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In what year was the Tatar yoke. Tatar-Mongolian invasion of Russia

Nowadays, there are several alternative versions medieval history Russia (Kiev, Rostov-Suzdal, Moscow). Each of them has the right to exist, since the official course of history is practically not confirmed by anything other than "copies" of documents that once existed. One of these events in Russian history is the yoke of the Tatar-Mongol in Russia. Let's try to consider what it is Tatar-Mongol yoke - historical fact or fiction.

The Tatar-Mongol yoke was

The generally accepted and literally laid out version, known to everyone from school textbooks and being the truth for the whole world, is “For 250 years Russia was ruled by wild tribes. Russia is backward and weak - it could not cope with the savages for so many years.

The concept of "yoke" appeared at the time of Russia's entry into the European path of development. To become an equal partner for the countries of Europe, it was necessary to prove one’s “Europeanism”, and not “wild Siberian east”, while recognizing one’s backwardness and the formation of the state only in the 9th century with the help of the European Rurik.

The version of the presence of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke is confirmed only by numerous fiction and popular literature, including the “Tale of the Mamaev Battle” and all the works of the Kulikovo cycle based on it, which have many options.

One of these works - "The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land" - refers to the Kulikovo cycle, does not contain the words "Mongol", "Tatar", "yoke", "invasion", there is only a story about the "trouble" for the Russian land.

The most surprising thing is that the later the historical “document” is written, the more details it acquires. The fewer living witnesses, the more details are described.

There is no factual material 100% confirming the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.

There was no Tatar-Mongol yoke

This development of events is not recognized by official historians not only all over the world, but also in Russia and throughout the post-Soviet space. The factors on which researchers who disagree with the existence of the yoke rely are the following:

  • the version of the presence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke appeared in the XVIII century and, despite numerous studies of many generations of historians, has not undergone significant changes. It is illogical, in everything there must be development and movement forward - with the development of the possibilities of researchers, the actual material must change;
  • there are no Mongolian words in the Russian language - many studies have been carried out, including by Professor V.A. Chudinov;
  • practically nothing has been found on the Kulikovo field over many decades of searching. The place of the battle itself is not clearly established;
  • the complete absence of folklore about the heroic past and the great Genghis Khan in modern Mongolia. Everything that has been written in our time is based on information from Soviet history textbooks;
  • great in the past, Mongolia is still a cattle-breeding country, which has practically stopped in its development;
  • the complete absence in Mongolia of a gigantic amount of trophies from most of the “conquered” Eurasia;
  • even those sources recognized by official historians describe Genghis Khan as "a tall warrior, with white skin and blue eyes, a thick beard and reddish hair" - a clear description of a Slav;
  • the word "horde", if read in ancient Slavic letters, means "order";
  • Genghis Khan - the title of commander of the troops of Tartaria;
  • "Khan" - protector;
  • prince - governor appointed by the khan in the province;
  • tribute - the usual taxation, as in any state in our time;
  • on the images of all icons and engravings related to the struggle against the Tatar-Mongol yoke, the opposing warriors are depicted in the same way. Even their banners are similar. This rather speaks of a civil war within one state than a war between states with different cultures and, accordingly, differently armed warriors;
  • numerous genetic examinations and visual appearance speak of the complete absence of Mongolian blood in Russian people. It is obvious that Russia was captured for 250-300 years by a horde of many thousands of castrated monks, who also took a vow of celibacy;
  • there are no handwritten confirmations of the period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in the languages ​​of the invaders. Everything that is considered documents of this period is written in Russian;
  • for the rapid movement of an army of 500 thousand people (the figure of traditional historians), spare (clockwork) horses are needed, on which riders are transplanted at least once a day. Each simple rider should have clockwork horses from 2 to 3. For the rich, the number of horses is calculated in herds. In addition, many thousands of convoy horses with food for people and weapons, bivouac equipment (yurts, boilers, etc.). For the simultaneous feeding of such a number of animals, there will not be enough grass in the steppes for hundreds of kilometers in a radius. For a given territory, such a number of horses is comparable to the invasion of locusts, which leaves a void. And the horses still need to be watered somewhere, and every day. To feed the warriors, many thousands of sheep are needed, which move much more slowly than horses, but eat grass to the ground. All this accumulation of animals will sooner or later begin to die of hunger. An invasion on such a scale of cavalry troops from the regions of Mongolia to Russia is simply impossible.

What happened

To figure out what the Tatar-Mongol yoke is - is it a historical fact or fiction, researchers are forced to look for miraculously preserved sources of alternative information about the history of Russia. The remaining, inconvenient artifacts say the following:

  • bribery and various promises, including unlimited power, Western "baptists" reached the consent of the ruling circles Kievan Rus to the introduction of Christianity;
  • the destruction of the Vedic worldview and the baptism of Kievan Rus (a province that broke away from Great Tartaria) with “fire and sword” (one of the crusades, allegedly to Palestine) - “Vladimir baptized with a sword, and Dobrynya with fire” - 9 million people died out of 12 who lived at that time on the territory of the principality (almost the entire adult population). Out of 300 cities, 30 remained;
  • all the destruction and victims of baptism are attributed to the Tatar-Mongols;
  • everything that is called the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" is the retaliatory actions of the Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartaria - Mogul (Grand) Tartar) on the return of the provinces that were invaded and Christianized;
  • the period of time that the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" fell on is the period of peace and prosperity of Russia;
  • the destruction by all available methods of chronicles and other documents relating to the Middle Ages throughout the world and, in particular, in Russia: libraries with original documents were burned, “copies” were preserved. In Russia, several times, on the orders of the Romanovs and their "historiographers", the chronicles were collected "for rewriting", after which they disappeared;
  • all geographical maps published before 1772 and not corrected call the western part of Russia Muscovy or Moscow Tartaria. The rest of the former Soviet Union (excluding Ukraine and Belarus) is called Tartaria or the Russian Empire;
  • 1771 - the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica: "Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia ...". From subsequent editions of the encyclopedia, this phrase was removed.

In the age of information technology, hiding data is not easy. Official history does not recognize fundamental changes, therefore, what is the Tatar-Mongol yoke - a historical fact or fiction, which version of history to believe in - you need to determine for yourself. We must not forget that history is written by the winner.

For almost 2.5 centuries, Russia was under the Tatar-Mongol oppression. Historians estimate this time as stagnation in all spheres of life: political, economic, cultural.

For the princes of Russia on the part of the Golden Horde, there was a significant limitation of power. They directly depended on the will of the khans. To get a label (special permission) to reign, many rulers had to make significant concessions, and sometimes even humiliation. During the period of the yoke, there is a peak of fragmentation in Russia, in addition, the number of strife and intrigues increases significantly. Brother went to brother with the permission of the khan. Cities, shopping centers were ruined, the treasury was devastated, all this led to the desolation of the once great principalities.

The common people also experienced the Mongolo- Tatar yoke. The khan's army erased everything in its path during raids and the collection of tribute. Villages, towns and cities were plundered and burned. Cattle were taken from civilians, fields and crops were trampled. All this led to hunger. Many civilians were taken into slavery.

The beginning of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

Why did the Tatar-Mongols manage to capture Russia:

  • In the 13th century, the fragmentation of the state greatly weakened the position of Russia, each principality alone could not resist the great Mongol army;
  • inconsistency of Russian princes;
  • the power of the Grand Duke was not centralized.

For the first time, the Mongol-Tatars appeared at the Russian borders back in 1223. In that year, the first meeting with the great Mongol army took place on the river. Kalka. Then the army of nomads dealt a crushing blow, after which a feast was tripled on the backs of the Polovtsian and Russian princes. All were either killed or crushed. But the Tatar-Mongols did not move deep into Russia, they returned to the steppes.

Invasion of Russia

In the winter of 1237, Batu Khan, the grandson of the famous Genghis Khan, sent his forces to the North-Eastern lands of Russia. According to the will of the Great Khan, the Russian lands were included in the ulus of his grandson. She was the first to stand in the way of the nomads. The city was besieged, the princes of neighboring principalities came to the rescue: Vladimir and Suzdal. After six days of siege, the city was razed to the ground. Modern Ryazan is located about 60 km from the former city.

At the beginning of 1238, Batu moved to. The troops met near Kolomna, where almost the entire Vladimir army was killed.

After 5 days of siege, Moscow was burned, all the inhabitants were killed.

In a month, the Horde army traveled about 300 km and approached Vladimir. The prince was not present at that moment. Yuri Vsevolodovich was in the north, gathering forces for the fight. The rest of the inhabitants, together with the family of the Grand Duke, were in the city and took refuge in the Assumption Cathedral. The Horde burned the temple with all the people inside.

Yuri Vsevolodovich, having learned about the fall of the city and the death of his family, immediately advanced with the assembled army to meet them. The battle took place on the river Vozha. The Russians were defeated, and Grand Duke killed.

The nomads went north, looting and burning everything in their path. Before they reached about 100 km. There were several reasons why the Tatar-Mongols turned back:

  • weakening of the army. All Batu's victories came at the cost of heavy losses;
  • natural conditions. Spring was beginning and it was difficult for the cavalry to move along washed-out roads and flooded rivers;
  • remoteness of Novgorod. The northern city was hidden by dense forests, on such terrain the Mongol army could not fight effectively.

On the way back, Batu laid siege to the small town of Kozelsk, which held out for 7 weeks, after which it was taken and wiped off the face of the earth. The Khan called it the "Evil City".

In 1240, Batu returned to Russia, this time to the southern lands. Kyiv fell first. In 1241, the Galicia-Volyn principality was attacked. After that, the nomads leave for Europe, but suffer a series of setbacks and return.

In 1243, on the border with the south of Russia, Batu founded the state Golden Horde with its capital in the city of Saray. After that, the divided Russian lands recognized their vassal status, while the statehood of Russia was preserved, as was religion. It is worth noting that the Golden Horde khans adhered to religious tolerance in their policy. The Russians were not forced to forget Orthodoxy, and the Tatar-Mongols themselves converted to Islam only in 1312.

However, in political and economic terms, during this period, the Mongol-Tatar yoke was established in Russia. Baskaks exercised control over the Russian princes, they also collected tribute.

Punitive detachments were sent to those who disagreed with the policy of the khan. Russia lived in fear and ruin.

The overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke

Ivan 3 breaks the Khan's charter

He won his first victory over the Mongols on the Kulikovo field. After 1380, the yoke continued for another 100 years. Only in 1480 there was a well-known standing on the river. Acne. Confrontation between and Khan Akhmat. Khan retreated, which made it clear that he no longer had claims to Russia. Thus came the end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia.

Reasons for the defeat of the Mongol-Tatars:

  • unification of Russian principalities around Moscow;
  • reforms in the army of Russia;
  • strife within the Golden Horde
  • weakening of the Mongol army.

Consequences of the yoke

The yoke lasted 243 years. Russia was in stagnation, and only under Ivan III did the revival of the Russian state, its culture and power begin. The influence of the Mongol-Tatar yoke had an extremely negative impact on the development of the country and slowed it down, in comparison with other large states. The lag affected many subsequent centuries.

As it is written in most history textbooks, in the XIII-XV centuries, Russia suffered from the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Recently, however, more and more people are wondering: was it even there? Did the huge hordes of nomads really flood the peaceful principalities, enslaving their inhabitants? Let's analyze historical facts, many of which may be shocking.

The yoke was invented by the Poles

The term "Mongol-Tatar yoke" itself was coined by Polish authors. The chronicler and diplomat Jan Dlugosh in 1479 called the time of the existence of the Golden Horde so. He was followed in 1517 by the historian Matvey Mekhovsky, who worked at the University of Krakow. This interpretation of the relationship between Russia and the Mongol conquerors was quickly picked up in Western Europe, and from there it was borrowed by domestic historians.

Moreover, there were practically no Tatars in the Horde troops themselves. It’s just that in Europe they knew the name of this Asian people well, so it spread to the Mongols. Meanwhile, Genghis Khan tried to exterminate the entire Tatar tribe, defeating their army in 1202.

The first census of the population of Russia

The Horde held the first census in the history of Russia. They wanted to get accurate information about the inhabitants of each principality, their class affiliation. main reason Such an interest in statistics on the part of the Mongols was the need to calculate the amount of taxes that were levied on subjects.

The census took place in Kyiv and Chernigov in 1246, the Ryazan principality was subjected to statistical analysis in 1257, the Novgorodians were counted two years later, and the population of the Smolensk region - in 1275.

Moreover, the inhabitants of Russia raised popular uprisings and drove out from their land the so-called "besermen", who collected tribute for the khans of Mongolia. But the governors of the rulers of the Golden Horde, called "Baskaks", lived and worked in the Russian principalities for a long time, sending the collected taxes to Saray-Batu, and later - to Saray-Berka.

Joint trips

The princely squads and the Horde often made joint military campaigns, both against other Russians and against the inhabitants of Eastern Europe. So, from 1258 to 1287, the troops of the Mongols and Galician princes regularly attacked Poland, Hungary, and Lithuania. And in 1277, the Russians participated in the military campaign of the Mongols in the North Caucasus, helping their allies conquer Alania.

In 1333 Muscovites attacked the Novgorodians, in next year Bryansk squad - on Smolensk. Each time, the Horde troops also participated in these internecine raids. In addition, they regularly helped the Grand Dukes of Tver, who were considered at that time the main rulers of Russia, to pacify the recalcitrant neighboring lands.

The basis of the horde was the Russians

The Arab traveler Ibn Battuta, who visited the city of Sarai-Berke in 1334, wrote in his essay “A Gift to those who contemplate the wonders of cities and the wonders of wanderings” that there are many Russians in the capital of the Golden Horde. Moreover, they make up the bulk of the population: both working and armed.

This fact was also mentioned by the white émigré author Andrei Gordeev in the book “History of the Cossacks”, which was written in France in the late 20s of the twentieth century. According to the researcher, most of the Horde troops were the so-called "roamers" - ethnic Slavs who inhabited the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov and the Don steppes. These predecessors of the Cossacks did not want to obey the princes, so they moved south for the sake of a free life. The name of this ethno-social group probably comes from the Russian word "roam" (to wander).

As is known from chronicles, in the Battle of Kalka in 1223, roamers fought on the side of the Mongol troops, led by the voivode Ploskynya. Perhaps his knowledge of the tactics and strategy of the princely squads had great importance to defeat the combined Russian-Polovtsian forces.

In addition, it was Ploskinya who lured the ruler of Kyiv, Mstislav Romanovich, along with two Turov-Pinsk princes, by cunning, and handed them over to the Mongols for execution.

However, most historians believe that the Mongols forced the Russians to serve in their army. That is, the invaders forcibly armed the representatives of the enslaved people, which seems implausible.

And Marina Poluboyarinova, a senior researcher at the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, wrote in the book “Russian people in the Golden Horde” (Moscow, 1978): “Probably, the forced participation of Russian soldiers in the Tatar army stopped later. There were mercenaries who had already voluntarily joined the Tatar troops.”

Caucasian Invaders

Yesugei-bagatur, the father of Genghis Khan, was a representative of the Borjigin clan of the Mongolian tribe Kiyat. According to the descriptions of many eyewitnesses, both he himself and his legendary son were tall fair-skinned people with reddish hair.

The Persian scholar Rashid-ad-Din in his work "Collection of Chronicles" (early XIV century) wrote that all the descendants of the great conqueror were mostly blond and gray-eyed.

We are accustomed to believe that in the XIII century, Russia was filled with countless hordes of Mongol-Tatars. Some historians mention a 500,000-strong army. However, it is not. After all, even the population of modern Mongolia barely exceeds 3 million people, and given the brutal genocide of fellow tribesmen committed by Genghis Khan on the way to power, his army could not be so impressive.

It is difficult to imagine how to feed the half-million army, which, moreover, traveled on horseback. Animals simply would not have enough pasture. But each Mongolian horseman led at least three horses with him. Now imagine a herd of 1.5 million. The horses of the warriors riding in the vanguard of the army would have eaten and trampled everything they could. The rest of the horses would die of starvation.

According to the most daring estimates, the army of Genghis Khan and Batu could not exceed 30 thousand horsemen. While the population of Ancient Russia, according to the historian Georgy Vernadsky (1887-1973), before the start of the invasion was about 7.5 million people.

Bloodless executions

The Mongols, like most peoples of that time, executed people who were not noble or respected by cutting off their heads. However, if the sentenced person enjoyed authority, then his spine was broken and left to die slowly.

The Horde were sure that blood is the seat of the soul. Shedding it means complicating the afterlife path of the deceased to other worlds. Bloodless execution was applied to rulers, political and military figures, shamans.

The reason for the death sentence in the Golden Horde could be any crime: from desertion from the battlefield to petty theft.

The bodies of the dead were thrown into the steppes

The method of burial of the Mongol also directly depended on his social status. Rich and influential people found peace in special burials, in which valuables, gold and silver jewelry, and household items were buried along with the bodies of the dead. And the poor and ordinary soldiers who died in battle were often simply left in the steppe, where life path specific person.

In the disturbing conditions of a nomadic life, consisting of regular skirmishes with enemies, it is difficult to arrange funeral rites. The Mongols often needed to hurry, because any delay in the steppe could end badly.

It was believed that the corpse of a worthy person would be quickly eaten by scavengers and vultures. But if birds and animals do not touch the body for a long time, according to popular beliefs, this meant that a serious sin was registered behind the soul of the deceased.

It has long been no secret that there was no "Tatar-Mongol yoke", and no Tatars with Mongols conquered Russia. But who falsified history and why? What was hidden behind the Tatar-Mongol yoke? Bloody Christianization of Russia...

Exist a large number of facts that not only unambiguously refute the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, but also indicate that history was deliberately distorted, and that this was done with a very specific purpose ... But who deliberately distorted history and why? What real events did they want to hide and why?

If we analyze the historical facts, it becomes obvious that the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" was invented in order to hide the consequences of the "baptism" of Kievan Rus. After all, this religion was imposed in a far from peaceful way ... In the process of "baptism" most of the population of the Kiev principality was destroyed! It definitely becomes clear that those forces that were behind the imposition of this religion, in the future, fabricated history, juggling historical facts for themselves and their goals ...

These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and anyone can easily find them on the Internet. Omitting scientific research and justification, which have already been described quite extensively, let's summarize the main facts that refute the big lie about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke".

French engraving by Pierre Duflos (1742-1816)

1. Genghis Khan

Previously, in Russia, 2 people were responsible for governing the state: the Prince and the Khan. The prince was responsible for governing the state in peacetime. Khan or "war prince" took over the reins of government during the war, in peacetime he was responsible for the formation of the horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness.

Genghis Khan is not a name, but the title of "war prince", which, in the modern world, is close to the position of the Commander-in-Chief of the Army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most prominent of them was Timur, it is about him that they usually talk about when they talk about Genghis Khan.

In the surviving historical documents, this man is described as a tall warrior with blue eyes, very white skin, powerful reddish hair and a thick beard. Which clearly does not correspond to the signs of a representative of the Mongoloid race, but fully fits the description of the Slavic appearance (L.N. Gumilyov - “ Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe).

In modern "Mongolia" there is not a single folk tale that would say that this country once conquered almost all of Eurasia in ancient times, just like there is nothing about the great conqueror Genghis Khan ... (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide).

Reconstruction of the throne of Genghis Khan with a family tamga with a swastika

2. Mongolia

The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks came to the nomads living in the Gobi desert and informed them that they were the descendants of the great Mongols, and their “compatriot” created the Great Empire at one time, which they were very surprised and delighted with . The word "Mogul" is of Greek origin and means "Great". This word the Greeks called our ancestors - the Slavs. It has nothing to do with the name of any people (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide").

3. The composition of the army "Tatar-Mongols"

70-80% of the army of the "Tatar-Mongols" were Russians, the remaining 20-30% were other small peoples of Russia, in fact, as now. This fact is clearly confirmed by a fragment of the icon of Sergius of Radonezh "The Battle of Kulikovo". It clearly shows that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this battle is more like a civil war than a war with a foreign conqueror.

The museum description of the icon reads: “... In the 1680s. an attachment with a picturesque legend about the “Mamaev Battle” was added. On the left side of the composition, cities and villages are depicted that sent their soldiers to help Dmitry Donskoy - Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Rostov, Novgorod, Ryazan, the village of Kurba near Yaroslavl and others. On the right is Mamaia's camp. In the center of the composition is the scene of the Battle of Kulikovo with the duel between Peresvet and Chelubey. On the lower field - a meeting of the victorious Russian troops, the burial of dead heroes and the death of Mamai.

All these pictures, taken from both Russian and European sources, depict the battles of the Russians with the Mongol-Tatars, but nowhere is it possible to determine who is Russian and who is Tatar. Moreover, in the latter case, both the Russians and the "Mongol-Tatars" are dressed in almost the same gilded armor and helmets, and fight under the same banners with the image of the Savior Not Made by Hands. Another thing is that the "Spas" of the two warring parties, most likely, was different.

4. What did the "Tatar-Mongols" look like?

Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Henry II the Pious, who was killed on the Legnica field.

The inscription is as follows: “The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Krakow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, who was killed in the battle with the Tatars at Liegnitz on April 9, 1241.” As we can see, this "Tatar" has a completely Russian appearance, clothes and weapons.

In the next image - "the Khan's palace in the capital of the Mongol Empire, Khanbalik" (it is believed that Khanbalik is allegedly Beijing).

What is "Mongolian" and what is "Chinese" here? Again, as in the case of the tomb of Henry II, before us are people of a clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, archer caps, the same broad beards, the same characteristic blades of sabers called "elman". The roof on the left is almost an exact copy of the roofs of the old Russian towers ... (A. Bushkov, "Russia, which was not").


5. Genetic expertise

According to the latest data obtained as a result of genetic research, it turned out that Tatars and Russians have very similar genetics. Whereas the differences between the genetics of Russians and Tatars from the genetics of the Mongols are colossal: “The differences between the Russian gene pool (almost completely European) and the Mongolian (almost completely Central Asian) are really great - it’s like two different worlds ...”

6. Documents during the Tatar-Mongol yoke

During the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has been preserved. But there are many documents of this time in Russian.

7. Lack of objective evidence supporting the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

At the moment, there are no originals of any historical documents that would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke. But on the other hand, there are many fakes designed to convince us of the existence of a fiction called the "Tatar-Mongol yoke." Here is one of those fakes. This text is called "The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land" and in each publication it is announced as "an excerpt from a poetic work that has not come down to us in its entirety ... About the Tatar-Mongol invasion":

“Oh, bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are glorified by many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clear fields, marvelous animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, monastery gardens, temples of God and formidable princes, honest boyars and many nobles. You are full of everything, Russian land, O Orthodox Christian faith! .. "

There is not even a hint of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" in this text. But on the other hand, in this “ancient” document there is such a line: “You are full of everything, the Russian land, about the Orthodox Christian faith!”

Before Nikon's church reform, which was carried out in the middle of the 17th century, Christianity in Russia was called "orthodox". It began to be called Orthodox only after this reform... Therefore, this document could have been written no earlier than the middle of the 17th century and has nothing to do with the era of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke"...

On all maps that were published before 1772 and were not corrected in the future, you can see the following picture.

The western part of Russia is called Muscovy, or Moscow Tartaria ... In this small part of Russia, the Romanov dynasty ruled. Until the end of the 18th century, the Moscow Tsar was called the ruler of Moscow Tartaria or the Duke (Prince) of Moscow. The rest of Russia, which occupied almost the entire continent of Eurasia in the east and south of Muscovy at that time, is called Tartaria or the Russian Empire (see map).

In the 1st edition of the British Encyclopedia of 1771, the following is written about this part of Russia:

“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west: which is called Great Tartaria. Those Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the north-west of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetan, living northwest of China ... "

Where did the name Tartaria come from

Our ancestors knew the laws of nature and the real structure of the world, life, and man. But, as now, the level of development of each person was not the same in those days. People who in their development went much further than others, and who could control space and matter (control the weather, heal diseases, see the future, etc.), were called Magi. Those of the Magi who knew how to control space at the planetary level and above were called Gods.

That is, the meaning of the word God, among our ancestors, was not at all the same as it is now. The gods were people who had gone much further in their development than the vast majority of people. For an ordinary person, their abilities seemed incredible, however, the gods were also people, and the capabilities of each god had their own limit.

Our ancestors had patrons - God Tarkh, he was also called Dazhdbog (giving God) and his sister - Goddess Tara. These Gods helped people in solving such problems that our ancestors could not solve on their own. So, the gods Tarkh and Tara taught our ancestors how to build houses, cultivate the land, write and much more, which was necessary in order to survive after the catastrophe and eventually restore civilization.

Therefore, more recently, our ancestors told strangers "We are the children of Tarkh and Tara ...". They said this because in their development, they really were children in relation to Tarkh and Tara, who had significantly departed in development. And the inhabitants of other countries called our ancestors "Tarkhtars", and later, because of the difficulty in pronunciation - "Tartars". Hence the name of the country - Tartaria ...

Baptism of Russia

And here the baptism of Russia? some may ask. As it turned out, very much so. After all, baptism did not take place in a peaceful way ... Before baptism, people in Russia were educated, almost everyone knew how to read, write, count (see the article “Russian culture is older than European”).

Let us recall from the school curriculum on history, at least, the same "Birch bark letters" - letters that peasants wrote to each other on birch bark from one village to another.

Our ancestors had a Vedic world view as described above, it was not a religion. Since the essence of any religion comes down to the blind acceptance of any dogmas and rules, without a deep understanding of why it is necessary to do it this way and not otherwise. The Vedic worldview gave people precisely an understanding of the real laws of nature, an understanding of how the world works, what is good and what is bad.

People saw what happened after the "baptism" in neighboring countries, when, under the influence of religion, a successful, highly developed country with an educated population, in a matter of years, plunged into ignorance and chaos, where only representatives of the aristocracy could read and write, and then not all of them. ..

Everyone perfectly understood what the “Greek religion” carried in itself, into which Prince Vladimir the Bloody and those who stood behind him were going to baptize Kievan Rus. Therefore, none of the inhabitants of the then Kiev principality (a province that broke away from Great Tartary) accepted this religion. But there were large forces behind Vladimir, and they were not going to retreat.

In the process of "baptism" for 12 years of forced Christianization, with rare exceptions, almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus was destroyed. Because such a “teaching” could only be imposed on unreasonable children, who, due to their youth, could not yet understand that such a religion turned them into slaves both in the physical and spiritual sense of the word. All those who refused to accept the new "faith" were killed. This is confirmed by the facts that have come down to us. If before the "baptism" on the territory of Kievan Rus there were 300 cities and 12 million inhabitants, then after the "baptism" there were only 30 cities and 3 million people! 270 cities were destroyed! 9 million people were killed! (Diy Vladimir, "Orthodox Russia before the adoption of Christianity and after").

But despite the fact that almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus was destroyed by the "holy" baptists, the Vedic tradition did not disappear. On the lands of Kievan Rus, the so-called dual faith was established. Most of the population purely formally recognized the imposed religion of slaves, while they themselves continued to live according to the Vedic tradition, though without showing it off. And this phenomenon was observed not only among the masses, but also among part of the ruling elite. And this state of affairs continued until the reform of Patriarch Nikon, who figured out how to deceive everyone.

But the Vedic Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartary) could not calmly look at the intrigues of its enemies, which destroyed three-quarters of the population of the Kiev Principality. Only her response could not be instantaneous, due to the fact that the army of the Great Tartary was busy with conflicts on its Far Eastern borders. But these retaliatory actions of the Vedic empire were carried out and entered into modern history in a distorted form, under the name of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of the hordes of Batu Khan to Kievan Rus.

Only by the summer of 1223 did the troops of the Vedic Empire appear on the Kalka River. And the united army of the Polovtsians and Russian princes was completely defeated. So they beat us into history lessons, and no one could really explain why the Russian princes fought with the "enemies" so sluggishly, and many of them even went over to the side of the "Mongols"?

The reason for such absurdity was that the Russian princes, who had adopted an alien religion, knew perfectly well who came and why ...

So, there was no Mongol-Tatar invasion and yoke, but there was a return of the rebellious provinces under the wing of the metropolis, the restoration of the integrity of the state. Batu Khan had the task of returning the Western European province-states under the wing of the Vedic Empire, and stopping the invasion of Christians in Russia. But the strong resistance of some princes, who felt the taste of the still limited, but very large power of the principalities of Kievan Rus, and new unrest on the Far Eastern border did not allow these plans to be completed (N.V. Levashov "Russia in Crooked Mirrors", Volume 2.).


findings

In fact, after baptism in the principality of Kiev, only children and a very small part of the adult population survived, who adopted the Greek religion - 3 million people out of a population of 12 million before baptism. The principality was completely devastated, most of the cities, villages and villages were looted and burned. But exactly the same picture is drawn to us by the authors of the version of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke”, the only difference is that the same cruel actions were allegedly carried out there by the “Tatar-Mongols”!

As always, the winner writes history. And it becomes obvious that in order to hide all the cruelty with which the Kiev principality was baptized, and in order to stop all possible questions, the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” was subsequently invented. Children were brought up in the traditions of the Greek religion (the cult of Dionysius, and later Christianity) and history was rewritten, where all the cruelty was blamed on “wild nomads”…

The famous statement of President V.V. Putin about the Battle of Kulikovo, in which the Russians allegedly fought against the Tatars with the Mongols ...

Tatar-Mongol yoke- the biggest myth of history

In the section: News of Korenovsk

July 28, 2015 marks the 1000th anniversary of the memory of Grand Duke Vladimir the Red Sun. On this day, festive events were held in Korenovsk on this occasion. Read more on...

The history of Russia has always been a bit sad and turbulent due to wars, power struggles and drastic reforms. These reforms were often dumped on Russia all at once, by force, instead of being introduced gradually, measuredly, as was the case most often in history. Since the first mentions, the princes of different cities - Vladimir, Pskov, Suzdal and Kyiv - constantly fought and argued for power and control over a small semi-unified state. Under the rule of Saint Vladimir (980-1015) and Yaroslav the Wise (1015-1054)

The Kievan state was at the peak of prosperity and achieved relative peace, in contrast to past years. However, as time went on, the wise rulers died, and the struggle for power began again and wars broke out.

Before his death, in 1054, he decided to divide the principalities between his sons, and this decision determined the future of Kievan Rus for the next two hundred years. Civil wars between the brothers ruined most of the Kiev community of cities, depriving it of the necessary resources, which would be very useful to it in the future. When the princes continuously fought with each other, the former Kievan state slowly decayed, decreased and lost its former glory. At the same time, it was weakened by the invasions of the steppe tribes - the Polovtsians (they are also Cumans or Kipchaks), and before that the Pechenegs, and in the end the Kievan state became an easy prey for more powerful invaders from distant lands.

Russia had a chance to change its fate. Around 1219, the Mongols first entered the areas near Kievan Rus, heading for, and they asked for help from the Russian princes. A council of princes met in Kyiv to consider the request, which greatly worried the Mongols. According to historical sources, the Mongols said they were not going to attack Russian cities and lands. Mongolian envoys demanded peace with the Russian princes. However, the princes did not trust the Mongols, suspecting that they would not stop and go to Russia. The Mongol ambassadors were killed, and thus the chance for peace was destroyed by the hands of the princes of the divided Kievan state.

For twenty years, Batu Khan with an army of 200 thousand people made raids. One after another, the Russian principalities - Ryazan, Moscow, Vladimir, Suzdal and Rostov - fell into bondage to Batu and his army. The Mongols plundered and destroyed the cities, the inhabitants were killed or taken into captivity. In the end, the Mongols captured, plundered and razed to the ground Kyiv, the center and symbol of Kievan Rus. Only the outlying northwestern principalities, such as Novgorod, Pskov, and Smolensk, survived the onslaught, although these cities would tolerate indirect subjugation and become appendages of the Golden Horde. Perhaps, by making peace, the Russian princes could have prevented this. However, this cannot be called a miscalculation, because then Russia would forever have to change religion, art, language, government and geopolitics.

Orthodox Church during the Tatar-Mongol yoke

Many churches and monasteries were looted and destroyed by the first Mongol raids, and countless priests and monks were killed. Those who survived were often captured and sent into slavery. The size and power of the Mongol army were shocking. Not only the economy and political structure of the country suffered, but also social and spiritual institutions. The Mongols claimed that they were God's punishment, and the Russians believed that all this was sent to them by God as a punishment for their sins.

The Orthodox Church will become a powerful beacon in the "dark years" of the Mongol dominance. The Russian people eventually turned to the Orthodox Church, seeking solace in their faith and guidance and support in the clergy. The raids of the steppe people caused a shock, throwing seeds on fertile ground for the development of Russian monasticism, which in turn played an important role in the formation of the worldview of the neighboring Finno-Ugric and Zyryan tribes, and also led to the colonization of the northern regions of Russia.

The humiliation to which the princes and city authorities were subjected undermined their political authority. This allowed the church to act as the embodiment of religious and national identity filling in the lost political identity. Also helping to strengthen the church was the unique legal concept of the label, or charter of immunity. In the reign of Mengu-Timur in 1267, the label was issued to Metropolitan Kirill of Kiev for the Orthodox Church.

Although the church had come de facto under the protection of the Mongols ten years earlier (from the 1257 census by Khan Berke), this label officially recorded the inviolability of the Orthodox Church. More importantly, he officially exempted the church from any form of taxation by the Mongols or Russians. Priests had the right not to register during censuses and were exempted from forced labor and military service.

As expected, the label given to the Orthodox Church was of great importance. For the first time, the church becomes less dependent on the princely will than in any other period of Russian history. The Orthodox Church was able to acquire and secure significant tracts of land, which gave it an extremely strong position that lasted for centuries after the Mongol takeover. The charter strictly forbade both Mongolian and Russian tax agents from seizing church lands or demanding anything from the Orthodox Church. This was guaranteed by a simple punishment - death.

Another important reason for the rise of the church lay in its mission - to spread Christianity and convert village pagans to their faith. The metropolitans traveled extensively throughout the country to strengthen the internal structure of the church and to solve administrative problems and control the activities of bishops and priests. Moreover, the relative security of the sketes (economic, military and spiritual) attracted the peasants. Since the rapidly growing cities interfered with the atmosphere of goodness that the church gave, the monks began to go to the desert and re-build monasteries and sketes there. Religious settlements continued to be built and thereby strengthened the authority of the Orthodox Church.

The last significant change was the relocation of the center of the Orthodox Church. Before the Mongols invaded Russian lands, the church center was Kyiv. After the destruction of Kyiv in 1299, the Holy See moved to Vladimir, and then, in 1322, to Moscow, which significantly increased the importance of Moscow.

Fine art during the Tatar-Mongol yoke

While mass deportations of artists began in Russia, the monastic revival and attention to the Orthodox Church led to an artistic revival. What rallied the Russians at that difficult time when they found themselves without a state is their faith and ability to express their religious beliefs. During this difficult time, the great artists Feofan Grek and Andrey Rublev worked.

It was during the second half of Mongol rule in the middle of the fourteenth century that Russian iconography and fresco painting began to flourish again. Theophanes the Greek arrived in Russia in the late 1300s. He painted churches in many cities, especially in Novgorod and Nizhny Novgorod. In Moscow, he painted the iconostasis for the Church of the Annunciation, and also worked on the Church of the Archangel Michael. A few decades after Feofan's arrival, the novice Andrei Rublev became one of his best students. Iconography came to Russia from Byzantium in the 10th century, but the Mongol invasion in the 13th century cut Russia off from Byzantium.

How did the language change after the yoke

Such an aspect as the influence of one language on another may seem insignificant to us, but this information helps us understand the extent to which one nationality influenced another or groups of nationalities - on public administration, on military affairs, on trade, and also how geographically this influence spread. Indeed, linguistic and even sociolinguistic impacts were great, since Russians borrowed thousands of words, phrases, and other significant linguistic constructions from Mongolian and Turkic languages united in the Mongol Empire. Listed below are a few examples of words that are still in use today. All borrowings came from different parts of the Horde:

  • barn
  • bazaar
  • money
  • horse
  • box
  • customs

One of the very important colloquial features of the Russian language of Turkic origin is the use of the word "come on". Listed below are a few common examples still found in Russian.

  • Let's have some tea.
  • Let's have a drink!
  • Let's go!

In addition, in southern Russia there are dozens of local names of Tatar/Turkic origin for land along the Volga, which are highlighted on the maps of these areas. Examples of such names: Penza, Alatyr, Kazan, names of regions: Chuvashia and Bashkortostan.

Kievan Rus was a democratic state. The main governing body was the veche - a meeting of all free male citizens who gathered to discuss such issues as war and peace, law, invitation or expulsion of princes to the corresponding city; all cities in Kievan Rus had veche. It was, in fact, a forum for civil affairs, for discussing and solving problems. However, this democratic institution has undergone a serious reduction under the rule of the Mongols.

By far the most influential meetings were in Novgorod and Kyiv. In Novgorod, a special veche bell (in other cities church bells were usually used for this) served to call the townspeople, and, theoretically, anyone could ring it. When the Mongols conquered most of Kievan Rus, the veche ceased to exist in all cities except Novgorod, Pskov, and a few other cities in the northwest. Veche in these cities continued to work and develop until Moscow subjugated them at the end of the 15th century. Today, however, the spirit of the veche as a public forum has been revived in several Russian cities, including Novgorod.

Of great importance for the Mongol rulers were the censuses, which made it possible to collect tribute. To support censuses, the Mongols introduced a special dual system of regional administration headed by military governors, the Baskaks and/or civil governors, the Darugachs. In essence, the Baskaks were responsible for leading the activities of rulers in areas that resisted or did not accept Mongol rule. Darugachs were civil governors who controlled those areas of the empire that had surrendered without a fight, or that were considered to have already submitted to the Mongol troops and were calm. However, the Baskaks and Darugachi sometimes performed the duties of the authorities, but did not duplicate it.

As is known from history, the ruling princes of Kievan Rus did not trust the Mongol ambassadors who came to make peace with them in the early 1200s; the princes, regrettably, put the ambassadors of Genghis Khan to the sword and soon paid dearly. Thus, in the 13th century, Baskaks were placed on the conquered lands in order to subjugate the people and control even the daily activities of the princes. In addition, in addition to conducting a census, the Baskaks provided recruiting kits for the local population.

Existing sources and research show that the Baskaks largely disappeared from Russian lands by the middle of the 14th century, as Russia more or less recognized the authority of the Mongol khans. When the Baskaks left, power passed to the Darugachs. However, unlike the Baskaks, the Darugachi did not live on the territory of Rus. In fact, they were located in Saray, the old capital of the Golden Horde, located near modern Volgograd. Darugachi served on the lands of Russia mainly as advisers and advised the khan. Although the responsibility for collecting and delivering tribute and conscripts belonged to the Baskaks, with the transition from the Baskaks to the Darugachs, these duties were actually transferred to the princes themselves, when the khan saw that the princes were doing it quite well.

The first census conducted by the Mongols took place in 1257, just 17 years after the conquest of Russian lands. The population was divided into dozens - the Chinese had such a system, the Mongols adopted it, using it throughout their empire. The main purpose of the census was conscription as well as taxation. Moscow kept this practice even after it stopped recognizing the Horde in 1480. The practice interested foreign guests in Russia, for whom large-scale censuses were still unknown. One such visitor, Sigismund von Herberstein of Habsburg, noted that every two or three years the prince took a census of the entire land. The population census did not become widespread in Europe until the early 19th century. One significant remark that we must make: the thoroughness with which the Russians carried out the census could not be achieved for about 120 years in other parts of Europe during the era of absolutism. The influence of the Mongol Empire, at least in this area, was obviously deep and effective and helped create a strong centralized government for Russia.

One of the important innovations that the Baskaks oversaw and supported were the pits (a system of posts), which were built to provide travelers with food, lodging, horses, as well as wagons or sleighs, depending on the time of year. Originally built by the Mongols, the pit ensured the relatively rapid movement of important dispatches between the khans and their governors, as well as the rapid dispatch of envoys, local or foreign, between various principalities throughout the vast empire. There were horses at each post to carry authorized persons, as well as to replace tired horses on especially long trips. Each post, as a rule, was about a day's drive from the nearest post. Local residents were required to support caretakers, feed horses, and meet the needs of officials traveling on official business.

The system was quite efficient. Another report by Sigismund von Herberstein of Habsburg stated that the pit system allowed him to travel 500 kilometers (from Novgorod to Moscow) in 72 hours - much faster than anywhere else in Europe. The pit system helped the Mongols maintain tight control over their empire. During the dark years of the Mongols' presence in Russia at the end of the 15th century, Prince Ivan III decided to continue using the idea of ​​the pit system in order to preserve the established system of communications and intelligence. However, the idea of ​​a postal system as we know it today would not emerge until the death of Peter the Great in the early 1700s.

Some of the innovations brought to Russia by the Mongols satisfied the needs of the state for a long time and continued for many centuries after the Golden Horde. This greatly expanded the development and expansion of the complex bureaucracy of later, imperial Russia.

Founded in 1147, Moscow remained an insignificant city for more than a hundred years. At that time, this place lay at the crossroads of three main roads, one of which connected Moscow with Kyiv. The geographical location of Moscow deserves attention, since it is located on the bend of the Moskva River, which merges with the Oka and the Volga. Through the Volga, which allows access to the Dnieper and Don rivers, as well as the Black and Caspian Seas, there have always been great opportunities for trade with near and far lands. With the onset of the Mongols, crowds of refugees began to arrive from the devastated southern part of Russia, mainly from Kyiv. Moreover, the actions of the Moscow princes in favor of the Mongols contributed to the rise of Moscow as a center of power.

Even before the Mongols gave Moscow a label, Tver and Moscow were in a constant struggle for power. The main turning point occurred in 1327, when the population of Tver began to rebel. Seeing this as an opportunity to please the khan of his Mongol overlords, Prince Ivan I of Moscow with a huge Tatar army crushed the uprising in Tver, restoring order in this city and winning the favor of the khan. To demonstrate loyalty, Ivan I was also given a label, and thus Moscow moved one step closer to fame and power. The princes of Moscow soon took over the responsibility of collecting taxes throughout the land (including from themselves), and eventually the Mongols left this task solely to Moscow and stopped the practice of sending their tax collectors. Nevertheless, Ivan I was more than a shrewd politician and a model of sanity: he was perhaps the first prince to replace the traditional horizontal succession with a vertical one (although it was not fully achieved until the second reign of Prince Vasily in the middle of 1400). This change led to greater stability in Moscow and thus strengthened its position. As Moscow grew by collecting tribute, its power over other principalities was more and more asserted. Moscow received land, which meant that it collected more tribute and got more access to resources, and therefore more power.

At a time when Moscow was becoming more and more powerful, the Golden Horde was in a state of general disintegration, caused by riots and coups. Prince Dmitry decided to attack in 1376 and succeeded. Soon after, one of the Mongol generals, Mamai, tried to create his own horde in the steppes west of the Volga, and he decided to challenge the power of Prince Dmitry on the banks of the Vozha River. Dmitry defeated Mamai, which delighted the Muscovites and, of course, angered the Mongols. However, he gathered an army of 150 thousand people. Dmitry gathered an army comparable in size, and these two armies met near the Don River on Kulikovo Field in early September 1380. The Russians of Dmitry, although they lost about 100,000 people, won. Tokhtamysh, one of Tamerlane's generals, soon captured and executed General Mamai. Prince Dmitry became known as Dmitry Donskoy. However, Moscow was soon sacked by Tokhtamysh and again had to pay tribute to the Mongols.

But the great Battle of Kulikovo in 1380 was a symbolic turning point. Despite the fact that the Mongols brutally avenged Moscow for their defiance, the power that Moscow showed grew, and its influence on other Russian principalities expanded. In 1478, Novgorod finally submitted to the future capital, and Moscow soon threw off its obedience to the Mongol and Tatar khans, thus ending more than 250 years of Mongol rule.

The results of the period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

Evidence suggests that multiple effects Mongol invasion extended to the political, social and religious aspects of Russia. Some of them, such as the growth of the Orthodox Church, had a relatively positive effect on the Russian lands, while others, such as the loss of the veche and the centralization of power, helped to stop the spread of traditional democracy and self-government for various principalities. Due to the impact on the language and form of government, the impact of the Mongol invasion is still evident today. Perhaps due to the chance to experience the Renaissance, as in other Western European cultures, the political, religious and social thought of Russia will be very different from the political reality of today. Under the control of the Mongols, who adopted many of the ideas of government and economics from the Chinese, the Russians became perhaps a more Asian country in terms of administration, and the deep Christian roots of the Russians established and helped maintain a connection with Europe. The Mongol invasion, perhaps more than any other historical event, determined the course of the development of the Russian state - its culture, political geography, history and national identity.