, especially the theme of love"); the combination of logically incompatible concepts in one row ("He is always serious, of medium height, his hair is a little curly at the edges, inoffensive"); violation of various genus-species relations ("The tone of angry gatherings is not difficult to predict - angry speeches against the regime, as well as calls to rally ranks"); an error when using causal relationships ("But he (that is, Bazarov) calmed down quickly, since he did not really believe in nihilism").
- constructive-communicative, that is, a violation of the laws of construction of statements. This may be a poor connection or lack of it between parts of the statement: "They live in the village, when I visited him, I saw his blue eyes." This also includes the use of a participial turnover without connection with the subject related to it: "Life should be shown as it is, without worsening or embellishing it." Another type of such errors is the break in participial turnover: "There is little difference between the written questions on the board."
- information-communicative, or semantic-communicative. This type is close to the previous one, however, it differs in that here there is a deterioration in communicative properties not due to incorrect, unsuccessful structuring of the statement, but due to the absence of part of the information in it or its excess. This may be the vagueness of the primary intention of the statement: "We are inextricably linked with the country, with it we have the main blow - a blow to the world." Its incompleteness can also be attributed here: "I myself adore plants, so I am glad to see that our village becomes so unrecognizable in summer." This may be the omission of part of the statement and the necessary words, semantic redundancy (repetitions of words, tautology, pleonasms, duplication of information), etc.
- stylistic errors, that is, a violation of the unity of the functional style, the use (unjustified) of stylistically marked, emotionally colored means. For example, the use of various colloquial words in literary speech, book expressions in reduced and neutral contexts, expressive vocabulary that is unjustified (“A couple of robbers attacked the American embassy”), unsuccessful comparisons, metonymy, metaphors.
At the text level
All errors at this level are communicative in nature. They can be of the following types:
- logical violations are very common errors at the text level. Here we include a violation of the logic of thought, the absence of links between sentences, a violation of various cause-and-effect relationships, operations with an object or subject, a violation of generic relations.
- grammatical violations. This type of error is also common. There may be a breach in different proposals species-temporal correlation of various verb forms, as well as violation of agreement in the number and gender of the predicate and subject in different sentences.
- information and communication disorders. These include constructive and informational-semantic insufficiency, that is, the omission of part of the statement in the text; constructive and information-semantic redundancy (in other words, an excess of meaning and a heap of structures); discrepancy between the constructive specification of the semantics of statements; unsuccessful use of pronouns as a means of communication; pleonasms, tautologies, repetitions.
Stylistic errors in the text
Style violations existing at the text level can be considered in a similar way. At the same time, it should be noted that we also include monotony and poverty among them. syntactic constructions, because texts like: "The boy was dressed very simply. He was wearing a jacket lined with zigeyka. Moth-eaten socks were on his feet" - testify not to syntactic violations, but to the inability to express thoughts in a variety of ways. At the level of the text, speech disorders are more complex than at the level of the utterance, although in the latter they are "isomorphic". As a rule, text errors are of a syncretic nature, that is, they incorrectly use the constructive, lexical, logical aspects of a speech unit. This is natural, since the text is more difficult to build. At the same time, it is necessary to keep in our memory previous statements, as well as the semantics of the entire text and the general idea, creating its continuation and completion.
The ability to find flaws in the text, as well as correcting speech errors, are important tasks that every school graduate faces. Indeed, in order to write the exam well in the Russian language, you need to learn how to identify all of the above types of errors and try to avoid them as much as possible.
Grammar Nazi is your middle name? On the one hand, it is very unethical - to pretend to be a know-it-all both in person and in online correspondence in social networks. But on the other hand, this is ignorance - to be illiterate and not know your native Russian language. Everyone has a girlfriend or boyfriend who regularly says “call”. How it cuts the ear, and with undisguised irritation you slap her for it. But what if you try in a joking manner to say “call” in response? It will be much more effective, and at one point you will hear the long-awaited correct accent!
Examples of speech errors in Russian
People communicate through speech, it is a kind of communication channel. And, as you know, if the signal is broken, the connection can break. Therefore, in order for human bonds to remain inseparable, speech must be correct. What kind typical mistakes are allowed in the pronunciation of a proper name?
Ukraine or Ukraine?
All derived country names must be pronounced with an accent on the consonant: Ukraine, resident - Ukrainian, language - Ukrainian. It is a mistake to emphasize the letter A.
Marilyn Monroe reading
Decline Maria Tsigal by cases
Who what?
- Maria Tsigal.
- Who, what?
- Maria Tsigal.
- To whom; to what?
- Maria Tsigal, etc.
Women's last names that end in soft sign, do not lean.
In Ivanovo or in Ivanovo?
How often do we hear: “We live in Ivanovo” or “We live in Ivanovo”. Correctly - live in Ivanovo, live in Ivanovo.
Below are examples of typical speech errors in Russian and the peculiarities of the use of these words.
Inside? INSIDE!
When dressing, we tuck the blouse INSIDE the skirt. Opening the envelope, we look INSIDE. No prefixes "in" must not be.
Dress up? WEAR!
This case is perhaps the most common misuse words in speech. There is a simple rule by which it is easy to remember the correct use of these words depending on the context. WEAR a hat - WEAR a daughter. When it comes to yourself, in this case, put on, someone else - put on.
Marilyn Monroe carefully reads a book
Finish school, university? FINISH!
The school asked me to do my own project. And here's the thing BEHIND over. You tidied up the house - Finished. As you understand, they finish the job, and educational institution(university, school, driving courses) O finish.
Boiling white? BLUE WHITE!
You cook pasta or meat, and snow-white foam always forms on the surface - boil, as our ancestors called it once in ancient times.
Therefore, white wardrobe items are boiling white - and no others!
Colleagues? Just COLLEAGUES!
The word “colleague” already has the following meaning by default: “a person who works with me, or who has a similar profession”, so explain that “Vasya is my work colleague” is a redundant expression.
Creams, sweaters, jumpers? CREAMS, SWEATERS, JUMPERS!
We hear the ending “a” in these words regularly, it brings a certain “simplicity” into colloquial speech. It is much more “poetic” and more correct to use the “s” at the end: today we went shopping and bought warm jumpers, and then we went to the cosmetics department and bought nourishing creams.
Eat? THERE IS!
When pronouncing the phrase “I ate”, remember that it sounds like it comes from the mouth of a mannered coquette. The word "is" is universal. It is worth distinguishing the boundaries of the possible-impossible. Asking a child if he ate is quite ethical.. However, an adult man who answered about himself: “I ate” is bad manners.
Lie down? LAY!
This is one of the most common mistakes in speech. Remember the rule: the word "lie" does not exist, it is used only with prefixes: Put on the table, Put in a pile, etc. The famous phrase from the movies: “put the phone down” is also not the norm. Just "put it down."
Surely, in half? HARDLY, IN HALF!
Remember the popular in the 90s group "Na-na"? So: in the case of these words, no “na-na” is needed: IT IS UNLIKELY today we will go somewhere, we will divide the fruit in HALF.
Marilyn Monroe reading a book in bed
Upon arrival, upon arrival, upon completion? ON ARRIVAL, ON ARRIVAL, ON END!
The correct use of these words primarily rests on your visual memory, frequent reading and interest in dictionaries, since there are no test rules for them. It remains only to remember well, to memorize.
sheet? SHEET!
How easy it is to make a mistake with the end of the words "nya, nya." get out colloquial "sheet" from our vocabulary! To do this, you have to remember your childhood and Chukovsky's famous poem "Moydodyr":
“The blanket ran away, the sheet flew away, and the pillow, like a frog, jumped away from me ...”
Vacuuming? Vacuuming? I CLEAN WITH A VACUUM CLEANER!
The struggle for cleanliness in the house often ends in a struggle for correct speech! You are putting things in order, but suddenly a friend called and asks what you do. You answer: "I vacuum ... I vacuum ... I suck dust" ... That's right - "I clean with a vacuum cleaner"!
According to the order, orders? According to the ORDER, ORDER!
The preposition "according to" is always followed by a noun in the genitive case, that is, answering the question “what”: “according to what? Order." The bonus for the month was issued according to the order of the director of the enterprise.
Wash? WASH!
Using the words to wash, rinse, remove the additional ending “sya”, you seem to attribute the action to yourself, that is, you are going to rinse, wash and scrub yourself from dirt.
Shoes? SHOE!
It is impossible not to remember famous phrase from the film "Prisoner of the Caucasus", which has become almost winged: "Whose shoe." The word "shoes" is unchanged. Correct usage: tried on a pair of shoes today which I really liked.
Tea, sugar or TEA, SUGAR?
Experts of the reference service of the Russian language "Gramoty.ru" answer: both options are acceptable. And they add: if earlier forms on -u, -u (drink tea, eat soup, add sugar) were preferable, now they have acquired a colloquial connotation and are gradually losing their popularity to forms on -a, -i (pour tea, put sugar) .
Marilyn Monroe reading a book while lying on the couch
Expresso? ESPRESSO!
How about going for a cup of your favorite espresso? If you're hearing this, you're practically offended to the core! This is the most common misuse of the word in speech. The reason for the confusion is the confusion of two words from Italian and English, which sound similar and same value: espresso - fast in Italian, express - "quick, urgent, emergency" in English. We will travel by express train from Moscow to St. Petersburg, enjoying a cup of our favorite espresso while sitting in the dining car.
What are found:
- Pronunciators: carves (wrong) - pays (true), of course (wrong) - of course (true).
- Lexical: Indian - turkey.
- Phraseological: the combination of two stable phrases ("slips and folded") - "You can't do it with folded sleeves."
- Morphological: towels, pianos, cheaper, etc.
- Syntactic: there are many books on the table (incorrect agreement).
- Spelling: tubaret, vogzal, here, etc. (found in written speech).
Funny misspelled words
Often we make funny mistakes in words and do not even notice it. Sometimes this happens by accident (proverb), but more often than not, the person doesn't really know how to pronounce the word correctly. Evoshny, evonny, theirs - it's so rustic. These are incorrect derivatives of the words "his" and "them". "It would be funny if it wasn't so sad." The most common mistakes in Russian are often made automatically. We heard this word somewhere, remembering it on a subconscious level. Therefore, if you do not want to accidentally embarrass yourself at some kind of performance at work, in public, carefully “filter the market”.
"Etovat" - what kind of animal is this?
Few people know such a word as this. And it turns out it exists. Its meaning can be compared with the English Do, denoting an action, but indefinite. This is a universal verb that can be replaced by another depending on the context.
- "What did you do today?"
“Yes, it’s been all day!”
or
“Stop it here for me!”
Here it is, a diverse Russian language, different in it and the features of the use of words in speech. Some words that are not currently used are often mistaken for speech errors by those who do not know their meaning. For example: lamb - lamb, hail - city, blueberry - nun and etc.
Crib! You can check the word you are interested in - its pronunciation, stress, spelling, features of meaning and use - using the Gramota.ru, Gramma.ru, Yandex dictionaries portals. The Orfogrammka.ru website allows you to get rid of errors in whole sentences and paragraphs - to put things in order, for example, in the text of a comment, a letter. It is interesting to train literacy by doing online dictations (everyone heard about the Total Dictation project?) and interactive exercises, which are many on Gramota.ru
Examples of sentences with frequent speech errors constantly heard:
- I don't have bills paid.
- You have to put things like this.
- Will you call me?
Even in the media, this is often allowed: “Thanks to the earthquake, thousands of residents died.”
Conclusion
Speaking your native language correctly is not only the duty of a citizen of the country, but also his respectful attitude towards other members of society. That is why it is so important to instill in a child a love of learning a language from childhood. Incorrect tongue-tied speech leads to misunderstanding in communication between people.
Good afternoon dear friends!
Very often in the speech of people around me I hear terrible mistakes. I don't know about others, but it annoys me illiterate speech in the same way as, for example, the creaking of foam.
And why do people make these annoying mistakes?! You ask, they answer that everyone says that and that it’s easier to live this way: “As I want, I say so!”
Today in the heading " Why do we say so?» offer a selection of the most common mistakes, which are often found in the ordinary speech of our compatriots. (Read other articles in this section and)
10 Common Speaking Mistakes and How to Fix Them
1. Wear a dress or put on?
“I dress Nadezhda, I put on clothes!”
RIGHT: put on a dress!
2. CONTRACTS OR AGREEMENTS?
“We are not crooks, not thieves, we signed contracts!”
RIGHT: contracts!
3. According to what or according to what?
“According to the royal decree, the boyars were knocked out in the eye!”
RIGHT: according to the decree, order, contract!
4. No socks or socks, stockings or stockings?
“I left her a pair of blue stockings as a pledge and left immediately for Pskov with a box of colored socks!”
RIGHT: socks! stocking!
5. WEDNESDAYS OR WEDNESDAYS?
“I do not advise you to get drunk on Wednesdays!”
RIGHT: WEDNESDAYS (if day of the week)!
6. At the same time or at the same time?
Two people said at the same time:
"Honey, looks like I'm pregnant."
RIGHT: simultaneously!
7. Fireman or fireman?
“I put out a freight car because I am a fireman!”
RIGHT: fireman!
8. "Will you come to my birthday party?"
And why did our people turn the Day (OH MY day!!!) of birth into a “birthday” ?!
RIGHT: my birthday!
9. “It was a very long time ago, in the year 2004!”
Ah, how is it?!
RIGHT: in two thousand and three!
Some are annoyed by the creaking of foam on glass, some by the screeching of a fork against a plate, and some by illiterate speech. Unfortunately, our sometimes flagrant illiteracy is visible and audible at every step! The correspondent of the site interviewed dozens of people and looked through the same number of forums to compile a kind of hit parade of speech errors that are annoying.
Accent errors
This is the most common type of error. Unfortunately, a couple of such reservations, and you will be called illiterate. It would seem that the bald patch has already been eaten with the notorious "does not call, but calls", but not a day goes by without hearing it in transport, in a store, at work. If among your acquaintances there are still such specimens, introduce them to the phrase "From those who call, it stinks." It's a shame, but it works flawlessly - everyone immediately starts to "call".
Not cakes, but cakes;
Not a phenomenon, but a phenomenon;
Not provision, but provision;
Not blinds, but blinds;
Not a directory, but a directory;
Not a kilometer, but a kilometer;
Not water, but water;
Not a leg, but a leg;
Not a newborn, but a newborn;
Not a woman in labor, but a woman in childbirth;
Not a shell, but a shell;
Not sorrel, but sorrel;
Not a spark, but a spark;
Not beets, but beets;
Not more beautiful, but more beautiful. And by no means prettier!
Not a shoe, but a shoe (and not shoes, but shoes).
There are also clerical words that are often mispronounced. These are the words extraction, contract, means, Alcohol, excited. These words are a kind of jargon of specialists of a certain orientation. For some reason, it is customary for policemen to say "excited" instead of "excited", but a mistake - it is a mistake in Africa too.
One coffee please!
But the wrong accent is not so bad. As the survey showed, people are much more annoyed by the incorrect definition of the type of words. So, the phrase "I washed my hair with shampoo and brewed delicious coffee" can infuriate 9 out of 10. The use of the word "tulle" in the feminine gender, "suede" instead of "suede" can also be safely attributed there.
Another layer of errors is the incorrect ending of words in the plural. In the hit parade of errors are in the lead:
Editor, inspector, contract;
Well, for some reason, people do not like the letter "s" at the end of the word!
As I want, so I say!
But these are not the most annoying errors. Let's move on to the leaders of our "hit parade" - mistakes, from which some people, according to their confession, simply cringe. If any of the phrases listed below are in your vocabulary, get rid of them immediately!
- Stop near the main post office!
Where the letter "P" appeared in the word "main post office" - no one knows. Some still slightly "ennoble" it and say "near the main post office", but still with "P". Remember yourself and pass along the chain: that's right - "near the main post office"!
- That was a long time ago - in the year 2000...
Numerals are generally difficult topic. Unfortunately, such "pearls" can often be heard even from TV announcers. We remember and correct others: we say not "two", but "two", that is, it will be correct: in the year two thousand and one.
- Are you coming to my birthday party?
No comments. For some reason, our people turned “birthday” into one word and assigned this “neologism” a neuter gender.
- "I miss you" or "I miss you".
You can only miss a person or a phenomenon, but not about or FOR!
- Pay for the fare.
Either "pay the fare" or "pay the fare". There is no third.
- With a grating heart, I agreed...
You can't beat your heart! You can grind your teeth, and you can hold your heart together when it is torn apart. Therefore, "gritting your teeth" or "reluctantly."
- I chose the better option.
The best is already a superlative degree, and this word does not need any additions at all.
Fix or not?
The list of such errors is endless. It will definitely include “lay-lay”, “underline”, “in bed”, “borrow”, “pay”, “rezetka”, “tuberette”, “mosquitoes” and so on. The question is whether to point out a mistake to the interlocutor or "not to play the smartest of yourself"? Philologists and editors are unanimous: you need to point out the mistake! Only here you can do it politely, without offending the interlocutor. Example:
I missed you so much!
Yes, I missed you too!
A subtle and inoffensive hint.
Competent interlocutors to you!
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Modern linguists approach the definition of the concept of “speech error” in different ways: they understand a speech error as an unsuccessfully chosen word, and an incorrectly constructed sentence, and a distorted form of a word, and in general any case of deviation from existing language norms.
The most complete definition of speech errors and shortcomings is given in the works of Doctor of Sciences Professor Taisa Alekseevna Ladyzhenskaya, a leading specialist in the field of rhetoric and culture of speech. By her definition, speech error- "This is a violation of the requirements correctness speech, and speech defect– “this is a violation of the recommendations related to the concept good speech, that is, rich, precise and expressive. In other words, if it is impossible to say (write) like this, this is a speech error, and if it is possible in principle to say (write) like this, but it will be inaccurate, meager and inexpressive, this is a speech defect.
Test yourself: you may find that you make (or don't, which is very gratifying!) mistakes in speech and writing.
To speech errors T.A. Ladyzhenskaya includes the following:
- Misunderstanding of the meaning of the word, the use of the word in an unusual sense. (He back began to command! Correctly : again, again. The fire is getting bigger fired up blazed. Correctly: flared up.)
- Mixing of aspect-temporal forms of the verb. (In water jump rats , ran lapwings - a mixture of time. Correctly: jump, run or jumped, ran. When came december, the weather is sharp changes - mixing of species . Correctly : or came, changed or comes and changes.)
- Poor use of pronouns, resulting in unclear or ambiguous speech ( When the boy said goodbye to his father, he did not cry. It is not clear who did not cry, the boy or the father: say is he it is possible and about that, and about another. Correctly: Saying goodbye to father, boy didn't cry. Or like this: When the boy said goodbye to his father, he did not cry(this is if we want to say that the father was crying).
- Unjustified use of colloquial and dialect words. (Kolya walked behind. Correctly: behind, behind.)
- A mixture of paronyms. (I was told to stay at home, but I across refused. Correctly: flatly refused . This person leads festive a life. Correctly: celebrating a life.)
- Pronominal doubling of the subject. (Olya - She was the youngest in the family. Correct: Olga was the youngest in the family.)
To speech defects All experts refer to the following:
1. Violation of the order of words in a sentence. ( The dog helped to dig snow with its paws and muzzle for people. A narrow strip only connects the island with the coast.)
2. The use of an extra word. (He will come in the month of January. Better so: He will come in January. All guests received memorable souvenirs. Required: All guests received souvenirs. Souvenir already means " memorable gift».)
3. Indistinguishability of shades of the meaning of synonyms or words that are close in meaning. (The team lost and the goalkeeper was returning home with dull head. You need it like this: ... with drooping head. Yesterday I was sadly. Had sad.)
4. Violation of the compatibility of words (Soldiers fulfilled the oath. The oath cannot be fulfilled, it is possible take an oath, be true to one's oath, a execute can promise, mission, assignment, command.)
5. Unjustified repetition of the same word within a sentence or in adjacent sentences. ( Birds birds about to touch the water. Better this way: Birds hovered over the river low, low, it seemed that they they are about to touch the water.) Note, however, that repetition is not always an indicator of a speech defect. It can enhance the author's thought, give it a special emotional coloring. Compare: In life, there is some level of happiness that we count from, as we count from sea level. (D.S. Likhachev)
6. The use of words next to or close to the same root, or a tautology. (This happening with me happened summer. Better like this: case happened. watchman guarded at night and sleep during the day. It is better to replace one of the two words: or the watchman worked or he guarded. Today hunt something reluctance. Suggest your edits to this sentence.)