Physics comes to us in the 7th grade secondary school, although in fact we are familiar with her almost from the cradle, because this is all that surrounds us. This subject seems very difficult to study, but it needs to be taught.
This article is intended for persons over 18 years of age.
Are you over 18 already?
You can teach physics in different ways - all methods are good in their own way (but they are not given to everyone in the same way). School program does not give a complete understanding (and acceptance) of all phenomena and processes. The fault is the lack of practical knowledge, because the learned theory essentially does not give anything (especially for people with little spatial imagination).
So, before you start studying this most interesting subject, you need to immediately find out two things - why do you study physics and what results do you expect.
Do you want to pass the exam and enter a technical university? Great - you can start distance learning in the Internet. Now many universities or just professors conduct their online courses, where they present the entire school course physics. But there are also small disadvantages: the first - get ready for the fact that it will be far from free (and the cooler the scientific title of your virtual teacher, the more expensive), the second - you will only learn theory. You will have to use any technology at home and on your own.
If you just have problematic learning - a disagreement in your views with the teacher, missed lessons, laziness, or the language of presentation is simply incomprehensible, then things are much simpler. You just need to pull yourself together, and take books in your hands and teach, teach, teach. This is the only way to get clear subject results(and immediately in all subjects) and significantly increase the level of their knowledge. Remember - it is unrealistic to learn physics in a dream (although you really want to). Yes, and very effective heuristic training will not bear fruit without good knowledge the foundations of the theory. That is, positive planned results are possible only if:
- qualitative study of theory;
- developing teaching of the relationship between physics and other sciences;
- performing exercises in practice;
- classes with like-minded people (if you really feel like doing heuristics).
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Starting to learn physics from scratch is the most difficult, but at the same time the easiest stage. The only difficulty is that you will have to memorize a lot of rather contradictory and complex information in a hitherto unfamiliar language - you will need to work especially hard on the terms. But in principle, everything is possible and you don’t need anything supernatural for this.
How to learn physics from scratch?
Do not expect that the beginning of learning will be very difficult - this is a fairly simple science, provided that you understand its essence. Do not rush to learn a lot of different terms - first, deal with each phenomenon and "try on" it on your own. everyday life. Only in this way can physics come to life for you and become as understandable as possible - you simply will not achieve this by cramming. Therefore, the first rule is that we learn physics measuredly, without sharp jerks, without going to extremes.
Where to begin? Start with textbooks, unfortunately, they are important and necessary. It is there that you will find the necessary formulas and terms that you cannot do without in the learning process. You won’t be able to quickly learn them, there is a reason to paint them on pieces of paper and hang them in prominent places (no one has yet canceled visual memory). And then literally in 5 minutes you will refresh them in your memory every day, until you finally remember them.
You can achieve the highest quality result in about a year - this is a complete and understandable physics course. Of course, it will be possible to see the first shifts in a month - this time will be quite enough to master basic concepts(but not deep knowledge - please do not confuse).
But for all the ease of the subject, do not expect that you will be able to learn everything in 1 day or in a week - this is impossible. Therefore, there is a reason to sit down for textbooks long before the start of the exam. And it’s not worth getting hung up on the question of how much you can learn physics by heart - this is very unpredictable. This is because different sections of this subject are given in completely different ways and no one knows how kinematics or optics will “go” for you. Therefore, study consistently: paragraph by paragraph, formula by formula. It is better to write definitions several times and refresh your memory from time to time. This is the basis that you must remember, it is important to learn how to operate with definitions (use them). To do this, try to transfer physics to life - use the terms in everyday life.
But most importantly, the basis of each method and method of training is daily and hard work, without which you will not get results. And this is the second rule of easy study of the subject - the more you learn new things, the easier it will be for you. Forget advice like science in a dream, even if it works, it's definitely not with physics. Instead, get busy with tasks - not only is it a way to understand the next law, but also a great exercise for the mind.
Why study physics? Probably 90% of schoolchildren will answer that for the exam, but this is not at all the case. In life, it will come in handy much more often than geography - the probability of getting lost in the forest is somewhat lower than changing a light bulb on your own. Therefore, the question of why physics is needed can be answered unequivocally - for oneself. Of course, not everyone will need it in full, but basic knowledge is simply necessary. Therefore, take a closer look at the basics - this is a way to easily and simply understand (not learn) the basic laws.
c"> Is it possible to learn physics on your own?
Of course you can - learn definitions, terms, laws, formulas, try to apply the knowledge gained in practice. It will also be important to clarify the question - how to teach? Set aside at least an hour a day for physics. Leave half of this time for getting new material - read the textbook. Leave a quarter of an hour for cramming or repeating new concepts. The remaining 15 minutes is practice time. That is, observe a physical phenomenon, make an experiment, or simply solve an interesting problem.
Is it possible to quickly learn physics at such a pace? Most likely not - your knowledge will be deep enough, but not extensive. But this is the only way to learn physics correctly.
The easiest way to do this is if knowledge is lost only for the 7th grade (although in the 9th grade this is already a problem). You just restore small gaps in knowledge and that's it. But if the 10th grade is on the nose, and your knowledge of physics is zero, this is of course a difficult situation but fixable. It is enough to take all the textbooks for grades 7, 8, 9 and, as it should, gradually study each section. There is a simpler way - to take a publication for applicants. There, in one book, the entire school physics course is collected, but do not expect detailed and consistent explanations - auxiliary materials assume an elementary level of knowledge.
Teaching physics is a very long journey, which can only be honored with the help of daily hard work.
Depending on your goal, free time and level of mathematical preparation, several options are possible.
Option 1
The goal is “for yourself”, the deadlines are not limited, mathematics is also almost from scratch.
Choose a line of textbooks more interesting, for example, and study it, taking notes in a notebook. Then go through the textbooks of G. Ya. Myakishev and B. B. Bukhovtsev in the same way for grades 10-11. Consolidate the acquired knowledge - read.
If the manuals of G. S. Landsberg did not suit you, and they are for those who study physics from scratch, take the line of textbooks for grades 7-9 by A. V. Peryshkin and E. M. Gutnik. There is no need to be embarrassed that this is for young children - sometimes fifth-year students without preparation “swim” in Peryshkin for grade 7 already from the tenth page.
How to practice
Be sure to answer questions and solve tasks after paragraphs.
At the end of the notebook, make for yourself a reference book on basic concepts and formulas.
Be sure to find videos on YouTube with physical experiments that are found in the textbook. View and outline them according to the scheme: what did you see - what did you observe - why? I recommend the resource - all the experiments and the theory for them are systematized there.
Immediately start a separate notebook for solving problems. Start with and solve half of the tasks from it. Then solve for 70% or, as an option - “for grades 10-11 G. N. and A. P. Stepanovs.
Try to decide on your own, peep in the solution book as a last resort. If you encounter difficulty, look for an analogue of the problem with parsing. To do this, you need to have at hand 3-4 paper books, where they analyze in detail the solutions to physical problems. For example, N. E. Savchenko or the books of I. L. Kasatkina.
If everything is clear to you, and the soul asks for difficult things, take it for specialized classes and solve all the exercises.
We invite everyone who wants to study physics
Option 2
Target - USE exam or another, term - two years, mathematics - from scratch.
A handbook for schoolchildren by O. F. Kabardina and “Collection of problems in physics” for grades 10-11 by O. I. Gromtseva O. I. (“imprisoned” under the exam). If the exam is not the exam, it is better to take the problem books of V. I. Lukashik and A. P. Rymkevich or the “Collection of Questions and Problems in Physics” for grades 10-11 by G. N. Stepanova, A. P. Stepanov. Do not hesitate to refer to the textbooks of A.V. Peryshkin and E.M. Gutnik for grades 7-9, but rather outline them too.
Persistent and hard-working people can go through the entire book by V. A. Orlov, G. G. Nikiforov, A. A. Fadeeva and others. This manual has everything you need: theory, practice, tasks.
How to practice
The system is the same as in the first version:
- keep notebooks for notes and problem solving,
- take notes on your own and solve problems in a notebook,
- view and analyze experiments, for example, on .
- If you want to prepare most effectively for the Unified State Examination or the OGE in the remaining time,
Option 3
The goal is the Unified State Examination, the deadline is 1 year, mathematics is at a good level.
If mathematics is normal, you can not turn to textbooks in grades 7-9, but immediately take grades 10-11 and a reference book for schoolchildren by O. F. Kabardin. The manual of Kabardin contains topics that are not in the textbooks of grades 10-11. At the same time, I recommend watching videos with experiments in physics and analyzing them according to the scheme.
Option 4
The goal is the Unified State Examination, the deadlines are 1 year, mathematics is at zero.
It is unrealistic to prepare for the exam in a year without a base in mathematics. Unless you will do all the points from option number 2 every day for 2 hours.
Foxford online school teachers and tutors will help you achieve maximum result for the rest of the time.
The proposed manual is addressed to students in grades 10-11 who plan to take the exam in physics, teachers and methodologists. The book is intended for the initial stage of active preparation for the exam, for practicing all topics and types of tasks of basic and advanced levels of complexity. The material presented in the book complies with the USE-2016 specification in physics and the Federal State Educational Standard of secondary general education.
The publication contains the following materials:
- theoretical material on the topics "Mechanics", "Molecular Physics", "Electrodynamics", "Oscillations and Waves", "Optics", "Quantum Physics";
- tasks of basic and advanced levels of complexity to the above sections, distributed by topic and level;
- answers to all tasks.
The book will be useful for reviewing the material, for developing the skills and competencies necessary for passing the exam, to organize exam preparation in the classroom and at home, as well as for use in educational process not only for the purpose of exam preparation. The manual is also suitable for applicants planning to take the exam after a break in their studies.
The publication is included in training and metodology complex"Physics. Preparation for the exam.
Examples.
From points A and B two cars left towards each other. The speed of the first car is 80 km/h, the second is 10 km/h less than the first. What is the distance between points A and B if the cars meet after 2 hours?
Bodies 1 and 2 move along the x-axis at a constant speed. Figure 11 shows graphs of coordinates of moving bodies 1 and 2 versus time t. Determine at what point in time t the first body will overtake the second.
Two cars are driving along a straight stretch of highway in the same direction. The speed of the first car is 90 km/h, the second is 60 km/h. What is the speed of the first car relative to the second?
Table of contents
From authors 7
Chapter I. Mechanics 11
Theoretical material 11
Kinematics 11
Material point dynamics 14
Conservation laws in mechanics 16
Statics 18
Tasks basic level difficulty 19
§ 1. Kinematics 19
1.1. Speed of uniform rectilinear motion 19
1.2. Equation of uniform rectilinear motion 21
1.3. Speed addition 24
1.4. Movement with constant acceleration 26
1.5. Free fall 34
1.6. Circle movement 38
§ 2. Dynamics 39
2.1. Newton's laws 39
2.2. Strength gravity law of gravity 42
2.3. Gravity, body weight 44
2.4. Elastic force, Hooke's law 46
2.5. Friction force 47
§ 3. Conservation laws in mechanics 49
3.1. Pulse. Law of conservation of momentum 49
3.2. Work of force.^Power 54
3.3. Kinetic energy and its change 55
§ 4. Statics 56
4.1. Body balance 56
4.2. Law of Archimedes. Bodies floating condition 58
Tasks advanced level difficulty 61
§ 5. Kinematics 61
§ 6. Dynamics of a material point 67
§ 7. Conservation laws in mechanics 76
§ 8. Statics 85
Chapter II. Molecular physics 89
Theoretical material 89
Molecular physics 89
Thermodynamics 92
Tasks of the basic level of difficulty 95
§ 1. Molecular physics 95
1.1. Models of the structure of gases, liquids and solids. Thermal motion of atoms and molecules. Interaction of particles of matter. Diffusion, Brownian motion, ideal gas model. Changes in the aggregate states of matter (explanation of phenomena) 95
1.2. Amount of substance 102
1.3. Basic equation MKT 103
1.4. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules 105
1.5. Ideal gas equation of state 107
1.6. Gas laws 112
1.7. Saturated steam. Humidity 125
1.8. Internal energy, amount of heat, work in thermodynamics 128
1.9. First law of thermodynamics 143
1.10. Efficiency of heat engines 147
Tasks of an increased level of complexity 150
§ 2. Molecular physics 150
§ 3. Thermodynamics 159
Chapter III. Electrodynamics 176
Theoretical material 176
Basic concepts and laws of electrostatics 176
Electrical capacity. Capacitors. Electric field energy 178
Basic concepts and laws of direct current 179
Basic concepts and laws of magnetostatics 180
Basic concepts and laws of electromagnetic induction 182
Tasks of the basic level of difficulty 183
§ 1. Fundamentals of electrodynamics 183
1.1. Phone electrification. The law of conservation of electric charge (explanation of phenomena) 183
1.2. Coulomb's Law 186
1.3. Electric field strength 187
1.4. Electrostatic field potential 191
1.5. Electric capacity, capacitors 192
1.6. Ohm's law for circuit section 193
1.7. Series and parallel connection of conductors 196
1.8. DC operation and power 199
1.9. Ohm's law for a complete circuit 202
§ 2. Magnetic field 204
2.1. Interaction of currents 204
2.2. Ampere power. Lorentz force 206
§ 3. Electromagnetic induction 212
3.1. induction current. Lenz's Rule 212
3.2. Law of electromagnetic induction 216
3.3. Self-induction. Inductance 219
3.4. Energy magnetic field 221
Tasks of an increased level of complexity 222
§ 4. Fundamentals of electrodynamics 222
§ 5. Magnetic field 239
§ 6. Electromagnetic induction 243
Chapter IV. Vibrations and Waves 247
Theoretical material 247
Mechanical vibrations and waves 247
Electromagnetic oscillations and waves 248
Tasks of the basic level of difficulty 250
§ 1. Mechanical vibrations 250
1.1. Math pendulum 250
1.2. Dynamics of oscillatory motion 253
1.3. Energy conversion during harmonic vibrations 257
1.4. Forced vibrations. Resonance 258
§ 2. Electromagnetic oscillations 260
2.1. Processes in the oscillatory circuit 260
2.2. Period of free oscillations 262
2.3. Alternating electric current 266
§ 3. Mechanical waves 267
§ 4. Electromagnetic waves 270
Tasks of an increased level of complexity 272
§ 5. Mechanical vibrations 272
§ 6. Electromagnetic oscillations 282
Chapter V. Optics 293
Theoretical material 293
Basic concepts and laws of geometric optics 293
Basic concepts and laws of wave optics 295
Basics special theory Relativity (SRT) 296
Tasks of the basic level of difficulty 296
§ 1. Light waves 296
1.1. Law of Light Reflection 296
1.2. Law of refraction of light 298
1.3. Building an image in lenses 301
1.4. Thin lens formula. Lens magnification 304
1.5. Dispersion, interference and diffraction of light 306
§ 2. Elements of the theory of relativity 309
2.1. Postulates of the theory of relativity 309
2.2. Main Consequences of the Postulates 311
§ 3. Radiations and spectra 312
Tasks of an increased level of complexity 314
§ 4. Optics 314
Chapter VI. Quantum Physics 326
Theoretical material 326
Basic concepts and laws of quantum physics 326
Basic concepts and laws of nuclear physics 327
Tasks of the basic level of difficulty 328
§ 1. Quantum physics 328
1.1. Photoelectric effect 328
1.2. Photons 333
§ 2. Atomic physics 335
2.1. The structure of the atom. Rutherford's experiments 335
2.2. Bohr model of the hydrogen atom 336
§ 3. Physics of the atomic nucleus 339
3.1. Alpha, beta and gamma radiation 339
3.2. Radioactive transformations 340
3.3. Law of radioactive decay 341
3.4. The structure of the atomic nucleus 346
3.5. Binding energy of atomic nuclei 347
3.6. Nuclear reactions 348
3.7. Fission of uranium nuclei 350
3.8. Nuclear chain reactions 351
§ 4. Elementary particles 351
Tasks of an increased level of complexity 352
§ 5. Quantum physics 352
§ 6. Atomic physics 356
Answers to the collection of tasks 359.
Physics is one of the basic sciences of natural science. The study of physics at school begins in the 7th grade and continues until the end of schooling. By this time, schoolchildren should already have formed the proper mathematical apparatus necessary for studying the course of physics.
- The school curriculum in physics consists of several large sections: mechanics, electrodynamics, oscillations and waves, optics, the quantum physics, molecular physics and thermal phenomena.
Topics of school physics
In the 7th grade there is a superficial acquaintance and introduction to the course of physics. The main physical concepts, the structure of substances is studied, as well as the pressure force with which various substances act on others. In addition, the laws of Pascal and Archimedes are studied.
In 8th grade various physical phenomena. Initial information is given about the magnetic field and the phenomena in which it occurs. A direct electric current and the basic laws of optics are studied. Separately, various aggregate states of matter and the processes that occur during the transition of matter from one state to another are analyzed.
Grade 9 is devoted to the basic laws of motion of bodies and their interaction with each other. Basic concepts are considered mechanical vibrations and waves. The topic of sound and sound waves. The fundamentals of the theory of the electromagnetic field and electromagnetic waves are studied. In addition, there is an acquaintance with the elements of nuclear physics and the structure of the atom and the atomic nucleus is studied.
In 10th grade starts in-depth study mechanics (kinematics and dynamics) and conservation laws. The main types of mechanical forces are considered. There is an in-depth study of thermal phenomena, the molecular-kinetic theory and the basic laws of thermodynamics are being studied. The basics of electrodynamics are repeated and systematized: electrostatics, the laws of direct electric current and electric current in various media.
Grade 11 devoted to the study of the magnetic field and the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. Various types of oscillations and waves are studied in detail: mechanical and electromagnetic. There is a deepening of knowledge from the section of optics. Elements of the theory of relativity and quantum physics are considered.
- Below is a list of grades 7 to 11. Each grade contains physics topics written by our tutors. These materials can be used by both students and their parents, and school teachers and tutors.
M.: 2010.- 752p. M.: 1981.- T.1 - 336s., T.2 - 288s.
The book by the famous US physicist J. Orir is one of the most successful introductory courses in physics in the world literature, covering the range from physics as a school subject to an accessible description of its latest achievements. This book has taken pride of place on the bookshelf for several generations of Russian physicists, and for this edition the book has been substantially supplemented and modernized. The author of the book is a student of an outstanding physicist of the 20th century, Nobel laureate E. Fermi - for many years he taught his course to students at Cornell University. This course can serve as a useful practical introduction to the widely known in Russia Feynman Lectures on Physics and the Berkeley Course in Physics. In terms of its level and content, Orir's book is already available to high school students, but it may also be of interest to students, graduate students, teachers, as well as all those who wish not only to systematize and replenish their knowledge in the field of physics, but also learn how to successfully solve a wide class physical tasks.
Format: pdf(2010, 752s.)
The size: 56 MB
Watch, download: drive.google
Note: Below is a color scan.
Volume 1
Format: djvu (1981, 336 p.)
The size: 5.6 MB
Watch, download: drive.google
Volume 2
Format: djvu (1981, 288 pp.)
The size: 5.3 MB
Watch, download: drive.google
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword by the editor of the Russian edition 13
Preface 15
1. INTRODUCTION 19
§ 1. What is physics? 19
§ 2. Units of measurement 21
§ 3. Analysis of dimensions 24
§ 4. Accuracy in physics 26
§ 5. The role of mathematics in physics 28
§ 6. Science and society 30
Application. Correct answers without some common mistakes 31
Exercise 31
Tasks 32
2. ONE-DIMENSIONAL MOVEMENT 34
§ 1. Speed 34
§ 2. average speed 36
§ 3. Acceleration 37
§ 4. Uniformly accelerated motion 39
Main findings 43
Exercise 43
Tasks 44
3. TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOVEMENT 46
§ 1. Trajectories of free fall 46
§ 2. Vectors 47
§ 3. The movement of the projectile 52
§ four. Uniform movement around the circumference 24
§ 5. Artificial satellites of the Earth 55
Main findings 58
Exercise 58
Tasks 59
4. DYNAMICS 61
§ 1. Introduction 61
§ 2. Definitions of basic concepts 62
§ 3. Newton's laws 63
§ 4. Units of force and mass 66
§ 5. Contact forces (forces of reaction and friction) 67
§ 6. Problem solving 70
§ 7. Atwood's machine 73
§ 8. Conical pendulum 74
§ 9. Law of conservation of momentum 75
Main findings 77
Exercise 78
Tasks 79
5. GRAVITY 82
§ 1. Law of gravity 82
§ 2. Cavendish experiment 85
§ 3. Kepler's laws for planetary motions 86
§ 4. Weight 88
§ 5. Equivalence principle 91
§ 6. Gravitational field inside a sphere 92
Main findings 93
Exercise 94
Tasks 95
6. WORK AND ENERGY 98
§ 1. Introduction 98
§ 2. Job 98
§ 3. Power 100
§ 4. The scalar product 101
§ 5. Kinetic energy 103
§ 6. Potential energy 105
§ 7. Gravitational potential energy 107
§ 8. Potential energy of a spring 108
Main findings 109
Exercise 109
Tasks 111
7. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY FROM
§ 1. Conservation of mechanical energy 114
§ 2. Collisions 117
§ 3. Conservation of gravitational energy 120
§ 4. Diagrams of potential energy 122
§ 5. Conservation of total energy 123
§ 6. Energy in biology 126
§ 7. Energy and the car 128
Main findings 131
Application. Law of conservation of energy for a system of N particles 131
Exercises 132
Tasks 132
8. RELATIVISTIC KINEMATICS 136
§ 1. Introduction 136
§ 2. The constancy of the speed of light 137
§ 3. Time dilation 142
§ 4. Lorentz transformations 145
§ 5. Simultaneity 148
§ 6. Optical Doppler effect 149
§ 7. The twin paradox 151
Main findings 154
Exercises 154
Tasks 155
9. RELATIVISTIC DYNAMICS 159
§ 1. Relativistic addition of velocities 159
§ 2. Definition of relativistic momentum 161
§ 3. Law of conservation of momentum and energy 162
§ 4. Equivalence of mass and energy 164
§ 5. Kinetic energy 166
§ 6. Mass and force 167
§ 7. General theory relativity 168
Main findings 170
Application. Energy and Momentum Conversion 170
Exercises 171
Tasks 172
10. ROTARY MOVEMENT 175
§ 1. Kinematics rotary motion 175
§ 2. Vector product 176
§ 3. Angular moment 177
§ 4. Dynamics of rotational motion 179
§ 5. Center of mass 182
§ 6. Rigid bodies and the moment of inertia 184
§ 7. Statics 187
§ 8. Flywheels 189
Main findings 191
Exercises 191
Tasks 192
11. VIBRATIONAL MOVEMENT 196
§ 1. Harmonic force 196
§ 2. Period of oscillations 198
§ 3. Pendulum 200
§ 4. Energy of simple harmonic motion 202
§ 5. Small oscillations 203
§ 6. Intensity of sound 206
Key Findings 206
Exercises 208
Tasks 209
12. KINETIC THEORY 213
§ 1. Pressure and hydrostatics 213
§ 2. The equation of state of an ideal gas 217
§ 3. Temperature 219
§ 4. Uniform distribution of energy 222
§ 5. Kinetic theory of heat 224
Main findings 226
Exercises 226
Tasks 228
13. THERMODYNAMICS 230
§ 1. The first law of thermodynamics 230
§ 2. Avogadro's conjecture 231
§ 3. Specific heat 232
§ 4. Isothermal expansion 235
§ 5. Adiabatic expansion 236
§ 6. Petrol engine 238
Main findings 240
Exercise 241
Tasks 241
14. THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 244
§ 1. Carnot machine 244
§ 2. Thermal pollution environment 246
§ 3 Refrigerators and heat pumps 247
§ 4. The second law of thermodynamics 249
§ 5. Entropy 252
§ 6. Time reversal 256
Main findings 259
Exercise 259
Tasks 260
15. ELECTROSTATIC FORCE 262
§ 1. Electric charge 262
§ 2. Coulomb's Law 263
§ 3. Electric field 266
§ 4. Electric power lines 268
§ 5. Gauss' theorem 270
Main findings 275
Exercises 275
Tasks 276
16. ELECTROSTATICS 279
§ 1. Spherical charge distribution 279
§ 2. Linear charge distribution 282
§ 3. Flat charge distribution 283
§ 4. Electric potential 286
§ 5. Electric capacity 291
§ 6. Dielectrics 294
Key Findings 296
Exercises 297
Tasks 299
17. ELECTRIC CURRENT AND MAGNETIC FORCE 302
§ one. Electricity 302
§ 2. Ohm's Law 303
§ 3. DC circuits 306
§ 4. Empirical data on magnetic force 310
§ 5. Derivation of the formula for the magnetic force 312
§ 6. Magnetic field 313
§ 7. Magnetic field units 316
§ 8. Relativistic transformation of *8 and E 318
Key Findings 320
Application. Relativistic transformations of current and charge 321
Exercises 322
Tasks 323
18. MAGNETIC FIELDS 327
§ 1. Ampère's Law 327
§ 2. Some configurations of currents 329
§ 3. Bio-Savart Law 333
§ 4. Magnetism 336
§ 5. Maxwell's equations for direct currents 339
Main findings 339
Exercises 340
Tasks 341
19. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 344
§ 1. Engines and generators 344
§ 2. Faraday's Law 346
§ 3. Lenz Law 348
§ 4. Inductance 350
§ 5. Energy of the magnetic field 352
§ 6. AC circuits 355
§ 7. Chains RC and RL 359
Key Findings 362
Application. Freeform Outline 363
Exercises 364
Tasks 366
20. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND WAVES 369
§ 1. Displacement current 369
§ 2. Maxwell's equations in general view 371
§ 3. Electromagnetic radiation 373
§ 4. Radiation of a flat sinusoidal current 374
§ 5. Non-sinusoidal current; Fourier expansion 377
§ 6. Traveling waves 379
§ 7. Energy transfer by waves 383
Key Findings 384
Application. Wave Equation Derivation 385
Exercise 387
Tasks 387
21. INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH SUBSTANCE 390
§ 1. Radiation energy 390
§ 2. Radiation pulse 393
§ 3. Reflection of radiation from a good conductor 394
§ 4. Interaction of radiation with a dielectric 395
§ 5. Refractive index 396
§ 6. Electromagnetic radiation in an ionized medium 400
§ 7. Radiation field of point charges 401
Key Findings 404
Appendix 1 Phase Diagram Method 405
Application2. Wave Packets and Group Velocity 406
Exercises 410
Tasks 410
22. WAVE INTERFERENCE 414
§ 1. Standing waves 414
§ 2. Interference of waves emitted by two point sources 417
§3. Wave interference from a large number sources 419
§ 4. Diffraction grating 421
§ 5. Huygens' principle 423
§ 6. Diffraction by an individual slit 425
§ 7. Coherence and incoherence 427
Key Findings 430
Exercises 431
Tasks 432
23. OPTICS 434
§ 1. Holography 434
§ 2. Polarization of light 438
§ 3. Diffraction by a circular hole 443
§ 4. Optical instruments and their resolution 444
§ 5. Diffraction scattering 448
§6. geometric optics 451
Key Findings 455
Application. Brewster Act 455
Exercises 456
Tasks 457
24. WAVE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE 460
§ 1. Classical and modern physics 460
§ 2. Photoelectric effect 461
§ 3 Compton effect 465
§ 4. Wave-particle duality 465
§ 5. The great paradox 466
§ 6. Electron diffraction 470
Key Findings 472
Exercise 473
Tasks 473
25. QUANTUM MECHANICS 475
§ 1. Wave packets 475
§ 2. The uncertainty principle 477
§ 3. A particle in a box 481
§ 4. The Schrödinger Equation 485
§ 5. Potential wells of finite depth 486
§ 6. Harmonic oscillator 489
Key Findings 491
Exercises 491
Tasks 492
26. HYDROGEN ATOM 495
§ 1. Approximate theory of the hydrogen atom 495
§ 2. The Schrödinger equation in three dimensions 496
§ 3. Rigorous theory of the hydrogen atom 498
§ 4. Orbital angular momentum 500
§ 5. Emission of photons 504
§ 6. Stimulated emission 508
§ 7. Bohr's model of the atom 509
Key Findings 512
Exercises 513
Tasks 514
27. ATOMIC PHYSICS 516
§ 1. Pauli exclusion principle 516
§ 2. Multielectron atoms 517
§ 3. Periodic system of elements 521
§ four. x-ray radiation 525
§ 5. Bonding in molecules 526
§ 6. Hybridization 528
Key Findings 531
Exercises 531
Tasks 532
28. CONDENSED MATTER 533
§ 1. Communication types 533
§ 2. The theory of free electrons in metals 536
§ 3. Electrical conductivity 540
§ 4. Zone theory of solids 544
§ 5. Physics of semiconductors 550
§ 6. Superfluidity 557
§ 7. Penetration through the barrier 558
Key Findings 560
Application. Various applications /? - n-transition a (in radio and television) 562
Exercises 564
Tasks 566
29. NUCLEAR PHYSICS 568
§ 1. Dimensions of nuclei 568
§ 2. Fundamental forces acting between two nucleons 573
§ 3. The structure of heavy nuclei 576
§ 4. Alpha decay 583
§ 5. Gamma and beta decays 586
§ 6. Nuclear fission 588
§ 7. Synthesis of nuclei 592
Key Findings 596
Exercise 597
Tasks 597
30. ASTROPHYSICS 600
§ 1. Energy sources of stars 600
§ 2. The evolution of stars 603
§ 3. Quantum-mechanical pressure of a degenerate Fermi gas 605
§ 4. White dwarfs 607
§ 6. Black holes 609
§ 7. neutron stars 611
31. PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES 615
§ 1. Introduction 615
§ 2. Fundamental particles 620
§ 3. Fundamental interactions 622
§ 4. Interactions between fundamental particles as an exchange of quanta of a carrier field 623
§ 5. Symmetries in the world of particles and conservation laws 636
§ 6. Quantum electrodynamics as a local gauge theory 629
§ 7. Internal symmetries of hadrons 650
§ 8. Quark model of hadrons 636
§ 9. Color. Quantum Chromodynamics 641
§ 10. Are quarks and gluons "visible"? 650
§ 11. Weak interactions 653
§ 12. Parity non-conservation 656
§ 13. Intermediate bosons and the non-renormalizability of the theory 660
§ 14 Standard Model 662
§ 15. New ideas: GUT, supersymmetry, superstrings 674
32. GRAVITY AND COSMOLOGY 678
§ 1. Introduction 678
§ 2. Principle of equivalence 679
§ 3. Metric theories of gravitation 680
§ 4. The structure of the GR equations. The simplest solutions 684
§ 5. Testing the equivalence principle 685
§ 6. How to estimate the scale of GR effects? 687
§ 7. Classical tests of general relativity 688
§ 8. Fundamentals of modern cosmology 694
§ 9. Model of the hot Universe ("standard" cosmological model) 703
§ 10. Age of the Universe 705
§eleven. Critical Density and Friedmann's Evolution Scenarios 705
§ 12. Density of matter in the Universe and hidden mass 708
§ 13. Scenario of the first three minutes of the evolution of the Universe 710
§ 14. Near the very beginning 718
§ 15. Inflation scenario 722
§ 16. The riddle of dark matter 726
APPENDIX A 730
Physical constants 730
Some astronomical information 730
APPENDIX B 731
Basic units physical quantities 731
Electrical units 731
APPENDIX B 732
Geometry 732
Trigonometry 732
Quadratic Equation 732
Some derivatives 733
Some indefinite integrals (up to an arbitrary constant) 733
Products of vectors 733
Greek alphabet 733
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES AND PROBLEMS 734
INDEX 746
At present, there is practically no area of natural science or technical knowledge, where the achievements of physics would not be used to one degree or another. Moreover, these achievements are increasingly penetrating traditional humanitarian sciences which was reflected in the inclusion in the curricula of all humanitarian specialties Russian universities discipline "Concepts of modern natural science".
The book by J. Orir, brought to the attention of the Russian reader, was first published in Russia (more precisely, in the USSR) more than a quarter of a century ago, but, as it happens with really good books still has not lost interest and relevance. The secret of Orir's book's vitality lies in the fact that it successfully fills a niche invariably demanded by new generations of readers, mostly young ones.
Not being a textbook in the usual sense of the word - and without pretensions to replace it - Orir's book offers a fairly complete and consistent presentation of the entire course of physics at a quite elementary level. This level is not burdened by complex mathematics and, in principle, is available to every inquisitive and hardworking schoolchild, and even more so to a student.
An easy and free style of presentation that does not sacrifice logic and does not avoid difficult questions, a thoughtful selection of illustrations, diagrams and graphs, the use of a large number of examples and tasks that, as a rule, are of practical importance and correspond to the life experience of students - all this makes Orir's book an indispensable tool for self-education or additional reading.
Of course, it can be successfully used as a useful addition to ordinary physics textbooks and manuals, primarily in physics and mathematics classes, lyceums and colleges. Orir's book can also be recommended to students undergraduate students higher educational institutions, in which physics is not a major discipline.