Tasks A1-A6 check whether you know the norms of Russian literary language and your general culture.
A1- a task to determine the correct-incorrect stress in commonly used words of different parts of speech. Of the four words or word forms (sometimes problems with stress occur only in certain forms of the word), you need to choose, depending on the wording, either the correct or the wrong version of the stress.
Attention:
in 2013, this task will have a wording that requires you to find an error, i.e., an incorrectly marked stress.
- read the question carefully and study the examples,
- make a choice based on knowledge of the normative stress in words and individual forms of words.
A1 from FIPI demos 2010, 2011 and 2012
-
- kitchen
- document
- sharpen
- cakes
In which word is the letter denoting the stressed vowel correctly highlighted?
- more beautiful
- Agent
- STARTING
- cakes
In which word is the letter denoting the stressed vowel correctly highlighted?
- utterly
- took
- citizenship
- up
Right answers:
- cakes
- more beautiful
- citizenship
The words in different versions of KIMs are the same. Basically, this is a common common vocabulary in which many people make mistakes for stress. To prepare, you need to look at more typical examples and check whether you correctly stress the words. And if errors are found, learn the erroneous words and forms. Even if you think that you speak correctly and do not make mistakes for stress, check yourself. Know that for many reasons, errors in stress in words are not uncommon. Often people are unaware that they are pronouncing words incorrectly. See A1. stress.
A2- a task to determine the correct-incorrect use of a pair of words-paronyms in the context of sentences. Correctness is determined by the parameters: A) the lexical meaning of the word, B) lexical compatibility. Four suggestions are given. It is necessary to determine in which of them another word should be used instead of a given word. In other words, find the error misuse words in the given context.
In order to complete the task correctly, you need:
- make a choice based on understanding the difference in the meaning of words and their lexical compatibility.
A2 from FIPI demos 2010, 2011 and 2012
In which sentence should DIPLOMAT be used instead of the word DIPLOMAT?
- Leonid Ivanovich was considered a real DIPLOMAT in dealing with people around him.
- Success foreign policy state largely depends on the experience and talent of DIPLOMATS.
- You sound like a DIPLOMAT, but things don't work out.
- DIPLOMATS of the Moscow Ballet Competition took part in the final concert.
In which sentence should the word VALUABLE be used instead of the word VALUABLE?
- All participants of the Olympiad were awarded with VALUABLE gifts.
- In each era, their VALUABLE landmarks are formed.
- In the article you can find valuable information for a geologist.
- There are many valuable trees in the reserve.
In which answer is the underlined word used incorrectly?
- In the obscure scattered light of the night, the MAJESTIC and beautiful prospects of St. Petersburg opened before us: the Neva, the embankment, the canals, the palaces.
- Iron, chromium, manganese, copper and nickel are COLOR substances, components of many paints based on these minerals.
- DIPLOMATIC relations between Russia and the USA were established in 1807.
- The most HUMANE professions on earth are those on which the spiritual life and health of a person depends.
Words-paronyms are repeated in many variants of KIMs. These are commonly used words, in the use of which errors are often encountered. To prepare, you need to consider more typical examples and check whether you understand the differences in the meaning and lexical compatibility of such words. In order to save your time, word lists are given in incomplete contexts: to understand the meaning and knowledge of lexical compatibility in training materials are given phrases with paronyms. See A2. The use of paronyms.
A3 - task to determine the error in the formation of morphological forms. It happens that people form grammatical forms as if Russian is not their native language, but a foreign one. Errors occur in the use of forms of different parts of speech. The most mistaken places you need to know. Then you can easily complete task A3. For this you need:
- carefully read the wording of the question and examples,
- make a choice based on knowledge of how different morphological forms should be formed.
A3 from FIPI demos 2010, 2011 and 2012
-
- more than five hundred people
- engineers
- most difficult
- on the name day
Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form.
- in the closet
- five towels
- six hundred seven people
- their affairs
Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form.
- lie down (on the floor)
- their work
- hot soups
- six hundred students
Right answers:
- more than five hundred people
- their affairs
- six hundred students
KIMs include typical mistakes on the formation of forms of different parts of speech. To learn to see mistakes and not repeat them yourself, see A3. The formation of word forms.
A4 - the task of choosing a grammatically correct sentence - includes sentences with adverbial phrases. The paradox is that the task is not difficult at all. Preparation for it does not require extensive material. But mistakes in the use of gerunds in speech are widespread. Figure out what's wrong here.
In order to complete the task correctly, you need:
- carefully read the wording of the question and examples,
- make a choice based on an understanding of the role of adverbial phrases in a sentence.
A4 from FIPI demos 2010, 2011 and 2012
Objecting to certain provisions of the report, ...
- the discussion began.
- culture plays a big role.
- the performance as a whole made a good impression.
Choose the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence. Having processed the statistical data,...
- an interesting pattern of language development was revealed.
- the hypothesis of the existence of laws common to all languages was confirmed.
- For linguists, much remains unclear.
Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence. Speaking of the richness of the language, ...
- discussion began in the audience.
- I have an interest in this issue.
- specific examples are required.
Right answers:
- Those present generally agreed with the speaker.
- Scientists have determined how quickly language changes.
- we meant mainly his vocabulary.
A5 - task to determine the violation of syntactic norms. Possessing syntactic norms, people correctly build phrases and sentences. Exercise A4 checks the possession of one of the syntactic norms, namely: the ability to build sentences with adverbial phrases. But mistakes are made not only in sentences with gerunds. Other cases are no less frequent. To successfully complete a task A5, you need to make a choice based on knowledge of the patterns of syntactic relationships of words in a sentence, the use of prepositions and conjunctions, homogeneous members of a sentence, and so on.
A5 from FIPI demos 2010, 2011 and 2012
Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
- "Moidodyr", written by Korney Chukovsky and published in the 20s of the twentieth century, has become one of the most beloved works of children.
- M. Gorky, in one of his articles, points out that poets before Pushkin did not know the people at all, were not interested in their fate, and rarely wrote about them.
- Those who have been striving for a dream since childhood often realize their life plans.
Right answers:
- Thanks to the increase in the level of service in branded stores, more customers have become.
Pay attention:
in demos different years the same task.
KIM includes the most typical, frequent violations of syntactic norms. In order to notice such mistakes and avoid repeating them yourself, see A5. syntactic norms.
A6- a task to determine the possibility of replacing the subordinate part of a complex sentence with a separate definition, expressed by participial turnover. Remember the poem This is the house that Jack built."? Is it possible to replace the subordinate clause (subordinate definition) with a separate definition here? Can: Here is the house built by Jack(a separate definition, expressed by participial turnover).
A6 from FIPI demos 2010, 2011 and 2012
-
- The heroes of V. Shukshin came from that "Shukshin life" that the writer himself could have lived.
- In characteristic texts, the following of subtopics is not free, but is subject to certain principles of systematization, which are based on tradition and logic.
- Physics, according to many, originates from the experiment that was carried out by Galileo several centuries ago.
- Repin's reputation as an artist who combined the best features of Russian realism in his work developed during his lifetime.
In which sentence can the subordinate clause of a complex sentence be replaced by a separate definition expressed by participle turnover?
- The reserve, which was founded in the middle of the last century, is small and occupies only a few hectares of untouched lowland forest.
- Human food and the composition of the air he breathes are largely the result of plant life.
- In summer, grasses and mosses in the forest exist in twilight, which is formed after the full deployment of the foliage of trees.
- The steep bank of the Volga and beyond the river are introduced into the play by A.N. Ostrovsky's motif of space and flight, which is inextricably linked with the image of Katerina.
In which sentence can the subordinate clause of a complex sentence be replaced by a separate definition expressed by participle turnover?
- French words and expressions that penetrate the Russian language are called gallicisms.
- The environment in which living organisms exist is constantly changing.
- In order to promote the development of literature and the literary language in the 18th century, the Russian Academy was created, which became the main scientific center for the study of the Russian language and literature.
- In the second half of the 18th century, the French influence on the speech of Russian nobles, which played an important role in the process of Europeanization of the Russian literary language, becomes predominant.
The answers to tasks 1–24 are a word, a phrase, a number or a sequence of words, numbers. Write your answer to the right of the task number without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
Read the text and do tasks 1-3.
(1) The debate about when and why bird flights originated is still ongoing. (2) Some scientists believe that the whole thing is in the ice age: the advancing glacier drove the birds out of their usual habitats, and when the glacier retreated, the descendants of the fugitives returned home. (3) ______ after all, almost none of the migratory birds builds nests and does not breed chicks in wintering areas.
1
Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?
1. Almost none of the migratory birds builds nests and breeds chicks in wintering areas.
2. Some scientists believe that birds return home when the glacier retreats.
3. The cause of bird flights was the ice age: when the glacier advanced, the birds flew away, and when it retreated, they returned to their usual habitats.
4. Scientists are still arguing about when and why bird flights arose.
5. The ice age, which drove birds out of their usual habitats, caused bird flights.
2
Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
1. Indeed,
2. Fortunately,
4. At the same time
3
Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word RECEIVE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the second (2) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
RETRACT And TH, -upl Yu, -at write; owls
1. Having stepped, move away, move back, to the side. O. from the door. O. one step. The forests receded to the north (trans.).
2. Move back under the pressure of the advancing enemy. O. with fights. O. before difficulties (transl.).
3. from what. Give up your intentions, plans. He will not back down from his own. I won't back down until I get my way.
4. from what. Stop sticking to something. O. from your opinion. O. from custom.
5. from what. Shift attention from the main to the secondary. O. from the topic.
6. (1st person and 2nd person not used), trans. In some combinations: become weaker, approach the end. The disease has receded. The fire receded. The element receded.
7. from what. Make a retreat. O. a little from the edge of the sheet.
4
In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.
religions
kitchen
plum
5
In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
1. As a child, she was a very TRUSTING child.
2. Each era has its own VALUABLE landmarks
3. He has always been a very PRACTICAL person.
4. Today my sister WAS wearing a festive dress.
5. CONFIDENT tone of conversation.
6
In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
RINSES laundry
according to the TABLE
few calories
TWO wonderful pianists
Little Pony
7
Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
| GRAMMATICAL ERRORS | SUGGESTIONS |
| A) an error in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous members | 1) A. S. Pushkin wrote that he was not born to amuse kings. |
| B) violation of the construction of a sentence with participial turnover | 2) Maria Skłodowska-Curie is the only woman to win the Nobel Prize twice. |
| C) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover | 3) Even in the most difficult times, A. Akhmatova believed that "And yet they will recognize my voice, And yet they will believe it again." |
| D) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech | 4) In the novels of M. Sholokhov there is no lie, pretending to be another truth. |
| E) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition | 5) Having got closer, the hunters saw that the bear was not killed, but only wounded. |
| 6) The barred rounded windows of the monastery and the old gilded dome seemed familiar to me. | |
| 7) According to the letters of his contemporaries, in his youth, Leo Tolstoy preferred to travel on horseback. | |
| 8) Going up to the second floor, I saw a long corridor and a wooden door | |
| 9) Enjoying a delicious dinner, our conversation proceeded serenely. |
Write your answer in numbers without spaces or other characters.
8
Determine the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
forbidding
b ... zirovatsya
ignition
k...ntingent
9
Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words out with the missing letter.
s ... spend the night, week ... cook
pr ... coastal, pr ... given
and ... cook, in ... food
ex...increase, ex...passion
n ... road builder, not ... sightly
10
stro ... howl
lucky...
kind...nky
enamel...
overcome...
11
Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.
opening ... May
indescribable ... my
worry...worry
haunted...my
12
Indicate all the numbers in the place of which is written I.
Now n (1) mountains, n (2) sky, n (3) earth - n (4) of which n (5) was visible.
13
Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are spelled ONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.
1. (IN) SUBSEQUENCE we repeatedly recalled how Fedor bravely passed (FOR) THAT rocky ledge.
2. It was (FOR) STILL hot on the street, (FOR) THAT, the issue of the delivery of drinking water turned out to be the most urgent.
3. (NOT) DESPITE feeling unwell, Sergey managed to finish the work (B) WITHIN a week.
4. TO (WOULD) get to the pass, I had to walk so long that many (FOR) FREQUENTly thought of returning to the camp.
5. In the yard SO (SAME), as a year ago, kids played and strict grandmothers made sure that order was observed.
14
Indicate all the numbers in the place of which one N is written.
On the yacht - the company (1) brand "K. Faberge", and on a silver (2) rim, put on crystal, engraved (3) about its name "Vera".
15
Set up punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1. You will meet prickly thorns of a wild rose near Moscow and in Siberia in Central Asia and on Far East.
2. Quiet and silent in the winter forest and snowy forest glades
3. Grass flowers shine and bask and joyfully reach for the gentle sun.
4. All day we walked through the forests, made our way through thickets of birches and aspens, breathed the rotten smell of grass and roots.
5. The world is filled with the smell of a pine tree, the sun and the singing of a lark.
16
For two weeks now (1) a puppy that has recently appeared with us (2) is mastering the world (3) at the same time probing (4) the boundaries of what is permitted.
17
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentences.
Some contemporaries were outraged by the use of A.S. Pushkin of popular words in such contexts, where (1) according to critics (2) it was necessary to use the words "high". However (3) Pushkin resolutely rejected the concept of "low matter".
18
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
Among the conversations (1) that then took place between Daisy and me (2) and (3) which often ended in the morning (4) because we discovered new sides of them regarding the same things (5), the theme of traveling together to all those places (6) that I visited before.
19
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
He was content with (1) what is written in a notebook (2) and did not show bothersome curiosity (3) even (4) when he did not understand everything (5) what he listened to and taught.
20
Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the chosen word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.
The house-commune was equipped according to last word technology, here they took care of the comfort of the residents: a laundry, a canteen-restaurant, a club, a shop, hot water, which was rare at that time, Kindergarten.
Read the text and complete tasks 21-26.
(1) Autumn came by surprise and took possession of the earth - gardens and rivers, forests and air, fields and birds. (2) Everything immediately became autumn.
(3) Tits fussed in the garden. (4) Their cry was like the sound of broken glass. (5) They hung upside down on the branches and looked out the window from under the maple leaves.
(6) Every morning in the garden, like on an island, migratory birds gathered. (7) Under the whistle, scream and croak in the branches, there was a flurry. (8) Only during the day it was quiet in the garden: restless birds flew south.
(9) Leaf fall has begun. (10) Leaves fell days and nights. (11) They either flew obliquely in the wind, or they lay down vertically in damp grass. (12) The forests drizzled with a rain of flying leaves. (13) It rained for weeks. (14) Only by the end of September the copses were exposed, and through the thicket of trees the blue distance of compressed fields became visible.
(15) Then the old man Prokhor, a fisherman and a basket maker (in Solotch, almost all old people become basket makers with age), told me a tale about autumn. (16) Until then, I had never heard this fairy tale - it must have been Prokhor who invented it himself.
(17) - You look around, - Prokhor told me, picking his bast shoes with an awl, - you look closely, dear person, than every bird or, say, some other living creature breathes. (18) Look, explain. (19) Otherwise they will say: I studied in vain. (20) For example, a leaf flies off in the fall, but people are unaware that a person in this case is the main defendant. (21) A person, say, invented gunpowder. (22) Break his enemy along with that gunpowder! (23) I myself also dabbled in gunpowder. (24) In ancient times, the village blacksmiths forged the first gun, stuffed it with gunpowder, and that gun hit the fool. (25) A fool was walking through the forest and saw how the orioles were flying under the sky, yellow cheerful birds were flying and whistling, inviting guests. (26) The fool hit them from both trunks - and golden fluff flew to the ground, fell on the forests, and the forests withered, withered and fell down overnight. (27) And other leaves, where the bird's blood got, turned red and also crumbled. (28) I suppose I saw in the forest - there is a yellow leaf and there is a red leaf. (29) Until that time, all the birds wintered with us. (30) Even the crane didn’t go anywhere. (31) And the forests stood both summer and winter! (32) And in leaves, flowers and mushrooms. (33) And there was no snow. (34) There was no winter, I say. (35) It wasn't! (36) Yes, why did she surrender to us, winter, pray tell ?! (37) What is her interest? (38) The fool killed the first bird - and the earth became sad. (39) From that time on, leaf fall began, and wet autumn, and leafy winds, and winters. (40) And the bird got scared, flies away from us, offended by a person. (41) So, dear, it turns out that we have harmed ourselves, and we need not to spoil anything, but to take good care of it.
When I was going to Prague, my friends promised that this city would surprise and charm me. And Prague really surprised me. True, not by the architecture of the old streets, not by the Charles Bridge, not by Hradchany, and not even by how new Prague looks like Soviet cities, but by ... prices. I experienced a real shock when I paid for dinner in a restaurant located in the most touristic place (in our opinion, consider it on Nevsky) - in terms of rubles, I had to pay 400 rubles. On Nevsky Prospect you can only afford coffee with a croissant with this money. But I was even more surprised by the prices for travel in public transport.
Friends warned me not to contact taxi drivers, and therefore, right at the airport, I found a ticket sales counter for urban public transport and, without fully believing the seller, who convinced me in bad Russian that it was “for everything”, bought a ticket valid for 24 hours . During this time, the pleasure of riding the subway, bus and tram until I get bored cost me about 160 rubles. At the same time, it is enough to activate the ticket once (I did it on a bus running between the airport and the metro station), and then calmly go to the metro (no turnstiles!), get on the tram, get off it, change to another route ...
While driving from the airport to the metro station with the romantic (as it seemed to me) name "Dejvicka" (a one-time ticket for this route, including the right to use another transport for half an hour - the same metro - would cost me about 50 rubles), I considered in mind, what a similar trip in St. Petersburg will cost a tourist. 21 rubles - a bus from the airport to Moskovskaya. 24 rubles - travel in the metro to the station "Nevsky Prospekt" - 45 rubles take it out and put it down. And then again - take it out and put it in as many times as you ride in a bus, trolleybus, tram or metro. And you should not even try to buy a single travel card for one day. Our subway, for example, makes discounts on card travel only if you are not going to enter the subway more than once every 10 minutes. In Moscow, by the way, they give a discount simply for a “wholesale” purchase: if you buy, say, 20 trips, you want to ride for 20 days, or you want to see 20 people at once. But this, again, is only on the subway. But in Prague “for everything”, and if not for one day, but, say, for a week, then the discount is even greater.
I was driving and thought: you see, Prague will be richer than St. Petersburg, since they have such communism on public transport. We have a new promotion every day in St. Petersburg. Just now, from January 1, the fare was increased, and here again the news is that minibuses will rise in price in the spring. And minibuses in St. Petersburg are not a luxury, as, for example, in Prague, where buses for some reason run on schedule and for some reason often. In St. Petersburg, minibuses are sometimes the only way to get around, unless, of course, you are a fan of buses and are ready to wait for them at the bus stop until you are blue in the face, singing "what is snow for me, what is heat for me."
On the other hand, we like to be equal to Europe, and there urban transport is still more expensive than ours. Because, apparently, it looks brand new, well-groomed, and the local minibuses do not fall apart on the go. And he walks, therefore, unlike our transport, much more often. Based on these arguments, then, of course, it is necessary to raise fares. And there is no need to be equal to Prague - who knows with what means they built communism in a single public transport? So what if the Czech Republic is closer to us, who are not far from socialism, in terms of living standards than others European countries that we rely on. You need to focus on the best, right? It is a pity, of course, that we are only catching up with these benchmarks in the cost of services. And the quality of our service, as they said in one film, "is still in debt." As are salaries. But that's okay - we'll be healthier. We will start walking, jogging to and from work, in the winter we will build a ski track to our own enterprise - and then we will certainly be ahead of the rest.
Irina Lyakhova, Deputy Editor-in-Chief, NV
Example 1
In which sentence should the word VALUABLE be used instead of
VALUABLE?
1) All participants of the Olympiad were awarded with VALUABLE gifts.
2) In each era, their own VALUABLE landmarks are formed.
3) In the article you can find VALUABLE information for a geologist.
4) There are many valuable trees in the reserve.
Preparation plan
Violation of lexical compatibility - common speech error. It manifests itself in the wrong choice of words for a specific context. To know what words a given paronym is "friends" with, one must clearly understand the nuances of its meaning. It is problematic to prepare for this question by learning a certain list (the list would be too long). It is not necessary to read it all - select only those words whose nuances of meaning you do not understand. This is not only useful, but also entertaining reading. MANDATORY PROGRAM MINIMUM - to study a short dictionary of paronyms on the site Rus-Exam.ru.
Of course, you can’t look at the exam in the dictionary. But you have probably heard the words offered to you in the test before. If you remember the features of their semantic compatibility, then it's in the bag. If not, you will have to resort to some manipulations. Usually one of three treatments will suffice. Let's consider them with an example.
Instruments
01 Try it without looking at the sentences from the example, come up with a "small" context yourself(at the phrase level) for each word. What can be said to be valuable? Advice, frame (i.e. employee), gift, prize. What words go together with the word "valuable"? Perhaps only two: landmarks and settings. Now let's look at an example. In sentence (2) we see "landmarks". We will substitute the word "value" there.
Most likely, knowing the possible context, you can easily cope with the task. But additional considerations may be needed:
02 How can modify the context? The word "valuable" clearly has a quantitative message. It can be used with words denoting quantity, such as "very valuable". Now look at an example. It is easy to see that the word "very" cannot be substituted in sentences (2) and (4). What is "very valuable landmarks"? Some kind of nonsense! What can be valuable in them? You can't say "very valuable papers" either, but for a different reason. The phrase "securities" (stocks, bonds, etc.) is so stable that there is nothing in it you can't wedge it in, and if you remove the word "valuable", then the meaning will be completely distorted. So, everything is in order with "securities", and the error is contained in option (2).
03 If the first two approaches did not dispel doubts, you can try understand the semantic range of a word, regardless of the context. "Valuable" refers to the price (literally or figuratively), and valuable - to the values. At the same time, it should be noted that we are not talking about specific values at all (gold, real estate, etc.), but about the abstract attitude of a person, his life priorities: what is the main thing for him - a career, material wealth, patriotism, power, family, etc. Having understood these nuances, we again can easily see that it is in option (2) that we are talking about values, and not about price.
Reasoning pattern
So, in your hands are three main tools. Sometimes it is also useful to try to substitute synonyms. There is no universal scheme here. But you always need to "dance" from a specific word: in what context it can be used, what associations it evokes, how limited its compatibility, whether the meaning is concrete or abstract, what are the nuances of the meaning(quantitative, qualitative characteristics). But the main thing, I repeat, is the search for a suitable context.
Often tutors in such matters require the student to give an example of reasoning. This case is very useful, but with one small amendment. You absolutely do not need to build some kind of scientific narrative. You must either very briefly explain the difference between the two paronyms, or simply offer a variant of the context for each of them at the level of a phrase or a short sentence. Don't get overwhelmed with details. When considering the example described above, it is enough that the following pops up in your mind on the exam. "More valuable" is good, "more valuable" is not good. "Valuable" is about quantity. "Value" is some kind of abstraction. Possible context: "value orientations". Everything!
What to look out for
· Although in the above option a couple of words (paronyms) are given in the task, in the real task there may be a different wording. You may simply be asked to find in which of the four sentences the underlined word is inappropriate. In this case, we are not talking about paronyms, but the essence is the same - an assessment of the legitimacy of the lexical compatibility of a given word in the context.
Example 2
In which sentence is the underlined word used incorrectly?
1) A real teacher should strive to ENGAGE all his students.
2) The plan drawn up by the project manager in the course of work PRETERPEL Big changes.
3) A huge selection of discs was presented in the Music Salon.
4) At the book fair, everyone will have the opportunity to meet with their favorite authors.
Such a formulation of the question should not confuse you: you just need to forget about all sorts of paronyms and evaluate compatibility separately for each sentence. It is hoped that one of the proposals resonates with you. In this case, the error is so gross that it is hard not to notice it: "SELECTING disks" should be replaced with "SELECTING disks". But the answer may not be so obvious, so let's consider other points of the question.
Proposition (1) sounds a little strange. But remember that your task is not to evaluate the stylistic beauty of the text, but only the legitimacy of a particular phrase. In this sense, the expression "cover attention" is quite survivable. But you just need to know about the presence of such an expression as "to undergo changes". And finally, a serious trap is contained in sentence (4). Opportunity GRANTED or PRESENTED? If you are not sure, try to reason. Please note that when choosing words, you need to use the same grammatical form as in the sentence (in this case, the passive voice). By doing this, we will reduce the range of values, for example, we will cut off the value represent = imagine. What or who can be REPRESENTED? Speaker (to introduce someone to the audience), report, officer (introduced for an award). What can be provided? Opportunity, chance, plane. What is a synonym for the word "provide"? The word "give". Therefore, in sentence (4), the word "provided" is used correctly.
· Sometimes the nuances of the meaning of a word depend on the ending. In this sense, the question of lexical compatibility sometimes intersects with the question of stress (different endings can lead to different stresses). Remember that, unlike question A1, where you were asked to evaluate the possibility of a particular stress, in this case you must evaluate the correctness of the use of this word in the context. Don't let yourself be confused.
For example, let's take the following sentence: "In July, the entire class went to a LANGUAGE camp for three weeks." This option must be recognized as erroneous. Why? After all, the word "linguistic" exists! The problem is that "linguistic" refers to language as an organ. If we are talking about language as a means of human communication, then it is necessary to use the word LANGUAGE.
Practice
From the above reasoning, you realized that in the analysis it is necessary to proceed from the characteristics of a particular word. Let's try to use the same flexible approach in training exercises. Go to your workbook and do the assignments. In Ex. 1 if there is an error in the sentence, it is necessary to replace one of the words with a similar one in form, but different in meaning. In Ex. 2 it is proposed to make lexical pairs (A + B).
Hard case
There are lexical pairs in which, according to teachers and tutors, students most often make mistakes.
a) Make sure you understand well the differences between the following words.
b) If in doubt, look it up in a dictionary.
in) Then try to put each word into context on your own (for example, come up with a short sentence).
+
Pay attention to the spelling (difficulties are underlined).
ISCU With NY - ISKU SST VENNY
ETC E endure - endure - OL And be patient
ETC E POST - INTRODUCE
ADDRESSER - ADDRESSER
3 hours (180 minutes) are given to complete the examination paper in the Russian language. The work consists of 3 parts.
- Part 1 contains 30 tasks (A1-A30). Each of them has 4 possible answers, only one of which is correct.
- Part 2 consists of 8 tasks (B1-B8). You must formulate answers to these tasks yourself.
- Part 3 consists of one task (C1) and is a small written work by text (composition).
We advise you to complete the tasks in the order in which they are given. To save time, skip the task that you can't complete right away and move on to the next one. If you have time left after completing all the work, you can return to the missed tasks. The correct answer, depending on the complexity of each task, is estimated by one or more points. The points you get for all completed tasks are summed up. Try to complete as many tasks as possible and score as many points as possible.
PART 1
When completing the tasks of this part in the answer form No. 1 under the number of the task you are performing (A1-A30), put the sign "X" in the box, the number of which corresponds to the number of the answer you have chosen.
A1 In which word is the letter denoting a stressed vowel correctly highlighted?
1) prettier
2) Agent
3) starting
4) cakes
A2 In which sentence should the word VALUABLE be used instead of the word VALUABLE?
1) All participants of the Olympiad were awarded with VALUABLE gifts.
2) In each era, their own VALUABLE landmarks are formed.
3) In the article you can find VALUABLE information for a geologist.
4) There are many valuable trees in the reserve.
A3 Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form.
1) in the closet
2) five towels
3) six hundred and seven people
4) their affairs
A4 Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.
Having processed the statistical data,
1) Scientists have determined how quickly language changes.
2) an interesting pattern of language development was revealed.
3) the hypothesis about the existence of laws common to all languages was confirmed.
4) for linguists, much remains not entirely clear.
A5 Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Due to the increase in the level of service in company stores, there are more customers.
2) "Moidodyr", written by Korney Chukovsky and published in the 20s of the XX century, has become one of the most beloved works of children.
3) M. Gorky in one of his articles notes that poets before Pushkin did not know the people at all, were not interested in their fate, rarely wrote about them.
4) Those who have been striving for a dream since childhood often realize their life plans.
Read the text and complete tasks A6-A11.
(1) ... (2) However, not all of these fragments should be included in the abstract. (3) They should be selected according to the topic of the abstract and grouped around several large subtopics that develop it. (4) At the same time, it is important to accurately and concisely state the content of the selected fragments, to carry out their semantic convolution. (5) Semantic folding, or compression, is understood as an operation that leads to a reduction in the text without losing important, relevant information. (6)... compression, which provides for the exclusion of redundant, secondary information from the text, is one of the leading methods when writing an abstract.
A6 Which of the following sentences should come first in this text?
1) Fragments containing secondary information should not overload the text of the abstract.
2) Highlighting key fragments in texts is the basis for writing an abstract.
3) Often, when working with text, you have to delete or replace not individual sentences, but entire fragments of text.
4) Different chapters of the abstract carry a different amount of information.
A7 Which of the following words or combinations of words should be in place of the gap in the sixth sentence of the text?
1) And only
2) More
3) On the other hand,
4) Thus,
A8 What word or combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences of the text?
1) understood (sentence 5)
2) fragments must go in (sentence 2)
3) they should be selected (and) grouped (sentence 3)
4) the exception is (sentence 6)
A9 Indicate the correct description of the fifth (5) sentence of the text.
1) complex non-union
2) compound
3) complex
4) simple complicated
A10 Indicate the correct morphological characteristic of the word HOWEVER in sentence 2.
1) particle
2) pronoun
3) union
4) adverb
A11 State the meaning of the word ABSTRACT in the second (2) sentence of the text.
1) a part of an artistic or scientific work containing preliminary explanations and comments
2) creative work, consisting in oral or written retelling of the listened and analyzed text
3) a written report on a specific topic that summarizes information from one or more sources
4) data, facts, regardless of the form of their presentation, which carry a semantic load
___________________________________________________________________________
A12 In which answer option are all the numbers correctly indicated, in place of which -НН- is written?
The precious (1) stone, cut by the (2) great master - Time, can be called ancient Russian literature, the wealth of which is not yet fully realized (3).
1) 1 2) 1,2 3) 2,3 4) 1,2,3
A13 In which row is the unstressed checked vowel of the root missing in all words?
1) call .. pouring, growing, representative
2) vl..stelin, pok..rat, ukr..crucible
3) conquering, s..rya, proclaim
4) sealing..tnyaya (concrete), to..sat, companion
A14 In which row is the same letter missing in all the words?
1) bearer, inalienable, trilingual
2) pick up .. take, throw back, the day before yesterday
3) pr..dull, transformed, hospitable..imny
4) spineless, ra..throw, ra..grown
A15 In which row in both words is the letter E written at the place of the gap?
1) breathe ..sh, offended ..sh
2) save, oily ..
3) doze..sh, acceptable
4) dir..sh, glued
A16 In which answer option are all the words where the letter I is omitted?
A. bean..vy
B. branch
B. persistence
G. guessed..y
1) A, B
2) A, B, C
3) A, B, G
4) C, D
A17 In which sentence is NOT (NOR) written separately with the word?
1) An epithet is a figurative, (un)usual definition.
2) Don at the crossing point is far (not) wide, only about forty meters.
3) (No) one in the play agrees with Chatsky that it is immoral to serve.
4) (Not) anyone to ask questions that torment Pierre after the duel in Sokolniki.
A18 In which sentence are both underlined words spelled together?
1) Educational value fiction huge, (FOR) BECAUSE it affects a person’s thoughts AS (SAME) strongly as it does on feelings.
2) Impressionist artists paid great attention to the light, constantly changing (B) DURING the day, and the air in which objects and figures of people are AS (WOULD) immersed.
3) (AND) SO, all my brilliant hopes collapsed, and (B) THE PLACE of a cheerful Moscow life boredom awaited me in a deaf and distant side.
4) Forest raspberries (IN) COMPARED with garden raspberries are small, but much sweeter and fragrant, (FOR) THIS, even when growing beautiful large garden raspberries, villagers like to go for forest ones.
A19 Give the correct explanation for the use of a comma or its absence in the sentence:
Language is the basis of national memory () and it must be protected.
1) A simple sentence with homogeneous members, before the union AND, a comma is not needed.
2) A compound sentence, before the union And a comma is not needed.
3) A compound sentence, before the union And a comma is needed.
4) A simple sentence with homogeneous members, before the union And a comma is needed.
A20 Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
Almost without deviating (1) from the plot of the Gogol story (2) and (3), while maintaining the characteristic Gogol language (4) N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov created the libretto for the opera Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka.
1) 1,2,3,4
2) 2
3) 3,4
4) 4
A21 Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in sentences?
In late autumn or winter, flocks of melodiously chirping or sharply screaming birds appear on the streets of cities. Here (1) apparently (2) for this cry, the birds got their name - waxwings, because the verb "to whistle" (3), as linguists believe (4), once meant "to whistle sharply, scream."
1) 1,2,3,4
2) 1,3
3) 1,2
4) 3,4
A22 Indicate the sentence in which one comma is required. (No punctuation marks.)
1) The question of the origin of life on Earth at all times had both cognitive and ideological significance.
2) Life itself dictates to the artist both the plot and the composition of the picture and the choice of colors.
3) The phraseological unit may include obsolete words or words in a figurative sense.
4) With his plays and stories, Chekhov created an original and completely autonomous world.
A23 How do you explain the use of a colon in the following sentence?
In 1720, Peter I approved new rules for uniforming troops: the caftan received a small cloth collar, pocket flaps with three buttons, a cord on the left shoulder and 10 buttons along the side.
1) The generalizing word stands before the homogeneous members of the sentence.
2) The second part of the unionless complex sentence explains, reveals the content of what is said in the first part.
3) The second part of the non-union complex sentence is opposed in content to what is said in the first part.
4) The first part of the non-union complex sentence indicates the time of doing what is said in the second part.
A24 Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
The State Tretyakov Gallery (1) founded (2) by the (3) Moscow merchant Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov (4) is today recognized as a museum of Russian art of world significance.
1) 1,4
2) 2
3) 1,3
4) 2,4
A25 Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
The entrance door suddenly swung open (1) and a strong young man (2) jumped out into the street who (3) if Alexei had not had time to step aside at the last moment (4) would probably have run straight into him.
1) 1,2,3,4
2) 2,3
3) 1,4
4) 2,4
A26 In which sentence can the subordinate clause of a complex sentence be replaced by a separate definition expressed by participle turnover?
1) The reserve, which was founded in the middle of the last century, is small and occupies only a few hectares of untouched lowland forest.
2) Human food and the composition of the air that he breathes are largely the result of plant life.
3) In summer, grasses and mosses in the forest exist in the twilight, which is formed after the full deployment of the leaves of the trees.
4) The steep bank of the Volga and beyond the river are introduced into the play by A.N. Ostrovsky's motif of space and flight, which is inextricably linked with the image of Katerina.
A27 Read the text.
Many objects that surround us are made from natural materials - one or more. Since ancient times, people have used these materials: they made fabrics from natural fibers, built houses from reeds and wood, processed stones and metals, creating various objects. A modern person using natural materials today should think that their reserves are not unlimited.
Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?
1) Objects made from natural materials were used by ancient people in everyday life, and today many of the objects that surround us are also made of stone and metal, wood and natural fibers.
2) Ancient people used only natural materials: they made fabrics from natural fibers, built houses from reeds and wood, processed stones and metals.
3) People should remember that the stocks of natural materials can run out, so artificially created materials should also be used.
4) Modern man must remember that the reserves of natural materials used from ancient times to the present day are not unlimited.
A28 Read the text and complete tasks A28-A30; B1-B8; C1.
(1) I was sitting in a bath with hot water, and my brother was restlessly spinning around the small room, grabbing soap and a sheet in his hands, bringing them close to myopic eyes and putting them back again. (2) Then he stood facing the wall and continued fervently:
- (Z) Judge for yourself. (4) We were taught goodness, intelligence, logic - they gave us consciousness. (5) The main thing is consciousness. (b) One can become ruthless, but how is it possible, having known the truth, to reject it? (7) From childhood, I was taught not to torture animals, to be compassionate. (8) The books that I read taught me the same, and I am painfully sorry for those who suffer in your damned war. (9) But time passes, and I begin to get used to all the suffering, I feel that in everyday life I am less sensitive, less responsive and respond only to the strongest excitations. (10) But I cannot get used to the very fact of the war, my mind refuses to understand and explain what is basically insane. (11) Millions of people, having gathered in one place and trying to make their actions correct, kill each other, and everyone is equally hurt, and everyone is equally unhappy - what is it, is it crazy?
(12) The brother turned around and looked at me questioningly with his short-sighted eyes.
- (13) I'll tell you the truth. - (14) Brother trustingly put a cold hand on my shoulder. - (15) I cannot understand what is happening. (16) I can't understand, and it's terrible. (17) If someone could explain to me, but no one can. (18) You were at war, you saw - explain to me.
- (19) What an eccentric you are, brother! (20) Let some more hot water.
(21) It was so good for me to sit in the bath, as before, and listen to a familiar voice, without thinking about the words, and see everything familiar, simple, ordinary: a copper, slightly green faucet, walls with a familiar pattern, photographic accessories, in order laid out on shelves. (22) I will again take photographs, shoot simple and quiet views and my son: how he walks, how he laughs and plays pranks. (23) And again I will write - about smart books, about new successes of human thought, about beauty and peace. (24) And what he said was the fate of all those who, in their madness, become close to the madness of war. (25) It was as if I forgot at that moment, splashing in hot water, everything that I saw there.
- (26) I need to get out of the bath, - I said lightly, and my brother smiled at me like a child, like a younger one, although I was three years older than him, and thought - like an adult, like an old man who has big and heavy thoughts .
(27) The brother called the servant, and together they took me out and dressed me. (28) Then I drank fragrant tea from my glass and thought that you could live without legs, and then they took me to the office to my desk, and I got ready to work. (29) My joy was so great, the pleasure was so deep that I did not dare to start reading and only sorted through the books, gently caressing them with my hand. (30) How much intelligence and a sense of beauty are in all this!
(According to L. Andreev *)
* Andreev Leonid Nikolaevich (1871-1919) - prose writer, playwright, publicist, representative Silver Age Russian literature.
A28 Which statement corresponds to the content of the text?
1) The elder brother is very worried that he will not be able to do the same business and must change his profession.
2) The story is told from the perspective of the younger brother.
3) The younger brother has never been to the front, but he knows what is happening in the war and cannot come to terms with it.
4) After a short vacation, the elder brother must return to the front.
A29 Which of the following statements is false?
1) Sentence 11 explains and confirms the judgment made in sentence 10 of the text.
2) Sentence 21 of the text contains a descriptive fragment.
3) Sentences 3-6 present the narrative.
4) In sentences 15-17, reasoning is presented.
A30 What word is used in the text in a figurative sense?
1) hot (sentence 1)
2) discard (sentence 6)
3) cold (proposal 14)
4) dressed (sentence 27)
PART 2
When completing the tasks of this part, write down your answer in the answer sheet No. 1 to the right of the task number (B1-B8), starting from the first cell. Write each letter or number in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form. Separate words or numbers with commas when listing. Put each comma in a separate box. Spaces are not used when writing answers.
Answers to tasks B1-B3 write down in words.
IN 1 From sentence 6, write out the word formed by the prefix-suffix method.
IN 2 Write out short adjectives from sentences 27-30.
VZ Indicate the type of subordinating relationship in the phrase EXTREMELY SORRY (sentence 8).
Write down the answers to tasks B4-B7 in numbers.
AT 4 Among sentences 12-20, find a simple one-part definite-personal. Write the number of this offer.
AT 5 Among sentences 21-25, find a simple sentence complicated by homogeneous members with a generalizing word. Write the number of this offer.
AT 6 Among sentences 25-29 find complex sentence with an adjective of measure and degree. Write the number of this compound sentence.
AT 7 Among sentences 7-11, find one that is related to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun, particle, and lexical repetition. Write the number of this offer.
Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks A28-A30, B1-B7. This snippet discusses language features text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. If you do not know which number from the list should be in place of the gap, write the number 0.
The sequence of numbers in the order in which you wrote them down in the text of the review at the place of the gaps, write down in the answer sheet No. 1 to the right of the task number B8, starting from the first cell. Write each number in a separate cell in accordance with the samples given in the form. Numbers when transferring separate with commas. Put each comma in a separate box. Spaces are not used when writing answers.
AT 8 “Syntactic means of expression: _________ (sentence 6) and __________ (in sentences 21-23) - help the author partly convey the feelings of the characters. A technique such as ______ (sentences 15, 16) emphasizes the main idea of the younger brother in the discussion about the war. At some point, the brothers seem to change their age roles, which emphasize ______ (“child” - “adult” in sentence 26).
List of terms:
1) anaphora
2) hyperbole
3) rhetorical question
4) impersonation
5) parceling
6) dialectism
7) exclamatory sentence
8) rows of homogeneous members
9) antonyms
Don't forget to transfer all your answers to the answer sheet #1.
PART 3
For the answer to the task of this part, use the answer sheet No. 2. First write down the task number C1, and then write an essay.
C1 Write an essay on the text you have read.
Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid excessive quoting).
Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the read text. Explain why. Argument your answer based on the reader's experience, knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).
The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.
A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.
Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.
Assessment system for examination work in the Russian language
PART 1
For the correct answer to each task of part 1, 1 point is put. If two or more answers are given (including the correct one), an incorrect answer or no answer, 0 points are given.
job number | job number | ||
PART 2
For the correct answer to tasks Bl, В2, ВЗ, В4, В5, В6, В7, 1 point is given, for an incorrect answer or its absence - 0 points.
____________
* Task B8 is evaluated on a scale from 0 to 4 points. For each correctly indicated digit corresponding to the number of the term from the list, the examinee receives 1 point (4 points: no errors; 3 points: 1 mistake was made; 2 points: 2 mistakes were made; 1 point: only one digit is correctly indicated; 0 points: completely wrong answer (wrong set of numbers) or its absence). The order in which the numbers are written in the answer matters.
PART 3
Text Information
Main problems | |
1. The problem of moral assessment of the fact of war. (Why can't human consciousness accept the very fact of war?) | 1. War is insane, senseless, unnatural by its very nature. |
2. The problem of war and the preservation of the human in man. (How do military events and related human tragedies affect state of mind people, on their ability to feel, sympathize?) | 2. The madness of war can dull a person's best spiritual qualities. |
3. The problem of the meaning of life. (What is the meaning of human existence?) | 3. The meaning and joy of human existence lies not in the destruction and annihilation of one's own kind, but in free conscious labor, in the enjoyment of creativity, in communion with beauty. |
CRITERIA FOR VERIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THE TASK WITH A DETAILED ANSWER
Criteria for evaluating the answer to task C1 | Points |
|
|---|---|---|
Statement of source text problems | ||
The examinee (in one form or another) correctly formulated one of the problems of the original text. There are no factual errors related to the understanding and formulation of the problem. | ||
The examinee could not correctly formulate any of the problems of the source text. | ||